EP0740080A2 - Filter-silencer - Google Patents

Filter-silencer Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0740080A2
EP0740080A2 EP96810228A EP96810228A EP0740080A2 EP 0740080 A2 EP0740080 A2 EP 0740080A2 EP 96810228 A EP96810228 A EP 96810228A EP 96810228 A EP96810228 A EP 96810228A EP 0740080 A2 EP0740080 A2 EP 0740080A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
filter
damping
housing
filter silencer
silencer according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP96810228A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0740080B1 (en
EP0740080A3 (en
Inventor
Josef Bättig
Reto Meier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Accelleron Industries AG
Original Assignee
ABB Management AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABB Management AG filed Critical ABB Management AG
Publication of EP0740080A2 publication Critical patent/EP0740080A2/en
Publication of EP0740080A3 publication Critical patent/EP0740080A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0740080B1 publication Critical patent/EP0740080B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/70—Suction grids; Strainers; Dust separation; Cleaning
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/66—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing
    • F04D29/661—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/663—Sound attenuation
    • F04D29/664—Sound attenuation by means of sound absorbing material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/02—Air cleaners
    • F02M35/024—Air cleaners using filters, e.g. moistened
    • F02M35/02475—Air cleaners using filters, e.g. moistened characterised by the shape of the filter element
    • F02M35/02483—Cylindrical, conical, oval, spherical or the like filter elements; wounded filter elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/12—Intake silencers ; Sound modulation, transmission or amplification
    • F02M35/1205—Flow throttling or guiding
    • F02M35/1211—Flow throttling or guiding by using inserts in the air intake flow path, e.g. baffles, throttles or orifices; Flow guides
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/12—Intake silencers ; Sound modulation, transmission or amplification
    • F02M35/1205—Flow throttling or guiding
    • F02M35/1227—Flow throttling or guiding by using multiple air intake flow paths, e.g. bypass, honeycomb or pipes opening into an expansion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/14—Combined air cleaners and silencers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/66—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/70—Suction grids; Strainers; Dust separation; Cleaning
    • F04D29/701—Suction grids; Strainers; Dust separation; Cleaning especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a filter silencer, as described in the preamble of the first claim.
  • Such a filter silencer is known for example from EP 0574605 A1.
  • Filter silencers of this type are used, for example, on the intake side of a compressor which compresses combustion air and supplies it to an internal combustion engine.
  • a compressor is driven by the exhaust gas turbine of an exhaust gas turbocharger.
  • Mainly in the compressor wheel there are sound waves of undesirable high amplitude, which are released to the environment through the air intake duct. These sound waves are therefore usually attenuated by means of a silencer.
  • ambient air flows through a filter arranged on the circumference of a muffler into the interior of the muffler equipped with damping elements, then flows past the damping elements and is deflected by guide elements to the compressor wheel, from which sound waves emanate against the air flow.
  • the sound attenuation takes place on the damping elements dissipatively by the sound energy is directly converted into heat by porous or fibrous absorption materials from which the damping elements are essentially constructed.
  • the above-mentioned EP 0574605 A1 describes a filter silencer which consists of a cast monoblock and in whose radial ribs the damping elements are arranged with grooves.
  • a filter frame consisting of a removable perforated sheet metal part, surrounds the silencer in such a way that the damping elements are secured against radial falling out.
  • the perforated sheet metal part is arranged in a ring around the muffler by means of connecting elements.
  • a disc-shaped damping element consists of four damping segments, which together form an annular surface.
  • An absorption element is held by two punched perforated sheets, and thus forms a damping segment which is radially inserted into the grooves of the above-mentioned ribs of the cast monoblock.
  • edges of the damping segments punched out of perforated sheet have a disadvantage in the construction of this filter silencer.
  • These edges of the damping segments in the form of ring segments are not treated further after punching out, and therefore have free-standing sheet metal webs due to the perforation of the sheet metal.
  • These sheet metal webs can break off due to mechanical vibrations to which the entire filter silencer is exposed, and then the broken off pieces with sucked-in air can get into the compressor and into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine and damage them.
  • the damping material then swells and thus impairs the air inlet channels with regard to the flow properties.
  • the deflection by guide elements on the air also has an adverse effect on the flow properties of the air Damping elements, because they cause compression losses of undesirable height.
  • the invention has for its object to further develop a filter silencer of the type mentioned in such a way that the disadvantages mentioned above are reduced or avoided. At the same time, the damping properties of the muffler are to be improved and the manufacturing and assembly costs are to be reduced.
