JPH1056628A - Branching/distributing device for two-way catv - Google Patents
Branching/distributing device for two-way catvInfo
- Publication number
- JPH1056628A JPH1056628A JP8227483A JP22748396A JPH1056628A JP H1056628 A JPH1056628 A JP H1056628A JP 8227483 A JP8227483 A JP 8227483A JP 22748396 A JP22748396 A JP 22748396A JP H1056628 A JPH1056628 A JP H1056628A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- terminal
- pass filter
- transmission line
- distributor
- output terminal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、上り流合雑音を抑
制する双方向ＣＡＴＶ用分岐／分配装置に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a bidirectional CATV branch / distribution apparatus for suppressing upstream ingress noise.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】ＣＡＴＶの需要家にて、下り信号のみを
利用する単方向サービス、例えばテレビを視聴すること
と、双方向サービス、例えばデータ通信を行うことの両
方を利用するとき、図４のように単方向サービス用と双
方向サービス用に２分配していた。ここで、ハイパスフ
ィルタ３２は単方向サービス用端子から上り帯域の雑音
がセンタに上らないようにするために挿入している。2. Description of the Related Art When a CATV customer uses both a one-way service using only a downlink signal, for example, watching a television, and a two-way service, for example, performing data communication, FIG. As described above, two distributions are provided for one-way service and two-way service. Here, the high-pass filter 32 is inserted in order to prevent noise in the upstream band from reaching the center from the unidirectional service terminal.
【０００３】しかし、図４の装置では上り帯域信号と下
り帯域信号が共に分配器を通ることになり両信号共に分
配器による分配損失の影響を受ける。そこで、上り帯域
信号の分配損失を補うために上り帯域信号を増幅する増
幅器を使用することが多くみられるが、増幅器は自ら雑
音を発生するので、多数の需要家にて増幅器を使用され
ると幹線に雑音が流合する結果、通信が妨害されてい
る。However, in the apparatus shown in FIG. 4, both the upstream band signal and the downstream band signal pass through the distributor, and both signals are affected by the distribution loss caused by the distributor. In order to compensate for the distribution loss of the upstream band signal, an amplifier that amplifies the upstream band signal is often used.However, since the amplifier itself generates noise, when an amplifier is used by many customers, Communication is obstructed as a result of noise flowing into the main line.
【０００４】ところで、図５のような双方向分配器が知
られている（特開昭６２−１６４３２２、特開平２−３
１５０７）。この双方向分配器の目的は、信号に重畳さ
れた電力を効率よく分配器の入力端子５６から出力端子
５８１及び５８２に給電することであり（特開昭６２−
１６４３２２）、多数の双方向分配器が接続されたとき
に伝送路の低周波インピーダンスの低下を防ぐことによ
り、低周波信号の高調波成分の電力損失の増加を防止す
ることで、波形歪の増大を抑制することである（特開平
２−３１５０７）。Incidentally, a bidirectional distributor as shown in FIG. 5 is known (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Sho 62-164322, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 2-3).
1507). The purpose of this bidirectional distributor is to efficiently supply the power superimposed on the signal from the input terminal 56 of the distributor to the output terminals 581 and 582.
164322) When a large number of bidirectional distributors are connected, lowering of the low-frequency impedance of the transmission line is prevented, thereby preventing an increase in power loss of harmonic components of the low-frequency signal, thereby increasing waveform distortion. (JP-A-2-31507).
【０００５】さらに、図６のような双方向伝送路と単方
向伝送路を接続する装置が知られている（実公昭６０−
１２３８５）。この装置の目的は上り帯域のインピーダ
ンスの整合をとることにより、双方向伝送路にて上り帯
域信号の乱れと上り帯域妨害波の侵入を防ぐことであ
る。Further, a device for connecting a bidirectional transmission line and a unidirectional transmission line as shown in FIG. 6 is known.
12385). The purpose of this device is to prevent the disturbance of the upstream band signal and the intrusion of the upstream band interference wave in the bidirectional transmission line by matching the impedance of the upstream band.
