GB2459452A - Continuous wave laser induced incandescence detector - Google Patents
Continuous wave laser induced incandescence detector Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2459452A GB2459452A GB0807291A GB0807291A GB2459452A GB 2459452 A GB2459452 A GB 2459452A GB 0807291 A GB0807291 A GB 0807291A GB 0807291 A GB0807291 A GB 0807291A GB 2459452 A GB2459452 A GB 2459452A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- continuous wave
- laser
- wave laser
- detector
- induced incandescence
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003738 black carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012625 in-situ measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011545 laboratory measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/71—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light thermally excited
-
- G01N15/075—
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
- G01N2201/06—Illumination; Optics
- G01N2201/061—Sources
- G01N2201/06113—Coherent sources; lasers
Abstract
A device 10 for measuring Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) comprising high power continuous wave laser 12 (such as a continuous wave fibre laser or a continuous wave diode laser), dichroic mirror 14, focusing optical elements 16 (lenses 18,20), mirror 22 and detector 24. Detector 24 comprises a CCD camera or a photodetector. Laser light 26 is focused onto region 28. Incandescent light 30 emitted from soot or carbon particles in region 28 is focused by lenses 18, 20 and reflected by dichroic minor 14 and mirror 22 into detector 24. As well as the 180 degrees detection configuration, a 90 degrees detection configuration is also described. Device 10 can be used to detect soot particles in ambient air and carbon in exhaust gases from a gas turbine engine or as a fire detection system.
Description
A METHOD AND A DEVICE FOR DETECTING LASER INDUCED
INCANDESCENCE
The present invention relates to a method and device for detecting laser induced incandescence.
Laser induced incandescence (LII) is a technique used for measuring the volume fractions of soot, carbon, in flames and/or in exhaust gases from combustion chambers.
In particular it may be used to measure soot in exhaust gases from internal combustion engines and gas turbine engines.
In conventional laser induced incandescence (LII) a short pulse laser is used to produce short pulses of laser light, which are used to heat the surface of non-volatile absorbing particles, e.g. soot or metal, to a very high temperature such that they emit visible light which is detected in a short time gate following the short pulse of laser light.
Conventional laser induced incandescence (LII) relies on heating the surface of a non volatile particle very quickly, before heat is dissipated principally by conduction to the surrounding gas. Laser fluences are typically 0.2 to 5 J cm2. At higher laser fluences even soot, carbon, particles vapourise and hence the laser induced incandescence (LII) signal decreases.
Compact short pulse lasers with energies in the range of > lOmJ are limited to a repetition rates of about 10Hz, so that a laser producing iOns long pulses of laser light will only illuminate a given volume for about of the total exposure time. As a consequence of this limited amount of exposure of particles to pulses of laser light, particularly in flowing gases, the technique will only provide significant sensitivity levels where there is a significant particle count in the gas such that a significant number of particles are illuminated during each pulse of laser light. This may be the case in a sooting flame and normally in exhaust gases from an engine.
However, in ambient air the soot particle count may be much lower and they may not be detected by the pulses of laser light.
Accordingly the present invention seeks to provide a novel device for detecting laser induced incandescence, which reduces, preferably overcomes, the above mentioned problem.
Accordingly the present invention provides a device for detecting laser induced incandescence comprising a continuous wave laser, first focusing means to focus the continuous wave laser beam in a fluid and a detector to detect any laser induced incandescence due to particles in the fluid in a region around the focal point of the continuous wave laser beam.
Preferably the continuous wave laser comprises a near infrared continuous wave laser.
Preferably the continuous wave laser comprises a fibre laser or a diode laser.
Preferably the detector comprises a camera or a photo detector.
Preferably the detector comprises a CCD camera.
Preferably the device comprises second focusing means to focus any laser induced incandescence in the detector.
Preferably a dichroic mirror is provided between the continuous wave laser and the first means to focus the continuous wave laser beam, the first means to focus is the second means to focus, and a mirror to guide any laser induced incandescence from the dichroic mirror to the detector.
The continuous wave laser may be a modulated continuous wave laser.
The present invention also provides a method for detecting laser induced incandescence comprising producing a continuous wave laser beam, focussing the continuous wave laser beam in a fluid and detecting any laser induced incandescence due to particles in the fluid in a region around the focal point of the continuous wave laser beam.
Preferably the method comprises producing a near infrared continuous wave laser beam.
Preferably the method comprises detecting any laser induced incandescence using a camera or a photo detector.
Preferably the method comprises detecting the laser induced incandescence using a CCD camera.
Preferably the method comprises focusing any laser induced incandescence before detecting the laser induced incandescence.
The continuous wave laser beam may be a modulated continuous wave laser beam.
