JP4857585B2 - コードレス電動工具 - Google Patents

コードレス電動工具 Download PDF

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JP4857585B2
JP4857585B2 JP2005107233A JP2005107233A JP4857585B2 JP 4857585 B2 JP4857585 B2 JP 4857585B2 JP 2005107233 A JP2005107233 A JP 2005107233A JP 2005107233 A JP2005107233 A JP 2005107233A JP 4857585 B2 JP4857585 B2 JP 4857585B2
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浩之 塙
政幸 小倉
一彦 船橋
卓央 荒舘
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Koki Holdings Co Ltd
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Hitachi Koki Co Ltd
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本発明はリチウム電池を用いたコードレス電動工具に係り、特にリチウム電池の過放電を防止するための回路手段を備えた電動工具に関する。
電動ドライバ、電動ドリル、インパクト工具などの電動工具は一般に、回転動力を発生するモータの回転速度を減速機構により減速した後、回転動力を先端工具に伝達するように構成されている。モータの電源としては従来、交流の商用電源が用いられてきたが、近年、ニッケル・カドミウム電池(以下ニカド電池)や、ニッケル水素電池などに代表されるアルカリ二次電池を電源として用いたコードレス電動工具が多用されるようになった。
このコードレス電動工具においては、工具の所要電圧が大きくなるに従って、当然、電池パック内に収容する電池セル数も多くなる。例えば、ニカド電池セルの公称電圧は1.2Vであるため、電池電圧が14.4Vの電動工具では12個、24Vの場合は20個の電池セルを電池パックに収納して電動工具に装着する必要がある。従って所要電圧が大きくなるに従って、工具全体の重量が重くなるという問題があった。
これに対し、リチウム電池、リチウムイオン電池に代表される有機電解液二次電池は、公称電圧が大きいために、必要とするセル数を少なくすることができ、この結果、電動工具を軽量小型にできるという利点がある。
ここでリチウム電池とは、バナジウム・リチウム電池、マンガンリチウム電池等を指し、いずれも負極にリチウム・アルミ合金を用い、有機電解液を使用した電池を言う。また、リチウムイオン電池は一般に、正極にコバルト酸リチウム、負極に黒鉛を使用し、電解液として有機電解液を用いたものである。本願明細書では、便宜上、リチウム電池及びリチウムイオン電池を含む有機電解液二次電池を総称して、単にリチウム電池と称することにする。
リチウム電池の公称電圧は、例えば3.6Vと高く、二カド電池の3本分に相当する電圧が得られるから、電動工具の電源として用いた場合はセル本数を大幅に低減することができるという利点があるが、その反面、リチウム電池は、過充電、過放電を行うと著しく性能が劣化し、サイクル寿命が短くなってしまうという問題がある。また、リチウム電池を過充電すると、電解液の分解に伴ってガスが発生するという問題もあり、更には過放電を行うと特性が著しく劣化し、その後の充電で電池内部に短絡が生じることもある。
このため本出願人は先に、特願2001−356576号(特開2003−164066号)において、電池パックとモータとの間に電界効果トランジスタ(以下FETという)よりなるスイッチング素子を挿入し、過放電に至る前にスイッチング素子を遮断して電池セルを保護する回路及びその制御方式について出願した。
特開2003−164066号公報 特開平11−55866号公報 特開2002−223525号公報 特開2000−12107号公報 特開平4−75430号公報
図5は、電池電圧とスイッチング素子であるFETのオン・オフ動作の関係を示す。同図(b)のように、リチウム電池の電圧は電動工具の使用と共に徐々に低下し、Tの時点で第1所定電圧Vに達すると、FETはオフ状態となり、電池の放電を停止する。
リチウム電池は、放電を停止したまましばらく放置すると、充電をしなくとも再び徐々に電圧が上昇する性質がある。電池電圧が、同図(b)のTの時点で第2所定電圧V以上になると、FETは再びオン状態になる。
図5(a)は、電動工具のトリガスイッチのオン・オフ状態を示すものであるが、時点TでFETがオン状態になった時に、トリガスイッチがオン状態の場合には電動工具の直流モータが突然回転を始めることになる。電動工具は一般にドリル、ドライバ等の鋭利な先端工具が装着されているから、予期しないときにモータが回り始めてしまう問題がある。
一方、電池電圧が一旦、第1の所定電圧以下になったら、その後再び上昇して第2所定電圧以上になってもFETをオフ状態のままにしておくことも考えられるが、ドリルやドライバで作業している時には作業を途中で中断することは避けたいので、残っている電池で僅かな作業をやり終えてしまいたいという要求もある。
本発明の目的は、このような要求に適合した電動工具を提供することにある。
具体的には本発明は、リチウム電池を電源とする電動工具において、電池とモータを含む電流路にスイッチング素子としてFETを挿入し、リチウム電池の電圧が第1の所定値以下になったときにFETをオフ状態にすると共に、オフ状態の間に再び電池電圧が第2の所定電圧に達した場合には、モータを安全に再度回転させるようにした電動工具を提供することを目的とする。
上記の目的を達成するために本発明は、複数個のリチウム電池セルよりなる電池組と、該電池組からスイッチング素子を介して駆動電流が供給される直流モータと、該直流モータの起動及び停止を制御するトリガスイッチとを備えたコードレス電動工具において、前記電池組の1個又は複数個の電池セルの電池電圧を検出する電圧検出手段と、該電圧検出手段からの検出信号を受け、前記スイッチング素子のオン・オフを制御する制御手段とを備え、該制御手段は、前記電池電圧が第1の所定電圧以下になったか否かを第1の判定手段で判定し、所定電圧以下になったときは、前記スイッチング素子をオフする手段と、該スイッチング素子がオフになった後に、前記電池電圧が第1の所定電圧よりも大きい第2の所定電圧以上になったか否かを判定する第2の判定手段と、前記電池電圧が第2の所定電圧以上になった後に、前記トリガスイッチがオフになったか否かを判定する第3の判定手段と、前記第3の判定手段によりトリガスイッチがオフになったと判定された後に、再度、トリガスイッチがオンになったか否かを判定する第4の判定手段と、前記第4の判定手段によりオンになったと判定されたときには、前記スイッチング素子をオンにする手段とを備えたことに一つの特徴を有する。
本発明の他の特徴は、前記スイッチング素子をFETより構成したことにある。
また、前記第2所定電圧を、前記第1所定電圧より大きい値に設定したことに他の特徴がある。
本発明によれば、リチウム電池よりなる電池組の電圧が過放電の限界値である第1の所定電圧以下になった後も、充電せずに断続的に電動工具を作動させることができるので、残余の作業が少ない場合には、電池組を過放電にすることなく作業を完成させることが可能となる。また、断続的に電動工具を作動させる際、突然モータが回転を始めるということがなく、必ずトリガスイッチの動作に応答してモータが回転するので、安全性においても優れている。
以下、本発明にかかる電動工具の一実施例について、概略構成、過放電防止回路、過放電防止の制御フローの順に説明する。
(1)概略構成
図1は本発明にかかる電動工具の外観を示す。電動ドライバ、電動ドリル、電動レンチ等の電動工具200は、本体胴体部200Aと、該本体胴体部200Aに連結されたハンドル部200Bとから構成され、ハンドル部200Bの端部からリチウム電池セルを収納した電池パック1が装着される。
本体胴体部200Aのハウジングの中には、回転動力を発生する直流モータ(図示せず)、直流モータの回転速度を減速する減速機構部(図示せず)が収納され、その先端にはドリル、ドライバ等の先端工具300が装着される。インパクト工具の場合には、減速機構部と先端工具300との間にハンマ等の打撃機構部(図示せず)が設けられる。
