JP2005288014A - System and method for evaluating form - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a form evaluation system which enables a member to visually and distinctly compare an ideal form with his/her form in an image thereby enables the member to correctly understand a point to be corrected. <P>SOLUTION: The check point of a form in golf, etc., is made into a database as reference data for form evaluation. The prescribed number of divided still images are generated based on the animation data of the member and displayed on the screen of a computer. The still image of the member is evaluated with the database as reference. On the basis of the evaluation, a form evaluation sheet which includes the prescribed number of divided still images changing time sequentially and a form teaching comment inserted for each still image, is generated. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention creates a predetermined number of still images from moving image data obtained by photographing a form of a member who wishes to check the form, displays the still images on a computer screen, and creates the still image form in advance. Create a form evaluation sheet that includes an evaluation based on the ideal form database and includes a predetermined number of still images that change in time series based on this evaluation, and form instruction comments posted for each of these still images. The present invention relates to a form evaluation system for providing a sheet to a member via the Internet.

There are many demands that people who perform various sports want to improve their skills by accurately evaluating the problems of their own forms, and for this reason, for example, instructors (lesson professionals) at golf driving ranges etc. ) To receive swing instruction. Further, a system is known in which a photographed image of a golf swing of a client is transmitted to an expert via a homepage on the Internet, and the expert transmits analysis results and advice based on this image (see, for example, Patent Document 1). ). Various systems are known that electronically detect golf swing defects (see, for example, Patent Documents 2, 3, and 4).
JP 2003-150699 A JP 2004-81683 A JP 2003-1117045 A JP 2003-111880 A

  However, guidance by the instructor is limited in time and place because it can only be received in front of the instructor, and it is a relative evaluation that evaluates the subject's swing compared to the standard swing for the instructor. Of course, different evaluations tend to exist depending on the instructor, and the instruction is analog by words, and it is one-time only at that time. There was no scale to measure it as it gradually improved. In other words, since there is no standard for absolute evaluation of the form, it was not possible to quantify the improvement in skill due to guidance even if guidance was received continuously. In some cases, the golf swing is captured by the instructor after taking the image into the image, but this is not an option that can be attached to ordinary analog instruction. Also, the method of electronically analyzing the golf swing has a problem that it is difficult to obtain appropriate advice from the electronic analysis result and it is difficult to visually understand the points to be improved.

  Therefore, in the present invention, in order to solve these problems, the form is absolutely evaluated without limiting the time and place for evaluating the form, and without depending on the instructor who evaluates the form, and the evaluation of the form. It is an object to provide a form evaluation system that can accumulate time and evaluate time-series skill improvement.

  To achieve the above object, the present invention forms a database of ideal form checkpoints for sports such as golf and the evaluation criteria thereof as reference data for form evaluation, while the form of an evaluated person who wishes to check the form. A still image of a predetermined number of divisions is created from the moving image data obtained by shooting the images, these still images are displayed on a computer screen, and the form of the still image of the evaluator is evaluated on the basis of the database. A form evaluation system that creates a form evaluation sheet including a predetermined number of still images that change in time series and form instruction comments posted for each still image, and provides the form evaluation sheet to an evaluated person. The computer used to create the form evaluation sheet can be moved from the still image reference form. An evaluation scale storage means for storing one or a plurality of evaluation scales used for viewing, a form evaluation database storage means for storing data to be inserted into each field of the form evaluation sheet, and displayed on a computer screen A composite image forming means for forming a composite image by displaying the evaluation scale on an arbitrary position in a desired size on a still image, a composite image of the evaluation scale and the still image displayed on the computer screen, and a form instruction comment It functions as data input means for inputting to the form evaluation database, and form evaluation sheet conversion means for converting data of the form evaluation database into the form evaluation sheet.

