GB2446219A - Hybrid photovoltaic and solar heat collector panel - Google Patents
Hybrid photovoltaic and solar heat collector panel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2446219A GB2446219A GB0701973A GB0701973A GB2446219A GB 2446219 A GB2446219 A GB 2446219A GB 0701973 A GB0701973 A GB 0701973A GB 0701973 A GB0701973 A GB 0701973A GB 2446219 A GB2446219 A GB 2446219A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- thin film
- solar panel
- thermal solar
- cells
- photovoltaic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- HVMJUDPAXRRVQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper indium Chemical compound [Cu].[In] HVMJUDPAXRRVQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims 2
- UEEBPQBGLVAFMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M [Al+3].[Se-2].[SeH-] Chemical compound [Al+3].[Se-2].[SeH-] UEEBPQBGLVAFMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- KTSFMFGEAAANTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu].[Se].[Se].[In] Chemical compound [Cu].[Se].[Se].[In] KTSFMFGEAAANTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- ZZEMEJKDTZOXOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N digallium;selenium(2-) Chemical compound [Ga+3].[Ga+3].[Se-2].[Se-2].[Se-2] ZZEMEJKDTZOXOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000006059 cover glass Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 41
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013529 heat transfer fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
- H02S40/40—Thermal components
- H02S40/44—Means to utilise heat energy, e.g. hybrid systems producing warm water and electricity at the same time
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
- F24S10/70—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits
- F24S10/75—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits with enlarged surfaces, e.g. with protrusions or corrugations
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/036—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes
- H01L31/0392—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including thin films deposited on metallic or insulating substrates ; characterised by specific substrate materials or substrate features or by the presence of intermediate layers, e.g. barrier layers, on the substrate
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
- Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/60—Thermal-PV hybrids
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
A thin film photovoltaic and thermal solar panel comprises thin film photovoltaic cells 12 deposited on a metal plate 13, to which are attached pipes 14 and/or fins (17, fig 4) to transfer heat to a circulating fluid. The photovoltaic cells 12 may be isolated from the metal plate 13 by a layer of insulating material (4, fig 1). The photovoltaic cells 12 acts as the front surface of the collector plate. Radiation not converted to heat is conducted to the metal plate 13. If a liquid heat transfer medium is used, metal pipes 14 or conduits are bonded to the metal plate, and the fluid circulates within these pipes or conduits. If the heat transfer medium is air, this air circulates above and/or below the metal plate 13. Fins (17) can be bonded to the plate underside to increase the surface area available for heat transfer. The panel is enclosed in a box, which includes insulation and cover glass, to reduce heat losses.
Description
THIN FILM PHOTO VOLTAIC AND THERMAL SOLAR PANEL
Photovoltaic panels convert radiation to electrical energy with an efficiency of 15 to 25 % (depending on the materials used, and other design factors). The remaining energy is converted to heat, which is lost to the environment, unless means are included to recover the heat in a usable form.
Solar thermal panels absorb radiation and convert it to heat. A fraction of this heat can be extracted, by means of a circulating fluid, and used for a number of applications, including space heating in buildings, and domestic hot water.
Solar panels exist which provide both functions -electricity generation and extraction of heat.
A common configuration is a crystalline wafer of semiconductor bonded to the front of a metal plate, which acts as the collector of a solar thermal panel. Pipes bonded to the rear of this plate, or channels above and/or below the plate allow circulation of a fluid, which extracts heat from the panels, and delivers it to the point of use, or to a storage device.
A limitation of this type of panel is that heat is required to flow through most of the thickness of the semiconductor wafer, before reaching the metal plate and then being transferred to the circulating fluid. As the thermal conductivity of the semiconductor is significantly less than that of the metal, this reduces the heat flow, and consequently the fraction of the heat, which can be usefully extracted. A combined function solar panel, using thin film photovoltaic cells improves thermal conductivity, and has additional optical properties, which can further improve efficiency.
According to the present invention, there is provided a thin film combined heat and power solar panel, consisting of one or more thin film photovoltaic cells deposited onto a metal plate, to which are attached pipes and/or fins to transfer heat to a circulating fluid.
Each thin film photovohaic cell consists of a window layer (uppermost layer), an absorber layer and a back metal contact layer. Both the window layer and the absorber layer are semiconductors. The window layer may consist of layers of two different materials. The uppermost of these layers is generally a semiconductive metal oxide, in which case it is referred to as a transparent conducting oxide layer. The lower layer, which forms a junction with the absorber layer, is called a buffer layer. The absorber layer is made of a material, which has a band gap suitable for high electrical to optical conversion of the solar spectrum.
The back metal contact is fabricated using materials which form a low-resistance (Ohmic) contact with the absorber layer.
In order to isolate the photovoltaic cells from the metal plate, a layer of insulating material may be deposited onto the metal plate, onto which the layers of the photovoltaic cells are successively deposited.
In addition to generation of electricity, the photovoltaic cell acts as the front surface of the collector plate. Radiation which is not converted to heat is conducted to the metal plate. The subsequent heat transfer depends on the fluid used for heat extraction. If a liquid heat transfer medium is used, metal pipes (or similar conduits) are bonded to the metal plate, and the fluid circulates within these pipes or conduits. If the heat transfer medium is air, this air circulates above and/or below the metal plate. If the air circulates below the metal plate, fins can be bonded to the plate, the increase the surface area available for heat transfer, and hence increase the fraction of heat, which can be usefully extracted.
The components described are enclosed in a box, which includes insulation and cover glass, to reduce heat losses.
A number of specific embodiments are now described, with reference to the accompanying figures Figure 1 shows a cross section of a thin film photovoltaic cell, in which the window layer consists of a single layer of one material, and which is deposited onto an insulating layer, which in turn is deposited onto a metal substrate, which also acts as the collector plate of the thermal panel.
Figure 2 shows a cross section of a thin film photovoltaic cell, in which the window layer consists of a transparent conducting material and a buffer layer, and which is deposited onto an insulating layer, which in turn is deposited onto a metal substrate, which also acts as the collector plate of the thermal panel.
Figure 3 shows a cross section of a thin film combined heat and power solar panel, in which the heat transfer medium is a fluid.
Figure 4 shows a cross section of a thin film combined heat and power solar panel, in which the heat transfer medium is air.
Referring to Figure 1, the window layer I and the absorber layer 2 form a semiconductor junction, which acts as a photovoltaic cell, converting incident radiation to electrical energy.
The back metal contact 3 connects the cell to an external circuit. The insulating layer 4 isolates the photovoltaic cell electrically from the metal plate 5, which acts as a substrate for the thin film photovoltaic cell or cells, and also acts as the collector plate of the solar thermal panel.
Referring to Figure 2, the transparent conducting layer 6 provides an electrical connection to an external circuit, and the buffer layer 7 forms a semiconductor junction with the absorber layer 8. The absorber layer 8, the back metal contact 9, the insulating layer 10, and the metal substrate II are as in Figure 1, and perform the same flmctions.
Referring to Figure 3, the thin film photovoltaic cell 12 acts as the front (radiation absorbing) surface of the metal collector plate 13. Metal pipes 14 are provided for circulation of a heat transfer fluid, which extracts heat from the panel, and delivers it to the point of use, or to a storage device.
Referring to Figure 4, the thin film photovoltaic cell 15 acts as the front (radiation absorbing) surface of the metal collector plate 16. Metal fms 17 provide increased surface area for heat exchange to the circulating air, which extracts heat from the panel, and delivers it to the point of use, or to a storage device.
The thin film combined heat and power solar panel has two features, which improve thermal performance, compared to a panel consisting of semiconductor wafers, bonded to a metal plate. Firstly, the thin film photovoltaic cell is a few micrometers thick, compared to a typical thickness of 0.3 to 0.5 millimetres, for a crystalline photovoltaic cell. Secondly, a thin film photovoltaic cell has optical properties, which enhance thermal performance.
