JP2016035837A - Lithium ion battery and method for manufacturing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for manufacturing a lithium ion battery, by which a safe and large-capacity lithium ion battery can be manufactured readily.SOLUTION: A lithium ion battery comprises: an electrode group including a positive electrode plate having, as main constituents of a positive electrode active material, a lithium manganese complex oxide (NMC) of a layered structure and a lithium manganese complex oxide (sp-Mn) of a spinel structure, and a negative electrode plate having a carbon material as a negative electrode active material; a nonaqueous electrolytic solution arranged by adding, as an electrolyte, a lithium tetrafluoroborate to an organic solvent; and a phosphazene based flame-resistant agent of which the volume percentage (U) of the addition amount to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is 10-20 vol.%. As to the lithium ion battery, the battery capacity (X) is 30-300 Ah; and the weight ratio (Y) of the layered structure lithium manganese complex oxide and the spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide is determined to satisfy the following expressions (1) to (3): Y≤-0.0031SX+0.854T (1), where S=-0.0657U+1.646 (2), and T=-0.0037U+1.038 (3).SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

  The present invention relates to a lithium ion battery and a method for manufacturing the same.

  Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-36846) discloses a positive electrode obtained by using a lithium manganate powder in which a layered structure lithium manganate and a spinel structure lithium manganate are blended at a weight ratio of 55:45 in a positive electrode active material. A lithium ion battery using a plate and a negative electrode plate using amorphous carbon or graphite powder as a negative electrode active material is disclosed. In this battery, the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are combined so that the reversible capacity of the positive electrode plate is less than or equal to the reversible capacity of the negative electrode plate.

In Patent Document 2 (WO2010 / 101177), a positive electrode plate using a spinel-based lithium manganese complex oxide as a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode plate using a carbon material as a negative electrode active material are wound through a separator. A lithium secondary battery is disclosed in which an electrode group is used, an electrolyte solution in which LiBF ₄ is added as an electrolyte to an organic solvent, and a phosphazene-based flame retardant is added by 10% by weight to the electrolyte solution. Yes.

JP 2003-36846 A WO 2010/101177

  Conventionally, a positive electrode plate having a layered structure lithium manganese oxide (NMC) and a spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide (sp-Mn) as a main component of a positive electrode active material, and a negative electrode plate having a carbon material as a negative electrode active material are provided. A nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate is added as an electrolyte to an organic solvent, and a phosphazene-based flame retardant added in a proportion of 10 vol% or more with respect to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution. In the case of manufacturing a large-capacity lithium ion battery having a battery capacity of 30 Ah or more with a lithium ion battery, there was no standard that can be easily designed. Therefore, it took time and cost to increase the capacity of the battery.

  An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a lithium ion battery that can easily produce a safe large-capacity lithium ion battery, and a lithium ion battery produced by the method.

  The manufacturing method of a lithium ion battery to be improved by the present invention includes a positive electrode plate having a layered structure lithium manganese complex oxide (NMC) and a spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide (sp-Mn) as main components of a positive electrode active material. And a negative electrode plate having a carbon material as a negative electrode active material, a non-aqueous electrolyte in which lithium tetrafluoroborate is added as an electrolyte to an organic solvent, and a phosphazene added to the non-aqueous electrolyte It is a method of manufacturing a lithium ion battery comprising a system flame retardant.

  In the method for producing a lithium ion battery of the present invention, the discharge capacity is X, the ratio of the phosphazene flame retardant to the nonaqueous electrolyte is U, the layered structure lithium manganese complex oxide (NMC) and the spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide A positive electrode plate manufactured using a positive electrode active material that satisfies the following formulas (1) to (3) is used, where Y is a weight ratio (NMC / sp-Mn) to (sp-Mn).