Preferably the method comprises detecting carbon particles in a gas.
Preferably the method comprises detecting carbon particles in exhaust gases from an engine.
Preferably the method comprises detecting carbon particles in exhaust gases from a gas turbine engine.
Alternatively the method comprises detecting smoke for a fire detection system in an outside storage area, in a warehouse or in a cargo deck/cargo hold of a ship.
The present invention will be more fully described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:-Figure 1 shows an optical arrangement for measuring laser induced incandescence according to the present invention.
Figure 2 shows a further optical arrangement for measuring laser induced incandescence according to the present invention.
An optical arrangement 10 for measuring laser induced incandescence is shown in figure 1 and comprises a high power continuous wave laser 12, a dichroic mirror 14, focusing optical elements 16, a mirror 22 and a detector 24. The high power continuous wave laser 12 comprises a continuous wave fibre laser or a continuous wave diode laser. The focusing optical elements 16 comprise lenses 18 and 20. The detector 24 comprises a camera or a photodetector. The camera may be a CCD camera. The optical arrangement 10 in figure 1 is continuous wave laser induced incandescence with a 1800, backward, collection configuration, this is suitable for in-situ measurement of exhaust gases from gas turbine engines, particularly aero gas turbine engines or remote measurements.
In use a continuous wave laser beam 26 is emitted from the high power continuous laser 12 and the continuous laser beam 26 passes through the dichroic mirror 14 and the continuous laser beam 26 is focussed by the lenses 18 and of the optical elements 16 onto a region 28. The incandescent radiation, visible light, 30 emitted from any particles in the region 28 is focussed by the lenses 18 and of the optical elements 16 and is reflected by the dichroic mirror 14 and the mirror 22 into the detector 24.
A further optical arrangement 40 for measuring laser induced incandescence is shown in figure 2 and comprises a high power continuous wave laser 42, focusing optical elements 44, focusing element 50 and a detector 52. The high power continuous wave laser 42 comprises a continuous wave fibre laser or a continuous wave diode laser. The focusing optical elements 44 comprise lenses 46 and 48.
The detector 52 comprises a camera or a photodetector. The camera may be a CCD camera. The optical arrangement 40 in figure 2 is continuous wave laser induced incandescence with a 90° collection configuration, this is suitable for measurement of sampled exhaust gases from gas turbine engines, particularly aero gas turbine engines, laboratory measurements or sampled exhaust gases from internal combustion engines.
In use a continuous wave laser beam 54 is emitted from the high power continuous laser 42 and the continuous laser beam 42 is focussed by the lenses 46 and 48 of the optical elements 44 onto a region 56. Any incandescent radiation, visible light, 58 emitted from particles in the region 56 is focussed by the lens 50 into the detector 52.
It is to be noted that in both configurations the focussing optical elements are essential, because continuous wave laser induced incandescence is only observed from a defined volume around the focus point of the continuous wave laser beam.
The present invention increases the sensitivity of laser induced incandescence (LII) so that it is capable of measuring particles in ambient air, by use of a continuous wave laser to generate incandescence which is detected by an ungated detector.
In continuous wave laser induced incandescence much higher fluences, e.g. 120 J cm2, obtainable by focussing the output of a high power laser, e.g. a high power fibre laser, are used so that heat is supplied to the particles at the same time as heat is lost to the surrounding gas.
Physical and chemical processes, such as internal energy transfer within particles, may be much more important in continuous wave laser induced incandescence than in conventional pulsed laser induced incandescence and this may contribute to enhanced sensitivity of the continuous wave laser induced incandescence.
The continuous wave laser induced incandescence is a very sensitive method of measuring of absorbing, non volatile particles. Continuous wave laser induced incandescence has been demonstrated in ambient air, laboratory flames, the output gases from a carbon aerosol generator and the exhaust gases from a gas turbine engine.
A near infrared continuous wave laser, e.g. a continuous wave fibre laser or a continuous wave diode laser, producing powers > lOW are suitable for use in the present invention. The laser light produced by these lasers may be supplied using optical fibres. The detector may be any camera or photo detector, which is sensitive in the visible region of the spectrum. An intensified CCD camera was used to demonstrate continuous wave laser induced incandescence (CW-LII) of particles in air.
Continuous wave laser induced incandescence is very sensitive and it may detect soot particles in ambient air.
Thus, continuous wave laser induced incandescence may be used for remote detection of vehicles moving upwind, aircraft taking off upwind and general ambient black carbon monitoring for environmental purposes. The continuous wave laser induced incandescence may be used for scanning smoke detection system for a fire detection system in an outside storage area, in a warehouse or in a cargo deck/cargo hold of a ship.
The continuous wave laser may be a modulated continuous wave laser.
Claims (20)
- Claims: - 1. A device for detecting laser induced incandescence comprising a continuous wave laser, first focusing means to focus the continuous wave laser beam in a fluid and a detector to detect any laser induced incandescence due to particles in the fluid in a region around the focal point of the continuous wave laser beam.
- 2. A device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the continuous wave laser comprises a near infrared continuous wave laser.
- 3. A device as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the continuous wave laser comprises a fibre laser or a diode laser.
- 4. A device as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3 wherein the detector comprises a camera or a photo detector.
- 5. A device as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4 wherein the detector comprises a CCD camera.
- 6. A device as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5 comprising second focusing means to focus any laser induced incandescence in the detector.
- 7. A device as claimed in claim 6 comprising a dichroic mirror between the continuous wave laser and the first means to focus the continuous wave laser beam, the first means to focus is the second means to focus, and a mirror to guide any laser induced incandescence from the dichroic mirror to the detector.
- 8. A device as claimed in any of claims 1 to 7 wherein the continuous wave laser is a modulated continuous wave laser.
- 9. A device substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as shown in the accompanying drawings.
- 10. A method for detecting laser induced incandescence comprising producing a continuous wave laser beam, focussing the continuous wave laser beam in a fluid and detecting any laser induced incandescence due to particles in the fluid in a region around the focal point of the continuous wave laser beam.
- 11. A method as claimed in claim 10 comprising a near infrared continuous wave laser beam.
- 12. A method as claimed in claim 10 or claim 11 comprising detecting any laser induced incandescence using a camera or a photo detector.
- 13. A method as claimed in any of claims 10 to 12 comprising detecting the laser induced incandescence using a CCD camera.
- 14. A method as claimed in any of claims 10 to 13 comprising focusing any laser induced incandescence before detecting the laser induced incandescence.
- 15. A method as claimed in any of claims 10 to 14 comprising modulating the continuous wave laser beam.
- 16. A method as claimed in any of claims 10 to 15 comprising detecting carbon particles in a gas.
- 17. A method as claimed in claim 16 comprising detecting carbon particles in exhaust gases from an engine.
- 18. A method as claimed in claim 17 comprising detecting carbon particles in exhaust gases from a gas turbine engine.
- 19. A method as claimed in claim 16 comprising detecting smoke for a fire detection system in an outside storage area, in a warehouse or in a cargo deck/cargo hold of a ship.
- 20. A method substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as shown in the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0807291A GB2459452A (en) | 2008-04-22 | 2008-04-22 | Continuous wave laser induced incandescence detector |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0807291A GB2459452A (en) | 2008-04-22 | 2008-04-22 | Continuous wave laser induced incandescence detector |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0807291D0 GB0807291D0 (en) | 2008-05-28 |
| GB2459452A true GB2459452A (en) | 2009-10-28 |
Family
ID=39494025
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0807291A Withdrawn GB2459452A (en) | 2008-04-22 | 2008-04-22 | Continuous wave laser induced incandescence detector |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2459452A (en) |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20110228257A1 (en) * | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-22 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Alabama | Hollow core fiber laser induced incandescence |
| CN102305785A (en) * | 2011-07-29 | 2012-01-04 | 中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所 | Real-time online monitoring device for fused slag component |
| EP2572987A3 (en) * | 2011-09-22 | 2017-05-03 | Rolls-Royce plc | A fluid management apparatus and method |
| WO2018202433A1 (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2018-11-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Optical soot particle sensor for motor vehicles |
| CN109946232A (en) * | 2019-03-18 | 2019-06-28 | 安徽优思天成智能科技有限公司 | A kind of marine exhaust scan tracing monitoring system |
| WO2019170393A1 (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-09-12 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Laser-induced incandescent particle sensor comprising a confocal arrangement of a laser spot and of a thermal radiation spot |
| WO2020088843A1 (en) * | 2018-10-31 | 2020-05-07 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Optical particle sensor, in particular exhaust gas sensor |
| WO2020151853A1 (en) * | 2019-01-23 | 2020-07-30 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Sensor device for detecting particles or an aerosol in a flowing fluid using the principle of laser-induced incandescence |
| US20220026338A1 (en) * | 2018-12-13 | 2022-01-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method for detecting particles or aerosol in a flowing fluid, computer program, as well as electrical memory medium |
| FR3130887A1 (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2023-06-23 | Rolls-Royce Plc | METHOD FOR DETERMINING ONE OR MORE FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AVIATION FUEL |
| US11708796B2 (en) | 2021-12-21 | 2023-07-25 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Performance parameters |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0894526A (en) * | 1994-09-22 | 1996-04-12 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | Method for measuring soot concentration |
| EP0837316A2 (en) * | 1996-10-15 | 1998-04-22 | Research Electro-Optics, Inc. | Small particle characteristic determination |
| US5820627A (en) * | 1996-03-28 | 1998-10-13 | Physical Sciences, Inc. | Real-time optical feedback control of laser lithotripsy |
| US5953120A (en) * | 1996-01-04 | 1999-09-14 | Sandia Corporation | Optical probe |
-
2008
- 2008-04-22 GB GB0807291A patent/GB2459452A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0894526A (en) * | 1994-09-22 | 1996-04-12 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | Method for measuring soot concentration |
| US5953120A (en) * | 1996-01-04 | 1999-09-14 | Sandia Corporation | Optical probe |
| US5820627A (en) * | 1996-03-28 | 1998-10-13 | Physical Sciences, Inc. | Real-time optical feedback control of laser lithotripsy |
| EP0837316A2 (en) * | 1996-10-15 | 1998-04-22 | Research Electro-Optics, Inc. | Small particle characteristic determination |
Cited By (24)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20110228257A1 (en) * | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-22 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Alabama | Hollow core fiber laser induced incandescence |
| CN102305785A (en) * | 2011-07-29 | 2012-01-04 | 中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所 | Real-time online monitoring device for fused slag component |
| EP2572987A3 (en) * | 2011-09-22 | 2017-05-03 | Rolls-Royce plc | A fluid management apparatus and method |
| US11073480B2 (en) | 2017-05-03 | 2021-07-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Optical soot particle sensor for motor vehicles |
| JP7009662B2 (en) | 2017-05-03 | 2022-01-25 | ローベルト ボツシユ ゲゼルシヤフト ミツト ベシユレンクテル ハフツング | Optical soot particle sensor for automobiles |
| CN110621982A (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2019-12-27 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | Optical soot particle sensor for a motor vehicle |
| KR20200003800A (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2020-01-10 | 로베르트 보쉬 게엠베하 | Automotive Optical Suit Particle Sensors |
| KR102486061B1 (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2023-01-09 | 로베르트 보쉬 게엠베하 | Optical soot particle sensor for automotive |
| JP2020519867A (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2020-07-02 | ローベルト ボツシユ ゲゼルシヤフト ミツト ベシユレンクテル ハフツングＲｏｂｅｒｔ Ｂｏｓｃｈ Ｇｍｂｈ | Optical soot particle sensor for automobiles |
| WO2018202433A1 (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2018-11-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Optical soot particle sensor for motor vehicles |
| JP2021113820A (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2021-08-05 | ローベルト ボツシユ ゲゼルシヤフト ミツト ベシユレンクテル ハフツングRobert Bosch Gmbh | Optical soot particle sensor for automobile |
| WO2019170393A1 (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-09-12 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Laser-induced incandescent particle sensor comprising a confocal arrangement of a laser spot and of a thermal radiation spot |
| US11467078B2 (en) | 2018-03-06 | 2022-10-11 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Laser-induced incandescent particle sensor comprising a confocal arrangement of a laser spot and of a thermal radiation spot |
| CN111819431A (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2020-10-23 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | Particle sensor operating with laser-induced incandescent lamp having confocal arrangement of laser and thermal radiation spots |
| JP2022506195A (en) * | 2018-10-31 | 2022-01-17 | ローベルト ボツシユ ゲゼルシヤフト ミツト ベシユレンクテル ハフツング | Optical particulate sensor, especially exhaust gas sensor |
| WO2020088843A1 (en) * | 2018-10-31 | 2020-05-07 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Optical particle sensor, in particular exhaust gas sensor |
| US11761854B2 (en) | 2018-10-31 | 2023-09-19 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Optical particle sensor, in particular, exhaust gas sensor |
| US20220026338A1 (en) * | 2018-12-13 | 2022-01-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method for detecting particles or aerosol in a flowing fluid, computer program, as well as electrical memory medium |
| WO2020151853A1 (en) * | 2019-01-23 | 2020-07-30 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Sensor device for detecting particles or an aerosol in a flowing fluid using the principle of laser-induced incandescence |
| CN109946232A (en) * | 2019-03-18 | 2019-06-28 | 安徽优思天成智能科技有限公司 | A kind of marine exhaust scan tracing monitoring system |
| FR3130887A1 (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2023-06-23 | Rolls-Royce Plc | METHOD FOR DETERMINING ONE OR MORE FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AVIATION FUEL |
| GB2614434A (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2023-07-05 | Rolls Royce Plc | Exhaust content |
| US11708769B2 (en) | 2021-12-21 | 2023-07-25 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Exhaust content |
| US11708796B2 (en) | 2021-12-21 | 2023-07-25 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Performance parameters |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB0807291D0 (en) | 2008-05-28 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |