JP2019079423A - Touch sensor and controller therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

To increase the accuracy of touch detection by reducing an insensible region caused by an extraction wiring in a touch sensor.SOLUTION: A first electrode 10 has a crank shape, and includes a base end part 11, a first partial electrode 12 extending from the base end part 11 in a direction Y1, and a second partial electrode 13 extending from the base end part 11 in a direction Y2. In a first electrode group 21 facing the first partial electrode 12 of a plurality of second electrodes 20, n number of electrodes 21a closer to the base end part 11 are arranged so that the extraction wiring 31a extend to the second partial electrode 13. The width of the region occupied by the extraction wiring becomes smaller and the insensible region resulting from the extraction wiring is reduced.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

  The present invention relates to a touch sensor mainly used to operate various electronic devices.

  In various types of electronic devices, there is an increasing number of electronic devices in which a transparent touch sensor is mounted on the top surface of a display unit such as a liquid crystal display as an input operation unit. The operator can operate the electronic device by viewing the display content of the display unit via the touch sensor and touching the touch sensor with a finger or the like.

  There are two types of capacitive touch sensors: those based on the 2 Layer method and those based on the 1 Layer method. Among them, in the 1-layer system, since the sensor electrode is disposed in a single layer, the coordinate accuracy and sensitivity are lower than those in the 2-layer system, but there is an advantage that manufacturing is simple and cost is low.

  Patent Document 1 discloses a capacitive touch sensor using a 1-layer method. In this configuration, the lead-out electrode formed in the region to be visually recognized is made inconspicuous.

JP, 2015-106240, A

  The cause of the deterioration of the coordinate accuracy in the 1-layer system is that the lead wiring of the sensor electrode is disposed in the operation area, and the region where the lead wiring is disposed becomes a so-called insensitive region and interferes with the sensitivity of touch sensing.

  An object of the present invention is to reduce an insensitive region caused by lead wiring in a touch sensor and to improve touch detection accuracy.

  In order to achieve the above object, a touch sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a transparent substrate, a first electrode disposed in an operation area of the transparent substrate, and a first direction and a first direction. And a plurality of second electrodes facing each other, wherein the first electrode extends from the proximal end and the proximal end in a first direction in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. An electrode, and a second partial electrode extending from the base end portion in a second direction opposite to the first direction and disposed at a position shifted from the first partial electrode in the first direction; A first electrode group arranged to face the first partial electrode in the first direction, and to align the second partial electrode in the second direction; The first portion is opposed to the two partial electrodes in the first direction. And n (n is an integer of 1 or more) electrodes from a side closer to the base end portion of the first electrode group including a pole and a second electrode group arranged to be aligned in the second direction. The connected first lead-out line extends in the second direction and is disposed to pass laterally of the second partial electrode.

  According to this aspect, the first electrode has a so-called crank shape, and the proximal end, the first partial electrode extending in the first direction from the proximal end, and the first direction from the proximal end And a second partial electrode extending in an opposite second direction. Then, in the first electrode group facing the first partial electrode among the plurality of second electrodes, the n electrodes closer to the base end are arranged such that the lead-out wiring extends to the side of the second partial electrode It is done. As a result, the width of the area occupied by the lead-out interconnections connected to the plurality of second electrodes can be reduced, so that the dead area resulting from the lead-out interconnections can be reduced. Therefore, touch detection accuracy can be improved.

  According to the present invention, in the touch sensor, since the insensitive region resulting from the lead wiring can be reduced, the touch detection accuracy can be improved.

An exploded perspective view showing an example of whole composition including a touch sensor concerning an embodiment The top view which shows the example of the arrangement pattern of the sensor electrode in embodiment Top view showing another example of arrangement pattern of sensor electrodes in the embodiment Detailed configuration of opposing first and second electrodes Modification of the configuration of FIG. 4 (A) to (d) are modifications of the configuration of FIG. 4 for adjusting the electrode capacitance Diagram showing the configuration of a touch sensor controller

  Hereinafter, each embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail based on the drawings. The following description of each embodiment is merely illustrative in nature, and is not intended to limit the present invention, its application, or its application.