A semiconductor absorbs photons with energy greater than its band gap, and converts this incident energy into electricity. Photons of lower energy are not absorbed to the same extent.
Thus a semiconductor absorbs radiation with a wavelength less than the cut-off wavelength (corresponding to the band gap energy), and transmits radiation of longer wavelength.
In a thin film photovoltaic cell, this long wavelength radiation is transmitted to the back metal contact, and is then reflected back through the absorber layer and the other layers of the cell, and then out of the cell.
A solar thermal panel is required to absorb a large fraction of the solar spectrum, and is therefore absorbent in this wavelength region. In order to reduce radiative losses, the surface is required to have low emissivity at the wavelength range of thermally emitted radiation (typically 10 inicrometres). This requires that the surface has low absorption -and is hence reflective -in this wavelength range. Such a surface is known as a solar selective surface.
A thin film photovoftajc cell includes a semiconductor layer deposited onto a metal layer.
Such a combination is absorbent at short wavelengths, and reflective at long wavelengths, and thus acts as a solar selective surface, as required for a solar thermal panel.
The optimum transition wavelength, for transition from absorbent to reflective, is approximately 2 micrometres for a solar thermal panel. The optimum cut-off wavelength for a photovoltaic cell is approximately I micrometre. Thus a material with an transition wavelength within this range will result in good photovoltaic and thermal efficiency.
These efficiencies may be improved by grading the composition of the absorber layer. The upper region, which forms the junction with the window layer, and where the photovoltaic current is generated, can have a band gap, which provides optimum optical to electrical efficiency. The lower region of the absorber layer can have a transition wavelength, which is optimised for the function of solar selective surface, and hence is optimised for thermal performance.
Improvement in both electrical and thermal performance can be achieved by fabricating a multiple junction cell. This consists of two or more window layer-absorber layer combinations, stacked vertically on top of each other. The top absorber layer has a higher band gap, and absorbs high energy (short wavelength) photons. The lower absorber layer has a lower band gap and absorb some of the photons, which pass through the upper absorber layer. This increases the electrical conversion efficiency. As the band gap of the lower cell is generally smaller than that of a single junction cell, the cut-off wavelength is longer, resulting in higher thermal efficiency.
Claims (13)
1. A thin film photovoltaic and thermal solar panel, cOnsisting of one or more thin film photovoltaic cells, deposited onto a metal plate, to which means are attached for the transfer of heat to a circulating fluid.
2. A thin film photovoltaic and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim I, wherein the absorber layer of the photovoltaic cell or cells is composed of polycrystalline silicon.
3. A thin film photovoltajc and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the absorber layer of the photovoltaic cell or cells is composed of amorphous silicon.
4. A thin film photovoltaic and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the absorber layer of the photovoltaic cell or cells is composed of copper indium diselenide.
5. A thin film photovoltaic and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the absorber layer of the photovoltajc cell or cells is composed of copper indium disuiphide.
6. A thin film photovoltajc and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim I, wherein the absorber layer of the photovoftaic cell or cells is composed of copper indium gallium diselenide.
7. A thin film photovoltaje and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the absorber layer of the photovoltaic cell or cells is composed of copper indium aluminium diselenide.
8. A thin film photovoltaic and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim I * and in Claims 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, wherein the absorber layer of the photovoltajc cell or cells is composed of alloys of the materials stated in Claims 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
9. A thin film photovoltaic and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim 1, and in Claims 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, wherein the absorber layer of the photovoltaic cell or cells is composed of alloys of the materials stated in Claims 4, 5, 6 7 and 8, and the composition is graded vertically through the layer.
10. A thin film photovoltaic and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim 1, and in Claims 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, wherein multiple layers of semiconductors form two or more junctions within the cell, and the band gap of each layer is different.
11. A thin film photovoltajc and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the heat transfer medium is a liquid, and metal pipes or other conduits are bonded to the metal collector plate, to provide circulation channels for this heat transfer liquid.
