JP2001094907A - Partial reproduction method for video/audio signal in storage type digital broadcast and receiver - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a receiver that realizes reproduction of a scene with temporal precision comparatively close to that when an ITT exists in a program index, even when no ITT is present in the program index. SOLUTION: This receiver is provided with an AV stream storage means 006 and a temporal information attachment means 501, that divides the AV stream into blocks and stores them to the storage means, acquires standard time and synchronization reference time of real time, and stores a set of the standard time and the synchronization reference time to the storage means as attached information of each block. Thus, the receiver can generate a value equivalent to information stored in the ITT in a simulating way, by comparing the stored sets of the standard time and the synchronization reference time, and the receiver uses this value in place of the ITT information to realize the reproduction of a scene with high precision.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a receiver for temporarily storing a program transmitted by broadcasting and then reproducing the program.
The present invention relates to a partial playback method for designating and playing back a temporal portion (scene) of a program, and particularly to a method for accurately playing back a portion on a designated time axis.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In the era of digital broadcasting, research and development of a receiving device for storing a program transmitted by broadcasting and reproducing the program as necessary, that is, a home server, is being actively promoted. The home server not only plays the stored program from the beginning to the end in order, but also selects and views the scenes of the program from the table of contents, and views and sounds the video and audio according to a scenario that defines the playback order of a plurality of scenes. So-called non-linear viewing can be realized.

Meanwhile, in digital broadcasting in Japan, video and audio are temporarily converted to PES (Packetized Elementarium) based on MPEG-2 Systems, which is an international standard.
y Stream) packet, and then TS (Transport
Stream) multiplexed into packets and transmitted. The video and audio need to be played back synchronously on the receiving side. Therefore, each video and audio PES packet contains
Time STC (System Time Cl
ock) (referred to as “synchronization reference time”).

The location where the time stamp is stored for actual video / audio data is determined by the PTS (PTS) of the PES header.
resentation Time Stamp) / DTS (Decode Time Stam)
This is a field called p). FIG. 14 shows the location of the PTS / DTS in the PES header.

[0005] The STC is a 27-MHz, 42-bit time axis, and is not directly related to the standard time of the hour, minute, and second format used for program management. The receiving device is ST
A counter for generating C is provided.
When the value of PTS matches the value of STC, the video,
The receiving device is controlled to present the audio to the user, thereby realizing synchronization of the video and the audio.

In order to synchronize the STC, which is the synchronization reference time, between the receiving apparatus and the broadcasting station, a PCR (Program) is used.
Information called “Clock Reference” is stored in the header of the TS packet and transmitted. FIG. 12 shows a data structure of a TS packet, and FIG.
2 shows a data structure of an adaptation field including "." This PCR transmits the current value of the STC, and is periodically transmitted from the broadcasting station to the receiving device at a frequency of, for example, about ten times per second.

In the receiving apparatus, the output of the counter is calibrated in real time by a PLL (Phase Locked Loop) circuit so as to match with the PCR transmitted periodically, and the ST is calibrated.
Generate and output C.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of the PLL circuit.

[0009] Non-linear viewing of a program stored in a receiving device can be realized using a program index.

[0010] The program index is broadcast metadata that provides information that assists in selecting and searching for a broadcast program, specified in ARIB STD-B10, version 1.2, which is a standard for digital broadcasting in Japan. This program index includes ERT (Event Relation Table) and LIT (Lo
This is a data structure called a “calevent information table”, and is repeatedly broadcast as section format information (hereinafter, referred to as section information) defined by MPEG-2 Systems.

The program index can define a scene that is a temporal part of the program (LIT) and define a relationship between scenes (ERT) for a program including video and audio transmitted by broadcasting. Scenes are the start time and duration of the scene in the program
Defined by The time for this program management is
Standard time in the form of hours, minutes and seconds is used.

