JP2016173229A - Blasting method - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To enhance performance of industrial blasts and performance of used components by improving a blasting method.SOLUTION: An initiation device for initiation of an explosive charge comprises: a transceiver for receipt of wireless command signals; a control circuit for processing of wireless command signals received by the transceiver; and a light source that is suitable for initiation of the explosive charge and that is activated by the control circuit.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

  The present invention relates to a charge detonation device, a blast system having the detonation device, and a blast method using the device.

  The present invention is believed to be particularly useful in mining or industrial blasting operations such as oil and gas wells.

  In industrial blasting operations, unpackaged (bulk) explosives or packaged explosives shall generally be detonated by a predetermined blast design that specifies the time and sequence of detonation between individual charges in the blast. Required. In this regard, unpackaged explosives or packaged explosives, such as rock crushing, are working or main charges. The charge is generally detonated by the ignition of a smaller charge provided in a tightly sealed manner in the form of a cartridge detonator and unchanged. The detonator communicates with the blast control equipment that performs ignition in a signal.

  There is a continuing need to improve the performance of industrial blasts and the performance of the components used by improving blasting methods. The present invention aims to contribute in this regard.

  Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention is an initiating device for detonation of charge, a transceiver for receiving a wireless command signal, and processing of the wireless command signal received by the transceiver And a light source suitable for detonation of the charge and activated by the control circuit.

  In use, the detonator is operatively associated with a charge that can be detonated by a light source. Accordingly, in another embodiment, there is provided an initiation device comprising an initiation device according to the present invention and an associated charge, wherein the charge is provided and configured to be initiated by a light source. Yes.

  The present invention further provides a blasting method using the detonator according to the present invention, and a blasting system including a blast control facility associated with the detonator.

  As will be described, the present invention combines a wireless communication function with photo initiation of charge. This combination is believed to be able to provide significant improvements over known blasting methods and components.

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  The detonator used in the present invention has a transceiver, and this function receives a wireless communication signal transmitted from a blast control facility. Thus, the detonator can be remotely controlled without the need for physical connections (eg, wires) to convey command signals necessary for blasting operations. Preferably, the transceiver has a function for two-way communication so that things like diagnostics and status checks can be performed before detonation. The use of wireless communications in blasting works is known in the art, and transceivers useful in the present invention are known and can be obtained, or can be made by known component configurations.

  The detonator also has a control circuit. The basic function of this control circuit is to process the wireless command signal received by the transceiver and activate the associated light source upon receipt of a suitable command signal. In practice, the control circuit has additional functions and can respond to various wireless command signals received by the transceiver.

  The control circuit may also generally have some form of timing mechanism to allow precise control of the light source drive when an ignition command is received by the transceiver. Most of the control circuits are integrated circuits. Such circuits are well known in the art. For example, they are used in electronic detonators for functionally controlling detonators and for timed detonation. Accordingly, those skilled in the art are familiar with the design of such circuits and the components required for such circuits.

  The detonator also has a light source, and the function of this light source is to cause the charge of the charge to be radiated into or on the charge. . Although the light source used in a particular device is selected based on the type of charge to be detonated, an appropriate light source and charge combination is important for practicing the present invention. In general, charge has been made photosensitive in several ways in order to be sensitive to initiation by a light source. The light source may be irradiated directly into / on the charge, or the light from the light source may be by a suitable waveguide, such as an optical fiber, or by direct irradiation with or without lens focusing. May be sent to the charge.

  An important feature of the present invention is that each detonator has its own light source and, in use, this light source is generally located in the borehole (or well hole, etc.). The light source is controlled by the control circuit of the initiator. The detonator is in the (wireless) control state of the blast control facility, while the other detonator is in an autonomous state. For example, one ignition command can be sent to an array of detonators, which then means that the detonator can perform ignition independently according to the time delay programmed into the ignition circuit. This allows for improved control and reliability. This configuration provides a burning front that is realized in a blast field where one or more detonators are (light) detonated during the processing of time counts until the (light) detonation of other detonators. Make it possible.