  In addition, the present invention creates a database of ideal form checkpoints for sports such as golf and their evaluation criteria as reference data for form evaluation, while creating a predetermined number of still images from the video data of the person being evaluated, These still images are displayed on a computer screen, the form of the still image of the person to be evaluated is evaluated with reference to the database, and a predetermined number of still images that change in time series based on this evaluation, and each of these still images A form evaluation sheet that includes a form instruction comment posted on the website and provides the form evaluation sheet to the person to be evaluated via the Internet, and a computer for creating the form evaluation sheet includes a still image One or more evaluation scales used to observe deviations from the reference form An evaluation scale storage means for storing, a form evaluation database storage means for storing data to be inserted into each column of the form evaluation sheet, and an arbitrary size of the evaluation scale in a desired size on a still image displayed on a computer screen Composite image forming means for superimposing and forming a composite image on a position, data input means for inputting a composite image of an evaluation scale and a still image displayed on a computer screen and a form instruction comment into the form evaluation database, and the form It functions as web processing means for converting data in the evaluation database into the web form evaluation sheet, and as upload means for uploading the form evaluation sheet to a website on the Internet for each person to be evaluated.

  According to the present invention, the form evaluation sheet has an evaluation display field, and the computer is made to function as an evaluation data input means for entering evaluation data numerically representing a skill level in the evaluation display field from a keyboard. .

  According to the present invention, the form evaluation sheet includes an advice display field, and the computer is made to function as an advice input unit for entering expert advice in the advice display field from a keyboard.

  Further, the present invention provides a still image reference form such as a grid pattern for displaying the coordinate position of each point of a still image and a protractor-shaped pattern for displaying the angle of a specific line of the still image. It is comprised from the pattern for a measurement suitable for displaying the shift | offset | difference from visually.

  Further, according to the present invention, the predetermined number of still images are composed of a front still image and a side still image respectively created from two moving image databases obtained by simultaneously capturing moving images of the form of the evaluated person from the front and the side. These front still images and side still images are evaluated with reference to the ideal form database.

  The present invention also provides an ideal form database creation process for creating a database of ideal form checkpoints and evaluation criteria as ideal form data from professional magazines or professional books such as golf, and forms of the person to be evaluated on the computer. A moving image capturing process for capturing a moving image, a moving image-still image converting process for converting the moving image into a time-series continuous still image, and a predetermined extraction from a predetermined number of time-varying still images from the continuous still image Still image selection processing to be performed, evaluation scale creation processing to create an evaluation scale having a pattern such as a grid and a protractor for visually measuring the position and angle of each point of the still image by combining with the still image, Means for storing said moving picture and continuous still picture; evaluation scale storage means for storing one or more evaluation scales in memory; Composite image forming means for forming a composite image by superimposing the evaluation scale on a still image displayed on a computer screen at a desired size at an arbitrary position, a memory as a form evaluation database for the composite image and the composite image The form evaluation database storage means for storing the data, the data input means for inputting the composite image of the evaluation scale and the still image and the form instruction comment into the form evaluation database, the data of the form evaluation database as the still image and the evaluation scale And a computer processing functioning as a form evaluation sheet conversion means for converting into a form evaluation sheet including a form instruction comment corresponding thereto.

  The present invention also includes a website construction process for constructing a website relating to form evaluation on the Internet, and an upload process for converting the form evaluation sheet into a format that can be viewed with a browser and placing it on the website.

  Further, the present invention is a golf swing evaluation sheet in which the foam evaluation sheet is for evaluating a golf swing. When the evaluation on the sheet satisfies a certain standard, a handicap is granted and a handicap certification process for issuing a handicap certificate is performed. It is provided.

  According to the automatic form evaluation system of the present invention, it is possible to easily compare the ideal form of sports such as golf and one's own form on the image and to understand the points to be improved objectively, such as golf. It is possible to improve quickly in sports.

Hereinafter, the configuration of the form evaluation system according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIGS.
FIG. 1 shows an outline of the present system. In the present embodiment, a case of evaluating a swing form of a club in golf will be described as an example. Of course, in addition to golf, the present invention can be applied to evaluation of forms such as tennis (especially serve), baseball batting and swimming. In FIG. 1, block 2 shows the processing operation of the evaluator who wants to check his / her form using this system, that is, the user side processing operation, and block 4 shows the processing operation of the operator side who operates this system. Show. The users of this system are mainly (1) those who like golf and want to improve even if they pay, (2) those who want to pursue better swing, (3) those who are unsatisfactory even if they learn lesson professionals, (4) People who want to improve without being noticed by the people around them are the best candidates.