[0012] However, the video and audio in digital broadcasting are based on international standards such as MPEG-2 Video and M.
Since the data is transmitted in a compressed format such as PEG-1 Audio, an indefinite length of delay occurs between the transmission format of the video and audio transmitted by broadcasting and the video and audio resulting from the reproduction. For this reason, it is not easy to determine the location of a scene with a time accuracy of, for example, frame accuracy (accuracy of still image frame interval, approximately 1/30 second in Japan) on the transmission format of video and audio transmitted by broadcasting. Absent. Therefore, although the scene definition based on the LIT of the program index can be described with millisecond accuracy, there may be a case where the accuracy of only seconds can be guaranteed in the scene reproduction of the receiving device.

[0013] Therefore, in order to reproduce a scene with high time accuracy, an ITT (Index Transcript) is used in the program index.
(smision Table: Program index transmission information table)
Section information is defined.

The ITT includes information relating the time axis based on the standard time and the time axis based on the STC. For example, the value of the STC corresponding to the start time of the program is transmitted by the ITT. The STC value is 27,000,
Since it is increased by one every one thousandth of a second, an arbitrary time included in a program can be mutually converted between two time axes based on the information of the ITT.

FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a data structure of the ITT. The STC reference descriptor shown in FIG. 16 is stored as a descriptor (arrow) of the program index transmission information section in FIG. 15, and in this STC reference descriptor, the correspondence (arrow) between seconds and milliseconds and the STC is described. You.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example in which a scene of a program is precisely reproduced using information of the ITT. In the program index, the beginning of the program is 20: 00'00 "00 by standard time
(Just 8 o'clock pm), and a scene is 17'15 "00-17'31" relative to the beginning of the program
00 is defined. According to the ITT, the first 20: 0 of the program
Given the STC value (STC ₀ ) corresponding to 0'00 "00, the start time of the scene is Ts (= 17'15" 00) and the end time of the scene is Te (= 17'31 "00). In this case, the STC at the start of the scene (= STCs) can be obtained by STCs = STC ₀ + Ts × 27 × 10 ⁶ , and the STC at the end of the scene
(= STCe) can be obtained by STC e = STC ₀ + Te × 27 × 10 ⁶ .

As described above, the start and end times of the scene described in the standard time in the program index are based on the IT
By using the information of T, it is possible to convert to a value on the time axis of the STC, and it is possible to specify an accurate reproduction location on the data in the transmission format.

The receiver receives the converted values STCs and STCs
Ce and the PTS of the PES packet are compared.
Start playback from the video / audio that matches TCs,
Stops when the value matches STCe. In this way, by applying the method of precise time designation by ITT, the receiving apparatus can reproduce a scene with, for example, frame accuracy. However, if the PTS does not appear with sufficient frequency, it may be necessary to separately perform PTS interpolation processing.

FIG. 9 shows a conventional receiving apparatus (home server).
FIG. This device comprises a receiving means 000 comprising an antenna, a demodulator 001 for demodulating a received signal,
A TS processor 002 for extracting the AV stream, PCR, and section information from the received signal;
PLL 003 for generating TC, storage means 006 composed of a hard disk for storing the AV stream, and decoder 00 for expanding and decoding the compression-coded AV data
4 and presentation means 005 for presenting (display and pronunciation) video and audio
And a memory 008 for storing section information and the like.

In this receiving apparatus, the received signal demodulated by the demodulator 001 is input to the TS processor 002 composed of an LSI, and the TS processor 002 extracts the AV stream, PCR and section information from the received signal. The section information includes a program index, ITT, and the like.

The PLL 003 input to the PCR has the configuration shown in FIG. 11, and outputs the STC calibrated by the PCR. The AV stream separated by the TS processor 002 is stored in the storage unit 006. Also, during real-time viewing, the AV stream is input to the decoder 004,
The decoder 004 decodes the video / audio data in which the PTS of the PES matches the STC, whereby the video / audio is displayed from the presentation unit 005 in synchronization. The program index and ITT information extracted by the TS processor 002 are stored in the storage unit 006.