電池パック1内には、例えば公称電圧3.6Vのリチウム電池セルが複数個収納される。例えば電動工具200が14.4Vで動作する場合は、4個の電池セルを直列接続した電池組が用いられる。電池パック1からの直流電圧は、FETよりなるスイッチング素子を介して直流モータに供給され、リチウム電池の電圧が所定電圧以下になると、過放電を防止するためにスイッチング素子をオフするように構成されている。
次に、リチウム電池セルよりなる電池組の過放電防止回路の具体例について説明する。
(2)過放電防止回路
本発明にかかる電動工具において、リチウム電池よりなる電池組の過放電を防止する回路としては、本出願人が先に出願した特願2001−356576号(特開2003−164066号)に記載された回路と類似の回路を用いることができる。以下この回路について説明する。
図2は、電池パック1を電動工具200に接続した状態の回路図である。電池パック1の正極端子2と負極端子3は、電動工具200に設けられている正極端子201と負極端子202にそれぞれ接続されている。電動工具200の正極端子201と負極端子202の間には、直流モータ210とスイッチ220が直列に接続されている。電池パック1には、電池セル11〜14を接続板で直列接続してなる電池組10が内包されている。
電池パック1と電動工具200を接続して、電動工具200のスイッチ220をオンにした場合に、電池組10の正極端子から電動工具200を介して電池組10の負極端子に流れる放電電流経路が形成される。この経路には、スイッチ部20,定電圧電源30,電池電圧検出部40,トリガ検出部80が接続されている。これら各部は制御手段たるマイクロコンピュータ60(以下、マイコン60という。)に接続されている。電池パック1には、更に、電池温度検出部50と表示部90が含まれ、これらもマイコン60に接続されている。
マイコン60は、中央処理装置(以下CPU)61、ROM62、RAM63、タイマ64、A/Dコンバータ65、出力ポート66、リセット入力ポート67から構成され、これらは内部バスにより相互に接続されている。
スイッチ部20は、電池組10の負極側と電池パック1の負極端子3の間に接続されており、マイコン60の制御により、電動工具200に流れる負荷電流をスイッチングするためのものである。スイッチ部20は、FET21、ダイオード22及び抵抗23、24から構成されており、FET21のゲートには抵抗24を介してマイコン60の出力ポート66より制御信号が印加される。FET21のソース・ドレイン間にはダイオード22が接続されており、電池組10の充電時の充電電流経路を構成している。
電流検出部70は、電池組10に流れる電流を検出するためのものであり、入力側はダイオード22のカソードとFET21のドレインの接続点に接続されており、出力側はマイコン60のA/Dコンバータ65に接続されている。
電流検出部70は、反転増幅回路と非反転増幅回路の両方を備えた構成で、FET21のオン抵抗及びダイオード22のオン電圧に基づき、その流れる電流の方向によって生じる電位を、反転増幅及び非反転増幅する。充電及び放電に対応して反転増幅回路または非反転増幅回路に出力が生じ、この出力に基づきマイコン60のA/Dコンバータ65はA/D変換をする。
定電圧電源30は、3端子レギュレータ31、平滑コンデンサ32、33、リセットIC34から構成されており、定電圧電源30から出力される定電圧VCCは、電池温度検出部50、マイコン60及び電流検出部70、表示部90の電源となる。リセットIC34はマイコン60のリセット入力ポート67に接続されており、マイコン60を初期状態にするためにリセット入力ポート67にリセット信号を出力する。
電池電圧検出部40は、電池組10の電池電圧を検出するためのもので、抵抗41〜43からなる。電池組10の正極端子とアース間に直列接続された抵抗41,42の接続点は、抵抗43を介してマイコン60のA/Dコンバータ65に接続されている。A/Dコンバータ65からは、検出した電池電圧に対応するデジタル値が出力され、マイコン60のCPU61は、当該デジタル値と後述する第1所定電圧及び第2所定電圧とを比較する。第1所定電圧と第2所定電圧はマイコン60のROM62に記憶されている。