  The user can apply for the use of this system from the website (step 1), or can apply for it at a golf course or a driving range (step 2). When the user makes the above-mentioned use application, the user pays the membership fee / usage fee to the member registration / settlement processing department on the operator side 4 (step 3). When the user completes the membership registration, the swing video is shot simultaneously from the front and side (step 4), and these videos are sent to the member / video usage reception processing department on the operator side 4 via network, e-mail or mail. Send by appropriate delivery means such as. Upon receipt of the video, the operator side 4 sends an e-mail for confirmation of acceptance to the user (member) and creates a form evaluation sheet 6 (see FIG. 5) by computer processing to be described later on the website. Upload and send up notification email to users. Upon receiving the up notification to the website, the user accesses the personal page of the website by ID / password authentication, and receives the evaluation of the swing image (step 5).

  On the other hand, after registering as a member in step 3, the user can make an inquiry such as swing improvement to the operator side 4 (step 6) and receive an inquiry response from the operator side by e-mail. (Step 7). The operator side 4 constructs the website of this system (step 8). When constructing the website of the operator side 4, the development of the swing video processing software (step 9) and the development of the comment embedding processing software are performed (step 10). Using these software, the website of the operator side is developed. Is built. Next, the operator side 4 conducts sales activities such as securing lecturers such as lesson professionals (step 11). In addition, through business activities, in cooperation with golf courses and driving ranges (step 12), membership applications from users can be accepted from these facilities.

  The operator side 4 performs member registration / settlement processing (step 14) in cooperation with the credit authoring company (step 13). Also, it accepts a swing video taken simultaneously from the front and side sent from the user who became a member (step 15), forwards this video to the video processing department, and from the front and side (evaluated person). Are divided into nine frames each from the back (step 16), evaluation scale application processing (step 17) described later, comment incorporation processing (step 18), and lesson professional comment check processing (step 19). These processes are performed by the form evaluation sheet creation program 8 stored in the computer, and the form evaluation sheet 6 is created by the program 8. The created form evaluation sheet 6 is uploaded to the website on the operator side (step 20).

  When the site upgrade of the form evaluation sheet 6 including the image on which the member's swing evaluation is posted is completed, a notification that the site has been upgraded is sent to the member by e-mail as a member page updated notification (step 21). Inquiries such as swing remodeling from the member to the operator side are accepted by the member / question receiving department (step 22) and transferred to the respondent comment input processing department. The respondent comment input processing department creates an answer to the inquiry (step 23), uploads it to the Web site, and sends an answer mail to the questioner (step 24).

  Next, a frame division process for creating time-series continuous still images from a moving image will be described with reference to FIG. In this process, a moving image database 10 is created by automatically capturing a moving image captured simultaneously from the front and side directions with a digital video camera, a digital still camera, or the like, into the moving image capturing unit 12 of the form evaluation sheet creating program 8 of the computer. . The moving image of the moving image database 10 is automatically converted into a still image of 30 frames per second by the automatic still image converting unit 14 of the program 8 (step 1), and the swing check is objectively checked from all the still images (frames). Therefore, all nine divided frames 16 such as check points, that is, address, takeback, top, impact, follow-through, etc. in a series of swing operations are manually selected by the operator (step 2), and the nine-frame still image storage unit 18 is selected. (Step 3). Note that the number of frame divisions is not particularly limited to 9 frames, and may be other division numbers such as 12 divisions for intermediate players and 16 divisions for advanced players, depending on the skill of the player.

  Next, evaluation scale composition processing will be described with reference to FIG. This process is performed by adjusting an evaluation scale for visually displaying a deviation of the position and angle from the ideal form on the still image for checking the swing displayed on the screen 19 of the computer, while matching the size of the still image. Overlay on the screen to create a composite image. FIG. 3A shows various evaluation scales such as a clock 22 and a matrix 24 stored in the evaluation scale storage unit 20, and FIG. 3B shows that the clock 22 in the evaluation scale is adjusted to the size of the still image of the takeback. The composite image is displayed on the computer screen 19 and the still image and the clock 22 are combined. As shown in FIG. 3A, various evaluation scales are prepared and used as a tool as an absolute reference for swing evaluation.

