GB2150692A - Apparatus and method for coating tablets - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for coating tablets Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2150692A GB2150692A GB08332009A GB8332009A GB2150692A GB 2150692 A GB2150692 A GB 2150692A GB 08332009 A GB08332009 A GB 08332009A GB 8332009 A GB8332009 A GB 8332009A GB 2150692 A GB2150692 A GB 2150692A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- coating
- tablets
- tablet
- signal
- electrical signal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C3/00—Apparatus in which the work is brought into contact with a bulk quantity of liquid or other fluent material
- B05C3/02—Apparatus in which the work is brought into contact with a bulk quantity of liquid or other fluent material the work being immersed in the liquid or other fluent material
- B05C3/04—Apparatus in which the work is brought into contact with a bulk quantity of liquid or other fluent material the work being immersed in the liquid or other fluent material with special provision for agitating the work or the liquid or other fluent material
- B05C3/05—Apparatus in which the work is brought into contact with a bulk quantity of liquid or other fluent material the work being immersed in the liquid or other fluent material with special provision for agitating the work or the liquid or other fluent material by applying vibrations thereto
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
- A61J3/00—Devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms
- A61J3/005—Coating of tablets or the like
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
- B01J2/006—Coating of the granules without description of the process or the device by which the granules are obtained
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/12—Analysing solids by measuring frequency or resonance of acoustic waves
Abstract
An apparatus and method for controlling the application of coating layers to a batch of tablets applied in a tablet coating unit is disclosed. Vibrations caused by the coating process are monitored by an accelerometer 120 and filtered 126 to determine when the most recent coating layer is substantially dry. The level of the accelerometer output signal is significantly higher in the 8 to 10 KHz frequency band for dry tablets than for tablets having a coating layer which has not dried sufficiently, (Fig. 2). By the use of a multiplexer 128 the apparatus may control more than one batch simultaneously. A controller 140 receives the filtered signal and controls the coating dispenser pump 106 and rotation speed of the tablet drying pan 152 and flow rate of a hot air blowing dryer via a function controller 170 accordingly. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Apparatus and method for coating tablets
Background of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for coating tablets including the control of the coating process using information contained in the vibrations caused in the coating process. The term vibrations as used herein means the presence of vibrational waves of energy in matter whether they be sound vibrations in air or mechanical vibrations in solid matter.
Many tablets such as vitamins, medicines, etc. comprise a core and a coating. The coating provides protection and visual appeal among other things, and comprises a plurality of separately applied coating layers. An aqueous sugar solution with or without dye is a typical coating material.
One approach to coating tablets comprises placing a batch of dry tablet cores to be coated into a rotating coating pan of a tablet coating unit; spraying the tablets in the rotating pan with a quantity of coating material; drying the tablets; and, when the previous coat of material is dry, applying the next coat.
The rotating pan aids in coating the entire surface of each of the tablets.
In carrying out the above method it is very important that a new coating layer not be applied before the previous coat is sufficiently dry; otherwise, a variety of problems may occur including, for example, cracking or an uneven surface appearance in the tablets.
In the past, control of tablet coating was done manually. No real good way was known to determine precisely when the various coating layers were dry. Time was lost in making sure that moisture levels were low enough between coats. The amount of lost time becomes even more significant when there are a large number of coats to be applied. More recently several approaches for obtaining better control of coating tablets have been developed including monitoring the weight of the tablets undergoing coating (U.S. Patent No.
4,310,562): measuring ambient moisture and the temperature of the tablets ("Improved
Self-Programming Automated Tablet-Coating
System" by A. Heyd et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 59, No. 8, August 1970, pp. 1171-1174, and "Monitoring
Volatile Coating Solution Applications in a
Coating Pan" by R. J. Lantz, Jr., et al.,
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 59,
No. 8, August, 1970, pp. 1174-1177); and measuring infrared reflectance ("The Measurement of Moisture By Infrared Reflectance" by
H. Seager, et al., Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology, Vol. 28, 1976, pp. 628).
Also, see U.S. patent application S.N.
495,564, filed 5/18/83, entitled "Infrared
Energy Monitor For Controlling The Sugar
Coating of Tablets, Candy and Gum", assigned to a common assignee and relating to the use of infrared reflectance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for the coating of tablets.