  This configuration should be contrasted with a system in which a single (centralized) light source is used to send light through individual optical fibers to multiple locations to be detonated. This configuration can only provide rough control since one light source is used to cause multiple initiations. Optical switches are required to control the transmission of light across individual optical fibers, which will increase complexity and cost. This type of system may also have reliability issues, as the optical fiber can be damaged by the explosive charge just before or during the optical transmission. The method used in the present invention does not have these drawbacks.

  In an embodiment according to the present invention, the detonator has one transceiver, a plurality of associated control circuits, and a light source. In this embodiment, the transceiver has a function to command a plurality of independent control circuits and a light source associated with these control circuits. This allows many control units (and light sources) to be loaded in the same blast hole while allowing all control circuits to communicate with one transceiver. This allows each control circuit / light source to detonate the associated charge with an independent delay time while performing a forward blast. In other words, this embodiment allows multi-decking of blast holes using the same transceiver, where the drill hole components (control circuit and light source) are independently powered. Note that this is done. In this embodiment, the transceiver may be installed on the ground surface, but depending on the characteristics of the wireless command, the transceiver may be disposed below the ground surface of the blast hole.

  According to the present invention, the wireless command signal is transmitted from the blast control facility to the transmitter / receiver of the detonator. One or more mechanisms may be trusted to ensure proper transmission and reception of command signals.

  In one embodiment, the transceiver may need to be physically located so that the wireless command signal can be received directly. For example, in this case, the transceiver may need to be provided on top of the blast hole. In this case, communication may be performed using standard radio frequency transmission systems and protocols.

  In another embodiment, a transceiver may be placed below the ground surface to transmit a wireless command signal through the ground with a low frequency signal. Low frequency communication is well known in the mining industry and many systems already exist to control blasting.

  Further possibilities include the use of an antenna system that extends to a location where wireless command signals can be received from the transceiver. For example, if the detonator is located in a digging hole, the antenna may extend from the transceiver to the ground surface along the length of the digging hole.

  In another embodiment according to the present invention, direct communication between the blast control facility and one or more detonators is not necessary to implement the implementation. This embodiment is suitable for relaying a wireless command signal for a particular detonator even if the detonator is out of range or otherwise cannot receive the wireless command signal directly. Includes indirect communication between these components by forming a low power network driven by multiple detonators. In this embodiment, one or more detonators that are not driven by the wireless command signal relay the signal for one or more detonators that are driven by the command signal. Of course, in this embodiment, the detonator also has the function of transmitting a wireless command signal. The formation of such a cross communication network can extend the range beyond what a wireless command signal can be effective. This method is disclosed in WO 2006/076777 entitled “Wireless Detonator Assembly and Associated Network”, the contents of which can be incorporated herein by reference.

  The clear advantage of using a network of detonators to ensure communication of command signals across the blast field is that if the communication “connection” to a particular device is lost, there is a separate around the lost connection. It is possible to maintain the operability by switching to the communication path. A system for diagnosing communication problems can also be configured, thereby allowing a selective drive to be performed. This should be contrasted with conventional direct communication systems where the loss of the signal communication path leads to an overall system down.

  Another advantage of using a low power network that facilitates communication of wireless command signals is that the network has the potential for two-way communication. In this case, a transceiver having a bidirectional communication function is used. This allows, for example, the detonator to send information to the blast control facility up-to-date with the detonator network, and the detonator can use individual detonators and timing protocols and It is also possible to communicate an ignition command. Thus, blast control, timing and ignition can be performed using a remote (wireless) system with bi-directional communication capabilities to determine the state and performance of the blast system before the blast operator issues an ignition command. . This provides a special level of safety for blasting. A further advantage is that the network is low voltage so that it does not interfere with other communication systems during operation in an explosion location. Furthermore, because of the low power network, no special use license may be required.

  In the detonator, the transceiver needs to be in signal communication with the control circuit. The two components may be provided together, for example in a single housing or separated but suitably connected for signal communication, for example by wire communication means, wireless communication means or optical communication means. Similarly, the control circuit needs to include a light source in signal communication to activate the light source as needed. The control circuit and the light source can be provided together, for example in the same housing or separately but properly connected. The detonator also requires a power source for powering the transceiver, control circuit and light source. The power source may be physically associated with the detonator or its components, but this is not essential. In this regard, adjustments regarding the safety requirements and configuration of the power supply in the borehole unit must be emphasized.

  The power source may be a conventional design such as a low voltage battery (which can be arranged with the light source component) or a supercapacitor charged with a battery. In the latter case, the supercapacitor may be charged using a battery provided on the surface with the capacitor provided as part of the borehole component.

  In another embodiment, one or more components of the detonator may be driven below conventional means. For example, environmental means such as solar power can be used. There are other possibilities depending on how the invention is actually implemented. However, it is desirable for the detonator according to the present invention to function without the need to use a conventional power source such as a battery.

  From the foregoing, it can be seen that the functionality of the transceiver and the light source may be physically separated from each other (the control circuit may be associated with either). Thus, the transceiver can be placed in or on the ground surface and light source (ignition functionality of the detonator) provided in the vicinity of or above the explosive lead (in the excavation explosive) in the excavation hole. This provides a number of advantages as described below. Simplified design for receiving wireless command signals. A transceiver can be used to transmit blast performance data during and possibly after the blast. For example, if the transmitter and control unit are connected by a wire, the wire can be used to measure VOD in the hole by changing the resistance, and this information is sent to the control center. Returned. The size of the drilling hole component may be reduced, which can be advantageous for small hole applications. In this regard, modern solid state lasers can be of a fairly compact design. As mentioned above, it is possible to control the driving of many borehole ignition units by having multiple output positions that allow connection of many units, for example for transceivers located on the ground surface. is there. This is advantageous for holes with multiple detonators, such as multi-decked holes.

  The photo-initiated charge according to the present invention can be used to detonate an associated drilling charge or main charge. In this case, the photo-initiated charge is relatively small but is selected to be effective during the main charge explosion. In this case, the light detonating the charge is provided in a tightly sealed state for each conventional cartridge detonator. The light can be sent directly into the cartridge or by optical fiber.

  In another embodiment, the light that initiated the charge is used to explode the associated main charge, but the mechanism has no detonator. In this case, the photo charge may be provided in direct contact with a portion of at least one main charge, or the two may be separated by a membrane that does not affect the explosion of the main charge. This method is described in WO 2008/113108 entitled “Initiation of Explosive Material”, the contents of which can be incorporated herein by reference. The latter specifies the use of an optical fiber to transmit light, but according to the invention this is not essential.

  Therefore, in this embodiment, the present invention is a detonation system without a detonator, which is an explosive charge, a sealed charge, and a detonator according to the present invention, the detonator being sealed. A detonator provided to send light to the charge and configured to cause the sealed charge to be detonated by the light, and the detonation of the sealed charge causes detonation of the explosive explosive; A detonator-less blasting system is provided.

  According to this embodiment, the drilling charge is detonated by the explosion of the sealed charge. Similarly, the initiation of a sealed charge is caused by irradiation of a sealed explosive with a suitable light source. Therefore, the explosive explosive is detonated without using a conventional detonator.

  According to this embodiment, detonation is achieved by irradiation of the sealed charge until the ignition occurs. The sealed charge is sealed so that this initial ignition propagates to a complete explosion. The sealed charge and the drilling charge are provided such that an explosion of the sealed charge with respect to the other causes an explosion of the drilling charge. In the embodiment according to the present invention, a part of the sealed charge and a part of the excavation charge may be in direct contact. However, in other embodiments, this is not provided as indispensable, but the intended working relationship between the charges is retained. For example, in certain embodiments, the charge may be separated by a membrane or the like. In this case, the membrane or the like may have a membrane (or equivalent) that does not affect the explosion of the excavating charge for ease of manufacture.

  The drilling charge used is also generally the second explosive. Therefore, the blasting system according to the present invention may not have the first explosive material. The drilling charge may be the same as or different from the light that detonates the charge. When the charge is an equivalent explosive material, the present invention is implemented by suitable sealing of a portion of the unpackaged explosive.