  The clock 22 is used to measure and confirm the position of each point of the image on the clock face. The matrix 24 is a grid-like scale used for confirming the top and bottom of the front and rear swing bodies, the position of the club, and the like. The drum can 26 is used for checking the sway of the front image. Check if the drum can 26 can be rotated in accordance with the foot width. The protractor (protractor) 28 is mainly used for the rear image and is used to measure the club angle and the body angle. The paint 30 is a drawing tool used to indicate a correct position when a body or a club is in an incorrect position, and is used for a check instead of a measurement. The swing plane 32 is used for a rear image, and is used to check whether the club passes through the line by overlapping the swing plane at the point where the ball and the shoulder are connected.

  The gyro 34 is used for confirming that the club and the back are correctly rotated to the impact by adding the back line to the swing plane. Skeleton 36 is an image showing the correct body and club movement. The correction point is found by overlapping with the swing. Skeletons 36 representing the human body with simple lines include type A and type B, type A is a front view, and type B is a side view (viewed from the rear). FIG. 3C shows a composite image of the swing plane 32 and the still image, FIG. 3D shows a composite image of the matrix 24 and the still image, and FIG. 3E shows a composite image of the drum can 26 and the still image. . As shown in FIGS. 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E, a desired evaluation scale is adjusted to a still image for swing check to create a composite still image, and an evaluator such as a lesson professional uses this composite still image as a reference for swing evaluation. And

  The composite image is used when checking a form based on an ideal form database. This ideal form database is a database of checkpoints used in golf magazines and professional books, coaching terms, and evaluation criteria, an example of which is shown in FIG. Multiple lesson professionals or equivalent qualifications apply the desired evaluation scale to the member's swing still image through a computer network at an individual location and from a remote location. , Type into the computer manually. For example, the evaluator determines that the No. in FIG. If it is determined that the address posture is 18 degrees based on the synthesized still image of 1, the evaluation 2 is scored, and the form evaluation database 38 is updated for each member and each date.

These evaluations are performed for each check point, and a score is determined for each evaluation. For example, evaluation 1 is Eagle, evaluation 2 is birdie, evaluation 3 is par, evaluation 4 is bogie, and evaluation 5 is double bogie. A score is determined at each checkpoint of the form, and the score is automatically calculated by the total of each checkpoint to perform an overall evaluation. When the result of the swing evaluation is registered in the form evaluation database 38 of the host computer through the network, the data in the form evaluation database 38 is automatically converted into HTML and uploaded to the website in the form of the form evaluation sheet 6 shown in FIG. Is done.
Next, the form evaluation sheet creation program will be described with reference to FIG.

  First, the computer operator uses the form evaluation sheet creation program 8 to check the No. of the form evaluation sheet 6. When inputting data related to the still image of No. 1, a specific member No. Specify 1 frame. The control unit 40 receives the designated member number from the 9-frame still image storage unit 18. 1 frame is selected, and the display unit 42 is controlled and displayed on the screen. Next, when the operator designates, for example, the matrix 24 from the evaluation scale, the control unit 40 selects the matrix 24 from the evaluation scale storage unit 20 and controls the display unit 42 to display the frame number. The matrix 24 is displayed so as to be superimposed on one still image. When the operator designates the position and size of the matrix 24, the evaluation scale adjustment unit 44 works to move the matrix to a desired position.

  Next, the operator refers to the golf swing ideal form database 46 while viewing the composite image of the still image and the matrix 24 and checks, for example, the grip, both arms, setup, and ball position at the time of addressing. For grips, check how to grip, and check if the Y-shape at the base of the thumb and forefinger points to the right shoulder in both hands. For both arms, check the shape of both arms and check whether both shoulders and grips form a V-shape in front of the body. A five-step evaluation is determined with reference to the golf swing ideal form database 46, such as evaluation 1 if the V-shape is 15 degrees plus or minus 2, and evaluation 2 if the V-shape is plus or minus 18 degrees. The operator is no. All evaluations are performed on the address arrangement of one frame, and evaluation data is input.

  When the evaluation data is input, the evaluation point input unit 48 is controlled by the control unit 40 so that the evaluation regarding the address structure is Eagle if the evaluation is 1, birdy if the evaluation is 2, par if the evaluation is 3, and evaluation. If it is 4, the score of bogie is 5 and if it is evaluation 5, the score of double bogie is input to a predetermined part of the form evaluation database 38 so that it is displayed in the score column 49 of the form evaluation sheet 6. In addition, when the operator inputs a comment on the evaluation content through the keyboard with respect to the address, the evaluation content comment input unit 50 controls the control unit 40 to change the comment input from the keyboard into the evaluation content of the form evaluation sheet 6. As shown in the column 52, input is made at a predetermined location in the form evaluation database 38. In addition, when the operator inputs advice regarding the address preparation through the keyboard, the advice input unit displays the advice input from the keyboard in the advice display field 54 of the form evaluation sheet 6 under the control of the control unit 40. Then, the information is input to a predetermined location in the form evaluation database 38. When the evaluation on the composite image on the screen is completed, the composite image is displayed in the image column 60 of the form evaluation sheet 6 by the composite image input unit 58 based on the operation of the keyboard of the operator. It is input to 38 predetermined locations.

  In the above manner, a composite image with the evaluation scale, evaluation data, evaluation content comment information, advice comment information, and other general advice by lesson professionals are created for each of the nine still images. Each of these data is input to a predetermined location corresponding to the form evaluation database 38, and the database 38 is updated. When the database of a specific member in the form evaluation database 38 is updated, the member database is automatically converted to an HTML form evaluation sheet 6 and uploaded to the operator's website by the upload unit 62. Is done.

  In this embodiment, it is possible to convert a moving image shot with a digital camera or the like into a 9-frame still image for form check, which is difficult for ordinary people. In addition, since it is possible to compare the ideal swing of professionals and your own swing on the screen, you can objectively understand the points to be improved. It is also possible to select an instructor that suits you from multiple instructors (lesson professionals) and receive evaluation. In addition, when you accept a swing video, you can check how your form has changed because you keep it permanently unless you lose your membership. In addition, the swing form may be evaluated by a point system, and at least three lesson professionals may evaluate, and the personal points may be determined based on the average score. Also, by satisfying certain standards, handicap is granted from the operator side.

  Then, a handicap certificate is issued, and the user who is higher in handicap is given the honor of being posted with his / her comment on the handicap board of the website. In addition, unlike the handicap, it is possible to provide an evaluation system by increasing points for a certain period, and a higher-level user may be given a certificate of recognition. In addition, a database is constructed based on the user's gender, height classification, body type, strength, etc., and the user refers to professional and amateur data to create an ideal form and to improve the score. You may be able to understand the points of club selection. In addition, in cooperation with golf courses and golf driving ranges, for users who are not good at operating digital cameras, etc., a staff will be provided to shoot for a fee, and a service will be provided on behalf of the application from shooting to website You may make it do.

It is a flowchart which shows the form evaluation system of this invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the form evaluation system of this invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the form evaluation system of this invention. It is explanatory drawing of the ideal form database of this invention. It is explanatory drawing of a form evaluation sheet. It is functional block explanatory drawing of the form evaluation sheet creation program of this invention.

Explanation of symbols

2 block 4 block 6 form evaluation sheet 8 form evaluation sheet creation program 10 moving image database 12 moving image capturing unit 14 automatic still image converting unit 16 9 divided frame 18 9 frame still image storing unit 19 screen 20 evaluation scale storing unit 22 clock 24 matrix 26 Drum Can 28 Protractor 30 Paint 32 Swing Plane 34 Gyro 36 Skeleton 38 Form Evaluation Database 40 Control Unit 42 Display Unit 44 Evaluation Scale Adjustment Unit 46 Ideal Form Database 48 Evaluation Point Input Unit 49 Score Column 50 Evaluation Content Comment Input Unit 52 Evaluation Content Field 54 Advice display field 58 Composite image input part 60 Image field 62 Upload part 64 HTML processing part

Claims (9)