  • the coarse filter that surrounds the sports silencer is divided into segments, and the segments are arranged on the damping plates, so that the coarse filter is not required as a single component.
  • the arrangement of a cast pipe as a washing device for the compressor wheel in the housing wall of the connection side of the filter silencer is also advantageous.
  • This pipe is connected to a supply line, which does not have to be routed around it, as in conventional silencers, because its connection to the washing device is arranged on the end side of the filter silencer.
  • Fig. 1 shows a circular cylindrical filter silencer, which is composed essentially of a housing 2, a number, here thirty-three, damping elements 3 and a filter 4.
  • 2 shows the housing 2 cast as a monoblock made of aluminum, the housing wall 5 of which is connected on the connection side 20 of the filter muffler by means of connecting webs 7 to the housing wall 6 on the end side 21.
  • Circular arc-shaped grooves 8 are cast in on the inner sides of the housing walls 5, 6 and run narrower towards the inner radius of the filter muffler.
  • the cross-sectional area of a connecting web 7 is the same in shape and curvature of a groove 8, and the distribution of the thirty-three grooves 8 and the three connecting webs 7 has been made uniformly over the circumference of the housing in a 10 ° division. Between adjacent grooves 8 and between grooves 8 and an adjacent connecting web 7, webs 14 are arranged which have a constant width from the outer circumference of the housing 2 to the inner radius in.
  • a connection flange 22 is arranged on the connection side 20, with which the filter silencer is mounted on the compressor side of an exhaust gas turbocharger, not shown here.
  • a tube 18 with a thread 19 is cast into the housing wall 5 on the connection side 20 in the radial direction, which is angled toward the connection side 20 at the end pointing to the central axis 13 of the housing 2.
  • This tube serves as a washing device for the compressor wheel, not shown here, and is connected directly to the thread 19 with a line, also not shown, on the connection side 20 of the filter silencer.
  • the damping elements 3 are secured with straps 16, which are closed on the circumference of the housing 2 by means of quick-release fasteners 17, to prevent them from falling out.
  • the filter silencer is surrounded on its circumference by an annular filter 4 made of polyurethane foam (PU foam), which filters out particles in the ambient air drawn in.
  • the circumference of the annular filter 4 is smaller than the outer circumference of the filter muffler in the unassembled state, so that the filter 4, which is made of PU foam, is fixed to the circumference of the muffler by spring force.
  • PU foam polyurethane foam
  • damping plate 9 is punched during manufacture in the form of a rectangle from perforated plate with square holes along the perforated webs, and thus has no free-standing webs.
  • the rectangular perforated plate is then bent in such a way that a concave surface 12 is formed, to which a convex surface 11 adjoins.
  • a flat surface 15 adjoins the convex surface 11 and is bent as a coarse filter segment 15.
  • the concave surface 12 and the convex surface 11 run approximately parallel and form an intermediate space 23 into which the absorption element 10, FIG. 5, is inserted.
  • An absorption element 10 is thicker than the intermediate space 23, so that when an absorption element 10 is inserted into the intermediate space 23, the surfaces 11, 12 are to be elastically bent apart. After this If the absorption elements 10 are inserted into the intermediate space 23, they are clamped between the surfaces 11, 12 due to their thickness.
  • the material used for an absorption element 10 is an open-cell foam which, with the same damping properties, has only about 6% of the specific weight of conventional absorption materials such as wool felt.
  • the absorption elements 10 shown in FIG. 5 are cut out rectangularly from foam sheets and are shown here only as bent in their installed state.
  • FIG. 6 shows, using a cross-sectional segment of a filter silencer, the arrangement of the damping elements 3, consisting of the damping plate 9 and the absorption element 10, in the circular-cylindrical housing 2 with the central axis 13.
  • the damping elements 3 are radially inserted into the grooves 8 and are of the type arranged that their damping surfaces 11, 12 run parallel to the central axis 13 of the housing 2.
  • the width of the webs 14, and thus also the cross-sectional area of the air inlet ducts 24 between adjacent damping elements 3, is constant from the outer circumference of the filter muffler to the central axis 13, which ensures a constant speed of the ambient air drawn in. This arrangement reduces compression losses that occur in conventional silencer systems.
  • the coarse filter segments 15 of the built-in damping plates 9 are combined to form a coarse filter ring, so that a coarse filter as an individual component is not required.
  • a circular arc-shaped arrangement of the damping elements 3 in the housing 2 extends the air inlet ducts 24, and thus the path of the sound waves, in comparison to purely radial air inlet ducts, as used in conventional filter silencers occur with the same outer circumference. This extension of the damping path alone, with the same dimensions as conventional filter silencers, improves sound insulation.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Compressor (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
  • Lubrication Details And Ventilation Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
  • Filtering Materials (AREA)

Abstract

The damping components are accommodated in a monobloc housing (2) with a central axis (13). Each component (3) consists of a single metal damping sheet (9) enclosing an absorbent insert (10). They are accommodated in radial grooves (8) in the housing walls, their damping faces (11,12) being parallel to the central axis. Both the components and the grooves can be curved, while air inlet passages (24) of constant cross-section are formed between the components. The cores can be of foam material. Segments (15) on the damping sheets can form an annular coarse filter when the components are installed.

Description

TECHNISCHES GEBIETTECHNICAL AREA

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Filterschalldämpfer, wie er im Oberbegriff des ersten Anspruchs beschrieben ist.The invention relates to a filter silencer, as described in the preamble of the first claim.

Ein derartiger Filterschalldämpfer ist beispielsweise bekannt aus der EP 0574605 A1.Such a filter silencer is known for example from EP 0574605 A1.

STAND DER TECHNIKSTATE OF THE ART

Filterschalldämpfer dieser Art werden beispielsweise eingesetzt auf der Ansaugseite eines Verdichters, der Verbrennungsluft komprimiert und einem Verbrennungsmotor zuführt. Angetrieben wird ein derartiger Verdichter von der Abgasturbine eines Abgasturboladers.
Vorwiegend im Verdichterrad entstehen dabei Schallwellen unerwünscht hoher Amplitude, die durch den Luftansaugkanal an die Umgebung freigesetzt werden. Diese Schallwellen werden daher üblicherweise mittels eines Schalldämpfers gedämpft. Hierfür strömt Umgebungsluft durch ein am Umfang eines Schalldämpfers angeordnetes Filter in den mit Dämpfungselementen ausgestatteten Innenraum des Schalldämpfers, strömt anschliessend an den Dämpfungselementen vorbei, und wird zum Verdichterrad, von dem entgegen der Luftströmung Schallwellen ausgehen, durch Leitelemente umgelenkt. Die Schalldämpfung erfolgt an den Dämpfungselementen dissipativ, indem die Schallenergie unmittelbar durch poröse oder faserige Absorptionsmaterialien, aus denen die Dämpfungselemente im wesentlichen aufgebaut sind, in Wärme umgesetzt wird. Die oben erwähnte EP 0574605 Al beschreibt einen Filterschalldämpfer, der aus einem gegossenen Monoblock besteht, und in dessen strahlenförmigen Rippen mit Nuten die Dämpfungselemente angeordnet sind. Ein Filterrahmen, bestehend aus einem abnehmbaren Lochblechteil, umgibt den Schalldämpfer in der Art, dass die Dämpfungselemente gegen radiales Herausfallen gesichert werden. Das Lochblechteil ist mittels Verbindungselementen ringförmig um den Schalldämpfer angeordnet.
Ein scheibenförmiges Dämpfungselement besteht aus vier Dämpfungssegmenten, die zusammengesetzt eine Ringfläche darstellen. Ein Absorptionselement wird von zwei gestanzten Lochblechen gehalten, und bildet so ein Dämpfungssegment, das in die Nuten der oben erwähnten Rippen des gegossenen Monoblocks radial eingeführt wird.Filter silencers of this type are used, for example, on the intake side of a compressor which compresses combustion air and supplies it to an internal combustion engine. Such a compressor is driven by the exhaust gas turbine of an exhaust gas turbocharger.
Mainly in the compressor wheel, there are sound waves of undesirable high amplitude, which are released to the environment through the air intake duct. These sound waves are therefore usually attenuated by means of a silencer. For this purpose, ambient air flows through a filter arranged on the circumference of a muffler into the interior of the muffler equipped with damping elements, then flows past the damping elements and is deflected by guide elements to the compressor wheel, from which sound waves emanate against the air flow. The sound attenuation takes place on the damping elements dissipatively by the sound energy is directly converted into heat by porous or fibrous absorption materials from which the damping elements are essentially constructed. The above-mentioned EP 0574605 A1 describes a filter silencer which consists of a cast monoblock and in whose radial ribs the damping elements are arranged with grooves. A filter frame, consisting of a removable perforated sheet metal part, surrounds the silencer in such a way that the damping elements are secured against radial falling out. The perforated sheet metal part is arranged in a ring around the muffler by means of connecting elements.
A disc-shaped damping element consists of four damping segments, which together form an annular surface. An absorption element is held by two punched perforated sheets, and thus forms a damping segment which is radially inserted into the grooves of the above-mentioned ribs of the cast monoblock.