FIG. 10 shows the operation in the case of non-linear viewing with this receiving apparatus. FIG. 10A shows an operation procedure at the time of recording. Step 1: When the user specifies a program to be stored from an EPG (electronic program guide), under the control of the CPU 007, Step 2: Start on-air of the program Step 3: The AV stream of the program is received, and storage in the storage means 006 is started. Step 4: If there is a new ITT in the section information, acquire it and record it in the memory 008. Step 5: Continue receiving the AV stream and storing it in the storage means 006. Step 6: Until the on-air of the program ends. It is repeated.

FIG. 10B shows an operation when a specific scene of a program is viewed on the receiving apparatus.

Step 11: When the user specifies a scene to be viewed from the scene list display based on the program index, Step 12: The CPU 007 reads out the information of the ITT from the memory 008 and sets the start time of the specified scene to the ITT. Step 13: Also, the end time of the designated scene is set to IT
The time is converted to the STC time axis by T.

Step 14: A stored in storage means 006
From the V stream, a location corresponding to the STC at the scene start time is searched. Step 15: Instruct the decoder 004 to play back the AV stream from the searched location. Step 16: The decoder 004 performs playback processing of the AV data. Step 17: Continue playing until end time.

As described above, by using ITT,
It is possible to reproduce a scene with high accuracy.

[0027]

However, according to the conventional scene reproducing method, it is impossible to reproduce a scene with high accuracy when there is no ITT information. The following cases can be assumed as situations in which no ITT exists. -When a program that does not transmit ITT is to be stored.・ Although the program has started, the broadcaster has not yet started ITT
Is not sent. -When ITT reception fails due to zapping viewing (viewing that frequently switches channels) or attenuation of radio waves due to rainfall.

To reproduce a scene in the absence of the ITT, the scene must be specified with reference to the standard time indicated in the program index. However, due to transmission delays and the like, the scene must be specified at the standard time. It is uncertain whether the signal has been received by the receiving device, and the time from the reception of the AV stream to the storage thereof varies depending on the performance of the receiving device. Therefore, it is impossible to specify a scene with high accuracy simply by using the standard time. As a result, the video or audio of the previous or next scene may be mixed in at the beginning or end of the reproduced scene, or a part of the video or audio of the specified scene may be missing, giving the viewer a sense of discomfort or discomfort. Become.

The present invention solves such a conventional problem. Even in a situation where an ITT does not exist, a scene can be reproduced with a time accuracy relatively close to the case where an ITT exists. It is an object of the present invention to provide a partial audio / video reproduction method and a receiving apparatus for implementing the method.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for partially reproducing video and audio in a receiving apparatus for reproducing a specified portion of video and audio received by digital broadcasting. At the same time, a set of the real time standard time and the synchronization reference time is also recorded, and using the values of the standard time and the synchronization reference time of this set, the designation in the standard time is converted into the format of the synchronization reference time, and the The specified part is reproduced accurately.

Further, according to the present invention, in a receiving apparatus for reproducing a designated portion of video and audio received by digital broadcasting, a storage means for storing an AV stream, and the AV stream is divided into blocks and stored in the storage means. At the same time, there is provided time information adding means for acquiring the standard time and synchronization reference time of the real time and storing the set of the standard time and synchronization reference time in the storage means as accompanying information of each block.

Therefore, by comparing the stored values of the standard time and the synchronization reference time of the set, a value corresponding to the information stored in the ITT can be artificially generated in the receiving device. By using the information in place of the ITT information, the scene can be reproduced with high accuracy.

[0032]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS (First Embodiment) As shown in FIG. 1, a receiving apparatus according to a first embodiment comprises a receiving means 000 comprising an antenna and a demodulator 001 for converting a received signal into a digital signal. And AV stream from received signal, PC
A TS processor 002 for separating and extracting R and section information, and a PLL 003 for generating an STC based on the PCR
Storage means 006 for storing the AV stream, and a decoder for expanding and decoding the compressed and encoded AV data.
004 and a presentation means 0 for presenting (displaying and sounding) video and audio.
05, a CPU 007 for controlling the operation of the entire apparatus, a memory 008 for storing section information and the like, a real-time clock 402 for measuring standard time, and time information for dividing an AV stream into blocks and adding time information thereto And an adding unit 501.