  An important aspect of this embodiment is the method in which the sealed charge is sealed because it has become clear that the sealed shape is important for the successful explosion of the explosive explosives. Thus, the sealed charge should be sealed to include the initial ignition of the sealed charge and to allow subsequent propagation to a complete explosion. The variety of sealing means (shape and material) can be employed in the implementation of embodiments according to the present invention.

  In one embodiment, the sealed charge may be sealed with an elongated tube member. Generally this will be a circular cross-section, but it is not essential. When an elongated tube member is used, the inner diameter of the tube member should be greater than the critical diameter due to the sealed explosives. When the sealed charge is tightly sealed, for example when the sealing means is made of metal, the inner diameter of the tube member may be up to three times the critical diameter for the explosives to be sealed. .

  Typical tube members of circular cross-section useful in the present invention generally have an inner diameter of about 2 mm to about 5 mm, for example about 3 mm. The length of the tube member required to move the sealed charge varies between different explosive types. For example, the minimum length for a penlight is about 90 mm (inside diameter of about 3 mm), whereas the minimum length of a tube member for PETN is about 30 mm.

  The sealing means may have other shapes. Thus, spherical or conical sealing means may be used. Examples of suitable materials for the sealing means include metals and metal alloys such as aluminum, steel and high strength polymeric materials.

  For purposes of illustration, the invention will be described below in the context of an elongated tube member having a circular cross section as a sealing means.

  Generally, the drilling charge is provided in (direct) contact with a portion of the sealed charge. When the sealed charge is sealed in an elongated tube member, the sealed portion is sealed by the end of the sealed tube member (with the end being away from the end of the tube member through which the laser light is transmitted through the optical fiber). ) The necessary contact can be realized. When other forms of sealing means are employed, it is important that at least a portion of the sealed charge is in contact with the drilling explosives.

  In embodiments, the optical fiber may be used for optical communication from a light source to a sealed charge. This can be performed by one provided end of the optical fiber in contact with the sealed charge or incorporated (exposed) in the sealed charge. Accordingly, one end of the optical fiber may be inserted into the end of the tube member in which the charge is sealed. Optical fibers generally have a diameter of 50 μm to 400 μm.

  In a related embodiment according to the invention, the end of the optical fiber may be provided adjacent to the external charge of the hermetically sealed without contact. By providing a gap (air) between the end of the (exposed) optical fiber and the sealed charge, the heat transfer of the sealed explosive, and thus when the laser beam is irradiated by the optical fiber, It is clear that there is an effect on the delay time from when the sealed explosive is detonated. More specifically, the gap is believed to function as a thermal insulator that facilitates efficient heat transfer to the enclosed explosives by the reverse conduction minimization effect / reverse conduction avoidance effect. Preferably, the end of the optical fiber is provided a short distance from the sealed explosive surface of the tube member. Generally, this short distance is between 5 μm and 5.0 mm.

  The optical fiber is a conventional design and has a layer of coating. This may be removed at one end of the optical fiber when the optical fiber is placed against a sealed explosive provided on the tube member. The properties of the optical fiber are specifically selected based on the wavelength of the laser light communicated to the sealed explosive. Illustratively, the wavelength is generally between 780 nm and 1450 nm.

  The exposed end of the optical fiber is generally held in place with respect to the explosive material sealed by a suitable connection. O-rings can also be used to grip the end of the exposed optical fiber and to prevent gas leakage.

  In other embodiments, it is not necessary to use an optical fiber for optical communication from the light source to the sealed charge. This simplifies design and manufacturing and is more economical. In one such embodiment, direct optical communication from the light source to the sealed charge is possible. Here, the outlet of the light source is provided in close proximity or even in contact with the sealed charge. For example, the “window” of the laser diode may be provided in the vicinity of or in contact with the charge. In another embodiment, a lens may be used to focus the light from the light source to the charge. For example, it is possible to replace the window portion of the laser diode with a sapphire lens that converges light irradiated from the diode to the explosive. This method can enhance the effect.