(Embodiment)
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view showing an example of the entire configuration including a touch sensor according to the embodiment. The touch sensor 1 includes a transparent substrate 100 and sensor electrodes disposed on one layer of the transparent substrate 100. Details of the arrangement pattern of the sensor electrodes will be described later. The touch sensor 1 has, for example, a light transmitting cover member 110 disposed thereon, and is disposed on the display panel 122 of the display device 120 such as a liquid crystal display. The cover member 110 is a cover lens formed of, for example, a glass cover glass or a light transmitting resin. Depending on the hardness of the transparent substrate 100 of the touch sensor 1, the cover member 110 may not be disposed. The touch sensor 1 has an operation area 102 corresponding to the display screen 122 a of the display panel 122 and a terminal wiring area 104 (so-called frame area) corresponding to the outer peripheral portion of the display panel 122 when viewed from the top.

  FIG. 2 is a plan view showing an example of an arrangement pattern of sensor electrodes. As shown in FIG. 2, in the operation area 102 of the transparent substrate 100, the first electrode 10 and the plurality of second electrodes 20 are formed to face each other in the X direction (corresponding to the first direction). . The first electrode 10 is basically formed to extend in the Y direction (corresponding to the second direction), but has a so-called crank shape. That is, the first electrode 10 includes a base end 11, a first partial electrode 12 extending from the base end 11 upward in the Y direction in the Y direction (direction Y1, corresponding to a first direction), and a base end 11 And a second partial electrode 13 extending in the Y direction in the downward direction (direction Y2, corresponding to the second direction). The second partial electrode 13 is disposed at a position shifted from the first partial electrode 12 in the X direction. In the arrangement of FIG. 2, eight first electrodes 10 are arranged side by side in the X direction. However, the eight first electrodes 10 are horizontally reversed every other electrode.

  The plurality of second electrodes 20 include a first electrode group 21 facing the first partial electrode 12 in the X direction, and a second electrode group 22 facing the second partial electrode 13 in the X direction. In FIG. 2, five second electrodes 20 are disposed to face one first electrode 10, and the first electrode group 21 includes three electrodes 21a, 21b and 21c. The two-electrode group 22 consists of two electrodes 22a and 22b. The first electrode group 21 is arranged to line up with the second partial electrode 13 in the Y direction, while the second electrode group 22 is arranged to line up with the first partial electrode 12 in the Y direction There is.

  The plurality of second electrodes 20 are connected to lead wirings extending in the Y direction. In the first electrode group 21, the lead-out wiring 31a (corresponding to the first lead-out wiring) connected to the electrode 21a extends downward in the drawing (direction Y2), and is disposed so as to pass the side of the second partial electrode 13 It is done. On the other hand, the lead wire 31b connected to the electrodes 21b and 21c extends upward (in the direction Y2) in the drawing. In the second electrode group 22, the lead-out wiring 32a (corresponding to a second lead-out wiring) connected to the electrode 22a extends upward in the drawing (direction Y1) and is disposed to pass the side of the first partial electrode 12 It is done. The lead wire 32b connected to the electrode 22b extends downward in the drawing (direction Y2).

  Further, the ground portion 41 is disposed between the second partial electrode 13 and the lead wire 31 a disposed in parallel to the second partial electrode 13. A ground portion 42 is disposed between the first partial electrode 12 and a lead wire 32 a disposed in parallel to the first partial electrode 12.

  In the arrangement pattern of FIG. 2, a portion where the first electrode 10 and the second electrode 20 face each other as in the area A1 detects a touch of a finger. On the other hand, like the area A2, the portions where the lead wirings 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b are arranged become so-called insensitive areas where the touch of the finger is not detected.

  The first electrode 10, the second electrode 20, the lead wirings 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b, and the ground portions 41, 42 described above are each formed of, for example, a mesh pattern made of metal thin lines.

  With this configuration, the following effects can be obtained. That is, the first electrode 10 has a so-called crank shape, and the proximal end 11, the first partial electrode 12 extending in the direction Y1 from the proximal end 11, and the first electrode 10 extending in the direction Y2 from the proximal end A two-part electrode 13 is provided. Then, in the first electrode group 21 facing the first partial electrode 12 among the plurality of second electrodes 20, the lead wire 31 a of the electrode 21 a closer to the base end 11 extends toward the second partial electrode 13. Is located in As a result, the width of the area occupied by the lead wirings 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b connected to the plurality of second electrodes 20 can be reduced, so that the dead area resulting from the lead wirings 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b can be reduced. It can be reduced. Therefore, touch detection accuracy can be improved.