The real-time clock 402 of this apparatus can display a value in seconds. Also, the time information adding means 501 has T
The AV stream extracted by the S processor 002 and P
The STC value output from the LL 003 and the standard time output from the real time clock 402 are input, and the time information adding means 501
Divides an input AV stream into blocks (for example, PES units) suitable for storage in the storage unit 006, and stores, in this block, the standard time input from the real-time clock 402 and the STC value input from the PLL 003. The set is added as additional information and stored in the storage unit 006.

FIG. 2 schematically shows a process in which an AV stream is divided into blocks, and additional information including a set of a standard time and an STC is added to each block and stored in the storage means 006. Here, the AV block and the accompanying information are combined, but the storage unit 006 may manage this accompanying information separately from the AV block.

FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the standard time added to the block of the AV stream and the STC. P
The LL003 has the configuration shown in FIG.
While calibrating by PCR entered at 0 times, 2
STC increases by 1 every 7,000,000th of a second
The STC is input to the time information adding means 501. On the other hand, the standard time updated in units of seconds is input to the time information adding unit 501 from the real time clock 402.

Therefore, in the example of FIG. 4, the standard time is 20: 32'48.
The set of the STC value (STC_t1) output from the PLL 003 at the time t1 and the standard time 20: 32'49 is recorded as additional information in the AV block divided at the time when the time has changed from 20 to 32:49. You. The next A before standard time changes to 20: 32'50
When the V block is divided, the value of the STC in the accompanying information is updated, but remains at 20: 32'49 in the standard time.

When reproducing the stored AV stream, the CPU 007 searches the accompanying information of the AV block for the first accompanying information whose standard time has been updated, and determines the relationship between the standard time of the accompanying information and the value of the STC. Pseudo-generates ITT from When the user designates the reproduction of the scene of the program, the part to be reproduced is specified by the PTS using the pseudo ITT.

FIG. 3A shows the operation of this apparatus when storing a program.

Step 1: When the user specifies a program to be stored from an EPG (Electronic Program Guide), under the control of the CPU 007, Step 2: Waiting for the program to start on-air, Step 3: Receiving the AV stream of the program Then, storage in the storage means 006 is started. Step 701: The time information adding means 501 acquires a set of the STC and the standard time, links the block to the AV stream block, and stores it in the storage means 006.

Step 5: The reception of the AV stream and the storage in the storage means 006 are continued. Step 6: Steps 701 to 701 until the end of the program on-air.
Step 005 is repeated.

Step 702: The CPU 007 acquires the set of the STC and the standard time stored in the storage means 006 during reproduction of the AV stream, and generates a pseudo ITT.

The generation of the pseudo ITT in step 702 is performed according to the procedure shown in FIG.

Step 711: The data of the set of the STC and the standard time is read from the storage means 006. Step 712: The set whose standard time changes to the next value is searched. When a set whose standard time changes to the next value is obtained, step 713: An ITT is pseudo-generated from the STC value of the set and the standard time value.

If the STC value of this group is (STC_t1) and the standard time is (Tt1), the start time of the program is set to T ₀ (the standard time of the start of the program is obtained from the electronic program guide or the program index). Then, an STC value STC ₀ corresponding to the program start time T ₀ is obtained by the following equation. However, each standard time is described in units of seconds.

STC ₀ = (STC_t 1) − (Tt 1 −T ₀ )
× 27 × 10 ⁶ As described above, a set of the standard time and the STC is recorded in association with the block of the AV stream to be stored, and a pseudo ITT is generated from the information of this set. A portion to be reproduced in the video / audio stream can be specified by the PTS, and a scene can be specified and reproduced with an accuracy close to the frame accuracy.

When additional information is added to each of the divided AV blocks, a pseudo ITT can be generated regardless of where the reproduction is started from the recording medium.

The time when the pseudo ITT is generated from the information of the set of the standard time and the STC may be other than the time when the AV stream is reproduced.

(Second Embodiment) In the second embodiment,
A case where a set of PCR and standard time is recorded in the accompanying information will be described.