  The explosive charge to be exploded is provided in (direct) contact with at least a portion of the generally sealed charge. Generally, this is the contact of the sealed explosive material away from the end of the tube member associated with the optical fiber at the end of the sealed tube member. Depending on the form in which the charge is provided, the charge may be covered with a sealed tube member of the sealed charge. In other words, the tube member may be incorporated into the charge.

  In a related embodiment, the photo-initiated charge takes the form of an explosive charge, such as a penlite explosive charge. In this case, the sealed charge, preferably PETN or penlight, is provided in an elongate tube member incorporated in the explosive charge. The explosive charge may be designed by accommodating a tube member. Thus, the tube member may be provided in or fixed to the explosive in a well suitable as a case for the detonator of the explosive to be detonated. Alternatively, conventional explosives may be used to perform this embodiment.

  It should be noted that in another related embodiment of the present invention, the penlight explosive may be formed around a suitable tube member and with a suitable tube member. In this case, it is possible to carry out the invention using a one-piece explosive with a shell / casing extending into a hole defined by the shell / casing and an integrally formed tube member It is. Suitable explosive materials may be formed into shell / casing and tube members.

  These embodiments of the present invention in relation to explosives are used to generate (penlite) signals to generate analysis signals (shock waves) for measuring geological properties in the investigation of oil and gas deposits. There are practical applications in seismic exploration where explosives are used. The invention therefore extends for the use of this embodiment according to the invention in seismic exploration.

  It is also possible for the drilling charge to take the form of an explosive line length. In this case, the end of the lead wire is provided in direct contact with at least a portion of the generally sealed charge. Any suitable holding or connecting part may be used to ensure that this direct contact is maintained before use. Apart from the initiation of the detonation line, the detonation line may be used in a conventional manner. Instantaneous explosions of lead lines across multiple blast holes can prove advantageous in pre-split blast construction and tunnel perimeter blast construction. In another embodiment, the detonator may itself be used to detonate an explosive charge including, for example, an emulsion explosive. In this case, one end of the explosive wire is incorporated into the explosive explosive while allowing the photoinitiation according to the present invention at the other end of the explosive wire.

  In another embodiment, the sealed charge and drilling charge may be an emulsion explosion material. Conventional emulsion explosive materials can be used in this regard. In this embodiment, a portion of the emulsion explosive material may be sealed within a suitable elongated tube member, filled with a drilling charge emulsion, and incorporated into it. In this embodiment, and for everything else, the characteristics and dimensions of the means used for sealing may be changed to optimize the practice of the invention.

  In another embodiment, the light that detonates the charge may itself be adapted to achieve the desired blast that occurs. For example, a charge placed in a suitable device configuration may be adapted for drilling a well casing in an oil survey or a gas survey.

  Since the charge initiated by the light and the light source is selected based on the required result, the two must be paired. Examples of light sources that can be used include solid state lasers, laser diodes, and other electronic light sources. Compact design and low power consumption are desirable characteristics for the light source. By way of illustration, a 1-10 W power laser is suitable for use according to the present invention. The wavelength of the laser may be in the near infrared region, and in practice this is preferred, but other wavelengths may be used. For optical fibers and / or lenses, direct irradiation of the charge is preferred to simplify the overall design, but requires convergence of the path and laser power.

  In general, photoinitiated blasts are secondary explosive materials such as PETN, Tetril, RDX, HMX, penlight, and the like. The use of PETN or penlight is often preferred. This is possible even if the charge was a conventional emulsion explosive such as a water-in-oil emulsion or a water soluble gel explosive material.

  Depending on the characteristics of the light source and the charge, it may be necessary to add a heat transfer medium to the charge to enhance the bond between the light energy irradiated from the light source and the charge. Generally, the heat transfer medium is a light absorbing material having an absorption band of the wavelength of light used. Specific examples of heat transfer media include carbon black, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds and laser dyes. Such materials are known in the art and are commercially available.

  In embodiments according to the present invention, it may be possible to use a conventional camera flash to detonate the charge. For example, it is known that unpurified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can be ignited when they are irradiated with light from a standard camera flash. This is thought to be due to oxidation of the iron nanoparticle catalyst at the end or the surface of the nanotube.

  The flash initiation reaction is not particularly intense because it is assumed that only a small region of the nanotube will react. However, when nanomagnesium and / or nanoiron is mixed with nanoiron particles, a more intense and intense reaction can occur that gives a significant amount of heat. In general, the particle size of iron and magnesium particles will be from 2 μm to 4000 μm, but preferably on the order of 6 μm to 100 μm. The reaction can be a thermite reaction of the formed oxide. The additional heat associated with the reaction may allow detonation of the charge with added nanotubes. Equivalent effects can be achieved using high brightness LEDs or lasers rather than camera flashes.

  Similarly, other additives that serve as a heat source and actively contribute to the explosive reaction may be included in the enclosed explosive. Such materials include nitrate nanomaterials, silicon nanowires and other engineered fuels. Many of these materials increase the weight of the sealed charge to 10%. Such materials may be used with a heat transfer medium or may be used alone. The use of one or more heat transfer media and / or engineering sensitive materials allows an explosion to be achieved with a lower intensity irradiation energy order than when such media and / or materials are not used. .

  The present invention further relates to a blasting method using the detonator according to the present invention. In this case, the light source of the detonator has a charge configured to be photoinitiated by a light source used in the detonator in active cooperation. The method includes transmission of a suitable wireless command signal to the detonator, which is received by the transceiver and processed by the control circuit. The control circuit activates the light source, which detonates the charge. The charge is generally associated with the initiation of the associated drilling charge and causes that initiation.

  The present invention further provides a blast system comprising the detonator according to the present invention, and a blast control facility configured to transmit a wireless command signal to the detonator.

  The present invention may have special applications in the oil and gas (O & G) industry. Possible applications within this industry include the completion of O & G wells, particularly for use in detonating explosives in drilling guns. During the well manufacturing process, a drilling gun is used at the final stage (completion) of the O & G well to place the casing and break through the concrete (and / or other materials). A further purpose of the piercing gun is to crush the structure holding the oil to facilitate the flow of oil and / or gas. This can occur whether the well casing is complete or incomplete. O & G well drilling is generally performed by professional service company experts, although other configurations are possible.

  The presence of the first explosives, especially in the perforated gun ignition flue, indicates that once the explosive flue is installed on an O & G well drilling platform, the range of activity must be limited and there is a significant loss of productivity from the well. It shows that it becomes. Thus, the removal of the first explosive from this environment has the obvious economic convenience in addition to the substantial safety benefits inherent in the second explosive (relative to the first explosive). provide. The present invention can allow for direct photoinitiation of the second explosive, which can remove this danger and continue to operate in a fairly wide range.

  A further use in the O & G industry is in exploration for O & G by seismic surveys. Explosives are an important resource for seismic energy to reveal underground geological features that can hold O & G. Seismic surveys require that one or more explosive charges be filled with an array of specific designs to a tentatively determined depth (eg, a blast hole). An array of geophones (or other instrumentation) is also installed to detect reflected (possibly direct) seismic energy. The explosives are then detonated, the measurements that occur as a result of seismic energy (including background) are recorded, and analysis is performed to visualize the relevant geological features.

  The array of explosives is generally relatively large and consists of 10, 100, or 1000 individual charges. These charges are generally deployed by a relatively small team of personnel, and a considerable amount of time has elapsed between the installation of the first charge and the last charge, which can take a long time, Explosives used remain in the blast hole. Additional delays may be caused by technical activities surrounding the survey, including, but not limited to, installation of ignition leads, measurement of arrays, or other related activities. Even further delays may be caused by unspecified issues including staff / facility schedules, weather or other seasonal issues. In summary, these delays (and others not specified) can potentially lead to long sleep times for explosives, such as explosives placed prior to detonation. Seismic survey applications can have a longer sleep time than most other explosive applications that remove the first explosive that is particularly suitable in that sense.

  As mentioned above, the present invention makes it possible to avoid the use of an initial explosive material. One safety benefit in seismic exploration is that the overall sensitivity to explosions is significantly reduced by unspecified means. This is preferable because it reduces the possibility of an unintended explosion during the investigation. Completion of the following investigation is also important when it is acceptable to explode at a certain percentage of the charge placed. Depending on local conditions, this percentage can rise to 10%, but is generally much lower. Restoring a mischarged charge is dangerous and often left alone and abandoned. The presence of sensitive initial explosives in these deployed charges indicates that unintentional explosions can occur due to impacts or excitations not specified by other events. This opportunity is significantly reduced if the present invention is employed to avoid the use of initial explosives.

  Despite the reduced sensitivity of the second explosive to a wide range of excitations, the photo initiation system only ignites in response to a specific excitation. Fixed systems exist for generating this excitation that have been demonstrated and include, but are not limited to, electronic systems that allow ignition, non-ignition, and signal release. It is very unlikely that an accidental ignition signal will be generated in an abandoned charge environment.

  A further advantage of removing the first explosive is that many widely used first explosive environments have extremely toxic and environmentally stable compounds. One example of this is the wide use of lead azide in detonators, where the components of azide compounds are quite toxic and lead is recognized as an environmental pollutant that cannot be decomposed by any natural treatment. Although many second explosives are classified as unwieldy pollutants, it is natural that their efficient degradation, including reported biodegradation for all second explosives in a wide range of applications. There is a natural mechanism for this.

  Many variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.

  Throughout this specification and the claims, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprising” and variations such as “comprising” are defined integers or steps or groups of integers. Or should be considered to include the inclusion of steps, but does not exclude any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

  References to any prior literature (or information derived therefrom) or any known matter in this specification are common to the prior literature (or information derived from it) or known facts in the effort-focused field relating to this specification. Suggestions, such as forming knowledge, are not to be considered, approved, granted or in any form and should not be considered.

Claims (15)

A detonation device for detonation of charge,
A transceiver for receiving wireless command signals;
A control circuit for processing the wireless command signal received by the transceiver;
A detonator comprising a light source suitable for detonation of the charge and activated by the control circuit.   The detonator according to claim 1, wherein the transceiver has a function for bidirectional communication.   The detonator of claim 1, wherein the control circuit has additional functions and is responsive to various wireless command signals received by the transceiver.   2. The detonator according to claim 1, wherein the control circuit includes a timing mechanism that enables accurate control of activation of the light source when an ignition command is received by the transceiver.   The detonation device of claim 1, wherein the detonator is directly irradiated into or on the charge from the light source, or the light from the light source is sent to the charge by a suitable waveguide.   The detonator of claim 1, comprising a transceiver and a plurality of associated control circuits and light sources. A detonation system without a detonator,
Drilling charge,
With hermetically sealed charge,
The detonation device according to claim 1, wherein the detonation device is provided to send light to the sealed charge and the sealed charge is detonated by light, And a detonator-less blasting system comprising: a detonator in which detonation of the sealed charge causes detonation of an explosive explosive.   A blasting system comprising: the detonator according to claim 1; and a blast control facility configured to transmit a wireless command signal to the detonator.   2. A blasting method using the detonator according to claim 1, wherein a blast wireless command signal is transmitted to the detonator, the wireless command signal is received by the transceiver, and the wireless command signal is transmitted by the control circuit. A blasting method, comprising: driving the light source by the control circuit; and causing the charge to explode.   One blast wireless command signal is sent to the array of detonators in response to a time delay programmed into the control circuit of each detonator, and then performs an independent ignition by the detonator. The blasting method according to claim 9.   The method of claim 9, wherein one transceiver receives the wireless command signal, and a plurality of associated control circuits process the wireless command signal and activate a plurality of associated light sources.   The blasting method of claim 9, wherein the transceiver is physically arranged such that the wireless command signal can be received directly using a standard radio frequency transmission system and protocol.   The blasting method according to claim 9, wherein the transceiver is disposed lower than the ground surface, and transmits a wireless command signal through the ground by a low frequency signal.   The blasting method according to claim 9, wherein an antenna system from the transceiver extends to a position where the wireless command signal can be received.   One or more to relay the wireless command signal for a particular detonator, even if the detonator is out of range or otherwise cannot receive the wireless command signal directly The blasting method according to claim 9, wherein a low power network driven by the detonator is formed.