A further object of the present invention is to provide for a method and means for accurately determining when a prior tablet coating is sufficiently dry to apply the next coating layer.
Another object of the present invention is to provide for automatically controlling the application of coating tablets by determining when the prior coating is sufficiently dry to apply the next coating.
The present invention comprises a method of controlling the coating of tablets in a tablet coating unit. The vibrations caused by the tablets undergoing coating in the tablet coating unit are monitored to determine when the prior coating layer is sufficiently dry so that the next coating layer can be applied. The vibrations of the tablet coating unit and tablets are converted into an electrical signal which in turn is frequency filtered over a predetermined frequency band. The frequency filtered signal is compared with a reference signal to determine when the coating is sufficiently dry. In one embodiment, the reference level is revised during the coating process to accommodate changes in vibrational characteristics due to accumulated coating layers.
In the preferred embodiment, the apparatus for controlling the coating of tablets comprises a means for applying coatings to the tablet including a moving coating pan for holding the tablet to be coated, and means for monitoring the vibrations caused by the tablets being coated to determine when the prior coating is dry enough to apply the next coating. An accelerometer is attached to the application means and its output is filtered over a predetermined frequency band. In the preferred embodiment, the predetermined frequency band is 8 to 10 kilohertz (KHz). A determination can be made of how dry the prior coating is from the level of the output signal from the frequency filter circuit.
A control means coupled to the application means activates the application means to apply the next coating layer in response to the output from the frequency filter circuit. In one embodiment, the control means computes the root mean square (RMS) signal level of the output signal and compares it with the level of a reference signal. When the RMS signal level exceeds the reference signal level, the next coating layer is applied.
A plurality of tablet batches can be coated simultaneously by multiplexing the outputs of a plurality of accelerometers associated with the plurality of tablet batches to a single frequency analysis circuit and central controller.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 2 are curves of the electrical signal outputs of a portion of the preferred embodiment of Fig. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAW
INGS
Referring now to Fig. 1, an apparatus designated generally 100 for coating tablets with a plurality of coating layers and for controlling the application of the coating layers is disclosed. A portion of the apparatus 100 which acts as a means for applying coating layers to a bed of tablets includes a tablet coating unit designated generally 102, a spraying apparatus 104, pump 106 and liquid coating material reservoir 108.The portion which controls the coating step, particularly the timing between the application of coating layers, comprises a means 1 20 for sensing the vibrations caused by the coating process such as an accelerometer or microphone which is electrically coupled via line 122 to a preamp 1 24 which in turn is coupled to a frequency filter circuit 126 via multiplexer 128 and lines 130 and 132. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, the output of frequency filter circuit 1 26 is coupled to controller 140 via bus 142. Based on the information in the frequency filter circuit output signal, controller 140 is adapted to control the functions of the tablet coating unit 102 and pump 106 via lines 146 and 148, respectively.
The tablet coating unit 102 comprises a stand 1 50 and rotatable coating pan 1 52.
Tablets to be coated are placed in the pan 1 52 forming a bed indicated by the dashed lines 1 54. The stand 1 50 encloses the motor and drive for rotating the pan 1 52 as well as providing support for the pan.
A definite quantity of coating material, such as a sugar solution, is pumped from reservoir 108 by pump 106 and sprayed by spraying apparatus 104 onto the bed of tablets 1 54.
Then the coating layer is dried by evaporation and/or forced hot air. During the spraying and drying process the pan 1 52 is moved to assist in insuring a uniform coating and drying of the surfaces of the tablets. In the preferred embodiment the pan is rotated about axis 158.
There are many conventional tablet coating units suitable for the above described purposes including, but not limited to, those manufactured by Manesty Machines, Pietro
Pellegrini, Freund/Lodige, Driam
Metallprodukt GmbH and Glatt.
The specific tablet coating unit described herein is a Model No. CP4 available from
Manesty Machines Limited of Speke, Liverpool, England. The Model No. CP4 stand can accomodate pans with pan openings up to 42 inches. The CP4 Model is able to rotate an associated pan within a speed range of at least 1 4 to 34 rotations per minute. The CP4 unit can be made available with a hot air blower.
Typically, the pan is loaded with a bed of tablet cores and a plurality of coating layers are applied thereto while the pan rotates
Before each coating layer can be applied, the moisture content of the previous coating layer must attain a certain low level, or the coating layer be sufficiently dry. to avoid problems such as cracking in the coating or non-uniformity or non-eveness in surface appearance.