電池温度検出部50は、電池組10の近傍に配置して電池組10の温度を検出するものであり、感温素子としてのサーミスタ51、抵抗52〜54から構成されている。サーミスタ51は抵抗53を介してマイコン60のA/Dコンバータ65に接続されている。A/Dコンバータ65からは、検出した電池温度に対応するデジタル値が出力され、マイコン60のCPU61は、当該デジタル値と予め設定した所定値とを比較し、電池温度が異常高温であるかどうかの判断を行う。
トリガ検出部80は抵抗81、82からなり、電動工具200のスイッチ220のオン動作を検出する。スイッチ220がオンされれば、直流モータ210の直流抵抗は非常に小さい(数オーム程度)ので、FET21のドレイン・ソース間にはほぼ電池電圧が印加され、この電圧を抵抗81、82で分圧してA/Dコンバータ65へ入力し、スイッチ220のオン動作を検出している。
表示部90はLED91、抵抗92からなり、マイコン60の出力ポート66の出力に応じてLED91の点灯、点滅制御を行っている。表示部90は、たとえば、電池温度検出部50で検出した電池温度が所定温度よりも高い場合には、電池温度異常表示を行う。
(3)過放電防止制御フロー
次に図3を参照して、本発明電動工具に用いられるリチウム電池組10の過放電を防止するための制御フローの一実施例について説明する。この制御プログラムはマイコン60のROM62に格納されており、CPU61により逐次読み出されて実行される。
まずS101で過放電フラグを0、FET21をオフにイニシャルセットする。過放電フラグは電池組10が過放電状態であるかどうかを示すフラグで、電池組10の放電電圧が第1の所定電圧V以下になったときに「1」がセットされ、Vより大きいときには「0」がセットされる。すなわちフラグが1の場合には、電池組10が過放電状態であることを示し、0の場合には過放電状態にないことを示す。なお、第1の所定電圧Vの値は、公称電圧が3.6Vのリチウム電池の場合、2V〜2.5Vの範囲の適当な電圧が選定され、例えば2.3Vに設定される。
次いでステップS102において、過放電フラグが1であるか否かを判別する。最初はステップS101で過放電フラグは0にセットされているのでステップS103に進む。ステップS103において、トリガ検出部80の出力に基づいて、電動工具200のスイッチ220がオンされたか否かの判別を行う。スイッチ220がオンされればFET21のドレイン・ソース間にほぼ電池電圧が印加されるので、FET21のドレイン・ソース間電圧VDSに基づきスイッチ220のオン動作の検出が可能になる。
スイッチ220がオンされた場合は、ステップS105に進み、出力ポート66の出力に従い、スイッチ部20のFET21をオンにすることで電池が放電される。
次いで、ステップS106で電池電圧が第1の所定電圧V以下になったか否かが判定され、V以下になると、ステップS107で過放電フラグが1にセットされ、更にステップS108で電池が過放電状態になったことが表示される。そしてステップS109において再びFET21をオフ状態とし、ステップS102に戻る。
通常は、作業者は過放電表示がされると(FET21がオフになると)、電池パック1を電動工具200から取り出し、図示しない充電器に接続して、充電後使用する。電池組10が充電されたかどうかの判定は、電池組10に流れる電流の向きを検出することにより行われる。即ち、充電電流はダイオード22を介して電池組10の正極側から負極側に流れるので、電流検出部70が検出した電流の方向に従い、充電がされたかどうかの判別をしている。
ステップS109でFET21をオフ状態にして電池組10の放電を停止すると、充電をしなくても電池電圧は再び徐々に上昇する。また、ステップS106で電池電圧が第1の所定電圧V以下でないときはステップS103に戻り、スイッチ220とFET21がオン状態で、電池電圧が第1の所定電圧V以下でないときに、途中でスイッチ220がオフされた場合には、ステップS104でFET21をオフ状態にしている。
ステップS102で過放電フラグが1であると判定されると、ステップS110に進み、電池電圧が第2の所定電圧V以上になったか否かが判定される。このVの値は、公称電圧が3.6Vのリチウム電池の場合、例えば2.5V〜3.0Vの範囲の適当な値が選ばれる。ステップS110の判定が否定(NO)の場合は、FET21はオフ状態を維持するが、肯定(YES)の場合は、ステップS111,S112に進み、過放電フラグを0にセットし、過放電表示もオフにする。
