JP2007116853A - Lithium battery pack - Google Patents

Lithium battery pack Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2007116853A
JP2007116853A JP2005307395A JP2005307395A JP2007116853A JP 2007116853 A JP2007116853 A JP 2007116853A JP 2005307395 A JP2005307395 A JP 2005307395A JP 2005307395 A JP2005307395 A JP 2005307395A JP 2007116853 A JP2007116853 A JP 2007116853A
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battery
voltage
battery pack
charging
temperature
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Kazuhiko Funabashi
一彦 船橋
Nobuhiro Takano
信宏 高野
Takahisa Aradate
卓央 荒舘
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Koki Holdings Co Ltd
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Hitachi Koki Co Ltd
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Priority to JP2005307395A priority Critical patent/JP2007116853A/en
Priority to CN200680039071A priority patent/CN100595968C/en
Priority to EP06822423A priority patent/EP1969667B1/en
Priority to PCT/JP2006/321454 priority patent/WO2007046555A1/en
Priority to TW095138846A priority patent/TWI326146B/en
Priority to US12/090,693 priority patent/US8231992B2/en
Priority to DE602006021065T priority patent/DE602006021065D1/en
Publication of JP2007116853A publication Critical patent/JP2007116853A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0031—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using battery or load disconnect circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/46—Accumulators structurally combined with charging apparatus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To prevent damage due to over-charging with a simple and inexpensive configuration in a battery pack including battery cells not being monitored by a protection IC which previously prevents damage, due to over-charging or over-discharging by monitoring terminal voltages of each cell. <P>SOLUTION: In the case of a lithium battery pack with more than the number of the battery cells 111 monitored by a voltage detection unit 115, there is provided a temperature detection element 113 for detecting a temperature of the battery cells 112 not monitored by the voltage detection circuit 115, thus generating a signal for stopping charging when the temperature of the battery cell 112 detected by the temperature detection element 113 rises to more than a predetermined value. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明はリチウムイオン２次電池等のリチウム電池パックに関するものである。   The present invention relates to a lithium battery pack such as a lithium ion secondary battery.

コードレス電動工具において、電源となる電池の更なる高容量化、軽量化が要望され、この要望に対して、出力密度が高いリチウム電池が期待されて最近徐々に採用されてきている。   In cordless electric tools, there is a demand for further increase in capacity and weight of a battery serving as a power source. In response to this demand, lithium batteries with high output density are expected and have been gradually adopted recently.

リチウム電池においては、過充電・過放電を行うと、電池の劣化・発火の恐れがあり、このため電池パック内の各セルの過充電・過放電を監視する保護ＩＣを設け、各電池セルの電池電圧が所定電圧値以上又は以下の場合、前記保護ＩＣは検出信号を出力し、検出信号に基づき充放電経路を遮断することにより安全性に対する対策すなわち過充電・過放電を防止することが行われている（特許文献１参照）。   In a lithium battery, if overcharge / overdischarge occurs, the battery may be deteriorated or ignited. For this reason, a protection IC is provided for monitoring overcharge / overdischarge of each cell in the battery pack. When the battery voltage is equal to or higher than a predetermined voltage value, the protection IC outputs a detection signal and shuts down the charging / discharging path based on the detection signal to prevent safety, that is, prevent overcharge / overdischarge. (See Patent Document 1).

特開平６−１４１４７９JP-A-6-141479

前記保護ＩＣは市販されている汎用製品で、検出する電池セルの個数も特定されているのが一般的である。このため保護ＩＣ内の電圧検出部が検出できる電池セル数より電池パック内の電池セル数が多い場合、電圧を検出できない電池セルが存在することになって保護機能が万全と言えない。   The protection IC is a commercially available general-purpose product, and the number of battery cells to be detected is generally specified. For this reason, when the number of battery cells in the battery pack is larger than the number of battery cells that can be detected by the voltage detection unit in the protection IC, there are battery cells that cannot detect the voltage, and thus the protection function is not perfect.

電圧が検出されない電池セルの電圧を検出するために１個又は２個の電池セル用の新たな保護ＩＣを取り付け、その電池セルの電圧を検出することも可能ではあるが、保護ＩＣ自体が高価であるのであまり得策でない。
又、新たな保護ＩＣの取り付けは、保護ＩＣ自体の仕様の違い（電池セルの検出電圧の違いや保護ＩＣの消費電流の違い等）や、保護ＩＣの基準電位（グランド電位）の違いによる保護回路の複雑化等、新たな問題が発生する。 Although it is possible to attach a new protection IC for one or two battery cells in order to detect the voltage of a battery cell in which no voltage is detected and detect the voltage of the battery cell, the protection IC itself is expensive. So it's not a good idea.
In addition, a new protection IC is attached due to differences in the specifications of the protection IC itself (differences in battery cell detection voltage, protection IC current consumption, etc.), and differences in the reference potential (ground potential) of the protection IC. New problems occur, such as circuit complexity.

本発明の目的は、上記した欠点をなくし、少なくとも過充電による電池セルの損傷を未然に防止できるようにした安価なリチウム電池パックを提供できるようにすることである。   An object of the present invention is to provide an inexpensive lithium battery pack that eliminates the above-described drawbacks and that can prevent damage to battery cells due to at least overcharge.

上記目的は、電圧検出部が監視できる電池セル数より多いリチウム電池パックの場合、電圧検出部により監視されない電池セルの温度を検出する温度検出素子を設けることにより達成される。すなわちかかる電池パックにおいて、過充電によって発火等が発生する恐れがあるが、過放電によっては電池パックの寿命が短くなる恐れがあるものの発火等の恐れは少ないことに着目し、最小限充電時の電池パックの損傷を防止できるようにしたことを特徴とするものである。   In the case of a lithium battery pack having more battery cells than can be monitored by the voltage detector, the above object is achieved by providing a temperature detecting element for detecting the temperature of the battery cell that is not monitored by the voltage detector. That is, in such a battery pack, there is a risk of ignition or the like due to overcharge, but due to overdischarge there is a risk that the life of the battery pack may be shortened, but there is little risk of ignition etc. The battery pack can be prevented from being damaged.

本発明によれば保護手段によって監視されない電池セルを電池温度検出素子によって監視するようにしたので、過充電に起因する損傷を未然に防止できるリチウム電池パックを安価に提供可能となる。   According to the present invention, since the battery cell that is not monitored by the protection means is monitored by the battery temperature detecting element, it is possible to provide a lithium battery pack that can prevent damage due to overcharge in advance.

図１は本発明リチウム電池パック１１０の一実施形態を示すブロック図である。電池パック１１０は、例えば５個のリチウム電池セル（以下単に電池セルという）１１１、１１２、保護ＩＣ１１４、及び例えばサーミスタからなる電池温度検出素子１１３等から構成される。   FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the lithium battery pack 110 of the present invention. The battery pack 110 includes, for example, five lithium battery cells (hereinafter simply referred to as battery cells) 111 and 112, a protection IC 114, and a battery temperature detection element 113 including, for example, a thermistor.

保護ＩＣ１１４は、４個の電池セル１１１の端子電圧を検出する４個の電池電圧検出部１１５、電池電圧検出部１１５の検出電圧を受け検出電圧が所定範囲内にない時出力信号を発生する出力部１１６、出力部１１６の出力により電池セル１１１、１１２の回路を開放するスイッチング素子１１７から構成される。   The protection IC 114 receives four battery voltage detectors 115 that detect the terminal voltages of the four battery cells 111, receives the detection voltage of the battery voltage detector 115, and generates an output signal when the detected voltage is not within a predetermined range. Part 116 and a switching element 117 that opens the circuit of the battery cells 111 and 112 by the output of the output part 116.

電池温度検出素子１１３は電池電圧検出部１１５によって端子電圧が監視されていない電池セル１１２に取り付けられてその電池温度を検出する。   The battery temperature detection element 113 is attached to the battery cell 112 whose terminal voltage is not monitored by the battery voltage detection unit 115 and detects the battery temperature.

上記した本発明電池パック１１０によれば、電池セル１１１の各端子電圧は電池電圧検出部１１５により検出され、各端子電圧が所定範囲内になければ出力部１１６を介してスイッチング素子１１７を開放するので過充電・過放電は防止される。又出力部１１６の信号により後述する充電器の制御手段２を介して充電回路開閉手段８を開き充電回路が遮断されるので過充電が防止される。更に電池セル１１２の電池温度が所定値以上になると充電回路が後述するように開放されるようになるので過充電が防止されるようになる。   According to the above-described battery pack 110 of the present invention, each terminal voltage of the battery cell 111 is detected by the battery voltage detection unit 115. If each terminal voltage is not within a predetermined range, the switching element 117 is opened via the output unit 116. Therefore, overcharge and overdischarge are prevented. Further, the charging circuit opening / closing means 8 is opened by the signal of the output unit 116 via the charger control means 2 described later, and the charging circuit is shut off, so that overcharging is prevented. Further, when the battery temperature of the battery cell 112 exceeds a predetermined value, the charging circuit is opened as will be described later, and thus overcharging is prevented.

図２は本発明電池パック１１０を接続した充電器の一例を示すブロック図である。充電器は、周知の如く、第１整流部１０、スイッチング回路２０、第２整流部３０、第２整流部３０と電池パック１１０間に接続された充電回路開閉手段８、電池パック１１０に流れる充電電流を検出する充電電流検出用抵抗３、電池電圧検出手段４０、マイコン５０、充電電流制御手段６０、第２整流部３０の出力電圧を制御する出力電圧制御手段７０、電池温度検出手段９０、これら電池電圧検出手段４０〜電池温度検出手段９０等の駆動電源生成用の基準電圧発生手段８０等から構成される。   FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of a charger to which the battery pack 110 of the present invention is connected. As is well known, the charger includes the first rectifying unit 10, the switching circuit 20, the second rectifying unit 30, the charging circuit opening / closing means 8 connected between the second rectifying unit 30 and the battery pack 110, and the charge flowing through the battery pack 110. Charge current detection resistor 3 for detecting current, battery voltage detection means 40, microcomputer 50, charge current control means 60, output voltage control means 70 for controlling the output voltage of the second rectifier 30, battery temperature detection means 90, these The battery voltage detection means 40 to the battery temperature detection means 90 and the like are configured by reference voltage generation means 80 for generating a driving power source.

スイッチング回路２０は、高周波トランス２１、ＦＥＴ２２、ＦＥＴ２２のゲート信号を発生するＰＷＭ制御ＩＣ２３等から構成され、ＰＷＭ制御ＩＣ２３は後述する充電制御信号伝達手段４、充電電流・出力電圧制御信号伝達手段５により駆動される。   The switching circuit 20 includes a high-frequency transformer 21, FET 22, a PWM control IC 23 that generates a gate signal of the FET 22, and the like. The PWM control IC 23 includes a charge control signal transmission unit 4 and a charge current / output voltage control signal transmission unit 5 described later. Driven.

マイコン５０は、図示しないＣＰＵ、ＲＯＭ、ＲＡＭ、入力ポート５１、出力ポート５２、５４、リセット入力ポート５３等から構成され、出力ポート５２からは、充電制御信号伝達手段４を介してＰＷＭ制御ＩＣ２３の駆動を開始又は停止させる信号が発生される。出力ポート５４からは例えばトランジスタからなる制御手段２を介して充電回路開閉手段８を開閉する信号が発生される。   The microcomputer 50 includes a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, an input port 51, output ports 52 and 54, a reset input port 53, and the like (not shown). From the output port 52, the PWM control IC 23 is connected via the charge control signal transmission means 4. A signal for starting or stopping driving is generated. A signal for opening / closing the charging circuit opening / closing means 8 is generated from the output port 54 via the control means 2 made of, for example, a transistor.

電池電圧検出手段４０は電池パック１１０の電池電圧を分圧する２個の抵抗から構成され、その出力電圧は入力ポート５１に入力される。マイコン５０はこの入力により電池パック１１０が接続されたことを認識し、出力ポート５２から充電制御信号伝達手段４、ＰＷＭ制御ＩＣ２３を介してスイッチング回路２０を駆動させると共に出力ポート５４から制御手段２を介して充電回路開閉手段８を閉じて充電を開始させる。   The battery voltage detection means 40 includes two resistors that divide the battery voltage of the battery pack 110, and the output voltage is input to the input port 51. The microcomputer 50 recognizes that the battery pack 110 is connected by this input, drives the switching circuit 20 from the output port 52 via the charge control signal transmission means 4 and the PWM control IC 23, and controls the control means 2 from the output port 54. Then, the charging circuit opening / closing means 8 is closed to start charging.

充電電流制御手段６０は、２個のオペアンプ６１、６２等から構成され、充電電流検出用抵抗３によって検出された充電電流をマイコン５０及び充電電流設定手段７によって設定された設定充電電流となるように制御するもので、切換手段６、充電電流・出力電圧制御信号伝達手段５を介してＰＷＭ制御ＩＣ２３の駆動を制御するフィードバック信号を発生する。   The charging current control means 60 is composed of two operational amplifiers 61 and 62 and the like, and the charging current detected by the charging current detection resistor 3 becomes the set charging current set by the microcomputer 50 and the charging current setting means 7. A feedback signal for controlling the drive of the PWM control IC 23 is generated via the switching means 6 and the charging current / output voltage control signal transmission means 5.

出力電圧制御手段７０は、２個のオペアンプ７１、７２等から構成され、第２整流部３０の出力電圧をマイコン５０及び出力電圧設定手段８によって設定された設定出力電圧となるように制御するもので、切換手段６、充電電流・出力電圧制御信号伝達手段５を介してＰＷＭ制御ＩＣ２３の駆動を制御するフィードバック信号を発生する。   The output voltage control means 70 is composed of two operational amplifiers 71, 72, etc., and controls the output voltage of the second rectifier 30 so that it becomes the set output voltage set by the microcomputer 50 and the output voltage setting means 8. Thus, a feedback signal for controlling the drive of the PWM control IC 23 is generated via the switching means 6 and the charging current / output voltage control signal transmitting means 5.

リチウム電池は、周知の如く、定電流で充電された後に定電圧で充電されるので、充電開始時は充電電流制御手段６０により定電流制御され、電池パック１１０の端子電圧が所定値に到達した後は出力電圧制御手段７０により定電圧制御される。そして充電電流制御手段６０、出力電圧制御手段７０の何れかの信号を充電電流・出力電圧制御信号伝達手段５に入力するかは切換手段６により選択される。   As is well known, since the lithium battery is charged with a constant voltage after being charged with a constant current, the charge current control means 60 controls the constant current at the start of charging, and the terminal voltage of the battery pack 110 reaches a predetermined value. Thereafter, constant voltage control is performed by the output voltage control means 70. The switching means 6 selects which signal from the charging current control means 60 and the output voltage control means 70 is input to the charging current / output voltage control signal transmission means 5.

電池温度検出手段９０は、分圧抵抗９１及び分圧抵抗９１と直列に接続され、電池温度検出素子１１３と並列に接続された分圧抵抗９２から構成され、分圧抵抗９２の端子電圧を電池セル１１２の温度情報としてマイコン５０の入力ポート５１に入力する。マイコン５０は入力された温度データが所定範囲外の場合には、出力ポート５２から充電制御信号伝達手段４、ＰＷＭ制御ＩＣ２３を介してスイッチング回路２０を停止させると共に出力ポート５４から制御手段２を介して充電回路開閉手段８を開いて充電を停止させる。すなわち充電が進み、電池セル１１２の温度が上昇して所定範囲外になった場合に充電を停止させるように構成されている。   The battery temperature detecting means 90 is composed of a voltage dividing resistor 91 and a voltage dividing resistor 91 connected in series with the voltage dividing resistor 91 and connected in parallel with the battery temperature detecting element 113, and the terminal voltage of the voltage dividing resistor 92 is connected to the battery. The temperature information of the cell 112 is input to the input port 51 of the microcomputer 50. When the input temperature data is outside the predetermined range, the microcomputer 50 stops the switching circuit 20 from the output port 52 via the charging control signal transmission means 4 and the PWM control IC 23 and also from the output port 54 via the control means 2. Then, the charging circuit opening / closing means 8 is opened to stop charging. That is, the charging is stopped when the charging progresses and the temperature of the battery cell 112 rises outside the predetermined range.

基準電圧発生手段８０は、周知の如く、トランス８１、整流ブリッジ８２、３端子レギュレータ８３、リセットＩＣ８４及び平滑コンデンサ等から構成され、上記した如く、マイコン５０等の駆動電源（５Ｖ）を生成供給する。   As is well known, the reference voltage generating means 80 is composed of a transformer 81, a rectifier bridge 82, a three-terminal regulator 83, a reset IC 84, a smoothing capacitor, and the like, and generates and supplies drive power (5 V) for the microcomputer 50 and the like as described above. .

上記した実施形態の電池パック１１０においては、電池セル１１１の各端子電圧が所定範囲外になった時に保護ＩＣ１１４によって出力部１１６を介してスイッチング素子１１７を開放し電池パック１１０の充放電回路が遮断されるので、過充電又は過放電によって電池パック１１０が損傷することは未然に防止される。又保護ＩＣ１１４によって監視されていない電池セル１１２が充電時に温度上昇して温度が所定範囲外になった時には電池温度検出素子１１３の検出出力によって充電が停止されるので、過充電に起因する電池パック１１０の損傷も防止される。電池温度検出素子１１３は通常安価な部材であるので、過充電による損傷を防止できる電池パックを安価に提供可能となる。   In the battery pack 110 of the above-described embodiment, when each terminal voltage of the battery cell 111 is out of a predetermined range, the switching element 117 is opened via the output unit 116 by the protection IC 114 and the charge / discharge circuit of the battery pack 110 is shut off. Therefore, the battery pack 110 is prevented from being damaged by overcharge or overdischarge. Further, when the temperature of the battery cell 112 not monitored by the protection IC 114 rises during charging and the temperature is out of the predetermined range, the charging is stopped by the detection output of the battery temperature detecting element 113. Therefore, the battery pack caused by overcharging Damage to 110 is also prevented. Since the battery temperature detecting element 113 is usually an inexpensive member, a battery pack that can prevent damage due to overcharging can be provided at low cost.

本発明電池パックの一実施形態を示すブロック回路図。The block circuit diagram which shows one Embodiment of this invention battery pack. 本発明電池パックを接続した充電器の一例を示すブロック回路図。The block circuit diagram which shows an example of the charger which connected this invention battery pack.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

２は制御手段、８は充電回路開閉手段、５０はマイコン、１１０は電池パック、１１１、１１２は電池セル、１１３は電池温度検出素子、１１４は保護ＩＣ、１１５は電池電圧検出部、１１６は出力部、１１７はスイッチング素子。
2 is a control means, 8 is a charging circuit opening / closing means, 50 is a microcomputer, 110 is a battery pack, 111 and 112 are battery cells, 113 is a battery temperature detection element, 114 is a protection IC, 115 is a battery voltage detection unit, and 116 is an output Part 117 is a switching element.

Claims (1)

複数のリチウム電池セルを有し、各電池セルの電圧を検出する電圧検出部及び電池セルと直列に接続され、電圧検出部の検出電圧が所定範囲外になった時に電池セルとの接続を遮断するスイッチング素子からなる保護手段を備えたリチウム電池パックであって、
前記保護手段が監視可能な電池セル数より多い数の電池セルを有し、電圧検出部によって検出されない電池セルの温度を検出する温度検出素子を設けたことを特徴とするリチウム電池パック。
It has a plurality of lithium battery cells and is connected in series with the voltage detection unit and the battery cell for detecting the voltage of each battery cell, and when the detection voltage of the voltage detection unit is out of the predetermined range, the connection with the battery cell is cut off A lithium battery pack provided with protection means comprising switching elements,
A lithium battery pack comprising a temperature detection element for detecting a temperature of a battery cell that has a number of battery cells larger than the number of battery cells that can be monitored by the protection means and that is not detected by the voltage detection unit.
JP2005307395A 2005-10-21 2005-10-21 Lithium battery pack Pending JP2007116853A (en)

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CN200680039071A CN100595968C (en) 2005-10-21 2006-10-20 Lithium battery pack
EP06822423A EP1969667B1 (en) 2005-10-21 2006-10-20 Lithium battery pack
PCT/JP2006/321454 WO2007046555A1 (en) 2005-10-21 2006-10-20 Lithium battery pack
TW095138846A TWI326146B (en) 2005-10-21 2006-10-20 Lithium battery pack
US12/090,693 US8231992B2 (en) 2005-10-21 2006-10-20 Lithium battery pack
DE602006021065T DE602006021065D1 (en) 2005-10-21 2006-10-20 Lithium-batteriepack

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US20090305115A1 (en) 2009-12-10
US8231992B2 (en) 2012-07-31
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WO2007046555A1 (en) 2007-04-26
EP1969667A1 (en) 2008-09-17

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