Y ≦ −0.0031SX + 0.854T (30 ≦ X ≦ 300) (1)
However, S = −0.0657U + 1.646 (10 ≦ U ≦ 20) (2)
T = −0.0037U + 1.038 (10 ≦ U ≦ 20) (3)
When a lithium ion battery is manufactured using a positive electrode plate that satisfies such conditions, the discharge capacity can be increased while maintaining high flame retardancy. Further, under the conditions of the above formulas (1) to (3), if the discharge capacity (X) and the addition amount (U) of the flame retardant are determined, the layered lithium manganese complex oxide and the spinel structure lithium manganese complex are determined. Since the weight ratio (Y) with the oxide is automatically determined, it is easy to design a large-capacity lithium ion battery. Therefore, if the method for producing a lithium ion battery of the present invention is used, a large capacity lithium ion battery that is safe and has high battery performance can be easily produced, and the production cost of the large capacity lithium ion battery can be greatly reduced. It becomes possible.

  As the spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide, a manganese site partially substituted with at least one of aluminum, magnesium, lithium, cobalt, and nickel can be used. In this case, a spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide in which the substitution ratio z of manganese sites is adjusted to 0 <z ≦ 0.1 may be used. With such a spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide, it is difficult to inhibit the flame retardancy of the phosphazene compound, so that both flame retardancy and discharge characteristics can be achieved.

  It is preferable to add 0.8 mol / liter or more of lithium tetrafluoroborate as an electrolyte to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution. When such an added amount of lithium tetrafluoroborate is used, a sufficient amount of lithium ions for the charge / discharge reaction is present in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Even when is added, the discharge capacity of the large-capacity lithium ion battery can be maintained.

The phosphazene flame retardant is a flame retardant containing a phosphazene compound represented by a general formula of (NPR ₂ ) ₃ or (NPR ₂ ) ₄ . In the general formula, R represents a halogen element such as fluorine or chlorine or a monovalent substituent. As monovalent substituents, alkoxy groups such as methoxy group and ethoxy group, aryloxy groups such as phenoxy group and methylphenoxy group, alkyl groups such as methyl group and ethyl group, aryl groups such as phenyl group and tolyl group, Examples thereof include an amino group containing a substituted amino group such as a methylamino group, an alkylthio group such as a methylthio group and an ethylthio group, and an arylthio group such as a phenylthio group. By adding such a phosphazene compound to the non-aqueous electrolyte, the flame retardancy of the lithium ion battery can be reliably exhibited under the conditions of the above formulas (1) to (3).

  As the carbon material used as the negative electrode active material, amorphous carbon or graphite can be used. Even if these carbon materials are used as a negative electrode active material, they are preferable because they do not impair the flame retardancy and discharge characteristics of the battery.

It is a partially broken front view which shows the structure of a square-shaped lithium ion battery as an example of embodiment of this invention. It is a perspective view which shows the state which removed the battery can of the square-shaped lithium ion battery of FIG. It is a right view which shows the state which removed the battery can of the square lithium ion battery of FIG. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the discharge capacity when the addition amount of the phosphazene flame retardant is 10 vol% and the weight ratio of the active material from the viewpoint of the evaluation result of the nail penetration test. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the discharge capacity when the addition amount of the phosphazene flame retardant is 15 vol% and the weight ratio of the active material from the viewpoint of the evaluation result of the nail penetration test. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the discharge capacity when the addition amount of the phosphazene flame retardant is 20 vol% and the weight ratio of the active material from the viewpoint of the evaluation result of the nail penetration test. It is a graph which shows the relationship between each addition amount of a flame retardant calculated | required from the graph of FIG. 4 thru | or FIG. 6, and the linear inclination in this addition amount. It is a graph which shows the relationship between each addition amount of a flame retardant calculated | required from the graph of FIG. 4 thru | or FIG. 6, and the intercept of the linear type in this addition amount.

  Embodiments of a lithium ion battery manufactured by the manufacturing method of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

[Battery structure]
As shown in FIG. 1, the lithium ion battery (rectangular lithium ion secondary battery) 1 of the present embodiment includes a layered structure lithium manganese complex oxide (NMC) and a spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide (sp-Mn). Electrode plate group (electrode group) 3 including a positive electrode plate having a positive electrode active material as a main component, a negative electrode plate having a carbon material as a negative electrode active material, and a stainless steel square member containing the electrode plate group 3 therein. And a battery container 5 of the type. The battery container 5 includes a battery can 7 having one end opened, and a battery lid 9. After the electrode plate group 3 is inserted into the battery can 7, the opening peripheral edge of the battery can 7, and the battery lid It is sealed by welding the peripheral part of 9.

  A positive electrode terminal 11 made of aluminum and a negative electrode terminal 13 made of copper are fixed to the battery lid 9. The positive electrode terminal 11 and the negative electrode terminal 13 pass through the cover plate of the battery lid 9 and protrude to the outside of the battery container 5 with screwed terminal portions 11a and 13a, and a current collector 11b disposed in the battery container 5 and 13b (see FIG. 2 and FIG. 3). A positive terminal nut 21 and a negative terminal nut 23 are screwed onto the screwed terminal portions 11a and 13a. An annular inner packing 15 is provided between the positive electrode terminal 11 and the negative electrode terminal 13 and the battery lid 9. An annular outer packing 17 and a terminal washer 19 are provided on the outer side of the battery lid 9 so as to be opposed to the inner packing 15 via the battery lid 9. The positive electrode terminal 11 and the negative electrode terminal 13 are respectively attached to the battery lid 9 by a positive terminal nut 21 and a negative terminal nut 23 provided at the tip of the threaded portion via the inner packing 15, the outer packing 17, and the terminal washer 19. It is fixed. The portion of the battery lid 9 where the positive electrode terminal 11 and the negative electrode terminal 13 are provided ensures a sealed / sealed state in the battery container 5 by the inner packing 15 and the outer packing 17.

The battery lid 9 is provided with a gas discharge valve 9a and a liquid injection port 9b welded with stainless steel foil (see FIG. 2). The gas discharge valve 9a has a function of cleaving the stainless steel foil and releasing the internal gas when the battery internal pressure increases. From the liquid injection port 9b, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF ₆ ) or lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF ₄ ) or the like is used as a mixed solvent of a cyclic carbonate such as ethylene carbonate and a chain carbonate such as dimethyl carbonate. A non-aqueous electrolyte solution (not shown) in which a lithium salt is dissolved is injected.

  The positive electrode side pressing plate 25 and the positive electrode current collecting tab layer 27 are attached to the current collecting portion 11 b of the positive electrode terminal 11 by the stirring joint portion 29. Further, the negative electrode side pressing plate 31 and the negative electrode current collecting tab layer 33 are attached to the current collecting portion 13 b of the negative electrode terminal 13 by the stirring joint portion 29. In the current collecting part 11b of the positive electrode terminal 11 of the present embodiment, the positive electrode side pressing plate 25 and the positive electrode current collecting tab layer 27 are respectively attached to two surfaces facing in the stacking direction of the electrode plate group 3. In addition, a negative electrode side pressing plate 31 and a negative electrode current collecting tab layer 33 are attached to two surfaces of the current collecting portion 13 b of the negative electrode terminal 13 facing each other in the stacking direction of the electrode plate group 3.

  FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the prismatic lithium ion battery 1 with the battery can 7 removed, and FIG. 3 is a right side view of the prismatic lithium ion battery 1 with the battery can 7 removed. In FIGS. 2 and 3, each component is schematically shown for easy understanding. Therefore, each component shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 is different in shape, size, and the like from the actual component of the electrode plate group. The electrode plate group 3 is configured by alternately stacking a plurality of positive electrode plates 35 and a plurality of negative electrode plates 37 via separators 39.

  In this embodiment, the prismatic lithium ion battery 1 is shown. However, the shape of the battery is not particularly limited, and the present invention generally includes a lithium ion battery including a cylindrical lithium ion battery and generally uses a non-aqueous electrolyte. Can be applied.

[Production of positive electrode plate]
The positive electrode plate 35 was produced as follows. A layered type lithium / nickel manganese / cobalt composite oxide (NMC) and a spinel type lithium manganese oxide (sp-Mn), which are positive electrode active materials, were mixed at a predetermined weight ratio (NMC / sp-Mn). In the spinel-type lithium manganese oxide used in this example, a part of the manganese site is substituted with magnesium in a range where the substitution ratio z is 0 <z ≦ 0.1. The weight ratio of the active material can be easily determined by the calculation formula described later. The method of deriving this calculation formula will be described in detail later. To this mixture of positive electrode active materials, scaly graphite (average particle size: 20 μm) as a conductive material and polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder were sequentially added, and these were mixed to obtain a mixture of positive electrode materials. . The weight ratio of the mixture was active material: conductive material: binder = 86: 7: 7. Further, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a dispersion solvent was added to the above mixture and kneaded to form a slurry. A predetermined amount of this slurry was applied substantially uniformly and uniformly on both surfaces of a 20 μm thick aluminum foil serving as a positive electrode current collector. Then, the positive electrode plate 35 was obtained by performing a drying process, densifying with a press to a predetermined density, and cutting.

[Production of negative electrode plate]
The negative electrode plate 37 was produced as follows. Graphite was used as the negative electrode active material. Polyvinylidene fluoride was added as a binder to graphite. The weight ratio of these was active material: binder = 91: 9. A dispersion solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was added thereto and kneaded to form a slurry. A predetermined amount of this slurry was applied to both surfaces of a rolled copper foil having a thickness of 10 μm, which is a negative electrode current collector, substantially uniformly and uniformly. Then, the negative electrode plate 37 was obtained by performing a drying process, densifying with a press to a predetermined density, and cutting.

[Electrolyte]
In this embodiment, ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) are mixed in a non-aqueous electrolyte at a volume ratio of 2: 3, and then lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF ₄ ) is 0.8 as an electrolyte. Those dissolved in mol / liter were used. In addition, a predetermined ratio of a flame retardant is added to the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the flame retardant is represented by the general formula (NPR ₂ ) ₃ and the substituent R is F or a phenyl group. Phosphazene was used. The addition amount of phosphazene was set to 10 vol%, 15 vol% and 20 vol% as shown in FIGS.

In addition, although 0.8 mol / liter lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF ₄ ) was added as an electrolyte, if the electrolyte does not greatly reduce both flame retardancy and discharge capacity, the components and amount of the electrolyte are as follows: It is not limited to these.

  The phosphazene compounds used as flame retardants are not limited to these phosphazenes, and other phosphazene compounds may be used as long as they can exhibit flame retardancy without greatly reducing the discharge capacity. Of course, it may be.

[How to derive the formula]
The weight ratio of the positive electrode active material (the weight ratio of the layered structure lithium manganese double oxide and the spinel structure lithium manganese double oxide in the positive electrode active material) can be derived in the following order.

  (1) To determine the discharge capacity, the maximum thickness of the electrode plate group for testing is determined. The discharge capacity is determined by changing the density and the coating amount within the thickness range and adjusting the number of electrode plates. For example, by setting the maximum thickness of the electrode plate group to 18.4 mm or less, changing the density and the coating amount, and adjusting the number of electrode plate groups, the discharge capacity becomes 33 Ah to 41 Ah.

  (2) In each electrode plate group of the above (1), one having a different NMC ratio is prepared, and the discharge capacity X (30 Ah ≦ X ≦ 300 Ah) is obtained.

  (3) A safety test is performed on the battery incorporating each electrode plate group for which the discharge capacity has been obtained in (2) above. In the safety test, whether or not it is safe is checked by the presence or absence of rupture or ignition by a nail insertion test or an overcharge test.

  (4) Addition amount of flame retardant (U) Based on 10 vol%, the test results at 15 vol% and 20 vol% are shown on the graph with the discharge capacity on the horizontal axis and the NMC / sp-Mn ratio on the vertical axis. Turn into. A straight line is drawn so as to partition the safe area and the non-safe area (see FIGS. 4 to 6).

  (5) The slope of the linear equation for each flame retardant addition amount obtained in (4) above is plotted on the vertical axis, and the flame retardant additive amount is plotted on the horizontal axis, and the linear equation of variable S is obtained (see FIG. 7). .

  (6) The straight line intercept for each flame retardant addition amount obtained in (4) above is taken on the vertical axis and the flame retardant addition amount is taken on the horizontal axis, and a linear equation for variable T is obtained (see FIG. 8). .

  (7) NMC / sp-Mn ratio Y that can produce a safe battery when the battery capacity is X, using the variables T and S obtained in (5) and (6) above and the flame retardant addition amount U. Can be expressed by the following formula.

Y ≦ −0.0031SX + 0.854T (30 ≦ X ≦ 300)
However, S = −0.0657U + 1.646 (10 ≦ U ≦ 20)
T = −0.0037U + 1.038 (10 ≦ U ≦ 20)
(8) If the discharge capacity (X) and the addition amount (U) of the flame retardant are determined from the formula shown in (7) above, the weight ratio of the positive electrode active material is inevitably determined.

[Evaluation method]
Safety was confirmed by a nail penetration test and an overcharge test.

  In the nail penetration test, first, a charge / discharge cycle with a current value of 0.5 C was repeated twice in a voltage range of 4.2 to 3 V in an environment of 25 ° C. Further, after charging the battery to 4.1 V, a nail having a diameter of 5 mm is inserted into the center of the battery (cell) at a speed of 1.6 mm / second, and the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are short-circuited inside the battery container 5. It was. At this time, the change in the appearance of the battery and the presence or absence of ignition were confirmed. Specifically, when the gas discharge valve 9a is open and no ignition is observed and the battery container 5 does not rupture, it is evaluated as ◯ (good), and the ignition is observed or the battery container 5 is When bursting, it was evaluated as x (defect).

  In the overcharge test, first, a charge / discharge cycle with a current value of 0.5 C was repeated twice in a voltage range of 4.2 to 3 V in an environment of 25 ° C. Furthermore, after charging the battery to 4.1 V, the battery was charged at an upper limit voltage of 10 V with a current value of 0.5 C. At this time, the presence or absence of battery rupture and ignition was confirmed by the same evaluation method as in the above nail penetration test.

Examples 1 to 32 and Comparative Examples 1 to 29 were produced under the conditions shown in Tables 1 and 2. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of the nail penetration test and the overcharge test.

  From Table 1, Examples 1-32 satisfy | filled all the conditional expressions of said (7), and the result of the nail penetration test and the overcharge test was (circle) (good). On the other hand, from Table 2, none of Comparative Examples 1 to 29 satisfied the conditional expression (7), and the result of the nail penetration test or overcharge test was x (defect). . From the results of Examples 1 to 32 and Comparative Examples 1 to 29, the discharge capacity (X) and the addition amount (U) of the flame retardant are determined under the conditions satisfying the following formulas (1) to (3). In this case, the weight ratio (Y) between the layered structure lithium manganese complex oxide and the spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide is also determined.

Y ≦ −0.0031SX + 0.854T (30 ≦ X ≦ 300) (1)
However, S = −0.0657U + 1.646 (10 ≦ U ≦ 20) (2)
T = −0.0037U + 1.038 (10 ≦ U ≦ 20) (3)
For this reason, it has been found that the design of a large-capacity lithium ion battery is facilitated within a range in which the discharge characteristics can be improved while maintaining flame retardancy.

  Although the embodiments and examples of the present invention have been specifically described above, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments and examples, and modifications based on the technical idea of the present invention are possible. Of course there is.