従来は、電池電圧がVを超えるとFET21をオン状態にしていたが、本発明ではその後、ステップS113に進みスイッチ220がオン状態か否かを判定し、その判定が否定(NO)になるまで待機する。つまり、電池電圧がVを超えたときに突然モータが回り出すことがないように、一旦スイッチ220がオフ状態にされるまで待機する。
ステップS113の判定が否定(NO)になると、前述のステップS102に戻り、再び過放電フラグが1か否か判定され、上記した一連の動作(ステップS102〜ステップS113)を繰り返す。
上記の動作を図4を用いて説明する。スイッチ220及びFET21がオン状態の場合、電池電圧は低下する。時点Tで電池電圧が第1の所定電圧V以下となるためFET21がオフ状態になり、電池組10の放電を停止すると、充電をしなくても電池電圧は再び徐々に上昇する。時点Tで電池電圧は第2の所定電圧Vを超えるが、このTの時点ではスイッチ220はオン状態にあるので、スイッチ220がオフ状態にならない限りステップS113を抜け出ることはできない。従って、時点TではまだFET21はオンにならない。図4(a)に示すように、スイッチ220がオフ状態になりステップS113を抜け出た後に、ステップS103でスイッチ220が再びオン状態になると初めてステップS104に進み、FET21がオンになる。従って図4(c)に示すように、時点Tで再びFET21がオン状態になる。また、図4(b)に示すように時点Tにおいて再び電池電圧が第1の所定電圧V以下となるため、図4(c)のようにFET21は再びオフ状態になる。
上述の一連の動作(ステップS102〜S113)は、リチウム電池が完全な過放電状態にならずに、短時間放置すれば、電池電圧が第2所定電圧まで上昇する間は継続して行うことができる。従って、電動工具による作業があと僅かで終了するというような場合は、電池を充電器により充電をせずに、残余の電池電圧を使って作業を完了させることが可能となる。
すなわち図2,図3のような構成及び制御によれば、リチウム電池が過放電状態になることを確実に防止し、サイクル寿命の向上を図れるだけでなく、過放電状態になる僅か前の残余の電池電圧を有効に且つ安全に使うことができる。
本発明にかかる電動工具の外観図である。 本発明にかかる電動工具の電池パックとモータとの接続回路図である。 本発明にかかる電動工具の電池パックの制御フローの一実施例を示すフローチャートである。 本発明にかかる電動工具の動作波形図である。 従来の電動工具の動作説明用波形図である。
符号の説明
1:電池パック
10:電池組
20:スイッチ部
21:FET
30:定電圧電源
40:電池電圧検出部
50:電池温度検出部
60:マイコン
70:電流検出部
80:トリガ検出部
90:表示部
200:電動工具
210:モータ
220:スイッチ

Claims (2)

  1. 複数個のリチウム電池セルよりなる電池組と、
    該電池組からスイッチング素子を介して駆動電流が供給される直流モータと、
    該直流モータの起動及び停止を制御するトリガスイッチとを備えたコードレス電動工具において、
    前記電池組の1個又は複数個の電池セルの電池電圧を検出する電圧検出手段と、
    該電圧検出手段からの検出信号を受け、前記スイッチング素子のオン・オフを制御する制御手段とを備え、
    該制御手段は、前記電池電圧が第1の所定電圧以下になったか否かを第1の判定手段で判定し、所定電圧以下になったときは、前記スイッチング素子をオフする手段と、
    該スイッチング素子がオフになった後に、前記電池電圧が第1の所定電圧よりも大きい第2の所定電圧以上になったか否かを判定する第2の判定手段と、
    前記電池電圧が第2の所定電圧以上になった後に、前記トリガスイッチがオフになったか否かを判定する第3の判定手段と、
    前記第3の判定手段によりトリガスイッチがオフになったと判定された後に、再度、トリガスイッチがオンになったか否かを判定する第4の判定手段と、
    前記第4の判定手段によりオンになったと判定されたときには、前記スイッチング素子をオンにする手段と
    を備えたことを特徴とするコードレス電動工具。
  2. 請求項1において、前記スイッチング素子はFETより構成されていることを特徴とするコードレス電動工具。
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