【０００６】[0006]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】上記のように、上り帯
域信号を分配器に通すと分配損失が発生するので増幅器
を用いる必要がある。しかし、増幅器は雑音を発生し、
その雑音が幹線に流合すると通信を妨害する。本発明の
目的は、双方向サービス端子からの上り帯域信号を分配
器に通さないことにより雑音発生源である上り帯域信号
の増幅器を不要にすることと単方向サービス端子からの
上り帯域の雑音を抑止することにより、上り帯域流合雑
音を減少させることである。As described above, when an upstream band signal is passed through a distributor, distribution loss occurs, so that an amplifier must be used. However, the amplifier generates noise,
If the noise flows into the main line, it interferes with communication. An object of the present invention is to eliminate the need for an amplifier for an upstream band signal which is a noise source by not passing an upstream band signal from a bidirectional service terminal to a distributor, and to reduce upstream band noise from a unidirectional service terminal. The suppression is to reduce the upstream band ingress noise.
【０００７】[0007]
【課題を解決するための手段】請求項１の発明は図１に
示すように、センタと接続されている双方向伝送路に接
続される入力端子６に第１ハイパスフィルタ２の第１端
子２ａと第１ローパスフィルタ４の第１端子４ａが接続
されており、需要家端末に接続されている双方向伝送路
に接続される出力端子８に第２ハイパスフィルタ３の第
１端子３ａと第１ローパスフィルタ４の第２端子４ｂが
接続されており、分配器１の入力端子１ａには第１ハイ
パスフィルタ２の第２端子２ｂが接続されており、分配
器１の出力端子１ｂには単方向伝送路が接続される出力
端子７が接続されており、分配器１の出力端子１ｃには
第２ハイパスフィルタ３の第２端子３ｂが接続されてい
ることを特徴とする双方向分岐／分配装置である。According to the present invention, as shown in FIG. 1, a first terminal 2a of a first high-pass filter 2 is connected to an input terminal 6 connected to a bidirectional transmission line connected to a center. The first terminal 4a of the first low-pass filter 4 is connected to the first terminal 3a of the second high-pass filter 3 and the first terminal 3a of the second high-pass filter 3 to the output terminal 8 connected to the bidirectional transmission line connected to the customer terminal. The second terminal 4b of the low-pass filter 4 is connected, the input terminal 1a of the distributor 1 is connected to the second terminal 2b of the first high-pass filter 2, and the output terminal 1b of the distributor 1 is unidirectional. An output terminal 7 to which a transmission line is connected is connected, and an output terminal 1c of the distributor 1 is connected to a second terminal 3b of a second high-pass filter 3. It is.
【０００８】請求項２の発明は図２に示すように、セン
タと接続されている双方向伝送路に接続される入力端子
２６に第１ハイパスフィルタ２２の第１端子２２ａと第
１ローパスフィルタ２４の第１端子２４ａが接続されて
おり、需要家端末に接続されている双方向伝送路に接続
される出力端子２８に第２ハイパスフィルタ２３の第１
端子２３ａと第１ローパスフィルタ２４の第２端子２４
ｂが接続されており、分配器２１の入力端子２１ａには
第１ハイパスフィルタ２２の第２端子２２ｂと第２ロー
パスフィルタ２５の第１端子２５ａが接続されており、
分配器２１の出力端子２１ｂには単方向伝送路が接続さ
れる出力端子２７が接続されており、分配器２１の出力
端子２１ｃには第２ハイパスフィルタ２３の第２端子２
３ｂが接続されており、第２ローパスフィルタ２５の第
２端子２５ｂには終端抵抗２９が接続されていることを
特徴とする双方向分岐／分配装置である。As shown in FIG. 2, the first terminal 22a of the first high-pass filter 22 and the first low-pass filter 24 are connected to an input terminal 26 connected to a bidirectional transmission line connected to the center. The first terminal 24a of the second high-pass filter 23 is connected to the output terminal 28 connected to the bidirectional transmission path connected to the customer terminal.
Terminal 23a and second terminal 24 of first low-pass filter 24
b is connected, the input terminal 21a of the distributor 21 is connected to the second terminal 22b of the first high-pass filter 22 and the first terminal 25a of the second low-pass filter 25,
The output terminal 21 b of the distributor 21 is connected to an output terminal 27 to which a unidirectional transmission line is connected, and the output terminal 21 c of the distributor 21 is connected to the second terminal 2 of the second high-pass filter 23.
3b, and a terminating resistor 29 is connected to the second terminal 25b of the second low-pass filter 25.
【０００９】[0009]
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明を具体的な実施例に
基づいて説明する。図２は、本発明の構成を示したもの
である。双方向伝送路に接続される入力端子２６には第
１ハイパスフィルタ２２の第１端子２２ａと第１ローパ
スフィルタ２４の第１端子２４ａが接続されている。信
号を分配する分配器２１の入力端子２１ａには第１ハイ
パスフィルタ２２の第２端子２２ｂと第２ローパスフィ
ルタ２５の第１端子２５ａが接続されており、第２ロー
パスフィルタ２５の第２端子２５ｂは終端抵抗２９を介
して接地されている。また、分配器２１の出力端子２１
ｂにはＴＶ受像機等の下り帯域信号のみを利用する装置
が接続される出力端子２７が接続されている。そして、
分配器２１の出力端子２１ｃには第２ハイパスフィルタ
２３の第２端子２３ｂが接続されており、データ端末等
の双方向の信号を利用する装置が接続される出力端子２
８には第１ローパスフィルタ２４の第２端子２４ｂと第
２ハイパスフィルタ２３の第１端子２３ａが接続されて
いる。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, the present invention will be described based on specific embodiments. FIG. 2 shows the configuration of the present invention. The first terminal 22a of the first high-pass filter 22 and the first terminal 24a of the first low-pass filter 24 are connected to the input terminal 26 connected to the bidirectional transmission path. A second terminal 22b of the first high-pass filter 22 and a first terminal 25a of the second low-pass filter 25 are connected to an input terminal 21a of the distributor 21 for distributing signals, and a second terminal 25b of the second low-pass filter 25 is connected. Are grounded via a terminating resistor 29. Also, the output terminal 21 of the distributor 21
An output terminal 27 to which a device such as a TV receiver that uses only the downstream band signal is connected is connected to b. And
The output terminal 21c of the distributor 21 is connected to the second terminal 23b of the second high-pass filter 23, and is connected to an output terminal 2 to which a device using bidirectional signals such as a data terminal is connected.
8, a second terminal 24b of the first low-pass filter 24 and a first terminal 23a of the second high-pass filter 23 are connected.
【００１０】ハイパスフィルタ２２、２３は下り帯域信
号のみを通し、ローパスフィルタ２４、２５は上り帯域
信号のみを通す。センタより送出された下り帯域信号は
双方向伝送路より入力端子２６に入力され、第１ハイパ
スフィルタ２２の第１端子２２ａ、第２端子２２ｂ、分
配器２１の入力端子２１ａを通過して、分配器２１によ
り分配器２１の出力端子２１ｂと２１ｃから等分に分配
され出力される。分配器２１の出力端子２１ｂから出力
される下り帯域信号は出力端子２７よりＴＶ受像機等の
下り帯域信号のみを利用する装置に入力される。分配器
出力端子２１ｃから出力される下り帯域信号は、第２ハ
イパスフィルタ２３を通過して出力端子２８よりデータ
端末等の双方向端末に入力される。The high-pass filters 22 and 23 pass only downstream band signals, and the low-pass filters 24 and 25 pass only upstream band signals. The downstream band signal transmitted from the center is input to the input terminal 26 from the bidirectional transmission path, passes through the first terminal 22a and the second terminal 22b of the first high-pass filter 22, and the input terminal 21a of the distributor 21, and is distributed. Is equally distributed from the output terminals 21b and 21c of the distributor 21 and output. The downstream band signal output from the output terminal 21b of the distributor 21 is input from the output terminal 27 to a device such as a TV receiver that uses only the downstream band signal. The downstream band signal output from the distributor output terminal 21c passes through the second high-pass filter 23 and is input from the output terminal 28 to a bidirectional terminal such as a data terminal.
【００１１】一方、データ端末等の双方向端末より送出
された上り帯域信号は、出力端子２８に入力され第１ロ
ーパスフィルタ２４の第２端子２４ｂ、第１端子２４ａ
を通過して入力端子２６より双方向伝送路に出力されセ
ンタに送られる。この結果データ端末から送出される上
り帯域信号は分配器２１を通過しないので、分配損失が
なくなるために雑音発生源である増幅器が不要となる。On the other hand, an upstream band signal transmitted from a bidirectional terminal such as a data terminal is input to an output terminal 28 and the second terminal 24b and the first terminal 24a of the first low-pass filter 24.
And output from the input terminal 26 to the bidirectional transmission path and sent to the center. As a result, the upstream band signal transmitted from the data terminal does not pass through the distributor 21, so that there is no distribution loss, so that an amplifier as a noise source is not required.
【００１２】また、出力端子２７より上り帯域の雑音が
入力した場合は、雑音は分配器２１の出力端子２１ｂに
入力され、雑音電力の半分は分配器２１の内部抵抗にて
消費される。残りの半分は分配器２１の入力端子２１ａ
より出力され、第２ローパスフィルタ２５の第１端子２
５ａ、第２端子２５ｂを通過して終端抵抗２９にてすべ
て消費される。上り帯域の雑音は第１ハイパスフィルタ
２２によりセンタにつながる双方向伝送路には出力され
ず、また第２ローパスフィルタ２５と終端抵抗２９によ
りインピーダンス整合がとられているので反射されるこ
ともない。When noise in the upstream band is input from the output terminal 27, the noise is input to the output terminal 21b of the distributor 21, and half of the noise power is consumed by the internal resistance of the distributor 21. The other half is the input terminal 21a of the distributor 21.
From the first terminal 2 of the second low-pass filter 25
5a, the second terminal 25b passes through the terminal resistor 29, and is completely consumed. The noise in the upstream band is not output to the bidirectional transmission line connected to the center by the first high-pass filter 22, and is not reflected because the impedance is matched by the second low-pass filter 25 and the terminating resistor 29.
【００１３】また、入力端子２６、出力端子２７、出力
端子２８のどこから見ても上り帯域、下り帯域共にイン
ピーダンス整合がとれているので、送受端で信号の反射
もなく効率よく伝送される。In addition, since impedance matching is ensured in both the up band and the down band from any point of the input terminal 26, the output terminal 27, and the output terminal 28, signals are efficiently transmitted without reflection at the transmitting and receiving ends.
【００１４】ところで図１のように、図２の第２ローパ
スフィルタ２５と終端抵抗２９がなくても構わない。こ
こで図１の１〜４は図２の２１〜２４に、図１の６〜８
は図２の２６〜２８に対応している。この場合、出力端
子８に入力された上り帯域信号は分配器１を通過せずに
入力端子６より双方向伝送路に出力されセンタに送られ
るので雑音発生源である増幅器が不要となる。また、出
力端子７より上り帯域の雑音が入力した場合、その雑音
は第１ハイパスフィルタ２によりセンタにつながる双方
向伝送路には出力されない。By the way, as shown in FIG. 1, the second low-pass filter 25 and the terminating resistor 29 shown in FIG. Here, 1 to 4 in FIG. 1 correspond to 21 to 24 in FIG. 2, and 6 to 8 in FIG.
Corresponds to 26 to 28 in FIG. In this case, the upstream band signal input to the output terminal 8 does not pass through the distributor 1 but is output from the input terminal 6 to the bidirectional transmission path and sent to the center, so that an amplifier as a noise source is not required. Also, when noise in the upstream band is input from the output terminal 7, the noise is not output to the bidirectional transmission path connected to the center by the first high-pass filter 2.
【００１５】上記実施例では、双方向伝送路出力端子が
１つ、単方向伝送路出力端子が１つであるが、複数の単
方向伝送路出力端子が接続されていてもよい。図３に双
方向伝送路出力端子が１つ、単方向伝送路出力端子が３
つの場合を示す。図３の３１〜３６は図２の２１〜２６
に、図３の３７１〜３７３は図２の２７に、図３の３
８、３９は図２の２８、２９に対応する。分配器３１は
４分配器である。出力端子３７１、３７２、３７３のど
こから上り帯域の雑音が入力しても、雑音は分配器３１
に入力され、雑音電力の大部分は分配器３１の内部抵抗
にて消費され、残りの雑音電力は分配器３１の入力端子
３１ａより出力され、第２ローパスフィルタ３５を通過
して終端抵抗３９にてすべて消費される。上り帯域の雑
音は第１ハイパスフィルタ３２によりセンタにつながる
双方向伝送路には出力されず、また第２ローパスフィル
タ３５と終端抵抗３９によりインピーダンス整合がとら
れているので反射されることもない。In the above embodiment, there is one bidirectional transmission line output terminal and one unidirectional transmission line output terminal, but a plurality of unidirectional transmission line output terminals may be connected. FIG. 3 shows one bidirectional transmission line output terminal and three unidirectional transmission line output terminals.
Two cases are shown. 3 are designated by reference numerals 31 to 36 in FIG.
3, 371 to 373 in FIG. 3 correspond to 27 in FIG.
8 and 39 correspond to 28 and 29 in FIG. The distributor 31 is a four-way distributor. No matter which of the output terminals 371, 372, 373, the noise in the upstream band is input,
, And most of the noise power is consumed by the internal resistance of the distributor 31, and the remaining noise power is output from the input terminal 31 a of the distributor 31 and passes through the second low-pass filter 35 to the terminating resistor 39. And all are consumed. The noise in the upstream band is not output to the bidirectional transmission line connected to the center by the first high-pass filter 32, and is not reflected because the impedance is matched by the second low-pass filter 35 and the terminating resistor 39.
【００１６】また、上記実施例の分配器２１を分岐器と
してもよい。例えば図２において分配器２１を分岐器２
１としたとき、分岐器２１の分岐端子を２１ｂ、出力端
子を２１ｃとしても、また逆に出力端子を２１ｂ、分岐
端子を２１ｃにしても構わない。The distributor 21 of the above embodiment may be a branch. For example, in FIG.
When it is set to 1, the branch terminal of the branching device 21 may be 21b and the output terminal may be 21c, and conversely, the output terminal may be 21b and the branch terminal may be 21c.
【図１】本発明の一実施例に係る双方向ＣＡＴＶ用分岐
／分配装置の構成を示した回路図FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a bidirectional CATV branch / distribution apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】本発明の他の実施例に係る双方向ＣＡＴＶ用分
岐／分配装置の構成を示した回路図FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a bidirectional CATV branch / distribution apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention.
【図３】本発明の他の実施例に係る双方向ＣＡＴＶ用分
岐／分配装置の構成を示した回路図FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a bidirectional CATV branch / distribution apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention.
【図４】従来の分配装置の構成を示した回路図FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a conventional distribution device.
【図５】その他の従来の分配装置の構成を示した回路図FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of another conventional distribution device.
【図６】従来の伝送路接続装置の構成を示した回路図FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a conventional transmission line connection device.
１、２１、４１、５１ …２分
配器 ３１ …４分
配器 ２、２２、３２、４２、５２、６２ …第１
ハイパスフィルタ ３、２３、３３、５３１、５３２ …第２
ハイパスフィルタ ４、２４、３４、５４１、５４２ …第１
ローパスフィルタ ２５、３５、６５ …第２
ローパスフィルタ ６、２６、３６、４６、５６、６６ …双方
向伝送路入力端子 ７、２７、３７１、３７２、３７３、４７、６７…単方
向伝送路出力端子 ８、２８、３８、４８、５８１、５８２ …双方
向伝送路出力端子 ２９、３９、６９ …終端
抵抗1, 21, 41, 51 ... two distributors 31 ... four distributors 2, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62 ... first
High-pass filter 3, 23, 33, 531, 532 ... second
High-pass filter 4, 24, 34, 541, 542 ... first
Low-pass filter 25, 35, 65 ... second
Low-pass filter 6, 26, 36, 46, 56, 66 ... bidirectional transmission path input terminal 7, 27, 371, 372, 373, 47, 67 ... unidirectional transmission path output terminal 8, 28, 38, 48, 581, 582 ... bidirectional transmission line output terminal 29, 39, 69 ... terminator
Claims (2)
送路及び少なくとも１つの単方向伝送路に分岐／分配す
る装置において、 入力端子に第１ハイパスフィルタの第１端子と第１ロー
パスフィルタの第１端子とを接続し、 双方向伝送路出力端子に前記第１ローパスフィルタの第
２端子と第２ハイパスフィルタの第１端子を接続し、 分岐／分配器入力端子に前記第１ハイパスフィルタの第
２端子を、一方の分岐／分配器出力端子に前記第２ハイ
パスフィルタの第２端子を、他方の分岐／分配器出力端
子に単方向伝送路出力端子を接続したことを特徴とする
双方向分岐／分配装置。An apparatus for branching / distributing a bidirectional transmission line into at least one bidirectional transmission line and at least one unidirectional transmission line, wherein the input terminals include a first terminal of a first high-pass filter and a first low-pass filter. A first terminal; a second terminal of the first low-pass filter and a first terminal of the second high-pass filter connected to a bidirectional transmission path output terminal; and a branch / distributor input terminal connected to the first high-pass filter. A bidirectional connection wherein a second terminal is connected to one branch / distributor output terminal, the second terminal of the second high-pass filter is connected to the other branch / distributor output terminal, and a unidirectional transmission line output terminal is connected. Branch / distributor.
て、 前記分岐／分配器入力端子に第２ローパスフィルタの第
１端子を接続し、 前記第２ローパスフィルタの第２端子に終端抵抗を接続
したことを特徴とする双方向分岐／分配装置。2. The bidirectional branching / distributing device according to claim 1, wherein a first terminal of a second low-pass filter is connected to the branching / distributing input terminal, and a terminating resistor is connected to a second terminal of the second low-pass filter. A bidirectional branching / distributing device characterized by being connected.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP22748396A JP3356934B2 (en) | 1996-08-09 | 1996-08-09 | Branching / distributing device for bidirectional CATV |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP22748396A JP3356934B2 (en) | 1996-08-09 | 1996-08-09 | Branching / distributing device for bidirectional CATV |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH1056628A true JPH1056628A (en) | 1998-02-24 |
| JP3356934B2 JP3356934B2 (en) | 2002-12-16 |
Family
ID=16861599
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP22748396A Expired - Lifetime JP3356934B2 (en) | 1996-08-09 | 1996-08-09 | Branching / distributing device for bidirectional CATV |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3356934B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002135749A (en) * | 2000-10-18 | 2002-05-10 | Maspro Denkoh Corp | Interactive catv system |
| JP2007300178A (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2007-11-15 | Maspro Denkoh Corp | Distributor |
-
1996
- 1996-08-09 JP JP22748396A patent/JP3356934B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002135749A (en) * | 2000-10-18 | 2002-05-10 | Maspro Denkoh Corp | Interactive catv system |
| JP4589515B2 (en) * | 2000-10-18 | 2010-12-01 | マスプロ電工株式会社 | Interactive CATV system |
| JP2007300178A (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2007-11-15 | Maspro Denkoh Corp | Distributor |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3356934B2 (en) | 2002-12-16 |
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