12. A thin film photovoltaic and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the heat transfer medium is air, and metal fins are bonded to the metal collector plate, to increase the surface area provided for heat transfer.
13. A thin film photovoltaic and thermal solar panel, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein both liquid and air are used as heat transfer media, and both metal pipes or other conduits and metal fins are bonded to the metal collector plate, for the transfer or heat from the collector plate.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0701973A GB2446219A (en) | 2007-02-02 | 2007-02-02 | Hybrid photovoltaic and solar heat collector panel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0701973A GB2446219A (en) | 2007-02-02 | 2007-02-02 | Hybrid photovoltaic and solar heat collector panel |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0701973D0 GB0701973D0 (en) | 2007-03-14 |
| GB2446219A true GB2446219A (en) | 2008-08-06 |
Family
ID=37891150
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0701973A Withdrawn GB2446219A (en) | 2007-02-02 | 2007-02-02 | Hybrid photovoltaic and solar heat collector panel |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2446219A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011047484A1 (en) * | 2009-10-22 | 2011-04-28 | Renewable Resource Recovery Corp. | Wall assembly with photovoltaic panel |
| DE102011051918A1 (en) | 2011-07-18 | 2013-01-24 | Schott Solar Ag | Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector has solar cell extended along radiation-side transparent element, and downstream heat exchanger that is provided for transferring heat to fluid leading element |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4587376A (en) * | 1983-09-13 | 1986-05-06 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Sunlight-into-energy conversion apparatus |
| US6063996A (en) * | 1996-07-17 | 2000-05-16 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Solar cell module and hybrid roof panel using the same |
| US6121541A (en) * | 1997-07-28 | 2000-09-19 | Bp Solarex | Monolithic multi-junction solar cells with amorphous silicon and CIS and their alloys |
| DE20014536U1 (en) * | 2000-08-23 | 2000-11-02 | Thyssen Bausysteme Gmbh | Roofing or wall cladding made of self-supporting sheet metal panels with photovoltaic solar modules attached on the outside and a system on the underside for regulated heat removal and / or supply |
| US20050074915A1 (en) * | 2001-07-13 | 2005-04-07 | Tuttle John R. | Thin-film solar cell fabricated on a flexible metallic substrate |
| JP2005134046A (en) * | 2003-10-31 | 2005-05-26 | Noritz Corp | Photovoltaic power generation/heat collection laminated type hybrid panel |
-
2007
- 2007-02-02 GB GB0701973A patent/GB2446219A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4587376A (en) * | 1983-09-13 | 1986-05-06 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Sunlight-into-energy conversion apparatus |
| US6063996A (en) * | 1996-07-17 | 2000-05-16 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Solar cell module and hybrid roof panel using the same |
| US6121541A (en) * | 1997-07-28 | 2000-09-19 | Bp Solarex | Monolithic multi-junction solar cells with amorphous silicon and CIS and their alloys |
| DE20014536U1 (en) * | 2000-08-23 | 2000-11-02 | Thyssen Bausysteme Gmbh | Roofing or wall cladding made of self-supporting sheet metal panels with photovoltaic solar modules attached on the outside and a system on the underside for regulated heat removal and / or supply |
| US20050074915A1 (en) * | 2001-07-13 | 2005-04-07 | Tuttle John R. | Thin-film solar cell fabricated on a flexible metallic substrate |
| JP2005134046A (en) * | 2003-10-31 | 2005-05-26 | Noritz Corp | Photovoltaic power generation/heat collection laminated type hybrid panel |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011047484A1 (en) * | 2009-10-22 | 2011-04-28 | Renewable Resource Recovery Corp. | Wall assembly with photovoltaic panel |
| DE102011051918A1 (en) | 2011-07-18 | 2013-01-24 | Schott Solar Ag | Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector has solar cell extended along radiation-side transparent element, and downstream heat exchanger that is provided for transferring heat to fluid leading element |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB0701973D0 (en) | 2007-03-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |