JP2009541645A - Method and apparatus for generating thrust by inertial mass change - Google Patents

Abstract

  A mass change waveform, characterized in that a mass change object, an accelerator, and a mass change object are operatively connected to the mass change object, and (1) the time change rate of force of the mass increase waveform is positive, and ( 2) a device for generating a net force against a base comprising a power source configured to selectively apply a mass reduction waveform characterized by a negative time rate of change of force of the mass reduction waveform; When the acceleration of the mass change object has at least a component in the direction opposite to the net force, the mass increase waveform is applied to the mass change object, and at least the component of the net force direction is accelerated to the mass change object. In the power source configured to apply the mass decrease waveform to the mass change object, the mass increase waveform is a waveform different from the mass decrease waveform as a function of time. The mass change object has a non-zero time change rate and includes a mass change region in which the region is a vacuum.

Description

  The present invention relates to the field of thrust, and more particularly to the field of reactionless thrust.

  In the past few decades, the pursuit of manufacture of reactionless thrust devices has been unsuccessful. One recent example of a reactionless thrust device is the “Dean Drive” described in US Pat. No. 2,886,976. If a reactionless thruster is successfully developed, it has the potential to innovate space travel.

  The reactionless thrust device is generally composed of various rotary wheels and weights. It is generally understood by physicists who study such devices as follows: This means that it is necessary to change the mass of these weights in order to generate a net thrust. Research was done in the 1990s, and these studies presented theoretical means to cause such mass changes.

  Mass changes in objects have been the subject of several academic papers in publicly recognized journals [Woodward, Jay. F (1990), "A new experimental approach to Mach's principle and relative gravity [sic]" Foundation Physics Letters (Found. Phys. Lett.) 3,497-506; (1992), "Transient Mach Theory Steady-state pseudo-weight transfer from mass fluctuations "Foundation Phys. Letts. 5,425-442].

These papers describe the derivation of the formula for the magnitude of mass change of an object, and δm is estimated as follows.
δm << (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt)
Where c is the speed of light, Φ is a gravity potential field approximately equal to c ² . G is Newtonian gravity acceleration. ρ ₀ is the density of mass mediators that generate energy flux (eg capacitors, dielectric materials for energy storage devices). δP / δt is the time rate of change of the power applied to the energy storage / flux medium.

  James F. Woodward, the former developer, pointed out in a peer-reviewed magazine: The formula is in complete agreement with both general and special theories of relativity and is almost valid for at least all theories of relativity with respect to gravity. One of the foundations of the official concept is about substances that have inertia (and inertia's reaction force) due to the presence of other substances in outer space, as shown by Ernst Mach in the late 1800s Is the idea. Einstein codified this concept as Mach's principle, which became one of the foundations of general relativity. Woodward adds to this principle that there must be a local Lorentz invariant in a small space-time region, leading to the utility of special relativity. Mathematical manipulation further develops the above field equations useful for calculating mass rate of change effects.

  Further publications considered the potential to generate propulsion without discharging the propulsion mass (ie, reactionless drive) [Woodward, Jay. F (1992), "Steady Pseudo-Weight Transfer from Transient Mach Theory Mass Variations" Foundation Physics Letters (Found. Phys. Lett.) 5,425-442 (1994), "Mach's Principles and Impulse Engine: Star・ To Trek's Feasible Physics ”, NASA's 1997 invitational paper“ Propulsion Physics Breakthrough ”, Lewis Research Center Workshop, August 12-14.

  Three US patents (5,280,864, 6,098,924 and 6,347,766) disclose techniques for realizing such a drive. However, the achievements to date have produced a small amount of thrust in a short period of time. The reactionless thrust device has not reached practical use, but rather remains a rare presence in the laboratory.

  US Pat. No. 5,280,864 (“Woodward I”) is the most basic patent and describes a method for producing transient inertial mass changes in energy storage devices such as capacitors and inductors. Woodward I describes a capacitor mounted on a piezoelectric actuator (ie, a high frequency audio speaker element) and driven with a sine waveform at kilohertz frequencies. A thrust device is described that generates a force equivalent to a fraction of a gram in about 5 seconds. The frequency of periodic motion in the Woodward I device is very large. Thus, these momentary inertial mass changes would be very difficult to measure because mass changes appear and disappear quickly. The Woodward I device essentially amplifies a small inertial mass change effect in the capacitor. It accelerates in one direction when it is “light” (ie with lower inertial mass) and in the opposite direction when it is “heavy” (ie with higher inertial mass) by using an actuator. This is the ultimate measurable force.

  However, when NASA hired a Washington University investigator group to evaluate the device, they found experimental errors. Researchers Kramer, Cassisi, and Fay pointed out experimental errors in a paper published at the American Aerospace Association (document number AIAA-2001-3908). The famous formula F = ma provides a means for calculating the force F required to produce a certain acceleration a for a certain mass m. The above equation may be expressed as F = mdv / dt. Here, acceleration a = dv / dt (that is, rate of change of speed with time). However, the force F can change while the mass is essentially constant. If the mass m changes, the more complete version of this formula must be used (ie F = mdv / dt + vdm / dt, where dm / dt is the time rate of change of the object mass). Woodward did not consider terms that included dm / dt in the calculation. If it is taken into account, if both the actuator and the capacitor are driven by a synchronized sine wave (AC) signal as in Woodward I, all the forces will cancel out. Would have been shown.

  Nonetheless, Woodward's experiment seems to have generated a net thrust. This was demonstrated in US Pat. No. 6,098,924 (“Woodward II”). Here it is shown that the piezoelectric drive element has its own capacity to influence the process. Woodward II and US Pat. No. 6,347,766 (“Woodward III”) now describe two major improvements. The first is the superposition of harmonic drive frequencies (which addresses the problems highlighted by Kramer et al.). The second is the use of a resonant mechanical structure that further amplifies the force.

Woodwards I, II and III all describe resonant electrical circuits. Such a circuit needs to be effective for the use of sinusoidal (AC) waveforms. All Woodward embodiments are based on such a waveform, which certainly exceeds the basic formula δm << (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt) shown in Woodward I, All formulas published by Ward are based on the assumption of sinusoidal (AC) driven signals. Woodward selected such a signal based on the assumption that it was necessary to preserve the force entering the condenser system. Once constructed, the resonant circuit requires only a small amount of energy to continue operation. Ongoing energy input is only needed to compensate for system losses.

  Additional devices are described in US Published Patent Publication US2006 / 0065789 (“Woodward IV”). The device operates at about 50 kHz using a sinusoidal waveform. Critical problems with small forces and short periods remain unresolved.

  There are four main problems with the prior art (mainly Woodward I, II, III and IV. First, the force generated by the experimental device is very small, equivalent to a fraction of a gram. Woodward in particular used a 100 watt, 10 kHz sine wave input and expected transient mass changes on the order of tens of milligrams, while the high frequency was used to obtain higher dP / dt values, in particular, Expected mass changes remained small.

  Second, the force is short term. In the Woodward experiment, about 5 seconds is typical. Although not explicitly stated by Woodward, if applied continuously, the large force required to produce these short-lived mass change rates (about 100 W) will damage small parts. It is obvious that the deaf.

  Third, in order to obtain a significant effect, the Woodward device must be operated at an audio frequency of about 10-20 kHz. This is complicated. A physical force applied to one end of a structure (eg, a beam) does not reach the other end instantaneously, but is transmitted to the other end as a shock wave that travels through the material at almost the speed of sound. In steel and aluminum, the speed of sound is approximately 5,000 meters per second. At 20 kHz, the shock wave will travel 0.25 meter (250 millimeters) per cycle. However, due to the considerable delay, the force waveform seen at the other end of the structure causes a phase shift. To avoid this problem, it may be necessary to limit the size of the structure to about 10% of the wavelength. In this scenario (ie when a 20 kHz input is used), the structure is limited to about 25 mm, or about 1 inch. This limits the scalability of the device as described in the prior art and makes it difficult to use such a device to create industrial scale forces.

  Fourth, the devices described in Woodward II and Woodward III must be assembled with a mechanical resonant structure. Apart from the obvious obstacles imposed by such design constraints, any useful extraction of force from such a device appears to weaken the necessary resonant structure essentially.

  Therefore, these prior art devices are unsuitable for producing a useful amount of reactionless thrust.

US Patent Publication US2003 / 0057319 ("Fitzgerald") claims to be based on Woodward's technology by incorporating a wheel to amplify the effect into the mass changer. Fitzgerald, however, appears to be based on Woodward's misunderstanding. Fitzgerald states in paragraph [0005]: “… It is possible to reduce the mass of an object by abruptly changing its energy density,” Woodward says. However, reading the Woodward in detail shows that the time average mass of an object remains unchanged. In addition, Fitzgerald states in paragraph [0053] that mass loss will be achieved with either waveform: “The current waveform generated by the electrical signal source is a sine wave, sawtooth wave, or other The waveform, ie, the waveform that suddenly changes the voltage between the upper and lower electrodes. ”The application of elementary calculus to the δm equation quoted above shows that this is false. All waveforms average zero over a long period of time. As can be seen from the above equation δm << (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt), the expected mass change is the density of the dielectric ρ ₀ and the time change rate of the force applied to the object. Related to both. In dielectrics, the relationship between force and energy density was specifically derived from Woodward.
For example, the Woodward website
(http://physics.fullerton.edu/~jimw/general/massfluc/index.htm),
In Woodward, when he arrives at the expression (1.4) to which he labels, Woodward substitutes the above expression of F = ma for the above expression F = pv of momentum, and is expressed in Einstein's quaternary vector configuration.
F = − [(c / ρ ₀ ) (δρ ₀ / δt), f]

E = mc ² is now substituted for the fact that the appropriate variable is density, not mass. Similarly, E = mc ² becomes E ₀ = ρ ₀ c ² . Here is _{what E 0} is obtained by modifying the above equation ρ ₀ = _{E 0} / ^{c 2} when representing the energy density.

By substituting, Woodward obtains the following formula that he labels (1.5):
F = − [(1 / ρ ₀ c) (δE ₀ / δt), f]

In this equation, E ₀ is substituted into the derivative of ρ ₀ with respect to time, and ρ ₀ remains in the constant term (1 / ρ ₀ c).

In Woodward I, Woodward selects a lightweight but hard dielectric material with a density of 3000 kg / m ³ . Woodward II and Woodward III taught that capacitors must have a material core. In a paper assessing why it was lower than the originally expected result, he speculated that movement or elastic compression in the dielectric material within the capacitor casing may affect the result. Small distance travel by a capacitor may have magnified this problem. In his publication, Woodward stated that in his device, longitudinal acceleration was generated by a piezoelectric actuator to several angstroms. Small plastic deformations in the dielectric and the small distance between the dielectric and the capacitor housing may greatly affect the transmission of force to the casing, no matter how small this distance is.

  Woodward's belief that a material core was needed suggests that he understands the inertial mass change effects that have occurred in most materials contained within the potential field containing the dielectric. Based on this understanding, in order to cause a mass change, not only a material core is needed, but the material will need to be reasonably rigid. This is because all forces generated by acceleration are propagated first to the condenser housing and then to the mechanism.

  Accordingly, in one aspect, what is desired is a method and apparatus that is configured to improve the inertial mass change that is actually achievable, and preferably to improve the effectiveness of a reactionless thrust device. In another aspect, what is desired is a method and apparatus for more effectively and efficiently applying inertial mass changes that have been reached to produce reactionless thrust.

  Thus, in one aspect of the invention, there is a given object that causes an inertial mass change, wherein the object is configured to have a time-varying force and has a non-zero time-varying rate with a mass change region. The region is evacuated, causing an inertial mass change. If necessary, the object comprises an electrical device, and the time varying force comprises electric power. Optionally, the item is selected from the group comprising capacitors, inductors and transformers, and the region comprises a vacuum core. If necessary, the force is actually magnetic. If necessary, the force comprises an electromagnetic radiation force. If necessary, the force comprises a waveguide. If necessary, the force comprises a microwave force.

  Thus, in another aspect of the invention, there is a given device for causing an inertial mass change in an object, the device comprising a mass change object, wherein the device comprises an object for causing an inertial mass change, and a time change An apparatus comprising a mass change region configured to have a force and having a non-zero time rate of change, wherein the region is evacuated, causing an inertial mass change, including an apparatus for inducing an inertial mass change in the object It may be. An apparatus includes a power source configured to generate a time-varying force having a non-zero time-varying rate, and the time change in the mass change region of the mass change object to change the inertial mass of the mass change object. It further includes the power source configured to place a force and the mass changer. If necessary, the apparatus further includes an accelerator for accelerating the mass change object while the time-varying force is disposed in the mass change region. Optionally, the mass change material is selected from the group comprising a capacitor, an inductor and a transformer, and the region comprises a vacuum core. Optionally, the accelerator includes a linear accelerator for accelerating the mass change along a linear path. If necessary, the accelerator includes a rotary accelerator for rotational acceleration of the mass change object. Optionally, the accelerator includes an electric motor having a servo feedback function that produces motion in harmony with a predetermined motion profile for the mass changer. If necessary, the apparatus is configured to selectively connect and disconnect the mass change object and the accelerator, and substantially no force is transmitted between the mass change object and the accelerator during the cutting. The connector further includes a connector-disconnector in which the mass change target is accelerated by the accelerator during connection. Optionally, the power source includes a waveform generator and an amplifier that amplifies the waveform to a selected level. Optionally, the power source includes an accumulated waveform source and an amplifier that amplifies the waveform to a selected level.

In another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus is provided for generating a net force on a base in a net force direction, the apparatus being at least one mass change associated with the base and not zero. Said at least one mass change configured to undergo an inertial mass change when a force having a rate of time change is applied thereto;
An accelerator for accelerating the at least one mass change such that the at least one mass change exerts a force on a base in association with the at least one mass change;
A mass increase characterized by being operably connected to the at least one mass change object, wherein (1) the time change rate of the force of the mass increase waveform is positive to the at least one mass change object. A power source configured to selectively apply a waveform, and (2) a mass decrease waveform characterized in that the rate of time change of force of the mass decrease waveform is negative;
The mass increase waveform is applied to each of the at least one mass change object when there is at least a component in the opposite direction of the net force for acceleration of the mass change object, and at least a net for acceleration of the mass change object A power source configured to apply the mass reduction waveform to each of the at least one mass change when there is a force direction component,
The mass increase waveform is different from the mass decrease waveform as a function of time.

If desired, the rate of time change in force of the mass increase waveform and / or the mass decrease waveform is generally linear as a function of time. As required, the rate of time change in force of the mass increase waveform and / or the mass decrease waveform is generally constant as a function of time. Optionally, the at least one mass changer comprises an electrical device and the power source includes a power source. Optionally, the at least one mass changer comprises an electrical device selected from the group of capacitors, inductors and transformers. If necessary, the mass change object includes a capacitor, and the mass increase waveform includes a sawtooth voltage waveform. Optionally, the at least one mass changer includes a capacitor, and each of the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform includes a voltage waveform expressed as a formula as a function of time.
V (t) = ± (1 / C) [C (2t ₀ −2V ₀ + 2tP ₀ + (δP / δt) t ² )] ^1/2
Here, t is a time, t ₀ is an initial time, V ₀ is an integral constant representing an initial voltage, P ₀ is an integral constant representing an initial force, and C is a capacitance of the capacitor. Further, δP / δt is a time change rate of the force of the mass decrease waveform. Optionally, the accelerator comprises a reciprocating accelerator configured to accelerate the at least one mass change along a substantially linear path, the accelerator and the power source comprising: A configuration is provided in which the at least one mass change is not substantially accelerated during or between discontinuities in the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform. Optionally, the accelerator comprises a rotary accelerator having at least one arm that carries the at least one mass change in a substantially circular path about a center point, the accelerator and the power source being The mass increase and the mass decrease waveforms are adapted to be applied to those whose mass change average over time is substantially zero. If necessary, the accelerator includes an actuator for moving the at least one mass change object and a controller for controlling the actuator. If necessary, the power source is configured to apply the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform in all waveforms, and (1) in the mass increase waveform, (2) in the total waveform. Within the mass decrease waveform, (3) there is substantially no discontinuity between the mass increase and mass decrease waveforms. Optionally, the mass reduction waveform is generally elliptical and comprises four sections, wherein the four sections comprise sections of the mass reduction waveform where t is less than t ₀ and V is greater than zero volts. Section A and
Section B comprising the section of the mass reduction waveform, where t is greater than t ₀ and V is greater than zero volts;
Section C comprising the section of the mass decreasing waveform, where t is greater than t ₀ and V is less than zero volts;
a section D comprising the section of the mass decreasing waveform, wherein t is smaller than t ₀ and V is smaller than zero volts.

Optionally, the mass increase waveform comprises a sawtooth voltage waveform that includes alternating and linear increase and decrease voltage sections. If necessary, the entire waveform is configured as a periodic waveform that repeats rotation about 720 degrees for each mass change around the center point,
The increasing voltage section of the mass increasing waveform is applied from 0 degrees to 180 degrees,
Section A applies from 180 degrees to 270 degrees,
Section B applies from 270 degrees to 360 degrees,
The decreasing voltage section of the mass increasing waveform is applied from 360 degrees to 540 degrees,
Section C applies from 540 degrees to 630 degrees,
Section D applies from 630 degrees to 720 degrees,
The direction of the net force is approximately 90 degrees.

In another aspect of the invention, an apparatus is provided for generating a mechanical force that includes at least one mass changer attached to a movable frame and a force having a non-zero time change rate. Said at least one mass change configured to undergo an inertial mass change when
An accelerator for accelerating the at least one mass change along a path of motion to an initial velocity in association with the at least one mass change;
A mass increase characterized by being operably connected to the at least one mass change object, wherein (1) the time change rate of the force of the mass increase waveform is positive to the at least one mass change object. The time change rate of the force of the mass decreasing waveform is negative in order to reduce the net inertial mass of the waveform and (2) the at least one mass change object and the associated movable frame to zero or less. A power source configured to selectively apply the characterized mass reduction waveform;
A deceleration force is applied to the at least one mass change to restore mechanical force when the mass decrease waveform is applied, and at least one of the above when the mass increase waveform is applied. A regenerative brake configured not to apply the deceleration force to the mass change object;
When the deceleration force is not applied, the mass increase waveform is applied to the at least one mass change object, and when the deceleration force is applied, the mass decrease waveform is applied to the at least one mass change object. Comprising the power source configured as described above,
The mass increase waveform is different from the mass decrease waveform as a function of time.

  If desired, the motion path is substantially linear. If desired, the motion path is substantially circular. If necessary, the regenerative brake is disconnected from the at least one mass change object and the mass decrease waveform is applied so that the deceleration force is not applied when the mass increase waveform is applied. The brake includes a connector-disconnector connected to the at least one mass change object such that a deceleration force is applied to the at least one mass change object. As necessary, the connector-disconnector is selected from the group consisting of an electromagnetic device, a mechanical clutch, a hydraulic clutch, a pneumatic clutch, a clutch using an electrorheological fluid or a magnetorheological fluid, and a control drive system. If necessary, the regenerative brake is selected from the group consisting of a regenerative brake mode electric motor, a power source, an air compressor, a pneumatic pump, a hydraulic compressor, and a hydraulic pump. If desired, the mass increase waveform and / or the time rate of change of the force of the mass increase waveform is generally linear as a function of time.

If necessary, the mass increase waveform and / or the time rate of change of the force of the mass increase waveform is generally constant as a function of time. Optionally, the at least one mass changer includes an electrical device and the power source includes a power source. Optionally, the at least one mass changer comprises an electrical device selected from the group of capacitors, inductors and transformers. If necessary, the mass change object includes a capacitor, and the mass increase waveform includes a sawtooth voltage waveform. Optionally, the at least one mass changer includes a capacitor, and the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform each have a voltage waveform that is represented by a formula as a function of time.
V (t) = ± (1 / C) [C (2t ₀ −2V ₀ + 2tP ₀ + (δP / δt) t ² )] ^1/2
Here, t is a time, t ₀ is an initial time, V ₀ is an integral constant representing an initial voltage, P ₀ is an integral constant representing an initial force, and C is a capacitance of the capacitor. Further, δP / δt is a time change rate of the force of the mass decrease waveform.

The present invention will now be described as follows with reference to the drawings, i.e. illustrating preferred embodiments of the invention, instead of describing only the embodiments.
Fig. 5 shows a curve resulting from the application of a sinusoidal AC voltage waveform to a capacitive circuit. Figure 3 shows a curve resulting from the application of a sawtooth waveform to a capacitive circuit. When a sharp peak of a sawtooth waveform is approximated as a parabolic curve, a curve resulting from the application of the sawtooth waveform is shown in the capacitive circuit. A preferred mass loss waveform is shown. Shows the relationship between force and acceleration. 1 schematically shows a linear reactionless thruster. 1 schematically shows a rotary type reactionless thruster. FIG. 8 is a detailed schematic diagram of the apparatus of FIG. FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a system that is aware and modified of changes in operating conditions that may reduce the effectiveness of a reactionless thruster. An example of a general input waveform for a rotary non-reaction thrust device is shown. Fig. 4 shows a waveform that may be used to form shaft power. It is the schematic of a capacitor | condenser. The direction of acceleration of a mass change object in a rotation-type reactionless thrust system is shown. A symmetrical hyperbolic mass increase waveform is shown. A symmetrical hyperbolic mass increase waveform is shown.

  In the accompanying drawings, like reference characters indicate like elements. In FIGS. 6 and 7, these figures show two methods and devices that produce thrust by changing the inertial mass of the mass changer. The apparatus includes the following. Preferably, a waveform generator 60 comprising a mass change target 30 (eg, a capacitor, inductor or transformer) having a vacuum core and means for producing an arbitrary waveform, a recording of a desired shape and a device for reproducing the stored waveform, An amplifier 50 that increases the voltage of the waveform to a level of 50%, and a device that accelerates the mass change 30 and provides, for example, mechanical cams, electrical servo feedback, hydraulic or pneumatic servo feedback, and any necessary control The power of the actuator 25 (linear in FIG. 6 and rotary in FIG. 7) and the linear or rotary actuator 25 (such as power or air or hydraulic oil replenishment) having the ability to produce a suitable motion profile by 80 A source (not shown) and flexible to allow operation of the linear actuator Including a rotary slip ring 45 that can be connected to a cable element 70 and a rotary actuator, a connection cable for mounting an electrical component, various terminals and bodies for mass change objects, and an actuator The structural member 15 for connecting the mass changing object 30 to

In a preferred embodiment, the mass of the mass change 30 is selectively changed and such mass change is used to produce a reactionless thrust. In a preferred embodiment, a capacitor is used as the mass change object 30. A natural or artificial vacuum is suitable for the dielectric medium of the capacitor 30. Because of this specification, “vacuum” is a pressure substantially below atmospheric pressure. Preferably, the vacuum in condenser 30 will be less than 7.6 Torr. 7.6 Torr corresponds to a pressure that is 1% of atmospheric pressure. Most preferably, the vacuum will be about 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ Torr or less. Capacitors with a vacuum of approximately 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ Torr or less are commercially available, manufactured for use in high power broadcast radio purposes, and can have a maximum rating of about 100,000 volts.

  Of course, aspects of the present invention include the use of electrical components such as mass change 30 in which electrical flux is induced in a vacuum or near-vacuum core or region within the component. Such component embodiments include, but are not limited to, vacuum capacitors, vacuum core inductors, and vacuum core transformers. Where there is a natural vacuum such as the universe, such electrical components may be constructed using the natural vacuum there. For example, in some circumstances, two conductive plates separated by a sufficient distance would be a natural vacuum capacitor.

Of course, in addition, the present invention also includes the use of non-electrical mass changes. From δm << (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt), the mass change may be caused by any one of them having δP / δt. The δP / δt is not necessarily limited to electric power. For example, a sealed waveguide may have δP / δt in the tube as a result of injected microwaves. Like other types of output, including but not limited to electromagnetic forces including radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum, the magnetic force may vary with time in the mass change. The present invention includes the use of any type of force that varies over time. Within this specification, “thing with time-varying force” means a thing with time-varying force. Of course, the present invention has the use of any time varying force object. The object, like the mass change object 30, has a non-zero time change rate in the mass change region 32 associated with the object 30. Of course, in addition, electrical components such as capacitors, inductors and transformers are preferred time-varying ones. This is because it is practical and relatively convenient to provide them with time-varying power, and these types of properly configured instruments are commercially available in useful quantities. is there.

  Of course, the nature of the mass change region where the time-varying force is located will vary depending on the type of object 30 used. For example, as described further below, the mass change rate region 32 in the capacitor includes the region between the two plates or conductors 33 that form the capacitor (see FIG. 12). In the coil inductor having a cylindrical coil, the mass change region 32 is formed of a space inside the cylindrical portion. In the waveguide described above, the mass changing region 32 consists of a space within the sealed waveguide in which the time-varying microwave force is located.

  As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the relationship between variables such as voltage, current and output will vary for different types of electrical equipment. For example, I = CdV / dt in a capacitor, where V is the voltage of the capacitor, t is time, C is capacitance, and I is the current flowing through the capacitor. In contrast, at V = LdI / dt in the inductor, V and I represent the inductor voltage and current, respectively, t is time, and L is inductance. In general, P = VI and dP / dt = d (VI) / dt, but result in a specific formula for forces P and δP / δt that are different for each of these devices. Thus, the input voltage / current waveform will take a different form in the capacitor than the inductor for any particular δP / δt. For similar reasons, the input waveform will be different if other types of electrical components are used. Finding a suitable input waveform for the electrical equipment here to produce the desired δP / δt defines the desired δP / δt and an indicator of the individual electrical device (eg, capacitors) to determine the appropriate input waveform I = CdV / dt and the inductor V = LdI / dt).

Similarly, for a time-varying thing that changes a non-power force, the appropriate input waveform required to produce δP / δt yields the desired δP / δt, and what input is desired δP / δt Is determined by using an index of time-varying objects to determine whether to generate As a matter of course, according to the equation of δm << (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt), the mass change is proportional to δP / δt. Thus, it is possible to produce a mass change that has a particular characteristic by generating the desired δP / δt that is selected to result in the desired change in mass as desired.

  In a preferred embodiment, any commercially available waveform generator 60 may be programmed to produce any desired waveform, or there may be multiple waveforms in multiple channels. Conventional means 60 is an off-the-shelf ready-to-use product for generating appropriate waveforms and reproducing the appropriate recorded desired waveform from the stored data. Such conventional means are not limited to the following, but include the following. Arbitrary waveform generator, computer or programmable logic controller with appropriate digital analog software and hardware, or analog storage device such as a tape player. It may be a special purpose device similar to an MP-3 player. Preferably, however, such a device will be designed to reproduce the desired waveform precisely and, among other things, avoid repetitive errors created by the summarization algorithm. In some embodiments having multiple electrical mass changes 30, it is advantageous to have multiple channels of corrugations operating simultaneously. In some cases, the amplifier 50 and such a waveform generator 60 to produce sufficiently high output voltage and current will be used in combination for specific application requirements.

  Of course, the generator 60 and amplifier 50 in the preferred embodiment are connected to the mass changer 30 for the following to function as a power source, as well as other means for power or energy supply. And it produces a time-varying force with a non-zero time rate of change, and more preferably comprises a mass increasing waveform with a time rate of positive force and a mass decreasing waveform with a time rate of negative force. It is. It will be appreciated that the present invention includes the use of other components to perform this function. Importantly, in one aspect of the invention, the apparatus is connected to the mass changer 30 and includes a power source for the following. And it produces a time-varying force with a non-zero time rate of change, and more preferably comprises a mass increasing waveform with a time rate of positive force and a mass decreasing waveform with a time rate of negative force. It is.

  Preferably, the amplifier 50 can accurately amplify the waveform to a required voltage. It may exceed 30,000 volts. In some embodiments, multiple channels of amplification may be desired. Such amplification may be accomplished through the use of high voltage tubes, or by using power resistors and cascaded diode networks, or other known methods.

  The actuator 25 supplied with the electric power may take the form of a permanent magnet DC motor, for example. Preferably, the actuator 25 has such characteristics that the torque, speed, and acceleration are smooth at a waveform frequency or a frequency in the vicinity of the waveform frequency, where the torque and acceleration can be quickly controlled. In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the actuator 25 is a permanent magnet DC motor with servo feedback capability by a commercially available rotary encoder or similar device. In general, the actuator 25 may be linear, rotary, or other type of unit. However, they must be able to generate an appropriately programmed exercise profile. The actuator 25 may be, but is not limited to, one of the following: Linear electric motor with servo feedback capability, linear motion device in which the operation of rotary electric servo motor is converted into linear motion by belt, chain, cable, main screw, ball screw, pneumatic pressure with servo feedback and controller Or a hydraulic linear or rotary operating device. The motion profile may be generated by mechanical cam or rod linkage, or electrical servo feedback by a suitable controller, or other means. In some cases, it may be possible to produce a useful and precise approximation of the desired motion without using a servo feedback mechanism.

  In other cases, it is assumed that the mass change object 30 is connected to the actuator 25 by a clutch. When the clutch is engaged, the device 30 moves with the actuator. When the clutch is released, the device 30 is free to move freely, acceleration is reduced, and any inertial effects created by the mass change in the object 30 from the actuator 25 are disconnected. Given the high switching speed required from the clutch in the preferred embodiment, such a clutch is expected to operate using electromagnetic means. However, other means may be used. Other means include, but are not limited to, mechanical clutches, hydraulic or pneumatic clutches, clutches with electrorheological or magnetic fluids that have a fairly fast response time.

  More preferably, the apparatus includes (except for those mentioned above) control means 80 capable of supplying the programmed velocity and acceleration profiles required for the selected actuator. A commercially available servo motor drive system with an integrated controller and drive amplifier capable of providing the illustrated motion profile is suitable. Including electronic regulators such as electric servo drive systems with amplifiers, systems programmed by cams and similar mechanical means, or electric servo drive systems with regulating valves for the control of pneumatic and hydraulic actuators, Other control means that are not so limited may also be used. In a preferred embodiment, the control means 80 forms an accelerator for accelerating the mass change object.

  More preferably, the apparatus includes means for supplying the necessary electrical, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic or other type of force required by the actuator 25. In the preferred embodiment, it takes the form of an electrical power source (a regulated DC power source in the case of a DC motor).

  In the case of a suitable rotary actuator 25, a commercially available multi-conductor rotary slip ring 45 may be utilized to send the amplified waveform to a capacitor or other electronic device that operates as a mass changer 30. In the case of a linear actuator 25, a flexible cable element or cable track is suitable for supplying the amplified waveform to the mass change 30 if it traverses the operating range of the actuator 25. However, it will be appreciated that other ways of achieving the goal of sending a waveform to a mass change are included. For example, a sufficiently compact and robust waveform generator or amplifier may be developed that can be loaded with moving components. Communication with the actuator controller 80 can be made by wireless means such as radio or infrared. In this alternative embodiment, the waveform may be generated outside of the moving part, but the amplifier is preferably on a moving component, so the voltage sent through the slip ring 45 is low voltage ( Typically 48 volts or less).

  If an electrical mass change is used, an insulator may be used to prevent the arc from the end or body of the mass change 30, particularly when operated at the high voltage associated with the arc. Insulation may be achieved through the use of non-conductive materials such as plastic or ceramic. In such high voltage cases, insulation may not be necessary if the mass changer can be installed away from other conductive materials. The operating parameters of the device to produce thrust due to inertial mass changes are those that may be able to produce a useful mass change effect with devices that are high frequency, low voltage, and therefore have a reduced need for insulation, More preferred.

  It is also preferred that the device comprises a structural method of attaching one or more mass changes 30 to the actuator 25 in a rigorous manner. In the case of a rotary actuator, the structural means preferably takes the form that one or more spokes or arms 15 are rigidly connected to the hub 43. In this embodiment, the mass change object 30 is attached in the vicinity of each end of the arm 15 using the insulator described above, if necessary.

  FIG. 7 illustrates a rotary system that implements this principle. The electric motor 25 is controlled by the controller 80. The electric motor 25 drives the hub 43 in order to rotate the arm 15 on which the condenser type mass change object 30 is mounted. Signal generator 60 produces a signal that is amplified by amplifier 50 and sent to a capacitor on arm 15 via lead 70 utilizing slip ring 45.

  FIG. 6 illustrates that a linear device that produces a controlled acceleration effect is synchronized with the mass change effect. The low friction main screw 12 is driven by a servo motor 25 controlled by a controller 80. The mass change object 30 takes the form of a condenser and is mounted on a slide 40 that moves with a built-in nut driven by the main screw 12. The screw 12 thus operates as a track along which the object 30 moves or as part of an accelerator that linearly accelerates the object 30. Programmable signal generator 60 produces a signal that is amplified by amplifier 50 and connected to capacitor 30 by flexible lead 70.

As described above, the inertia mass change is determined by the above equation δm << (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt). Where Φ is a gravitational potential field approximately equal to c ² and c is the speed of light. The gravitational potential field is approximated to be constant throughout the computational purpose. G is Newton's gravitational acceleration constant. ρ ₀ is the density of the mass mediator that is co-located with the time-varying force (in the preferred embodiment the capacitor dielectric material). δP / δt is a time change rate of the force applied to the mass change object 30.

In the above equation δm << (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt), Φ, G, and c are universal constants. However, ρ ₀ is the time rate of change of the selected object (eg, capacitor) and can be manipulated. Although this description is centered on capacitors, the equivalent principle applies especially to other time-varying forces such as inductors and transformers. In the capacitor, the time-varying force (having a non-zero δP / δt) flows in the region of the charged capacitor (ie dielectric material or insulating material). The energy of the capacitor is stored as a potential between two charged plates separated by an insulator. Thus, the associated density is not the density of the entire capacitor with the housing, but rather the density of the dielectric (ie the insulator between the plates). Since ρ ₀ is the denominator in the mass change formula, smaller values of ρ ₀ will give improved results in the form of larger mass changes.

  The density of the dielectric may be viewed as an impediment that electrically affects the induced inertial mass change. Woodward chose a capacitor with a light but hard dielectric material, and US Pat. Nos. 6,098,924 and 6,347,766 taught that the capacitor must have a material core. In a paper assessing why his results were less than originally expected, he found that movement within the capacitor casing and elastic compression of the dielectric material may have affected the mass change results. I guess. Woodward seemed to understand the inertial mass change effect occurring in the mass that was contained in the potential field containing the dielectric. Therefore, it is natural that he believed that a material core was necessary. Not only is a material core required under these conditions, but the core material must be reasonably hard to propagate any forces generated by acceleration to the housing of the capacitor and from there to the mechanism.

The prior art is based on the understanding that the dielectric needed to have a substantial mass, since the mass change effect was understood as occurring in a mass contained within a potential field encompassing the dielectric. . Thus, it was understood that a material core for a capacitor was necessary. However, the following was discovered unexpectedly. That is, transient inertial effects do not occur in the mass itself (and therefore do not depend on the mass), but occur in a space-time that is consistent with the mass or independent of the mass. is there. This occurs due to an acceptable transformation of mass and energy specific to E = mc ² in special relativity. The above equation F = ma is rewritten in the form of momentum and expressed in Einstein's quaternary vector form,
F = − [(1 / ρ ₀ c) (δE ₀ / δt), f]

In this equation, E ₀ (energy density) is time-differentiated and substituted into ρ ₀ to represent the possibility of energy flux δE ₀ / δt (which can be imposed by an electric field), and ρ ₀ is fixed Or left in the “steady” part (1 / ρ ₀ c) of the above formula representing the “natural” mass. And the associated density does not change.

If a capacitor with a vacuum instead of a dielectric insulator is used, the possibility of changing the mass of the capacitor is substantially increased. E ₀ = ρ ₀ c ² can be used for conversion between matter and energy. Then, it can be allowed to replace the physical substance ρ ₀ with a small but positive value and constant E _0j . Where E _0j is the energy density, which is the result of a complete material-energy conversion of the material left in the vacuum core of the capacitor when the vacuum is incomplete. Since E _0j is a constant, there is a tremendous improvement in the mass change possible with a vacuum core capacitor compared to the material core for the energy flux given to the capacitor. A modified mass change equation, here E _0j / c ² is substituted for ρ ₀ and becomes as follows. δm << (Φ / (4πGE _0j c ² )) ( _δP / δt)

E _0j is an arbitrarily small value in the sense that it becomes smaller as the degree of vacuum in the condenser becomes better. The more vacuum is applied, the smaller E _0j is. E _0j is in the denominator of the above equation, and therefore the smaller the value, the greater δm. This assignment also results in c ⁴ in the denominator of the previous state of the above equation becomes c ^2.

As mass change effects often occur in space-time synchronized with time-varying forces, the generated inertial or accelerating forces are transmitted to the mass changer adjacent to the region. Thus, in the case of a capacitor, the electric flux is located between the plates. If the capacitor accelerates so that the capacitor moves from position p ₀ to position p ₁ between time t ₀ and time t ₁ , if the distance between p ₁ and p ₀ is greater than the length of the capacitor Since the capacitor defines the positions of both the basic energy density E ₀ and the force flux δP / δt that are responsible for the inertial mass change effect δm, the effect is the same distance (ie, distance p ₁ -p ₀ ) movement. To do. The field where the mass change occurs is constrained between the two end plates of the capacitor and is defined by the location of those end plates. Therefore, the elasticity in the structure of the endplate will affect how any force is transmitted to the body of the capacitor. This effect can be minimized, among other things, by making the structure more rigid.

Therefore, since E ₀ / c ² can be substituted into ρ ₀ , a substantial amount is necessary to cause the mass change effect or to work the above equation δm << (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt) Absent. The presence of energy can be substituted. And it is concluded that as the appropriate mass density ρ ₀ approaches zero, a sharp increase in the mass change effect can be achieved.

  Naturally, there is no known perfect vacuum, whether artificial or natural (the natural vacuum is not perfect even in deep space). In particular, any vacuum produced by an industrial process will be detectable residue. As the condenser accelerates (the atoms tend to accumulate at the end opposite to the direction of acceleration), the transfer of very low pressure gaseous material can affect the transmission of force to the condenser vessel.

  One example of this detrimental effect on force transmission is the prior art Woodward device. One unusual feature of the Woodward device is that the back-and-forth acceleration by the piezoelectric actuator occurs within a very small distance, and the published paper describes it as a few angstroms. Thus, the woodward device has a substantial dielectric material, and there is a gap between the dielectric material and the casing, no matter how elastic the dielectric material is. Therefore, there is a possibility that the force was not effectively transmitted to the casing. This is because the movement in each direction before reversal is very short, so the only effect of movement may be compression or movement of the dielectric. Until the force begins to be transferred to the capacitor structure, the motion is reversed, causing the dielectric material to move or / and compress in the opposite direction.

  In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, this potential difficulty will be resolved at least in one of the following ways. First, the distance traveled by the mass change during each acceleration cycle is a reasonable percentage of the capacitor size. The moving distance is preferably at least 5% of the length of the condenser. Furthermore, it is most preferable that it is the same size as the length of the condenser. As a result, there will be further movement in which force is transmitted to the condenser plate and housing, or another type of mass change structure, even after the movement of the gas remaining in the vacuum. Second, the device is preferably set up to accelerate in one direction instead of reciprocating, thereby minimizing the detrimental effect of force propagation by the material left in the vacuum. The effect of mass transfer is minimized with this setting. This is because the substance tends to accumulate and stay at one end rather than being changed from one end of the capacitor to the other. As described below, the rotary device described herein is advantageous rather than periodically reversing as in a linear device because the mass changer moves in one direction around the hub.

Electrical devices with non-solid cores to which time varying force flux can be applied are commercially available. For example, vacuum capacitors with a vacuum rating of 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ Torr are commercially available and are commonly used for high power broadcast purposes. Air core inductors and transformers are also commercially available.

The magnitude of the improvement in the mass change effect using the vacuum mass change region can be fully understood compared to the prior art. One of the Woodward devices used a dielectric capacitor having a density of 3,000 kg / m ³ . In comparison, a vacuum of 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ Torr has a density of 1.7 × 10 ⁻¹⁰ kg / m ³ . This represents a potential mass change improvement of approximately 1.8 × 10 ¹³ times.

  Furthermore, it has been found that the input waveform shape can be selected to create the desired mass change profile. This is particularly a substantial advantage over Woodward's prior art, where the use of conditions associated with a resonant circuit or AC waveform essentially limits it to periodically reverse mass changes. In connection with using a vacuum core energy storage device, greatly improved effects can be provided and large mass changes can be derived from relatively small force fluxes. There are certain waveforms that will give the best performance depending on whether mass increase or decrease is required or other purposes are desired.

  As a matter of course, the reactionless propulsion device performs an optimum operation by accelerating the mass change object differently depending on the mass of the object at a specific time. In other words, the direction and / or magnitude of acceleration of the mass change object 30 will be different when: That is when the mass of the mass change object 30 increases than when the mass of the mass change object 30 decreases. The use of an acceleration profile chosen in conjunction with a particular mass change profile will produce the desired net thrust in the desired direction. Detailed embodiments of how the acceleration and mass change profiles match are given below.

  It has been found that if the following two distinct input waveforms are used, the acceleration and mass change profiles are matched to produce thrust. A mass increase waveform (ie, a waveform that becomes positive δm) and a mass decrease waveform that produces a negative δm that differs from the mass increase waveform as a function of time. This is in contrast to Woodward, where the input waveform is not two distinct waveforms, but rather is always a single sinusoidal waveform as a function of time.

Preferably, the mass increase and mass decrease waveforms generally produce a constant mass change effect of the desired type (ie, constant positive δm or constant negative δm). Such a waveform maximizes the mass change effect. This is because the ability to generate thrust is related to the magnitude of the mass change over the time that the mass change occurs. Thus, assume that it is desired to increase the mass of the mass changer between times t ₁ and t ₂ . Most preferably, the mass change will be generally constant from t ₁ to t ₂ , since the amount of thrust produced will generally increase with increasing mass change. If the mass change is not constant, the maximum mass change will not be obtained from the beginning to the end of t ₁ and t ₂ that produce the thrust. This is not preferred.

  Furthermore, constant mass changes generally simplify design calculations. If the mass change is constant for a given period of time, the second term of the force F = mdv / dt + vdm / dt can be ignored. This is because dm / dt is zero.

  However, it will be appreciated that the present invention provides a non-constant input waveform. Although less preferred, any mass increase or decrease waveforms of different time variables are included in the present invention. Thus, an input waveform that changes, for example, linearly and produces a mass change that can be used that is not constant, and other waveforms, will simplify the design calculations compared to a sine input. This is because dm / dt is constant during the mass change. Nevertheless, the most preferred is the use of a mass increase waveform that produces a constant positive mass change and a mass decrease waveform that produces a constant negative mass change.

In an ideal capacitor, the relationship between voltage and current is I = C (dV / dt). Where I is equal to the current flowing through the capacitor, C is the capacitance of the capacitor, and V is the voltage of the capacitor. Using a capacitor as an embodiment of the mass change object, a suitable mass increase or decrease waveform would be considered. Since it is desirable for the mass change to be generally constant (thus, dP / dt is generally constant), the magnitude of dP / dt will be assumed to be a constant K. Thus, for positive mass changes, dP / dt = K and P = P ₀ + Kt, where P represents force and P ₀ is an integral constant representing initial force at the initial time. Similarly, in the mass decrease waveform, dP / dt = −K and P = P ₀ −Kt.

  To derive the waveform equation, an equation relating voltage to current in the capacitor (I = CdV / dt) and an equation calculating force in the electrical circuit (P = VI) are used.

The general solution is given by
V (t) = ± (1 / C) [C (2t ₀ −2V ₀ + 2tP ₀ + (δP / δt) t ² )] ^1/2
Here, t is a time, t ₀ is an initial time, V ₀ is an integral constant representing an initial voltage, P ₀ is an integral constant representing an initial force, and C is a capacitance of the capacitor. Further, δP / δt is a time change rate of the force of the mass decrease waveform. δP / δt is the desired constant value.

The simplest solution is revealed by positive δP / δt and t ₀ = 0, V ₀ = 0, P ₀ = 0. This mass increase voltage waveform for a capacitor is shown in FIG. 2 and comprises a sawtooth wave. Because of the above ±, the line may rise or fall. This waveform rises linearly from the base voltage, and after reaching the peak, it falls linearly (with the same slope as the rising portion) until the base voltage is reached. This cycle can be repeated forever. As shown in FIG. 2, the current I has a constant magnitude, but the direction is periodically reversed.

  FIG. 2 also shows that the resulting output curve is a periodically discontinuous upward sloping line. The output change δP / δt with time is equal to the slope of the output line, and is constant and positive. The output reaches its maximum at the left of each discontinuity and is at its minimum at the right. Thus, the output is discontinuous and not mathematically defined, but a drop in the discontinuous output means a large negative deviation of δP / δt. On the other hand, at all points where the output curve is defined, δP / δt is constant and positive.

  In an artificial system, the drive amplifier will not be able to switch instantly from negative to positive current as needed to produce the sawtooth voltage waveform shown in FIG. The practical result is that such an artificial amplifier will produce a small curve at the peak of the voltage. As shown in FIG. 3, here the voltage is obtained to drive the system and I = Cδv / δt, the voltage peak touches the voltage curve rather than the one shown in FIG. Modeled as a parabolic curve. The result is that there is a large negative value δP / δt (and a concomitant inertial mass change) at the discontinuity, as shown in FIG. Depending on the application, failure to manage these effects can potentially result in equipment damage. It is also important to note that the total force over time is zero. And it can be seen by comparing the positive and negative regions under the δP / δt curve.

  It will also be noted that other initial conditions for positive mass result in a hyperbola that is symmetrical up and down or left and right as shown in FIGS.

When negative δP / δt is selected, the curve has a characteristic elliptical shape as shown in FIG. 4 (and as shown in FIGS. 10-11 with the outline shown as a dotted line as a reference ellipse). . There are two symmetries in the waveform. Since the time term is squared, the same result is at the other time of t ₀ (common in periodic waveforms). There is also symmetry about 0 volts.

  Hyperbolic and elliptical curves have a region where the tangent of the voltage curve is close to vertical as the curve crosses V = 0. These areas may not be used in practice. First, since I = CdV / dt, dV / dt approaches infinity at the vertical tangent. Thus, infinite current will be required to achieve such a curve. Second, since P = VI, the force at such a place will be infinite, that is, its value will be multiplied mathematically undefined and will be equal to zero.

These factors improve the ability to design arbitrary waveforms under certain conditions, as well as the ability to set a desired initial state. The limiting amplitude, waveform segment starting voltage V ₀ , initial power level P ₀ , initial time t ₀ and desired δP / δt may be set to produce the desired waveform segment. The corrugated segments may be stitched together to produce the desired effect. In order to avoid undesired δP / δt deviations in the voltage waveform with discontinuities, the voltage curves can be designed to connect and tangent. As a result, a smooth continuous δV / δt is obtained.

Of course, in the above equation δm << (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt), the only two variables within the control of the designer of the reactionless thruster are ρ ₀ and δP / δt. . As explained above, ρ ₀ can be controlled to a considerable degree by the choice and configuration of the mass changer 30. Thus, a preferred embodiment of one aspect of the present invention involves the use of a mass changer with a vacuum in the mass change region 32.

With respect to δP / δt, this variable value may theoretically be set to any target value. By using an equation that is valid for the particular mass change being used and relates δP / δt to the variable driving the input waveform, the particular form of that waveform can be determined. In the particular case of the described capacitor, δP / δt is most preferably a constant and is defined as either positive or negative for mass increase or decrease. The relationship between force and voltage is used to determine the input voltage waveform for mass increase and mass decrease. As mentioned, the designer may set the initial conditions (eg, t ₀ , V ₀ , P ₀ ) to produce the required waveform.

  Theoretically, there is no limit to the size of the constant δP / δt that can be selected by the designer. In practice, however, δP / δt should preferably be selected to account for real world limitations. Such limitations include the ability of amplifiers or other power sources to generate and amplify complex waveforms in good faith, and the ability of motion equipment associated with mass changes to be switched at high speed. Other important practical limitations to consider include limitations on instrument dimensions and waveform frequencies imposed by shockwave transmission and acoustic effects. Also, structural limitations may exist as a result of impacts on the device generated by sudden extreme deviations of δP / δt.

In practice, acoustic effects have been found to easily limit the maximum frequency that can be used with commercially available devices. For reasonable machine sizes (on the order of 1 meter), this limit is about 100-200 Hz. 325 kg theoretical with a rated 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ Torr vacuum capacitor powered by an amplifier at 100 Hz with a short-time maximum output of 2100 V, a current of ± 100 mA and a peak power output of about 21 mW A mass change rate is generated. In practice, it has been found that the possible mass changes for currently readily available devices are actually limited, as higher mass changes impose a structural force where the potential damages the capacitor. Devices with higher capabilities that increase the possible range of actual mass changes can be made, but changes of 50 kg or less per condenser are currently a practical target for commercially available devices in large quantities. It is believed that there is.

  It is preferable that the mass change object 30 can be continuously moved in one direction by the propagation effect of the force of any substance remaining in the vacuum chamber. In this sense, a linear accelerator that moves the mass change along the linear path is less preferred because the size of the linear path is necessarily limited and a reversal motion is required. At each reversal, the substance remaining in the vacuum moves to the other end of the mass change region, and the force transmitted to the structure of the mass change object 30 is reduced. If a linear accelerator is used, it is necessary to align several input waveform cycles in each direction before inversion to minimize the effect of mass transfer in force transmission.

  In deciding how to apply the mass change waveform to create the desired mass change profile that produces no reaction thrust, it is useful to think that the mass change object (eg, a condenser) is attached to a small driven carriage on any long track. is there. The capacitor is supplied with the power flux necessary to cause the desired mass change. In this scenario, the goal is to guide the maximum backward force (thrust) on the track without exceeding the set speed V in the carriage. And furthermore, according to Newton's third law of motion, there should be such a net backward or reaction force even after braking the carriage to a stop in front of the end of the track.

  In the normal case where we cannot change the inertial mass of the carriage, friction from the powered cart creates a backward force on the truck while the carriage is accelerated to speed V. right. However, when the carriage is braked to zero speed, an equivalent opposite momentum will act on the track, resulting in a net force on the track of zero.

  However, if the mass increase waveform of FIG. 3 is applied to a driven carriage condenser to produce a time-varying force and a synchronized mass increase, the result of this net force being zero could be altered. . If the carriage acceleration is made uniform, the same net zero reaction force result will occur as a non-zero mass change average over time due to the negative deviation of δP / δt. However, if the acceleration of the carriage is stopped when the mass change is negative, the track will simply see a force with a higher inertial mass. This is shown in FIG.

  If the carriage acceleration occurs when the carriage is “heavy” and if the mass change effect disappears completely during the brake cycle, such that the brake only occurs with the natural weight of the mass change object, A net backward force at is achieved.

  One unusual and potential effect of using a mass reduction waveform is the generation of negative inertia. For example, the driven carriage may have a natural weight of 25 kg. As mentioned above, a mass change of 50 kg would be sufficient in practice. If a -50 kg waveform is applied, the net inertial mass of the carriage will be -25 kg. If the acceleration is controlled so that the acceleration exists only during the negative mass cycle, the inertial mass change effect can be exploited through the acceleration so the system simply looks at the negative mass. Alternatively, during the positive mass waveform portion, the carriage may be disconnected from the drive means by clutch means as described herein. For negative mass, the typical action in the force equation F = ma is reversed to F = −ma. For example, a deceleration force applied at the carriage wheel (applied only during the negative portion of the waveform) will actually accelerate the mass. Here, we have the potential to create a virtual negative material while the average mass remains equal to the original mass, the clutch knows when the mass is negative, the associated drive means It simply makes it possible to do. The described acceleration effects of negative matter are described by Dr. Robert Forward in his paper "Negative matter propulsion", Jay. Propulsion 6, 28-37 (January-February 1990).

  A linear, reciprocating, reactionless thrust system is shown in FIG. The mass change object 30 (preferably a condenser) is attached to the carriage 40. The carriage 40 reciprocates along the main screw 12 acting as a track. The waveform generator 60 and the amplifier 50 act as a power source that selectively applies mass increase and mass decrease waveforms to the capacitor. A motor 25 (associated with the condenser) accelerates the condenser and forces are exerted on the main screw 12, which acts as a base against the forces exerted. Of course, the present invention includes other forms of tracks and bases in addition to the preferred embodiment.