Nachteilig an dem Aufbau dieses Filterschalldämpfers wirken sich die Ränder der aus Lochblech gestanzten Dämpfungssegmente aus. Diese Ränder der Dämpfungssegmente mit der Form von Ringsegmenten werden nach dem Ausstanzen nicht weiterbehandelt, und weisen somit aufgrund der Blechlochung freistehende Blechstege auf. Diese Blechstege können durch mechanische Schwingungen, denen der gesamte Filterschalldämpfer ausgesetzt ist, abbrechen und anschliessend können die abgebrochenen Stücke mit angesaugter Luft in den Verdichter und in den Brennraum einer Verbrennungsmaschine gelangen und diese beschädigt. An den Stellen, wo Blechstege ausgebrochen sind, quellt dann das Dämpfungsmaterial auf und beeinträchtigt damit die Lufteinlasskanäle hinsichtlich der Strömungseigenschaften.
Weiterhin ungünstig für die Strömungseigenschaften der Luft wirkt sich die Umlenkung durch Leitelemente an den Dämpfungselemente aus, da durch sie Kompressionsverluste unerwünschter Höhe auftreten.The edges of the damping segments punched out of perforated sheet have a disadvantage in the construction of this filter silencer. These edges of the damping segments in the form of ring segments are not treated further after punching out, and therefore have free-standing sheet metal webs due to the perforation of the sheet metal. These sheet metal webs can break off due to mechanical vibrations to which the entire filter silencer is exposed, and then the broken off pieces with sucked-in air can get into the compressor and into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine and damage them. At the points where sheet metal webs have broken out, the damping material then swells and thus impairs the air inlet channels with regard to the flow properties.
The deflection by guide elements on the air also has an adverse effect on the flow properties of the air Damping elements, because they cause compression losses of undesirable height.

DARSTELLUNG DER ERFINDUNGPRESENTATION OF THE INVENTION

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Filterschalldämpfer der eingangs genannten Art dahingehend weiterzuentwickeln, dass die oben erwähnten Nachteile verringert oder vermieden werden. Dabei sollen gleichzeitig die Dämpfungs eigenschaften des Schalldämpfers verbessert werden, und der Herstellungs- und Montageaufwand reduziert werden.The invention has for its object to further develop a filter silencer of the type mentioned in such a way that the disadvantages mentioned above are reduced or avoided. At the same time, the damping properties of the muffler are to be improved and the manufacturing and assembly costs are to be reduced.

Erfindungsgemäss wird diese Aufgabe durch die Merkmale des ersten Anspruchs gelöst.According to the invention, this object is achieved by the features of the first claim.