Complete coating of the tablets may require sixty applications or more with each application requiring thirty minutes or more to dry completely. A considerable amount of time in the coating process can be saved by knowing as soon as possible when the previous coat is dry enough to apply the next coat. It has been determined that this can be accomplished by monitoring the vibrations caused by the tablets as they are rotated within the pan 1 52.
As the tablets tumble within the rotating pan they encounter one another and the sides of the pan 1 52 which causes vibrations. When the tablets are freshly coated with a liquid coating material, the moisture content of the coating layer dampens the level of the vibrations. As the tablets dry, they become harder and the level of the vibrations increase.
Vibrations caused by operation of the tablet coating unit and by motion of the tablets undergoing coating therein are detected by the accelerometer 1 20 mounted to a stationary portion of the unit 102 near to the pan 152, preferably mounted to an assembly bolt of the gearbox of the stand 1 50. Suitable accelerometers are available from a number of companies including accelerometers described in the 1 982 catalog of Bruel and Kjaer.
Accelerometers are electromechanical transducers which produce an electrical output signal proportional to the vibratory accelerations to which they are subjected. Alternatively, a microphone could be mounted near to the tablet coating unit to detect sound vibrations caused by the coating process.
The electrical signal produced by accelerometer 1 20 is proportional to all vibrations encountered by accelerometer 120. The sources of the vibrations include operation of the tablet coating unit 102 (e.g., operation of the drive to rotate the pan and operation of the hot air blower) and the motion of the tablet bed 1 54 within the pan 1 52. It is of interest, however, to observe the characteristics of the electrical signal which are different depending on whether wet tablets or dry tablets are present in the pan. In the embodi ment disclosed herein, it has been determined that the amplitude of the electrical signal in the 8-10 KHz frequency band differs substantially when wet tablets or partially dry tablets are present as compared to when fully dry tablets are present.However, if different tablet cores or coatings are used or a different tablet coating unit is employed, the exact portion of the frequency band which varies might and probably will be different. What is important to note is that by monitoring the vibrational characteristics of the tablets a determination can be made as to when the tablets are dry.
The 8-10 KHz frequency band mentioned here relates to the specific embodiment disclosed herein.
In order to isolate the differing frequency contributions made by the motion of wet and dry tablets from other sources of vibrations, the output of the accelerometer is coupled to a frequency filter or analysis circuit 126.
Suitable circuits are: a Bruel and Kajer spectrum analyzer, Model No. 2031; or a tunable band pass filter, Bruel and Kajer Model No.
1621. The latter circuit provides a 23% bandwidth which if tuned to 9 kilohertz center frequency covers the 8 to 10 kilohertz frequency band. The output of the frequency filter circuit 1 26 is then recorded by a suitable recorder means such as an xy recorder 1 60 which records a time average output of signal level versus frequency.
Fig. 2 provides an xy recorder output of a narrow band spectrum analyzer plotting signal level versus frequency from 6 to 10 kilohertz.
Curve C is representative of the electrical signal output of the frequency filter circuit 1 26 when the uncoated cores of the tablets are tumbled in the pan, and, also when tablets with dry coating layers are tumbled in the pan. This curve forms the basis for a reference signal level. Curve A, however, is representative of the tablets with a coating freshly applied. The signal level is noticeably less, perhaps an average 8 to 10 db over the 8 to 10 kilohertz band. After the coating layer has dried completely, the level of the curve returns to Curve C. Hence, monitoring the vibrations caused by coating the tablets within the coating pan 1 52 provides an accurate method of determining when a coating layer has dried. Curve B shows the output of circuit 126 after a ten minute drying time after a coating layer has been applied.Typically, drying times are in the order of thirty minutes per coating layer for a batch of 50 kg, 7/16th inch round cores at a pan speed of 28 revolutions per minutes and drying temperature of 60 centigrade.
The difference in signal levels between wet and dry coatings remains substantially the same even though as many as sixty coating layers are applied to the tablets. However, the overall level of the signals whether wet or dry may change as the coatings become thicker, generally increasing. Therefore, the reference signal level for determining whether a coating layer is wet or dry is changed at various times during the coating process to accomodate the changes in signal level due to accumulated coatings.
Using the information present in the output of frequency circuit 126, the process by which a plurality of layers are applied can be automated. The output of circuit 1 26 is digitized and transmitted over bus 142 to a digital controller or microprocessor 140. The output level of circuit 1 26 is compared in controller 140 with a reference signal to determine if the most recent coating layer is wet or dry. In one embodiment, the output signal of the frequency circuit 1 26 is proportional to the time average signal level versus frequency and controller 140 is adapted to compute the root mean square (RMS) value of this signal.
If the coating level is determined to be dry then the controller 1 40 transmits a signal via line 148 to pump 106 which is activated for a preselected time to pump a definite quantity of coating material to spray apparatus 104 where it is applied to the tablet bed. Also, the controller can control such things as pan rotation speed and flow rate of the hot air blower by transmitting signals via line 1 46 to a function controller portion 1 70 of the tablet coating unit 102.
Control of the coating of several batches of tablets can take place at the same time using multiplexer circuit 1 28. Several tablet coating units equipped with accelerometers are used to apply coating layers to the batches of tablets. The accelerometer output signals are provided to multiplexer 1 28 and time division multiplexed under the control of controller circuit 140 and provided via line 1 32 to a single frequency filtering circuit 126. The controller 1 40 then sequentially accepts outputs from the frequency filtering circuit 1 26 which represents separately each of the plurality of tablet coating units operating simultaneously. Controller 1 40 then sequentially provides control signals back to each of the plurality of tablet coating units.
Claims (9)
1. A method of controlling the process of coating tablets in a tablet coating unit comprising the step of:
monitoring at least a portion of the vibrations caused by the tablets undergoing coating to determine when to apply the next step in the coating process.
2. The method of Claim 1 wherein said monitoring step further comprises the steps of:
generating an electrical signal proportional to the vibrations caused by said tablets and tablet coating unit; and
comparing the level of said electrical signal in a predetermined bandwidth with a refer ence signal level to determine when said tablets are dry enough to apply the next step in the coating process.
3. The method of Claim 2 wherein said comparison step comprises the step of determining the root mean square (RMS) signal level of said electrical signal in said predetermined bandwidth
4. The method of Claim 2 wherein said coating of tablets comprises a plurality of coating steps and said method further comprises the step of resetting said reference signal level to compensare for the accumulation of coating layers during said plurality of coating steps.
5. A method of coating tablets from a source of liquid coating material in a moving tablet coating unit comprising the steps of:
applying a layer of coating material to said tablets in said tablet coating unit;
generating a signal proportional to the vibrations caused by said tablets undergoing coating which signal is proportional to the moisture content of said coating;
applying a next coating layer to said tablets in response to said signal when said signal indicates that the moisture content of said prior coating layer has reached a predetermined level
repeating the above steps until a desired coating thickness is attained
6.The method of Claim 5 wherein said step of generating a signal comprises the steps of:
generating an electrical signal proportional to the vibration of said tablet coating unit and said tablets; and
frequency filtering said electrical signal over a predetermined bandwidth which is indicative of the moisture content of said coating on said tablets.
7. An apparatus for controlling the coating of tablets comprising:
means for applying coating layers to said tablets including a moving coating pan for holding said tablets during the application of said coating layers; and
means coupled to said coating application means for monitoring the vibrations caused by said tablets undergoing said coating applications whereby it is determined when to apply the next coating.
8. The apparatus of Claim 7 wherein said monitoring means comprises:
an accelerometer attached to said application means for generating an electrical signal proportional to the vibrations caused by said coating application means and said tablets; and
means coupled to said accelerometer for filtering said electrical signal over a predetermined frequency bandwidth which bandwidth is sensitive to the moisture content of said coating on said tablets.
9. The apparatus of Claim 8 wherein said predetermined bandwidth comprises at least 8 kilohertz to 10 kilohertz.
1 0. The apparatus of Claim 8 wherein said apparatus further comprises:
control means coupled to said application means for activating said application means to apply the next coating layer in response to the output of said frequency filter means.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08332009A GB2150692A (en) | 1983-11-30 | 1983-11-30 | Apparatus and method for coating tablets |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08332009A GB2150692A (en) | 1983-11-30 | 1983-11-30 | Apparatus and method for coating tablets |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8332009D0 GB8332009D0 (en) | 1984-01-04 |
| GB2150692A true GB2150692A (en) | 1985-07-03 |
Family
ID=10552626
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08332009A Withdrawn GB2150692A (en) | 1983-11-30 | 1983-11-30 | Apparatus and method for coating tablets |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2150692A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2211938A (en) * | 1987-11-05 | 1989-07-12 | Atomic Energy Authority Uk | Acoustic monitoring of plant operation |
| GB2271182A (en) * | 1992-10-01 | 1994-04-06 | Richter Gedeon Vegyeszet | Controlling technological processes by measurement of emitted sound |
| WO2000003229A1 (en) * | 1998-07-13 | 2000-01-20 | Astrazeneca Aktiebolag | Method for controlling a coating process |
| EP2799842A1 (en) * | 2013-04-30 | 2014-11-05 | Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH | A device and a method for monitoring a property of a coating of a solid dosage form during a coating process forming the coating of the solid dosage form |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB842473A (en) * | 1956-09-26 | 1960-07-27 | Federal Ind Ind Group Inc | Improvements in or relating to sound receiving apparatus |
| GB1079572A (en) * | 1964-05-02 | 1967-08-16 | Centre Nat Rech Metall | Use of sound signals to monitor metal refining operations |
| GB1342927A (en) * | 1970-05-20 | 1974-01-10 | Sumitomo Metal Ind | Method of operating blast furnace and apparatus therefor |
| GB1417676A (en) * | 1973-04-27 | 1975-12-17 | Centre Rech Metallurgique | Method of monitoring effervescence of a steel |
| GB1555931A (en) * | 1976-03-04 | 1979-11-14 | Bird Machine Co | Centrifugal with torsional vibration sensing and signalling |
| GB1564201A (en) * | 1975-11-27 | 1980-04-02 | Boots Co Ltd | Determining end point of agitating processes |
| GB1595839A (en) * | 1977-07-07 | 1981-08-19 | Mtu Muenchen Gmbh | Liquid processing of workpieces |
-
1983
- 1983-11-30 GB GB08332009A patent/GB2150692A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB842473A (en) * | 1956-09-26 | 1960-07-27 | Federal Ind Ind Group Inc | Improvements in or relating to sound receiving apparatus |
| GB1079572A (en) * | 1964-05-02 | 1967-08-16 | Centre Nat Rech Metall | Use of sound signals to monitor metal refining operations |
| GB1342927A (en) * | 1970-05-20 | 1974-01-10 | Sumitomo Metal Ind | Method of operating blast furnace and apparatus therefor |
| GB1417676A (en) * | 1973-04-27 | 1975-12-17 | Centre Rech Metallurgique | Method of monitoring effervescence of a steel |
| GB1564201A (en) * | 1975-11-27 | 1980-04-02 | Boots Co Ltd | Determining end point of agitating processes |
| GB1555931A (en) * | 1976-03-04 | 1979-11-14 | Bird Machine Co | Centrifugal with torsional vibration sensing and signalling |
| GB1595839A (en) * | 1977-07-07 | 1981-08-19 | Mtu Muenchen Gmbh | Liquid processing of workpieces |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2211938A (en) * | 1987-11-05 | 1989-07-12 | Atomic Energy Authority Uk | Acoustic monitoring of plant operation |
| GB2271182A (en) * | 1992-10-01 | 1994-04-06 | Richter Gedeon Vegyeszet | Controlling technological processes by measurement of emitted sound |
| WO2000003229A1 (en) * | 1998-07-13 | 2000-01-20 | Astrazeneca Aktiebolag | Method for controlling a coating process |
| US6633792B1 (en) | 1998-07-13 | 2003-10-14 | Astrazeneca Ab | Method for controlling a coating process |
| AU770279B2 (en) * | 1998-07-13 | 2004-02-19 | Astrazeneca Ab | Method for controlling a coating process |
| KR100813792B1 (en) * | 1998-07-13 | 2008-03-13 | 아스트라제네카 악티에볼라그 | Method for Controlling a Coating Process |
| EP2799842A1 (en) * | 2013-04-30 | 2014-11-05 | Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH | A device and a method for monitoring a property of a coating of a solid dosage form during a coating process forming the coating of the solid dosage form |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8332009D0 (en) | 1984-01-04 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |