JP6519688B2 - Work support system, work support apparatus, and program - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a work support system , a work support apparatus, and a program .

  Managers of small and medium-sized enterprises, managers of stores, etc. are required to proceed in parallel and systematically carry out many tasks such as sales management, payroll management, employee work management, creation of point of purchase advertising (POP), etc. Be done. In this way, progressing a plurality of tasks in parallel complicates the progress management, and there is a risk of delay, deterioration of quality, or excess quality.

  So there is a tool to schedule the schedule for each task. The scheduling tool is provided, for example, as a web application, and can browse, add, or modify task information from a smartphone, a tablet, a personal computer, or the like.

  In the abstract of Patent Document 1, “the technique for generating task items, the technique for organizing task items, the technique for causing notification of task items, and the technique for consuming task items are described. In one approach, task items are generated based on input from the user and the context of the input, and in another approach task items to intelligently organize task items into multiple lists. Different approaches use one or more criteria, such as location, to determine when to notify the user of the task item in another approach, and in another approach, to generate a notification Different operations such as emailing, calling, texting and searching are enabled or performed automatically. "

Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2014-518409

In such a scheduling tool, input of each task information is complicated. For example, in the invention of Patent Document 1 described above, the user has to input information for specifying a task.
In the invention of Patent Document 1, the unprocessed task index and the processed task index are mixedly displayed. This arrangement was not necessarily the user's request.

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to preferably display an unprocessed task index and a processed task index in a work support system , a work support device, and a program .

The present invention achieves the above object by
A first list including a plurality of outstanding tasks index each of which is first external size, the composed of a plurality of processed task index is smaller second outer size than each of the first external size display control means for displaying 2 a list, the display unit,
Equipped with
The display control means is configured to change the attribute of the task index whose attribute has been changed from the first outer size to the second outer size when any of unprocessed task indexes in the first list is changed to a processed task index. And move from the first list toward the second list so as to be viewed passing behind other unprocessed task indexes,
The work support system is characterized by

  According to the present invention, it is possible to preferably display the unprocessed task index and the processed task index in the work support system and the work support method.

It is a block diagram which shows the outline of the work assistance system in this embodiment. It is a mode transition diagram of a work support system. It is a figure explaining the main screen of ToDo portal. It is a figure explaining an example of a ToDo list pane. It is a figure explaining how to drop a task index. FIG. 17 is a diagram (part 1) for explaining the movement of the task index at the time of task resumption FIG. 16 is a diagram (part 2) for explaining the movement of the task index at the time of task resumption It is a figure explaining how to drop another task index.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an outline of a work support system 1 in the present embodiment.
The work support system 1 includes a user authentication unit 2, a task management unit 3, a task database 41, a calendar database 42, and a work support application 5. The user authentication unit 2, the task management unit 3, and the work support application 5 are embodied by a web server (not shown) executing a work support program. The work support system 1 supports the task execution by the user by displaying a task index on a display device such as the smartphone 61 or the personal computer 62. For example, when detecting the click of the task index, the work support system 1 activates one of the work support applications 5 to cause the user to execute the task. In the drawings, an application may be described as an "application".

  The work support application 5 includes a sales management application 5a for managing the sales of the store, an accounting management application 5b for managing the accounting of the store, a payroll management application 5c for managing the salary of the employee, and an employment management for managing the shift of the employee There are an application 5d, a POP creation application 5e that creates a POP (Point of purchase advertising), and the like, but is not limited thereto. The attendance information collected by the time recorder 63 is used by the employment management application 5d. The sales information collected by the POS (Point of Sales) cashier terminal 64 is used by the sales management application 5a.

The user authentication unit 2 displays a login screen on the terminal that has accessed the work support system 1, and authenticates whether or not the user is a registered user.
The task management unit 3 includes a registration unit 31 for registering task information, a list display unit 32 for displaying task indexes as a list, a processing time display unit 33, a recovery time display unit 34, a copying time display unit 35 and the like. Be done. The processed time display unit 33, the resurrection time display unit 34, and the copy time display unit 35 are embodied, for example, by transferring a program described in JAVASCRIPT (registered trademark) or the like to the smartphone 61 or the personal computer 62 and executing it. Ru.

The registration unit 31 receives a user operation and registers task information in the task database 41 or the calendar database 42. In the drawings, each database is abbreviated as "DB".
The list display unit 32 (list display means) displays the unprocessed list (first list) including the unprocessed task index and the processed list (second list) including the processed task index on the smartphone 61 or the personal computer 62. Display on the device. Here, the unprocessed task index is a screen element configured to display task information that the user has not processed yet and to activate the work support application 5 related to the task by clicking or the like. The processed task index is a screen element that displays task information processed by the user.
When the unprocessed task index is changed to the processed task index, the processed time display unit 33 (first move display means) directs the task index whose attribute is changed from the unprocessed list to the processed list. Move and display.

The revival time display unit 34 (second move display means) sets the task index whose attribute has been changed to the unprocessed task index when the attribute of any processed task index in the processed list is changed to the unprocessed task index. Move from the processed list to the unprocessed list.
The copy time display unit 35 (third move display means), when any processed task index in the processed list is copied as an unprocessed task index, the copied task index from the processed list to the unprocessed list Move to the display. These movement displays can suitably display the transition between the unprocessed task index and the processed task index.

FIG. 2 is a mode transition diagram of the work support system 1.
By displaying a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) of the work support system 1 on a Web browser or the like, a work support service is activated. Immediately after startup, the work support system 1 displays a login screen (mode M10).
When the user performs a login operation on the login screen of mode M10, the screen changes to a portal screen of ToDo (mode M11). The task screen can be selected and logged out on this ToDo portal screen. Note that ToDo is a task that the user should perform.
When a task index is selected on the portal screen of mode M11, the corresponding application is activated, and transition is made to one of the application screens (modes M12a, M12b,...). On these application screens, the application can be closed and logged out.
When the application is terminated on the application screen such as mode M12a, the portal screen of mode M11 is returned.
When the user logs out on the portal screen of mode M11 or an application screen such as mode M12a, the screen returns to the login screen (mode M10).
As described above, the work support system 1 can not only display the unprocessed task index on the ToDo portal screen, but can also start an application related to the unprocessed task index to process this unprocessed task.

FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the main screen 7 of the ToDo portal.
As shown in FIG. 3, the main screen 7 has a menu area for displaying menus 71a to 71e, an account icon 72, a gadget pane 73, a task input text box 74, a narrowing area 75, and a to-do list pane 76. And including.

An icon related to sales management is displayed on the menu 71a, and when the menu 71a is clicked, the sales management application 5a is activated.
An icon relating to accounting management is displayed on the menu 71b, and when the menu 71b is clicked, the accounting management application 5b is activated.
An icon related to payroll management is displayed in the menu 71c, and when the menu 71c is clicked, the payroll management application 5c is activated.
An icon relating to work management is displayed on the menu 71 d, and when the menu 71 d is clicked, the work management application 5 d is activated.
An icon relating to POP creation is displayed in the menu 71e, and when the menu 71e is clicked, the POP creation application 5e is activated.

  When the account icon 72 is clicked, a logout button is displayed together with the user's account name. The logout button is clicked to log out, and the screen changes to the login screen shown in FIG.

The gadget pane 73 displays one or more gadgets 731. The gadget 731 displays, for example, a sales short notice, advance notice information of a future task, and task information for which a draft is predicted. The gadget pane 73 is configured to be scrollable by the user.
The task input text box 74 is a character string input area, and the word "Please enter a task" is displayed by default. When a character string is input to this area and the return key is pressed, task information is newly registered, and a new unprocessed task index is added to the to-do list pane 76.

In the narrowing-down area 75, an icon for narrowing down the task index displayed in the to-do list pane 76 is displayed. For example, when the user clicks an icon related to sales management (the same icon as the icon indicating the menu 71a), the task index displayed in the to-do list pane 76 is narrowed down to those related to the sales management application 5a.
The to-do list pane 76 is an area for displaying a list of one or more task indexes, and is configured to be scrollable by the user. This ToDo list pane 76 will be described in detail in FIG. 4 to be described later.