This receiving apparatus, as shown in FIG.
A real-time clock 102 capable of outputting with a resolution of 100 seconds;
AV stream and P output from S processor 002
It includes a CR and time information adding means 101 for inputting the standard time output from the real time clock 102. Other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment.

The time information adding means 101 receives the AV stream and PCR extracted by the TS processor 002 and the standard time output from the real time clock 102, and the time information adding means 101 , Blocks suitable for storage in the storage means 006 (for example, in PES units)
And the real-time clock 102
And the PCR input from the TS processor 002 (this PCR contains the STC
Is included as additional information.
It is stored in the storage means 006.

FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the standard time added to the block of the AV stream and the PCR. The PCR is input to the time information adding means 101 at a frequency of, for example, ten times per second, while the real time clock 102 outputs the standard time at which the value is updated in units of 1/100 second from the time information adding means 501.
To enter. When the AV block is divided at the time of input of the PCR, a set of the PCR and the standard time in units of 1/100 second is recorded in the accompanying information of the block. However, if the PCR is not input at the time of dividing the AV block, the accompanying information does not include the PCR but only the standard time.

In this apparatus, the operation for storing a program is the same as the procedure shown in FIG. However, the generation of the pseudo ITT in step 702 is performed according to the procedure shown in FIG.

Step 711: The data of the accompanying information is read from the storage means 006. Step 721: If a set of the accompanying information including the PCR is found, Step 722: 1 / (the value of the STC included in the PCR)
The ITT is pseudo-generated from the value of the standard time in units of 100 seconds.

The method of calculating STC ₀ is the same as in the first embodiment.

As described above, even when there is no ITT, by recording the PCR and the standard time as a set, the pseudo-ITT is calculated from the standard time at the time when the PCR arrives.
Can be generated, and similarly to the first embodiment, the portion to be reproduced in the video / audio stream can be specified by the PTS.

(Third Embodiment) In the third embodiment,
A case where the standard time is obtained through broadcasting will be described.

In digital broadcasting, the current time (year, month,
TDT (Time and Time) that displays day, hour, minute, second with second precision
A Data Table) and a TOT (Time Offset Table) are multiplexed with the program and transmitted as a reference clock when referring to the program. The TDT and TOT standards are ARIB ST
It is specified by DB-B10.

In the receiving apparatus of this embodiment, a set of the standard time and the STC is recorded by using the broadcast standard time information.

As shown in FIG. 8, the receiving apparatus includes a TS processor 002 for extracting an AV stream, PCR, section information, and standard time information from a received signal, and divides the AV stream into blocks. Time information adding means 80 for adding ancillary information consisting of a set of
With one. In this device, since the standard time information is obtained from the received signal, a real time clock is not required. Other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment (FIG. 1).

The operation of this receiving apparatus is the same as that shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B.
The standard time information input from the real time clock in the first embodiment is used in the same manner as the standard time input from the real time clock in the first embodiment.
Generates accompanying information for a block. Also, the CPU 007
From the accompanying information, the pseudo IT is used in the same manner as in the first embodiment.
Generate T.

In the case of this receiving apparatus, a real-time clock is not required, and the configuration can be simplified.

The information of TDT and TOT is stored in the first
And to correct the real-time clock of the second embodiment.

[0063]

As is apparent from the above description, according to the present invention, even if the ITT which is information for realizing the scene reproduction with high time accuracy by the program index does not exist in the receiving apparatus, the ITT can be used. Reproduction of a scene can be realized with an accuracy relatively close to that of a case in which it exists.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a receiving device according to a first embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing divided AV stream blocks and accompanying information;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart (a) illustrating an operation of the receiving apparatus according to the first embodiment, and a flowchart (b) illustrating an operation of generating a pseudo-ITT;

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a relationship between standard time and STC in the accompanying information of the first embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a receiving device according to a second embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an operation of generating a pseudo-ITT in the second embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a relationship between standard time and PCR in accompanying information of the second embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a receiving device according to a third embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a conventional receiving apparatus.

FIG. 10 shows a program storing operation by a conventional receiving apparatus (a).
And a flowchart showing a scene playback operation (b).

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a PLL circuit;

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a data structure of a TS packet.

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a data structure of an adaptation field in which a PCR of a TS packet is stored;

FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a data structure of a PES header indicating a storage location of a PTS / DTS;

FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a data structure of ITT;

FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a data structure of an STC reference descriptor.

FIG. 17 is a diagram showing an example of precise time designation by ITT.

[Explanation of symbols]

 000 Receiving means 001 Demodulator 002 TS processor 003 PLL 004 Decoder 005 Presentation means 006 Storage means 007 CPU 008 Memory 101, 501, 801 Time information adding means 102, 402 Real time clock

 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continuing on the front page (72) Inventor Kazuhiro Machida 1006 Kadoma Kadoma, Osaka Prefecture Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. F-term (reference) 5C025 AA28 BA25 BA27 BA30 DA01 DA04 DA08 5C052 AA01 AB03 AB04 CC02 CC04 CC11 DD04 EE03 5C053 FA20 GB06 GB38 JA22 JA26 KA07 KA24 LA06 LA07 5C059 KK00 MA00 RB02 RB16 RC02 RC04 RE04 RF19 SS02 SS12 UA05 UA09 UA38

Claims (16)

[Claims] 1. A method of partially reproducing video and audio in a receiving device for reproducing a specified portion of video and audio received by digital broadcasting, comprising: recording a video and audio in a storage means; Record the set of the synchronization reference time, convert the specification by the standard time to the format of the synchronization reference time using the standard time and the synchronization reference time value of the set, and accurately reproduce the specified portion of the video and audio. A method of reproducing a video and audio part. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the video and audio are divided into blocks and recorded in the storage unit, and when each block is recorded, the set of the standard time and the synchronization reference time is recorded together. Partial playback method for video and audio. 3. The synchronous reference time is an STC, and the S
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the standard time paired with the TC is obtained from a real-time clock. 4. The synchronization reference time is an STC, and
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the standard time paired with the TC is obtained from broadcast standard time information. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the standard time information is TOT or TDT. 6. The video / audio partial reproduction method according to claim 3, wherein the STC value is obtained from an output of a PLL that generates the STC while calibrating based on PCR. 7. A STC value when a value indicating the standard time is updated is obtained from the set of the standard time and the STC recorded, and the designation of the video and audio based on the standard time is converted into the designation of the STC format. 3. The method according to claim 3, wherein
7. The video / audio partial reproduction method according to 5 or 6. 8. A value indicating the standard time when the PCR arrives is obtained from the set of the standard time and the STC recorded from the PCR to obtain the value of the STC from the PCR. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the conversion is performed to a designation of an STC format. 9. A receiving apparatus for reproducing a designated portion of video and audio received by digital broadcasting, comprising: a storage unit for storing an AV stream; and an AV stream divided into blocks and stored in the storage unit. A receiving apparatus comprising: a time information adding unit that acquires a standard time and a synchronization reference time of time and stores the set of the standard time and the synchronization reference time in the storage unit as accompanying information of the block. 10. The receiving apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said time information adding means acquires an STC value as said synchronization reference time, and acquires said standard time from a real time clock. 11. The time information adding means acquires an STC value as the synchronization reference time, and acquires the standard time from broadcast standard time information.
3. The receiving device according to claim 1. 12. The standard time information is TOT or TDT.
The receiving device according to claim 11, wherein 13. The time information adding means according to claim 1, wherein
The value of is obtained from an output of a PLL that generates an STC while calibrating based on PCR.
12. The receiving device according to 0 or 11. 14. The time information adding means,
The receiving device according to claim 9, wherein the value of the standard time is obtained from a PCR, and the standard time is obtained from a real time clock capable of outputting in 1/100 second units. 15. The real-time clock is transmitted to a broadcasted TOT.
Or correcting by TDT.
15. The receiving device according to 0 or 14. 16. A broadcasting system including the receiving device according to claim 9.