  Further, in the second electrode group 22 facing the second partial electrode 13 among the plurality of second electrodes 20, the lead wire 32 a of the electrode 22 a closer to the base end 11 extends toward the first partial electrode 12. Is located in As a result, the width of the area occupied by the lead wirings 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b connected to the plurality of second electrodes 20 can be reduced, so that the dead area resulting from the lead wirings 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b can be reduced. It can be reduced. Therefore, touch detection accuracy can be improved.

  Further, by providing the ground portion 41 between the second partial electrode 13 and the first lead wire 31a, it is possible to suppress an increase in parasitic capacitance between the first electrode 10 and the lead wire 31a. Similarly, by providing the ground portion 42 between the first partial electrode 12 and the second lead wiring 32a, it is possible to suppress an increase in parasitic capacitance between the first electrode 10 and the lead wiring 32a. However, the ground portions 41 and 42 may be omitted.

  FIG. 3 is a plan view showing another example of an arrangement pattern of sensor electrodes. In FIG. 3, the electrode shape is simplified and schematically shown for a part of the operation area 102 of the transparent substrate 100.

  In FIG. 3, the first electrode 10 and the plurality of second electrodes 20 are formed to face each other in the X direction. The first electrode 10 is basically formed to extend in the Y direction, but has a so-called crank shape. That is, the first electrode 10 has a base end 11, a first partial electrode 12 extending from the base end 11 upward in the Y direction (direction Y1), and a bottom end 11 from the base 11 in the Y direction (direction Y2). And a second partial electrode 13 that extends to The second partial electrode 13 is disposed at a position shifted from the first partial electrode 12 in the X direction. In the arrangement of FIG. 3, three first electrodes 10 are arranged side by side in the X direction. However, the three first electrodes 10 are horizontally reversed every other electrode.

  The plurality of second electrodes 20 includes a first electrode group 21 facing the first partial electrode 12 and a second electrode group 22 facing the second partial electrode 13. In FIG. 3, ten second electrodes 20 are disposed to face one first electrode 10, and the first electrode group 21 includes five electrodes 21a, 21b, 21c, 21d, and 21e. The second electrode group 22 includes five electrodes 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, and 22e. The first electrode group 21 is arranged to line up with the second partial electrode 13 in the Y direction, while the second electrode group 22 is arranged to line up with the first partial electrode 12 in the Y direction There is.

  The plurality of second electrodes 20 are connected to lead wirings extending in the Y direction. In the first electrode group 21, the lead-out interconnection 31a connected to the electrodes 21a and 21b extends downward in the drawing (direction Y2), and is disposed so as to pass the side of the second partial electrode 13. On the other hand, the lead-out wiring 31b connected to the electrodes 21c, 21d and 21e extends upward in the drawing (direction Y2). In the second electrode group 22, the lead-out interconnections 32a connected to the electrodes 22a and 22b extend upward in the drawing (direction Y1) and are arranged to pass the side of the first partial electrode 12. The lead wires 32b connected to the electrodes 22c, 22d, 22e extend downward in the drawing (direction Y2).

  Further, the ground portion 41 is disposed between the second partial electrode 13 and the lead wire 31 a disposed in parallel to the second partial electrode 13. A ground portion 42 is disposed between the first partial electrode 12 and a lead wire 32 a disposed in parallel to the first partial electrode 12.

  With this configuration, the following effects can be obtained. That is, the first electrode 10 has a so-called crank shape, and the proximal end 11, the first partial electrode 12 extending in the direction Y1 from the proximal end 11, and the first electrode 10 extending in the direction Y2 from the proximal end A two-part electrode 13 is provided. Then, in the first electrode group 21 facing the first partial electrode 12 among the plurality of second electrodes 20, the lead wires 31 a of the electrodes 21 a and 21 b closer to the base end portion 11 are the second partial electrodes 13. It is arranged to extend to the side. As a result, the width of the area occupied by the lead wirings 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b connected to the plurality of second electrodes 20 can be reduced, so that the dead area resulting from the lead wirings 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b can be reduced. It can be reduced. Therefore, touch detection accuracy can be improved.

  Further, in the second electrode group 22 facing the second partial electrode 13 among the plurality of second electrodes 20, the lead wires 32 a of the electrodes 22 a and 22 b closer to the base end portion 11 are of the first partial electrode 12. It is arranged to extend to the side. As a result, the width of the area occupied by the lead wirings 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b connected to the plurality of second electrodes 20 can be reduced, so that the dead area resulting from the lead wirings 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b can be reduced. It can be reduced. Therefore, touch detection accuracy can be improved.

  Further, by providing the ground portion 41 between the second partial electrode 13 and the first lead wire 31a, it is possible to suppress an increase in parasitic capacitance between the first electrode 10 and the lead wire 31a. Similarly, by providing the ground portion 42 between the first partial electrode 12 and the second lead wiring 32a, it is possible to suppress an increase in parasitic capacitance between the first electrode 10 and the lead wiring 32a. However, the ground portions 41 and 42 may be omitted.

  FIG. 4 shows a detailed configuration of the opposing first and second electrodes 10 and 20 in FIG. As shown in FIG. 4, the first electrode 10 includes a first comb-tooth portion 15 having a base 15 a and a plurality of comb teeth 15 b extending from the base 15 a to the second electrode 20 in the X direction. The second electrode 20 includes a second comb-tooth portion 25 having a base 25 a and a plurality of comb teeth 25 b extending from the base 25 a to the side of the first electrode 10 in the X direction. Here, the first comb-tooth portion 15 has five comb teeth 15 b, and the second comb-tooth portion 25 has four comb teeth 25 b. The first and second electrodes 10 and 20 opposed to each other are arranged such that the first comb teeth 15 and the second comb teeth 25 mesh with each other. Although the illustration is simplified in FIG. 3, portions where the first and second electrodes 10 and 20 face each other are configured as shown in FIG. 4.

  FIG. 5 is a modification of the configuration of FIG. In FIG. 5, the first comb-tooth portion 15A of the first electrode 10 has a shape in which the comb-tooth portion 15d is formed by folding one wire, and the base 15c has a configuration in which the gap d1 is intermittently opened in the Y direction. have. As a result, the degree of electrical coupling between the first electrode 10 and the lead-out interconnection 31a passing through the side thereof is reduced, so that an increase in parasitic capacitance can be suppressed.

  In addition, since the second electrode 20 greatly varies the lead length of the lead-out line depending on the position of the electrode in the Y direction, the variation in capacitance of each electrode becomes large. Therefore, in order to suppress the variation in capacitance of each electrode, the shape in which the comb teeth in FIG. 4 are engaged may be changed according to the position of the second electrode 20 in the Y direction.

  FIG. 6 shows a modification of the shape for adjusting the electrode capacitance. In FIG. 6A, the meshing length of the comb teeth 15b of the first comb teeth 15 and the comb teeth 25b of the second comb teeth 25 is shorter than the configuration of FIG. Thereby, the capacity is smaller than that of the configuration of FIG. In FIG. 6B, the thickness of the comb teeth 15b of the first comb teeth 15 and the comb teeth 25b of the second comb teeth 25 is larger than that of the configuration of FIG. As a result, since the distance between the comb teeth 15b and the comb teeth 25b is narrowed, the capacity is larger than that of the configuration of FIG. In FIG. 6C, the number of the comb teeth 15b of the first comb teeth 15 and the number of the comb teeth 25b of the second comb teeth 25 are smaller than those in the configuration of FIG. Thereby, the capacity is smaller than that of the configuration of FIG. In FIG. 6D, the meshing length of the comb teeth 15b of the first comb teeth 15 and the comb teeth 25b of the second comb teeth 25 is longer than the configuration of FIG. Thereby, the capacity is larger than that of the configuration of FIG. By using the shape as shown in FIG. 6, the second electrode 20 can be configured to have similar capacitance regardless of the position in the Y direction.

  In addition, you may use combining the structure of Fig.6 (a)-(d). That is, at least any one of the combing length, the thickness, or the number of the comb teeth 15b and 25b of the first and second comb teeth 15 and 25 is at the position of the second electrode 20 in the Y direction. Depending on the situation, it should be different.

  In the configuration of FIG. 2, the first electrode group 21 includes three electrodes, and the direction of the lead wiring 31a of the one electrode 21a near the base end portion 11 is the direction Y2. Further, in the configuration of FIG. 3, the first electrode group 21 includes five electrodes, and of the two electrodes 21 a and 21 b near the base end portion 11, the direction of the lead wiring 31 a is set to the direction Y2. However, the present disclosure is not limited to these configurations, and a lead wire connected to n (n is an integer of 1 or more) electrodes from the side closer to the proximal end 11 in the first electrode group 21 is used. , And extends in the direction Y 2 and passes the side of the second partial electrode 13.

  Further, in the configuration of FIG. 2, the second electrode group 22 includes two electrodes, and the direction of the lead wiring 32 a of the one electrode 22 a closer to the base end portion 11 is set to the direction Y1. Further, in the configuration of FIG. 3, the second electrode group 22 includes five electrodes, and among the two electrodes 22 a and 22 b near the base end portion 11, the direction of the lead wiring 32 a is set to the direction Y1. However, the present disclosure is not limited to these configurations, and a lead wire connected to m (m is an integer of 1 or more) electrodes from the side closer to the proximal end 11 in the second electrode group 22 is used. , And extends in the direction Y1 and passes the side of the first partial electrode 12.

(Correction of coordinate data)
In the capacitive touch sensor, the controller converts the touch sensor output corresponding to the touch position into coordinate data and outputs the coordinate data. However, since there is a gap between the actual touch position and the coordinate data, it is necessary for the controller to perform tuning such that correct coordinate data is output for the entire operation area. When the sensor electrodes are arranged in a predetermined periodic pattern, the controller can output correct coordinate data by tuning using a single correction value.

  On the other hand, in the present embodiment, as described above, the width of the insensitive area is narrowed by arranging the first electrode 10 having a crank shape and dispersing the drawing direction of the lead-out wire connected to the second electrode 20. It was possible. However, for example, as can be seen from FIG. 2, the arrangement pattern of the first and second electrodes 10, 20 is different between the upper side (direction Y1 side) and the lower side (direction Y2 side) of the base end portion 11 of the first electrode 10. Therefore, the position of the insensitive region in the X direction is different between the upper side and the lower side of the base end portion 11 of the first electrode 10. In such a configuration, it is inappropriate to correct coordinate data with a single correction value.

  Therefore, here, the controller performs correction of coordinate data using an independent correction value in the upper area and the lower area of the base end portion 11 of the first electrode 10.

  FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a configuration of a controller of the touch sensor in the present embodiment. In FIG. 7, in the touch sensor 1, the arrangement position of the insensitive section DZ is different between the upper area B <b> 1 and the lower area B <b> 2. In the above-described configuration, the position of the base end portion 11 of the first electrode 10 is the boundary between the upper area B1 and the lower area B2. The controller 50 receives the output of the touch sensor 1, obtains coordinate data indicating the touched coordinates, and outputs the coordinate data to, for example, the host CPU 70.

  The controller 50 includes a multiplexer 51, an AFE (Analog Front End) 52, an A / D converter 53, a touch detection unit 54, a coordinate data generation unit 55, a coordinate correction unit 56, a storage unit 60, and a coordinate transmission unit 57. The coordinate data generation unit 55 generates coordinate data from the output of the touch sensor 1. The storage unit 60 stores the correction value of the coordinate data. Here, the storage unit 60 stores the correction value 1 for the upper area B1 and the correction value 2 for the lower area B2. The coordinate correction unit 56 corrects the coordinate data generated by the coordinate data generation unit 55 using the correction value stored in the storage unit 60. At this time, the coordinate correction unit 56 uses the correction value 1 when the coordinate data belongs to the upper area B1, and uses the correction value 2 when the coordinate data belongs to the lower area B2. The coordinate transmission unit 57 transmits the coordinate data corrected by the coordinate correction unit 56 to the outside of the controller 50.

  As mentioned above, although the embodiment about the present invention was described, the present invention is not limited only to the above-mentioned embodiment, and various change is possible within the limits of an invention.

  The touch panel according to the present invention is useful mainly for the operation of various electronic devices.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 touch sensor 10 1st electrode 11 base end 12 1st partial electrode 13 2nd partial electrode 15 1st comb tooth part 15a base 15b comb tooth 20 2nd electrode 21 1st electrode group 21a, 21b, 21c, 21d, 21e Electrode 22 second electrode group 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, 22e electrode 25 second comb-tooth portion 25a base 25b comb-tooth 31a lead-out wiring (first lead-out wiring)
32a Lead-out wiring (second lead-out wiring)
41, 42 Ground unit 50 Controller 55 Coordinate data generation unit 56 Coordinate correction unit 60 Storage unit 100 Transparent substrate 102 Operation area B1 First area B2 Second area d1 Gap

Claims (7)

A transparent substrate,
A first electrode disposed in an operation area of the transparent substrate, and a plurality of second electrodes facing the first electrode in a first direction,
The first electrode is
At the proximal end,
A first partial electrode extending from the proximal end in a first direction in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction;
And a second partial electrode extending from the proximal end to a second direction opposite to the first direction and disposed at a position shifted from the first partial electrode in the first direction,
The plurality of second electrodes are
A first electrode group disposed to face the first partial electrode in the first direction and to be aligned with the second partial electrode in the second direction;
And a second electrode group arranged to face the second partial electrode in the first direction and to be aligned with the first partial electrode in the second direction,
A first lead-out wire connected to n (n is an integer of 1 or more) number of electrodes from the side closer to the base end of the first electrode group extends in the second direction, and the second partial electrode The touch sensor characterized in that it is disposed to pass through the side of the. In the touch sensor according to claim 1,
A second lead-out wire connected to m (m is an integer of 1 or more) electrodes from the side closer to the base end in the second electrode group extends in the first direction, and the first partial electrode The touch sensor characterized in that it is disposed to pass through the side of the. In the touch sensor according to claim 1,
A ground part is provided between the second partial electrode and the first lead-out wire. In the touch sensor according to claim 2,
A ground part is provided between said 1st partial electrode and said 2nd lead-out wiring, The touch sensor characterized by the above-mentioned. In the touch sensor according to claim 1,
The first electrode includes a first comb-tooth portion having a base and a plurality of comb teeth extending from the base to the side of the opposing second electrode in the first direction,
The second electrode includes a second comb-tooth portion having a base and a plurality of comb teeth extending from the base to the side of the opposing first electrode in the first direction,
The first and second electrodes opposed to each other are disposed such that the first comb-tooth portion and the second comb-tooth portion are engaged with each other.
The base of the first comb-tooth portion has a configuration in which a gap is intermittently opened in the second direction. In the touch sensor according to claim 1,
The first electrode includes a first comb-tooth portion having a base and a plurality of comb teeth extending from the base to the side of the opposing second electrode in the first direction,
The second electrode includes a second comb-tooth portion having a base and a plurality of comb teeth extending from the base to the side of the opposing first electrode in the first direction,
The first and second electrodes opposed to each other are disposed such that the first comb-tooth portion and the second comb-tooth portion are engaged with each other.
In the comb teeth of the first and second comb teeth, at least one of the meshing length, the thickness, or the number differs depending on the position of the second electrode in the second direction. Touch sensor characterized by A controller for obtaining coordinate data indicating a touched coordinate from an output of the touch sensor according to claim 1,
A coordinate data generation unit that generates coordinate data from the output of the touch sensor;
A storage unit that stores a correction value of coordinate data;
A coordinate correction unit configured to correct coordinate data generated by the coordinate data generation unit using the correction value stored in the storage unit;
The storage unit is
A first correction value is stored for the first region on the side of the first direction from the proximal end of the first electrode, and the second direction is stored from the proximal end of the first electrode. The second correction value is stored for the second area on the side of
The coordinate correction unit
When the coordinate data generated by the coordinate data generation unit belongs to the first area, correction is performed using the first correction value, while when belonging to the second area, the second correction value is used. A controller of a touch sensor characterized by performing correction.

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