  As in the present invention, the discharge capacity (X) and the ratio (U) of the phosphazene flame retardant to the non-aqueous electrolyte and the weight ratio of the layered structure lithium manganese complex oxide and the spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide ( Y) (= NMC / sp-Mn) is a lithium ion battery manufactured so as to satisfy a predetermined conditional expression, thereby determining the discharge capacity (X) and the amount of flame retardant added (U). Since the weight ratio (Y) of the layered structure lithium manganese complex oxide and the spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide is also determined, the lithium ion battery has a large capacity within a range in which the discharge characteristics can be improved while maintaining flame retardancy. The design becomes easier. Therefore, the method for manufacturing a lithium ion battery and the method for manufacturing the lithium ion battery of the present invention have high utility value in that it is possible to easily manufacture a large capacity lithium ion battery that is safe and has high battery performance.

1 Square type lithium ion secondary battery (lithium ion battery)
3 plate group (electrode group)
35 Positive electrode plate 37 Negative electrode plate

Claims (7)

A positive electrode plate having a layered structure lithium manganese complex oxide and a spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide as a main component of the positive electrode active material; and an electrode group comprising a negative electrode plate having a carbon material as a negative electrode active material;
A non-aqueous electrolyte in which lithium tetrafluoroborate is added as an electrolyte to an organic solvent,
A method for producing a lithium ion battery comprising a phosphazene-based flame retardant added to the non-aqueous electrolyte,
The discharge capacity is X, the volume percentage of the phosphazene flame retardant with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is U, and the weight of the layered lithium manganese complex oxide is divided by the weight of the spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide. When the ratio is Y,
Y ≦ −0.0031SX + 0.854T (30 ≦ X ≦ 300)
However, S = −0.0657U + 1.646 (10 ≦ U ≦ 20)
T = −0.0037U + 1.038 (10 ≦ U ≦ 20)
The method of manufacturing a lithium ion battery, wherein the X, Y, and U are determined so as to satisfy the following condition.   2. The spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide according to claim 1, wherein a part of the manganese site is substituted with at least one of aluminum, magnesium, lithium, cobalt, and nickel. A method for producing a lithium ion battery.   2. The method of manufacturing a lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide has a manganese site substitution ratio X of 0 ≦ X ≦ 0.1.   2. The method of manufacturing a lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is added with 0.8 mol / liter or more of the lithium tetrafluoroborate. 3. The phosphazene flame retardant contains a phosphazene compound represented by the general formula (NPR ₂ ) ₃ or (NPR ₂ ) ₄ ,
R in the general formula represents a halogen element such as fluorine or chlorine or a monovalent substituent,
The lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the monovalent substituent is selected from an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an amino group including a substituted amino group, an alkylthio group, and an arylthio group. Manufacturing method.   The method for manufacturing a lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the carbon material is amorphous carbon or graphite. A positive electrode plate having a layered structure lithium manganese complex oxide and a spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide as a main component of the positive electrode active material; and an electrode group comprising a negative electrode plate having a carbon material as a negative electrode active material;
A non-aqueous electrolyte in which lithium tetrafluoroborate is added as an electrolyte to an organic solvent,
A lithium ion battery comprising a phosphazene flame retardant added to the non-aqueous electrolyte,
Discharge capacity (X), weight ratio (Y) obtained by dividing the weight of the layered structure lithium manganese complex oxide by the weight of the spinel structure lithium manganese complex oxide, and the phosphazene flame retardant for the non-aqueous electrolyte The volume percentage (U) is
Y ≦ −0.0031SX + 0.854T (30 ≦ X ≦ 300)
However, S = −0.0657U + 1.646 (10 ≦ U ≦ 20)
T = −0.0037U + 1.038 (10 ≦ U ≦ 20)
A lithium ion battery characterized by satisfying the following conditions.

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