While the checkpoints of the ideal form of sports such as golf and the evaluation criteria are made into a database as reference data for the form evaluation, a predetermined number of divisions are obtained from the moving image data obtained by photographing the form of the person who wants to check the form Create still images, display these still images on the computer screen, evaluate the still image form of the person being evaluated on the basis of the database, and determine the number of still images that change in time series based on this evaluation. And a form evaluation sheet including a form instruction comment posted for each still image, and providing the form evaluation sheet to a person to be evaluated, the form evaluation sheet for creating the form evaluation sheet Computer
Evaluation scale storage means for storing one or more evaluation scales used for observing the deviation of the still image from the reference form;
Form evaluation database storage means for storing data to be inserted into each column of the form evaluation sheet,
A composite image forming means for forming a composite image by displaying the evaluation scale on a still image displayed on a screen of a computer in a desired size so as to be superimposed at an arbitrary position;
A data input means for inputting a composite image of an evaluation scale and a still image displayed on a computer screen and a form instruction comment into the form evaluation database;
Form evaluation sheet conversion means for converting the data of the form evaluation database into the form evaluation sheet,
Form evaluation system characterized by functioning as A database of ideal form checkpoints and evaluation criteria for sports such as golf as reference data for form evaluation, while creating a predetermined number of still images from the video data of the person being evaluated, The still image form of the person to be evaluated is evaluated on the basis of the database, and a predetermined number of still images that change in time series based on the evaluation, and the form posted for each still image A form evaluation system for creating a form evaluation sheet including instructional comments and providing the form evaluation sheet to the person to be evaluated via the Internet, the computer for creating the form evaluation sheet,
Evaluation scale storage means for storing one or more evaluation scales used for observing the deviation of the still image from the reference form;
Form evaluation database storage means for storing data to be inserted into each column of the form evaluation sheet,
A composite image forming means for forming a composite image by displaying the evaluation scale on a still image displayed on a screen of a computer in a desired size so as to be superimposed at an arbitrary position;
A data input means for inputting a composite image of the evaluation scale and still image displayed on the computer screen and a form instruction comment into the form evaluation database;
Web processing means for converting the data of the form evaluation database into the form evaluation sheet for web;
Upload means for uploading the form evaluation sheet to a website on the Internet for each person to be evaluated;
Form evaluation system characterized by functioning as   The form evaluation sheet includes an evaluation display field, and causes the computer to function as evaluation data input means for entering evaluation data that numerically represents a skill level in the evaluation display field from a keyboard. The form evaluation system according to claim 2.   The form evaluation sheet is provided with an advice display field, and causes the computer to function as an advice input unit for entering expert advice in the advice display field from a keyboard. Form evaluation system.   The evaluation scale visually shows deviations from the reference form of the still image, such as a grid pattern for displaying the coordinate position of each point of the still image and a protractor-shaped pattern for displaying the angle of a specific line of the still image. The form evaluation system according to claim 1, wherein the form evaluation system is configured from a measurement pattern suitable for displaying the image.   The predetermined number of still images are composed of a front still image and a side still image respectively created from two moving image databases obtained by simultaneously capturing moving images of the evaluator's form from the front and side. 3. The form evaluation system according to claim 1, wherein the image and the side still image are evaluated with reference to the ideal form database.   Ideal form database creation process that creates ideal form checkpoints and their evaluation criteria as ideal form data from sports magazines such as golf and professional books, and video that captures the form of the person to be evaluated into a computer Capture processing, moving image-still image conversion processing for converting the moving image into a time-series continuous still image, and still image selection processing for predetermined extraction from a predetermined number of time-varying still images from the continuous still image An evaluation scale creating process for creating an evaluation scale having a pattern such as a grid and a protractor for visually measuring the position and angle of each point of the still image by combining with the still image, and the computer And means for storing continuous still images, evaluation scale storage means for storing one or more evaluation scales in a memory, and computer images A composite image forming means for forming a composite image by superimposing the evaluation scale on a still image displayed in a desired size at an arbitrary position, and storing the composite image in a memory as a form evaluation database for the composite image Form evaluation database storage means, data input means for inputting a composite image of the evaluation scale and a still image and a form instruction comment to the form evaluation database, and composite image of the still image and the evaluation scale as data of the form evaluation database And a computer processing functioning as a form evaluation sheet conversion means for converting into a form evaluation sheet including a form instruction comment corresponding thereto.   8. A website construction process for constructing a website relating to form evaluation on the Internet, and an upload process for converting the form evaluation sheet into a format that can be viewed by a browser and placing the form evaluation sheet on the website. The form evaluation method described in 1.   The form evaluation sheet is a golf swing evaluation sheet for evaluating a golf swing, and further includes a handicap certification process for providing a handicap when the evaluation on the sheet satisfies a certain standard and issuing a handicap certification. The form evaluation method according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the form evaluation method is characterized.