  The following methods can be used to generate thrust in the system of FIG. The mass change object 30 starts at one end of the main screw 12. Amplifier 50 is used to create an inertial mass increase waveform. The condenser is accelerated toward the center line C / L of the main screw 12. If the waveform reaches a discontinuity with an undesired mass effect (ie, a negative deviation of δP / δt shown in FIG. 5), the acceleration profile is adjusted so that no acceleration occurs. The peak speed will reach the centerline. At this time, a waveform for reducing the inertial mass is generated. Thereafter, the carriage with the vacuum condenser 30 is decelerated to zero speed at the other end of the carriage and accelerated backwards toward the centerline. If the waveform reaches a discontinuity with an unwanted mass change effect, the acceleration profile is adjusted again so that no acceleration occurs. In this regard, once the centerline arrives again, the waveform should be switched to a mass increase effect. The carriage should be decelerated to zero speed at the end. In addition, processing can be continued if necessary.

  In this embodiment, all accelerations are toward the centerline. If there is no mass change effect, the result will be a force that alternates but eventually automatically becomes invalid. However, if the mass increases when acceleration occurs in one direction and decreases when it occurs in the other direction, a net force is generated. It is expected that the best results will be obtained when the overall movement is greater than the capacitor size and when several waveform cycles in one direction are obtained before inversion.

  As explained above, the path of the mass change object is preferably as long as possible so that no reversal movement is required. The use of trajectories for mass changers that form a closed loop eliminates the problem of reversal motion. Using a loop introduces complexity to certain designs, because the force and acceleration equations for the mass changer rotating about the center point contain conditions representing curl or vorticity. However, it has been found that by ignoring these conditions it is possible to proceed for practical purposes. The reason is that for any practical range, a “linear” effect (eg, a tangential instantaneous acceleration of a circular path) will dominate any rotational effect.

  A reactionless thrust system 10 having a loop path for a mass change object is shown in FIG. On the shaft of a standard electric motor 25, the system 10 includes a set of arms 15 to which one or more capacitors are attached at its ends as shown in FIG. The arm intersects with the adjacent rotary slip ring 45 at the hub 43. The ring is preferably used to provide an input waveform to the mass changer 30. The condenser 30 thus rotates with respect to the hub 43, and the hub 43 functions as a rotation center point of the object 30. For illustrative purposes, rotation points of 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees are shown.

  As explained below, the effect of centripetal force rotation effectively expands the available propulsive power. As one capacitor rotates 0 to 180 degrees, an inertial mass increase waveform (voltage increase) is applied to the capacitor. As the condenser rotates 180-270 degrees, a mass reduction waveform (curve A in FIG. 4) is applied. From 270 to 360 degrees, another mass decrease waveform (curve B in FIG. 4) is applied. From 360 to 540 degrees, a mass increase waveform (voltage drop) is applied. From 540 to 630 degrees, a mass decrease waveform (curve C in FIG. 4) is applied. From 630 to 720 degrees, another mass reduction waveform is applied (curve D in FIG. 4). The 720 degree cycle is then repeated. Thus, two revolutions of the condenser are required for one cycle of combined mass increase and mass decrease waveforms. This is illustrated in FIG.

  As in any rotating object, the condenser is accelerated to the center of rotation of the hub 43. Equivalent and opposite reaction forces pull the hub with a force that balances. Since the capacitor has a larger inertial mass in the 0-180 degree sector, a greater force is generated on the hub compared to the 90-degree net average thrust in the 180-360 degree sector.

  Thus, of course, in both linear and rotary systems, (1) the mass increase to the mass change object 30 when the acceleration of the mass change object has at least one element in the direction opposite to the net force. Thrust in the direction of the net force is generated by applying the mass reduction waveform to the waveform, or (2) mass change 30 when the acceleration of the mass change has at least one element in the direction of the net force . In a linear device, using FIG. 6 as a guide, assume that a mass increase waveform is applied to the mass change 30 as it accelerates from the far right side of the track to the centerline. In such a case, the net force direction (ie the net thrust force direction applied to the main screw 12) will be to the right, as indicated by the arrow NF in FIG. 6 and as described above. .

  In the rotary device, when the mass change object 30 rotates around the hub 43 at a constant speed, the mass change object 30 always receives a net instantaneous acceleration in the direction of the hub 43. When the combination of waveforms described above is used, the net force direction is 90 degrees as shown in FIG. 7, when the mass change is between 180 degrees and 360 degrees, and between 540 degrees and 720 degrees. The acceleration element is in the 90 degree direction. Similarly, when the mass changer is between 0 and 180 degrees, and between 360 and 540 degrees, the acceleration factor is in the opposite direction of the net force. This is shown in FIG.

  In FIG. 13, the mass change object 30 is shown in the range of 0-90-180 degrees, or in the range of 360-450-540 degrees. In this range, the centripetal acceleration (CA) vector is the sum of two vertical elements. One of these elements is the element (PC) perpendicular to the net force direction. The other is the element in the opposite direction of the net force (ONFD). Thus, in this range, the mass change has element acceleration in the opposite direction of the net force. In this range, a mass increase waveform is applied. In FIG. 13, mass change objects in the range of 180-270-360 degrees or 540-630-720 degrees are also shown. Objects in this range have a centripetal acceleration (CA) that is the sum of two vertical vector elements. One (PC) is perpendicular to the direction of the net force and the other (NFD) is the direction of the net force. Thus, in this range, the mass changer has an acceleration element in the direction of the net force, and in this range the mass reduction waveform is applied.

  Of course, the total input waveform, ie, the combination of mass increase and mass decrease, is set so that the average mass change over time is zero. This is necessary for any practical system where the magnitude of the output does not increase indefinitely.

  Additional capacitors (or other embodiments, in other objects 30), with the input waveform having the appropriate phase applied to each object 30 depending on the position of the trajectory as described above, are mass changeables. May be added around the rotary track. The more objects 30 are present, the smoother the thrust will be. Less effective and therefore less preferred, but devices may be made using only the effect of mass increase or mass decrease of only one mass change. Of course, in relation to rotation, the net thrust direction is driven by changing the phase of the waveform.

  A mass change of ± 5 kg is only 12 Hz and radius. It has been found that a net thrust of about 9,000 N can be generated (comparable to one of the small business jet engines) when triggered in connection with a 25 m, 720 rpm rotation. This effect will be scaled by: Increase in frequency and speed, increase in arm radius, increase in mass change, increase in the number of condensers.

  From a mass increasing waveform to a mass decreasing waveform, any sudden δP / δt reversal, such as that shown in FIG. 5, will have the potential to interfere with thrust generation and damage the capacitor or other object 30. It is preferred that a smooth change in is generated.

  In a linear, reciprocating reactionless thrust system as shown in FIG. 6, the device will not see this effect, so that acceleration will be stopped whenever an undesired δP / δt deviation occurs. This can be achieved because only one acceleration actually occurs and is directed along the track. However, there are two accelerations to consider in a rotary device. The first is tangential acceleration caused by speeding up or slowing down the motor. This will be controlled as desired. However, the centripetal acceleration, that is, the acceleration of the rotating mass toward the center of rotation, is proportional to the square of the rotational speed. Thus, as long as the capacitors (or other objects 30) are moving along their rotational path, they are accelerated even when δP / δt deviations occur and even if their speed is constant. right. As described below, for a rotary device, the input waveform is preferably applied in a manner that substantially avoids discontinuities and such sudden δP / δt spikes. However, the real world waveform is not perfect and some spikes can occur. Therefore, care must be taken to produce a controlled and shaped peaked waveform as follows. That is, the sudden size is known, and it is the structural size of a machine or capacitor that can resist when the size is combined with the rotational speed. Elastic attachment means that operate radially and can absorb shocks but are substantially rigid in the tangential direction may be designed to mitigate these forces.

  As explained above, large deviations in δP / δt occur especially in the discontinuity of the input waveform. In the linear system of FIG. 6, these discontinuities can be handled by using a connector-disconnector, optionally in the form of a clutch. When the clutch is engaged (that is, the mass changing object 30 is connected to the accelerator). The mass change object 30 moves according to the accelerator. When the clutch is disengaged, the mass change object 30 is disconnected from the accelerator. Moreover, the mass change is not substantially accelerated. In other words, it does inertial movement. By disengaging the mass change from the force-acting base by disengaging the clutch during discontinuities that produce undesired deviations δP / δt from the desired constants, these deviations are practical for propulsion generation. It is possible to prevent having an influence.

  However, in a rotary device, the mass change object is always accelerating toward the center during operation. Thus, the combination of mass increase and mass decrease waveforms that form the total input waveform is preferably configured to reduce or eliminate discontinuities that produce unwanted deviations in δP / δt. Such an overall waveform is shown in FIG. As described above, the entire waveform that repeats every two revolutions or every 720 degrees comprises a combination of mass increase and mass decrease waveforms that are selected to produce a net thrust in the selected direction. As can be seen in FIG. 10, these mass increase and mass decrease waveforms are combined so that there is no discontinuity between them. In other words, the slope of the tangent of each part is the same as the slope of the other, in that one waveform portion touches the other. The result is the removal of unwanted deviations δP / δt associated with discontinuities in the total input waveform in this preferred embodiment.

  The reactionless thrust device as described above may also be configured to produce shaft power. Such a system may have a physical setting as shown in FIG. 7, for example with two mass changes 30, preferably condensers, moving along a substantially circular motion path. Means in the apparatus described above and illustrated therein may be used for thrust generation. In general, the motion of a mass changer in a rotating system has two components: angular motion and radial direction. The rotating system has an angular velocity representing the rotational speed at any given time. Angular acceleration will also increase or decrease the rotational speed. Radial acceleration is imposed on the mass change object 30 by the rigid arm 15 in the form of centripetal acceleration corresponding to the centripetal force. The centripetal force is proportional to the square of the instantaneous tangential velocity of the mass change object 30. Preferably, in the rotational thrust system as described above, there is a constant rotational speed at a given desired thrust level. In a system with two mass changes 30, one way to develop thrust is to increase the mass in one mass change while the opposite mass change is given a mass decrease waveform according to the principles outlined above. Is to provide a waveform. For example, both waveforms may take the form of FIG. 10 but may be 180 degrees out of phase with each other.

  In contrast, in a system configured for shaft power, all mass variations 30 will be given the same waveform. If the mass changer 30 is a capacitor, the voltage waveforms will preferably take the form of a negative mass waveform, as illustrated in FIG. For the majority of a given cycle, the mass reduction effect is applied to each capacitor so that the value is strongly negative. In this case, the net moment of inertia of the entire rotating structure may be temporarily negative (ie the rotor of the DC motor 25, the hub 43, the increasing arm 15 and the condenser 30). The brake torque applied to the shaft body by the regenerative brake, which is configured to draw the shaft power and apply the delaying force to the shaft body in this way, taking into account the angular motion and the negative substance principle described above, is It will accelerate the assembly and increase the rotational speed. Since the waveform force is limited, there must be a corresponding interval of positive δP / δt. Accordingly, it may be necessary to disconnect the mass change 30 from the regenerative brake when δP / δt is positive so that the regenerative brake does not apply a delayed force to the mass change 30 during the positive δP / δt. (If it is done, the net end result would be that the regenerative brake sees only the average value, ie the natural mass of the mass change.) Connect the brake to the object 30 when the mass reduction waveform is applied However, a connector-disconnector that has been used to disconnect a brake from an object when a mass-increasing waveform is applied may optionally comprise: Servo drive control to keep current at constant speed while cutting off current to permanent magnet DC motor (current is proportional to torque, zero torque, zero acceleration-thus the motor acts as a connector-disconnector) Use of electromechanical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic clutches, use of fast response electrorheological fluids or magnetorheological fluids to disconnect the assembly from the shaft at the required time, negative inertial mass Meanwhile, since it is expected to cause angular acceleration, the rotational speed may be increased to an unsafe and undesirable level. If the acceleration rotator exceeds the desired rotational speed, the negative mass effect is extinguished and the system is slowed down if necessary.

  Consideration of radial acceleration or centripetal effect is also necessary. The mass change objects 30 all have the same waveform, all of which assume the presence of two or more objectives 30 as shown in FIG. 7, and thereafter the centripetal force will cancel. Also, there is no net force in the net force direction NF. However, centripetal forces will impose about hundreds of gravitational structural forces on the device at typical rotational speeds. The device must be strong enough to withstand the imposed load. Also, the δP / δt values should preferably not be allowed to approach theoretically infinite values. Of course, while in the device where the net force is to be generated, the phase of the waveform must be synchronized with the rotational position (as a result of a balanced centripetal force), and such synchronization is It is not necessary for the operation of a device configured for power.

  It may be useful for a rotary device such as that shown in FIG. 7 to summarize and compare the conditions used for shaft power or thrust. In application to shaft power, the rotational speed will be variable and the same waveform is provided for all mass changes. Waveform synchronization with rotation is not necessary. A connector-disconnector is also required.

  For application to thrust, it is preferred that the rotational speed be constant. It is also preferred that a waveform that is phase-shifted and synchronized with the absolute position of rotation is provided for each mass changer, the rotation speed is constant, and a connector-disconnector is required.

  Although the electric motor used in the regenerative braking mode is a preferable method for extracting the shaft power from such a device, the present invention is not limited to the generator, and includes an air compressor, an air pump, a hydraulic compressor, and a hydraulic pump. Any suitable method of extracting force is included.

  Of course, the force may be drawn in an equivalent linear device. In one embodiment of such a linear device, the mass change may be accelerated and braked in a substantially linear motion path using a linear induction motor. Like a rotary motor, a linear induction motor may function as a regenerative brake and recover power from deceleration force. As described above, if a deceleration force is applied while the net inertia mass of the moving mechanism containing the mass change object is negative, the moving mechanism and the mass change object will accelerate. One drawback of such a linear device is that reciprocation is required when there is no closed path. Other methods of force extraction in linear include, but are not limited to, pneumatic and hydraulic devices, and are encompassed by the present invention.

  The effect of a given input waveform can vary so that the electrical properties change with temperature and other conditions in the circuit. Therefore, it would be advantageous to monitor the effects of such changes and cause a compensation change in the input waveform using a feedback monitoring system as shown in FIG. A current (I) sensor 61 and a voltage (V) sensor 62 are utilized, and the outputs from these sensors can be connected to a multiplier 63 that calculates the instantaneous force (P = V × I). Note that the force flux δP / δt is a critical variable. The output of the multiplier can then be applied to a comparator 64 that compares the actual output to the expected value at a particular point in the cycle. The waveform compensator 65 can then be devised to modify the waveform to achieve the desired result. The modified waveform is then generated by the generator 60 and the output to the circuit. Such devices can be developed using separate components or by software in a computer processor device with the addition of appropriate analog-digital and digital analog hardware.

  In the detailed description of the invention, more preferred or less preferred waveforms are described. Of course, the present invention includes the use of approximations of such waveforms to achieve mass changes that approximate the mass changes obtained from using the waveforms described herein. Of course, sometimes device limitations or other practical limitations will make the approximation of the desired input waveform easier to use. It may also provide adequate results.

  The experiment was performed by using essentially the same equipment as shown in FIG. The structure of the experimental unit is shown in FIG. The difference from the configuration shown in FIG. 7 is that a compact amplifier was used and attached to the rotating arm. The power supply for the amplifier and waveform signal (provided by the digital waveform generator) was distributed to the rotating arm through a rotating slip ring with multiple wires. As higher voltages were used, plastic housings were manufactured to prevent arcing from the capacitor to the nearby metal frame.

  The motor used was a 1 hp permanent magnet DC unit. Such a motor is characterized in that the voltage is proportional to the speed of the motor and the input current is proportional to the torque. A digital signal generator was used to create a sawtooth wave with a low voltage of 0V and a high voltage of 5V. After amplification, the resulting waveform had a minimum voltage of 18,000 volts, a peak voltage of 25,000 volts, and a frequency of 6 Hz. The amplifier had minimal distortion within this voltage range.

The capacitor used was a commercial Jennings vacuum capacitor with a capacitance of 12 pF within 35,000 V of a vacuum of 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ Torr.

  The first experiment started with a stationary motor. The waveform generator was activated and the amplifier was turned on. Subsequently, power was supplied to the motor. A programmable logic controller (PLC) with an analog-to-digital converter (A / D) was used to drive the motor through a high-speed semiconductor relay. The A / D converter sensed the input voltage from the waveform generator. When the voltage reached the predetermined level, the motor was turned off for 20 mS. This ensured that: That is, the current to the motor is interrupted during the peak of the waveform, and the motor is inertial (or no angular acceleration) during this peak and the associated δP / δt inversion. A time of 20 mS was used as a characteristic delay in experimental devices with start-up delays up to 10 mS. FIG. 5 illustrates this method. The first experiment started with a stationary motor. The waveform generator was activated and the amplifier was turned on. Subsequently, power was supplied to the motor. A programmable logic controller (PLC) with an analog-to-digital converter (A / D) was used to drive the motor through a high-speed semiconductor relay. The A / D converter sensed the input voltage from the waveform generator. When the voltage reached the predetermined level, the motor was turned off for 20 mS. This ensured that: That is, the current to the motor is cut off during the peak of the waveform, and the motor moves in a coast (or no angular acceleration) during this peak and the associated δP / δt inversion. A time of 20 mS was used as a characteristic delay in experimental devices with start-up delays up to 10 mS. FIG. 5 illustrates this method.

  Where the inertial mass change effect was nullified, the power to the amplifier was turned off for several control runs to establish control. Since digital signal generation was still effective, this could be used to give the same waveform to the A / D of the PLC for motor on / off pulse control. Thus, the only difference between the two experimental conditions was whether there was a high power flux (δP / δt) in the capacitor.

  Thus, if the inertial mass of the capacitor is increased with high power flux (δP / δt), a constant available torque in a motor with a given voltage setting will run virtually without high power flux. It was expected that it would effectively show an increased rotary acceleration in the meantime.

  The current in the motor was also monitored to ensure that it was the same during both experiments.

  The visual target was attached to one of the rotating arms. The experiment was recorded with a video camera. The tape was a record that was then examined frame by frame and made with the number of frames required for each rotation during acceleration. Since each frame represents 1/30 second, it may be possible to make an accurate measurement.

Experiments were performed at many voltages between 25-35 volts. In one generalized and grouped test below, eight tests were performed in four sets (one with inertia correction and one with an erased effect). The elapsed time for all four revolutions was compared between the two conditions in each test pair.
Average difference: 0.13 seconds Minimum difference: 0.10 seconds Maximum difference: 0.17 seconds

  The above change in measured time is believed to have been brought to some extent by measurement techniques using individual 1/30 second measurement snapshots. For example, the device may have rotated 4.0 in one snapshot and 4.1 in the nearest comparable snapshot running differently. Note, however, that all test pairs had a difference of 0.10 seconds or more.

Under the same conditions, 7 rotation data were extracted in another test. The torque capacity of the motor was used to calculate the inertial mass change resulting in the acceleration change. This calculation was performed at each rotation.
Average calculated mass difference: 0.43 kg
Minimum calculated mass difference: 0.27 kg
Maximum calculated mass difference: 0.65 kg

  It is believed that the above change in mass difference was brought to some extent by the measurement technique using individual 1/30 second measurement snapshots. For example, the device may have rotated 4.0 in one snapshot and 4.1 in the nearest comparable snapshot with a different rotation.

  Further experiments were performed to determine the sensitivity of the system to mass changes. The high voltage amplifier was turned off. The voltage regulator was used to set the system to the minimum stall condition. Thereafter, the voltage was increased by the minimum amount possible to begin rotation. The motor is then turned off and then turned on again to ensure that rotation will occur. Subsequently, the voltage amplifier was activated to produce a mass gain effect. It was found in all tests that the motor stalled with the activated amplifier (creating an increased inertial mass enhancement effect).

  A calibration was then performed to determine the minimum sensitivity of the test setup. In order to resemble the effect, weight was added to increase the inertial mass of the system. Since weight is not added at the capacitor position, each weight position was measured so that an equivalent change in moment of inertia could be determined as if the weight were at the same radius as the capacitor.

  Before there was no more room, a weight was added to sum the 0.18 kg equivalent mass change (at the condenser radius). The motor was able to turn this increased mass without stalling. It was concluded that the condenser mass change was greater than 0.18 kg because a condenser system with an amplified mass gain waveform could stall the motor.

  This experiment confirmed two theories. The first is that the vacuum component will be significantly more effective in producing the desired mass change effect than the material core capacitor. Second, when combined with a pulsed drive where the drive is not accelerated when the mass change effect is not the desired type, the low frequency shaped waveform is effective in generating large, nearly continuous mass changes. It will be.

  The measured value showed that the mass change was 0.18 kg or more. Calculated values based on measured acceleration time and motor characteristics showed that the mass change was 0.43 kg -0.16 kg to +0.21 kg.

  How does this compare with the theoretical value of inertial mass change? The measured value is smaller than the theoretically calculated value of 7.3 kg, which is about 16 times. Several theories must be taken into account for the reason for this difference. First, it must be noted that the estimated value of Φ depends on our knowledge of the magnitude and distribution of matter in space. Other factors are related to the device. For example, the amplifier could not faithfully reproduce the input signal at a high voltage. It is expected that future experiments with improved equipment will be closer to theoretical values. However, the results achieved the effect of an industrial scale inertial mass change (about 1 lb) with immediate potential for useful applications.

  Since many modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, the present invention is not limited to the precise and preferred construction and operation shown and described. Also, therefore, all suitable modifications and equivalents falling within the scope of the invention may be used.

Claims (48)

  An object that causes an inertial mass change, comprising a mass change region having a time change force and having a non-zero time change rate, wherein the region is a vacuum.   The object according to claim 1, comprising an electrical device, wherein the time varying force comprises electric power.   3. The object according to claim 2, selected from the group comprising capacitors, inductors and transformers, and wherein the region comprises a vacuum core.   The object of claim 1, wherein the force is actually magnetic.   The object according to claim 1, wherein the force comprises an electromagnetic radiation force.   6. The article of claim 5, wherein the article comprises a waveguide.   The object of claim 6, wherein the force comprises a microwave force. An apparatus for causing an inertial mass change in an object,
A mass change object comprising the object according to claim 1;
A power source configured to produce a time-varying force having a non-zero time-varying rate;
An apparatus comprising: the power source configured to arrange the time-varying force in a mass change region of the mass change object and the mass change object in order to change the inertial mass of the mass change object. An apparatus for inducing an inertial mass change according to claim 8,
An apparatus further comprising an accelerator for accelerating the mass change object while the time change force is arranged in the mass change region. An apparatus for causing an inertial mass change in an object,
A mass source comprising the object of claim 3 and a power source configured to produce a time-varying force having a non-zero time-varying rate;
An apparatus comprising: the power source configured to dispose the time-varying force in the mass change region of the mass change object and the mass change object in order to change the inertial mass of the mass change object. An apparatus for inducing an inertial mass change according to claim 9,
An apparatus comprising a linear accelerator for accelerating a mass change along a linear path. An apparatus for inducing an inertial mass change according to claim 9,
An apparatus in which the accelerator includes a rotary accelerator for rotational acceleration of the mass change object. The apparatus for causing an inertial mass change according to claim 12,
An apparatus comprising an electric motor having a servo feedback function in which the accelerator produces movement in harmony with a predetermined motion profile for the mass change object. The apparatus for causing an inertial mass change according to claim 11,
An apparatus comprising an electric motor having a servo feedback function in which the accelerator produces movement in harmony with a predetermined motion profile for the mass change object. The apparatus for causing an inertial mass change according to claim 11,
The mass change object and the accelerator are selectively connected and disconnected, and substantially no force is transmitted between the mass change object and the accelerator during the cutting, and the mass change target is not connected during the connection. An apparatus further comprising a connector-disconnector accelerated by the accelerator. The apparatus for causing an inertial mass change according to claim 12,
The mass change object and the accelerator are selectively connected and disconnected, and substantially no force is transmitted between the mass change object and the accelerator during the cutting, and the mass change target is not connected during the connection. An apparatus further comprising a connector-disconnector accelerated by the accelerator. The apparatus according to claim 8.
An apparatus wherein the power source comprises a waveform generator and an amplifier that amplifies the waveform to a selected level. The apparatus according to claim 8.
An apparatus comprising a waveform source in which the power source is stored and an amplifier for amplifying the waveform to a selected level. In a device for generating a net force against the base in the net force direction,
At least one mass change associated with the base,
Said at least one mass change configured to undergo an inertial mass change when a force having a non-zero time rate of change is applied thereto;
An accelerator for accelerating the at least one mass change such that the at least one mass change exerts a force on a base in association with the at least one mass change;
A mass increase characterized by being operably connected to the at least one mass change object, wherein (1) the time change rate of the force of the mass increase waveform is positive to the at least one mass change object. A power source configured to selectively apply a waveform, and (2) a mass decrease waveform characterized in that the rate of time change of force of the mass decrease waveform is negative;
Applying the mass increase waveform to each of the at least one mass change when there is at least a component opposite to the net force in the acceleration of the mass change;
A power source configured to apply the mass reduction waveform to each of the at least one mass change when there is at least a net force direction component in the acceleration of the mass change;
An apparatus wherein the mass increase waveform is different from the mass decrease waveform as a function of time. The apparatus of claim 19.
An apparatus in which the rate of time change in force of the mass increasing waveform is generally linear as a function of time. The apparatus of claim 19.
An apparatus in which the rate of time change in force of the mass increasing waveform is generally constant as a function of time. The apparatus of claim 19.
An apparatus in which the rate of change of force of the mass reduction waveform is generally linear as a function of time. The apparatus of claim 19.
An apparatus in which the rate of time change in force of the mass loss waveform is generally constant as a function of time. The apparatus of claim 19.
An apparatus wherein the at least one mass changer comprises an electrical device and the power source comprises a power source. 25. The apparatus of claim 24.
An apparatus comprising an electrical device wherein the at least one mass change material is selected from the group of a capacitor, an inductor, and a transformer. The apparatus of claim 19.
The mass change object includes a capacitor, and the mass increase waveform includes a sawtooth voltage waveform. The apparatus of claim 19.
The at least one mass changer comprises a capacitor;
The mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform are each expressed as a function of time by the formula
V (t) = ± (1 / C) [C (2t ₀ −2V ₀ + 2tP ₀ + (δP / δt) t ² )] ^1/2
Here, t is a time, t ₀ is an initial time, V ₀ is an integral constant representing an initial voltage, P ₀ is an integral constant representing an initial force, and C is a capacitance of the capacitor. Further, δP / δt is a device having a voltage waveform represented by a time change rate of the force of the mass decrease waveform. The apparatus of claim 19.
The accelerator comprises a reciprocating accelerator configured to accelerate the at least one mass change along a substantially linear path;
The accelerator and the power source are configured such that the at least one mass change is not substantially accelerated during or between discontinuities in the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform. Equipment. The apparatus of claim 19.
The accelerator comprises a rotary accelerator having at least one arm carrying the at least one mass change in a substantially circular path about a center point;
The apparatus wherein the accelerator and the power source are configured to apply the mass increase and mass decrease waveforms to such that the average mass change over time is substantially zero. The apparatus of claim 19.
An apparatus comprising: an actuator for the accelerator to move the at least one mass change material; and a controller for controlling the actuator. 30. The apparatus of claim 29.
The power source is configured to apply the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform in all waveforms, and the total power waveform includes (1) in the mass increase waveform, (2) in the mass decrease waveform, ( 3) A device that has substantially no discontinuity between the waveform of mass increase and mass decrease. 32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein
The mass reduction waveform is generally elliptical and comprises four sections, the four sections comprising a section of the mass reduction waveform where t is less than t ₀ and V is greater than zero volts;
Section B comprising the section of the mass reduction waveform, where t is greater than t ₀ and V is greater than zero volts;
Section C comprising the section of the mass decreasing waveform, where t is greater than t ₀ and V is less than zero volts;
An apparatus comprising section D comprising the section of the mass decreasing waveform, wherein t is less than t ₀ and V is less than zero volts. The apparatus of claim 32.
An apparatus comprising a sawtooth voltage waveform, wherein the mass increase waveform includes alternating and linear increase and decrease voltage sections. 34. The apparatus of claim 33.
The entire waveform is configured as a periodic waveform that repeats rotation about 720 degrees for each mass change object around the center point,
The increasing voltage section of the mass increasing waveform is applied from 0 degrees to 180 degrees,
Section A applies from 180 degrees to 270 degrees,
Section B applies from 270 degrees to 360 degrees,
The decreasing voltage section of the mass increasing waveform is applied from 360 degrees to 540 degrees,
Section C applies from 540 degrees to 630 degrees,
Section D applies from 630 degrees to 720 degrees,
An apparatus in which the direction of the net force is approximately 90 degrees. In the device for generating mechanical force,
At least one mass change attached to the movable frame and at least one mass change as described above configured to undergo an inertial mass change when a force having a non-zero time change rate is applied thereto;
An accelerator for accelerating the at least one mass change along a path of motion to an initial velocity in association with the at least one mass change;
A mass increase characterized by being operably connected to the at least one mass change object, wherein (1) the time change rate of the force of the mass increase waveform is positive to the at least one mass change object. The time change rate of the force of the mass decreasing waveform is negative in order to reduce the net inertial mass of the waveform and (2) the at least one mass change object and the associated movable frame to zero or less. A power source configured to selectively apply the characterized mass reduction waveform;
A deceleration force is applied to the at least one mass change to restore mechanical force when the mass decrease waveform is applied, and at least one of the above when the mass increase waveform is applied. A regenerative brake configured not to apply the deceleration force to the mass change object;
When the deceleration force is not applied, the mass increase waveform is applied to the at least one mass change object, and when the deceleration force is applied, the mass decrease waveform is applied to the at least one mass change object. Comprising the power source configured as described above,
An apparatus wherein the mass increase waveform is different from the mass decrease waveform as a function of time.   36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the motion path is substantially linear.   36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the motion path is substantially circular. 36. The apparatus of claim 35.
The regenerative brake is applied with a deceleration force when the brake is disconnected from the at least one mass variable and the mass decrease waveform is applied so that the deceleration force is not applied when the mass increase waveform is applied. An apparatus comprising a connector-disconnector wherein the brake is connected to the at least one mass changer. 40. The apparatus of claim 38.
The connector-disconnector is a device selected from the group consisting of an electromagnetic device, a mechanical clutch, a hydraulic clutch, a pneumatic clutch, a clutch using an electrorheological fluid or a magnetorheological fluid, and a control drive system. 36. The apparatus of claim 35.
The regenerative brake is a device selected from the group consisting of a regenerative brake mode electric motor, a power source, an air compressor, a pneumatic pump, a hydraulic compressor, and a hydraulic pump. 36. The apparatus of claim 35.
An apparatus in which the rate of time change in force of the mass increasing waveform is generally linear as a function of time. 36. The apparatus of claim 35.
An apparatus in which the rate of time change in force of the mass increasing waveform is generally constant as a function of time. 36. The apparatus of claim 35.
An apparatus in which the rate of change of force of the mass reduction waveform is generally linear as a function of time. 36. The apparatus of claim 35.
An apparatus in which the rate of time change in force of the mass loss waveform is generally constant as a function of time. 36. The apparatus of claim 35.
The apparatus wherein the at least one mass changer comprises an electrical device and the power source comprises a power source. The apparatus of claim 45.
The apparatus wherein the at least one mass changer comprises an electrical device selected from the group of capacitors, inductors and transformers. 36. The apparatus of claim 35.
The mass change object includes a capacitor, and the mass increase waveform includes a sawtooth voltage waveform. 36. The apparatus of claim 35.
The at least one mass changer includes a capacitor, and the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform are each expressed as a function of time by the above formula
V (t) = ± (1 / C) [C (2t ₀ −2V ₀ + 2tP ₀ + (δP / δt) t ² )] ^1/2
Here, t is a time, t ₀ is an initial time, V ₀ is an integral constant representing an initial voltage, P ₀ is an integral constant representing an initial force, and C is a capacitance of the capacitor. Further, δP / δt is a device having a voltage waveform represented by the time change rate of the force of the mass decrease waveform.

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