FIG. 4 is a view for explaining an example of the to-do list pane 76. As shown in FIG.
The ToDo list pane 76 shown in FIG. 4 includes an unprocessed list 89 composed of unprocessed task indexes 8a to 8d and a processed list 99 composed of processed task indexes 9a to 9e by the list display unit 32. It is displayed including. The processed list 99 is displayed under the unprocessed list 89, and by default, the unprocessed list 89 is displayed preferentially.
The task indexes displayed by the task list pane 76 include both unprocessed task indexes 8a to 8d and processed task indexes 9a to 9e.

  The unprocessed task indexes 8a to 8d are horizontally long rectangles, and the application icon 81 on the left, the comment 82 in the center, the scheduled implementation date 83 on the lower side, the draft date 84 on the upper right side, and the processed check box 86 And a thumbnail 85 as required. The unprocessed task indexes 8a to 8d indicate information on tasks that have not been processed yet to the user. Hereinafter, when the unprocessed task indexes 8 a to 8 d are not particularly distinguished, they are simply described as the unprocessed task index 8.

  The unprocessed task indexes 8a to 8d are displayed in the order in which the scheduled work dates 83 are latest. The planned implementation date 83 is a planned implementation date and is also a deadline date for implementation. As a result, the work support system 1 can explicitly display the unprocessed task index 8 that is close to the scheduled execution date 83, and is thus approaching due and having a high degree of urgency. In other words, it can be displayed in an easy-to-see manner so that what is an important task now can be understood.

The application icon 81 is an icon of an application for processing an unprocessed task related to the unprocessed task index 8. The comment 82 is a comment that configures unprocessed task information related to the unprocessed task index 8. The scheduled implementation date 83 is date information of the deadline for processing the unprocessed task related to the unprocessed task index 8, and the remaining days until the scheduled implementation date 83 are displayed beside it. The draft date 84 is, in principle, the date on which the unprocessed task index 8 was drafted, but if the unprocessed task index 8 is modified, the modified date is reflected on the draft date 84. The thumbnail 85 is a thumbnail image indicating details or processing results of an unprocessed task related to the unprocessed task index 8.
The processed check box 86 is checked by the user operation when the processing of the task related to the unprocessed task index 8 is completed. As a result, the unprocessed task index 8 transitions to the processed task index 9 and then falls on the processed list 99 and precipitates over a predetermined period. The operation when the processed check box 86 is checked will be described in detail in FIG. 5 described later.

  The processed task indexes 9a to 9e are elongated rectangles, and include display of an application name, a central comment 91, a completion date 92, a copy button 93, and a revive button 94. The processed task indexes 9a to 9e indicate to the user task information whose processing has been completed most recently. Hereinafter, the processed task indexes 9 a to 9 e are simply described as the processed task index 9 when not particularly distinguished.

  The processed task index 9 is displayed only when the completion date 92 is for the latest predetermined period (for example, 5 weeks), and those after the predetermined period are not displayed. As a result, the user can confirm the processed task index 9 after the fact, and is not bothered by the processed task information for which the necessity for confirmation has decreased after the predetermined period.

  The copy button 93 is a button for copying task information related to the processed task index 9 and registering it as new unprocessed task information. The revival button 94 is a button for revoking task information related to the processed task index 9 as unprocessed task information. The operation when the copy button 93 and the revive button 94 are clicked will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7 described later.

FIGS. 5A to 5D illustrate how the unprocessed task index 8 is dropped to the processed list 99. FIG.
FIG. 5A shows an initial state.
The task list pane 76 includes unprocessed task indexes 8a to 8d. Here, when the processed check box 86 (see FIG. 4) of the unprocessed task index 8a is checked and the attribute is changed, the state transitions to the state shown in FIG. 5 (b).

FIG. 5 (b) is a diagram showing reduced display.
The task index 8A whose attribute has been changed is displayed while being reduced stepwise by the processing completion display unit 33. As a result, it is possible to obtain a visual effect as if the task index 8A has fallen behind other unprocessed task indexes 8b to 8d. The task index 8A is also included in the task index displayed by the to-do list pane 76. After this reduction display, the state transitions to the state shown in FIG.

FIG. 5 (c) is a diagram showing parallel movement.
The task index 8A whose attribute has been changed is translated downward by the processing completion display unit 33. In this parallel movement, the task index 8A is hidden from the other unprocessed task indexes 8b to 8d and disappears. When displaying the task index 8A whose attribute has been changed through the display positions of the other unprocessed task indexes 8b to 8d, the processed time display unit 33 changes the attributes on the back side of the unprocessed task indexes 8b to 8d. The task index 8A is displayed so as to be viewed through.
As a result, it is possible to obtain a visual effect as if the task index 8A has translated downward behind the other unprocessed task indexes 8b to 8d. After this parallel movement, transition is made to the state of FIG.
Note that the task index related to the task that took a long time to process and the task index related to the task processed after the scheduled execution date 83 may fall to the lower part of the screen with a flashy display change. Here, unlike the task index related to the task normally processed, the flashy display change means that the display is repeatedly moved in the downward direction after repeating the reduction display and the enlargement display many times, the color of the task index, It means that the luminance decreases while changing, for example, it changes to red and black while being reduced in size and is translated downward.

FIG. 5 (d) is a diagram showing translation of other unprocessed task indexes 8b to 8d.
The other unprocessed task indexes 8b to 8d are translated upward by the processed display unit 33, and the positions where the unprocessed task index 8a exists are filled. This completes the series of operations.
Such movement display can indicate that the unprocessed task index 8 has moved toward the processed list 99 when the attribute is changed to processed. In addition, after the task index whose attribute has been changed to be processed is reduced and displayed, the back side of the other unprocessed task index 8 is moved, so the other unprocessed task index 8 is processed rather than the processed task index. It can be made relatively noticeable.

FIGS. 6A to 6D are diagrams (part 1) for explaining the movement of the task index at the time of task resumption.
FIG. 6A shows an initial state.
The task list pane 76 includes unprocessed task indexes 8c to 8e and processed task indexes 9a to 9c. Here, when the revival button 94 (see FIG. 4) of the processed task index 9a is clicked, the state transitions to the state of FIG. 6 (b).
When the copy button 93 (see FIG. 4) of the processed task index 9a is clicked, the copying of task information by the copying display unit 35 operates instead of the restoration of the task by the restoration display unit 34.

FIG. 6 (b) is a diagram showing reduced display.
The unprocessed list 89 including the unprocessed task indexes 8c to 8e is displayed while being reduced stepwise by the display unit 34 at the time of restoration. As a result, it is possible to obtain a visual effect as if the unprocessed list 89 falls behind the processed task indexes 9a to 9c. After this reduction display, the state is transitioned to the state of FIG.

FIG. 6C is a diagram showing an enlarged display.
The processed task index 9a is displayed while being enlarged in stages by the revival time display unit 34, and transits to the task index 8f. After this enlarged display, the state transitions to the state shown in FIG. At the time of copying, the processed task index 9a is copied and displayed while being enlarged stepwise by the copying display unit 35, and transition to the task index 8f is the same as the operation at the time of restoration.

FIG. 6D is a diagram showing parallel movement of the unprocessed list 89. As shown in FIG.
The unprocessed list 89 reduced in size is translated downward by the display unit 34 at the time of recovery. At this time, the task index 8f is displayed with priority. The revival time display unit 34 causes the unprocessed task index 8 to stop and display the task index 8 f whose attribute has been changed at a predetermined position on the screen, and passes and displays other unprocessed task indexes 8 a to 8 e on the rear side. Thus, the front sides of the other unprocessed task indexes 88a to 88e can be displayed so that the task index 8f whose attribute has been changed can be viewed through.
The other unprocessed task indexes 88a to 88e may be stopped and displayed at predetermined positions on the screen, and the task index 8f may be displayed on the front side thereof. Also in this case, the front sides of the other unprocessed task indexes 8a to 8e can be displayed so that the task index 8f whose attribute has been changed can be viewed through.
After this parallel movement, transition is made to the state shown in FIG.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are diagrams (part 2) for explaining the movement of the task index at the time of task resumption.
FIG. 7A shows the end of the parallel movement of the unprocessed list 89. As shown in FIG.
The unprocessed list 89 displayed in a reduced size completes the parallel movement and is located immediately below the task index 8 f. After the end of the parallel movement, the state transitions to the state shown in FIG.

FIG. 7B is a diagram showing the resurrection of the unprocessed list 89.
The unprocessed list 89 is displayed while being enlarged in stages by the display unit 34 at the time of restoration, and becomes the original size. As a result, the movement display at the time of task recovery ends.
When the task information is restored to be the unprocessed task index 8, the front side of the other unprocessed task indexes 8 is displayed so that the task index whose attribute has been changed is visually recognized as passing. As a result, the task index whose attribute has been changed can be emphasized and displayed for the user to be aware.
Further, when the task information is restored to be the unprocessed task index 8, it is necessary to grasp how urgent the task information related to the unprocessed task index 8 is. Therefore, unlike when processing the unprocessed task index 8 is completed, it is necessary to grasp where the recovered unprocessed task index 8 is located in the unprocessed list 89. According to the revival display of the task shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, it is possible to easily grasp the position (urgency level) of the unprocessed task index 8 recovered.

FIGS. 8A to 8D are diagrams for explaining how to drop the unprocessed task index 8 into the processed list 99. FIGS.
FIG. 8A shows an initial state.
The task list pane 76 includes unprocessed task indexes 8a to 8d. Here, when the processed check box 86 (see FIG. 4) of the unprocessed task index 8a is checked and the attribute is changed, the state transitions to the state shown in FIG. 8 (b).

FIG. 8B is a diagram showing a pendulum display.
The task index 8A whose attribute has been changed is displayed as the pendulum swings with one point on the right side being stopped by the processing display unit 33. After this pendulum display, transition is made to the state of FIG.

FIG. 8C is a diagram showing parallel movement.
The task index 8A whose attribute has been changed is translated downward by the processing completion display unit 33. In this parallel movement, the task index 8A is hidden from the other unprocessed task indexes 8b to 8d and disappears. After this parallel movement, transition is made to the state of FIG.

FIG. 8D is a diagram showing parallel movement of the other unprocessed task indexes 8b to 8d.
The other unprocessed task indexes 8 b to 8 d are translated upward by the processed display unit 33 to fill the position where the unprocessed task index 8 a exists. This completes the series of operations.
Such movement display can indicate that the unprocessed task index 8 has moved toward the processed list 99 when the attribute is changed to processed.

(Modification)
The present invention is not limited to the above embodiment, and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention. For example, the following (a) to (c) are available.
(A) When the unprocessed task index 8 falls to the processed list 99, the reduction display is not limited to the task index whose attribute has been changed, and the other unprocessed task index 8 is also reduced display Good. At this time, the task index whose attribute has been changed is displayed so as to be viewed passing through the front side of the other unprocessed task index 8.
(B) It is not limited to other unprocessed task indexes 8 that are displayed in a reduced size when the processed task index 9 is restored, and conversely, the task indexes whose attributes have been changed may be displayed in a reduced size. At this time, the task index whose attribute has been changed will pass behind the other unprocessed task indexes 8.
(C) The arrangement of task indexes is not limited to upper and lower, and may be arranged left and right.

In the following, the invention described in the claims initially attached to the request for this application is appended. The item numbers of the claims described in the appendix are as in the claims attached at the beginning of the application for this application.
[Supplementary Note]
<Claim 1>
A work support system for supporting task execution by displaying a task index on a display device, comprising:
List display means for displaying a first list of a plurality of unprocessed task indexes and a second list of a plurality of processed task indexes;
When any unprocessed task index in the first list is attribute-changed to a processed task index, the task index whose attribute is changed is moved and displayed from the first list toward the second list. Movement display means,
Equipped with
The first movement display means, when passing through the display position of at least the unprocessed task index among the other task indexes, the first movement display means attributes the back side of the unprocessed task index Display the changed task index as it passes through,
A work support system characterized by
<Claim 2>
The first movement display means reduces and displays the task index whose attribute has been changed, and then moves and displays the task index from the first list toward the second list.
The work support system according to claim 1, characterized in that:
<Claim 3>
When an attribute of any processed task index in the second list is changed to an unprocessed task index, the task index whose attribute is changed to the unprocessed task index is directed from the second list to the first list. A second movement display means for moving display;
When the second movement display means displays the task index whose attribute has been changed to the unprocessed task index at least the display position of the unprocessed task index of the other task indexes, the second movement display means The front side is displayed such that the task index whose attribute has been changed is viewed through.
The work support system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that:
<Claim 4>
The second movement display means reduces and displays the first list when moving and displaying the task index whose attribute has been changed to the unprocessed task index from the second list toward the first list.
The work support system according to claim 3, characterized in that:
<Claim 5>
A third move display for moving and displaying the copied task index from the second list toward the first list when any processed task index in the second list is copied as an unprocessed task index Equipped with
The third movement display means duplicates the front side of the unprocessed task index when the display position of at least the unprocessed task index of the other task indexes is displayed by passing through the copied task index. Display task index as it passes through,
The work support system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that:
<Claim 6>
The third movement display means reduces and displays the first list when moving and displaying the copied task index from the second list toward the first list.
The work support system according to claim 5, characterized in that:
<Claim 7>
The first movement display means moves and displays the task index whose attribute has been changed to the processed task index, from the first list toward the second list after pendulum display.
The work support system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein
<Claim 8>
A task support method for supporting task execution by displaying a task index on a display device, comprising:
A list display step of displaying a first list comprising a plurality of unprocessed task indexes and a second list comprising a plurality of processed task indexes;
A move display for moving and displaying the task index whose attribute has been changed from the first list toward the second list when any unprocessed task index in the first list is changed to a processed task index Step and
Have
The moving display step changes the attribute behind the unprocessed task index when displaying the task index whose attribute has been changed through at least the display position of the unprocessed task index among other task indexes. And displaying the task index so as to be viewed through.

1 work support system 3 task management unit 32 list display unit 33 processed display unit 34 restored display unit 35 copied display unit 8 unprocessed task index 89 unprocessed list 9 processed task index 93 copy button 94 recovered button 99 processing List

Claims (7)

A first list including a plurality of outstanding tasks index each of which is first external size, the composed of a plurality of processed task index is smaller second outer size than each of the first external size display control means for displaying 2 a list, the display unit,
Equipped with
The display control means is configured to change the attribute of the task index whose attribute has been changed from the first outer size to the second outer size when any of unprocessed task indexes in the first list is changed to a processed task index. And move from the first list toward the second list so as to be viewed passing behind other unprocessed task indexes,
A work support system characterized by When the display control means moves and displays the attribute index-changed task index from the first list toward the second list, the display control means moves and displays the trajectory of the movement in a clear manner.
The work support system according to claim 1, characterized in that: When the display control means moves and displays the task index whose attribute has been changed from the first list toward the second list, the display control means may be configured to fill in the space in the first list generated by the move display. Move and display unprocessed task index,
The work support system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The display control means displays a processed button for changing the attribute of the unprocessed task index to a processed task index in association with each of the plurality of unprocessed task indexes, and the task whose attribute has been changed When moving and displaying an index from the first list to the second list, a recovery button for changing the attribute of the processed task index to the unprocessed task index is displayed instead of the processed button.
The work support system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The display control means is configured to change the attribute of the task index whose attribute has been changed from the second outer size to the first outer size when any of the processed task indexes in the second list is changed to an unprocessed task index. To move the second list toward the first list so as to be viewed passing through the front of another unprocessed task index.
The work support system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that. A first list composed of a plurality of unprocessed task indexes each having a first outer size, and a plurality of processed task indexes each having a second outer size smaller than the first outer size 2) display control means for displaying the list on the display unit,
Equipped with
The display control means is configured to change the attribute of the task index whose attribute has been changed from the first outer size to the second outer size when any of unprocessed task indexes in the first list is changed to a processed task index. And move from the first list toward the second list so as to be viewed passing behind other unprocessed task indexes,
A work support apparatus characterized by Computer,
A first list composed of a plurality of unprocessed task indexes each having a first outer size, and a plurality of processed task indexes each having a second outer size smaller than the first outer size 2) display control means for displaying the list on the display unit,
To act as
The display control means is configured to change the attribute of the task index whose attribute has been changed from the first outer size to the second outer size when any of unprocessed task indexes in the first list is changed to a processed task index. And move from the first list toward the second list so as to be viewed passing behind other unprocessed task indexes,
A program characterized by