Die Vorteile der Erfindung sind unter anderem darin zu sehen, dass nur noch Dämpfungselemente eingesetzt werden, die gleichen Typs sind, und dabei nur noch aus zwei Teilen bestehen, nämlich einem Dämpfungsblech und einem Absorptionselement.
Das Herabsetzen der Anzahl unterschiedlicher Bauteile ist besonders hinsichtlich des logistischen Aufwandes von Vorteil.The advantages of the invention can be seen, inter alia, in the fact that only damping elements which are of the same type are used and only consist of two parts, namely a damping plate and an absorption element.
Reducing the number of different components is particularly advantageous in terms of logistical effort.

Ebenfalls vorteilhaft sind die geschlossenen Kanten der Dämpfungsbleche, die entlang der Lochblechstege verlaufen, und somit keine freistehenden Blechstege aufweisen.The closed edges of the damping plates, which run along the perforated plate webs and therefore have no free-standing sheet metal webs, are also advantageous.

Das Grobfilter, das den Fiterschalldämpfer umgibt, ist segmentweise geteilt, und die Segmente sind an den Dämpfungsblechen angeordnet, sodass das Grobfilter als Einzelbauteil entfällt.The coarse filter that surrounds the sports silencer is divided into segments, and the segments are arranged on the damping plates, so that the coarse filter is not required as a single component.

Vorteilhaft ist weiterhin die Anordnung eines eingegossenen Rohres als Waschvorrichtung für das Verdichterrad in der Gehäusewand der Anschlussseite des Filterschalldämpfers.The arrangement of a cast pipe as a washing device for the compressor wheel in the housing wall of the connection side of the filter silencer is also advantageous.

Dieses Rohr ist mit einer Zuleitung verbunden, die nicht, wie bei herkömmlichen Schalldämpfern, um diesen herumgeführt werden muss, weil deren Anschluss zur Waschvorrichtung auf der Abschlussseite des Filterschalldämpfers angeordnet ist.This pipe is connected to a supply line, which does not have to be routed around it, as in conventional silencers, because its connection to the washing device is arranged on the end side of the filter silencer.

Weiterhin ist es von Vorteil, dass die Luft zwischen benachbarten Dämpfungsblechen in Schalldämpferkanälen mit konstantem Querschnitt geführt wird, und somit die Luft beim Ansaugen einer konstanten Geschwindigkeit unterliegt, wodurch nur geringe Kompressionsverluste auftreten.It is also advantageous that the air is guided between adjacent damping plates in silencer ducts with a constant cross-section, and thus the air is subject to a constant speed when sucking in, as a result of which only slight compression losses occur.

Es ist besonders zweckmässig, wenn wegen der guten Dämpfungseigenschaften als Absorptionsmaterial in den Dämpfungselementen ein offenzelliger Schaumstoff mit hoher Elastizität verwendet wird. Im Vergleich zu Wollfilz als Absorptionsmaterial wird mit dieser Art Schaumstoff gleichzeitig eine beachtliche Gewichtsreduktion des gesamten Filterschalldämpfers erzielt.It is particularly expedient if, because of the good damping properties, an open-cell foam with high elasticity is used as the absorption material in the damping elements. Compared to wool felt as an absorption material, this type of foam also achieves a considerable weight reduction of the entire filter silencer.

KURZE BESCHREIBUNG DER ZEICHNUNGBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand schematischer Darstellungen eines Ausführungsbeispiels in der Zeichnung erläutert.
Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
einen Teilsegmentschnitt eines Filterschalldämpfers;
Fig. 2
eine Ansicht des Filterschalldämpfergehäuses von der Anschlussseite;
Fig. 3
einen Teillängsschnitt durch den Filterschalldämpfer;
Fig. 4
eine Ansicht eines Dämpfungsblechs;
Fig. 5
eine Ansicht einer Anordnung von Absorptionselementen;
Fig. 6
einen Teilquerschnitt des Filterschalldämpfers nach der Linie VI-VI gemäss Fig. 3;
The invention is explained below with the aid of schematic representations of an exemplary embodiment in the drawing.
Show it:
Fig. 1
a partial segment section of a filter silencer;
Fig. 2
a view of the filter silencer housing from the connection side;
Fig. 3
a partial longitudinal section through the filter silencer;
Fig. 4
a view of a damping plate;
Fig. 5
a view of an arrangement of absorption elements;
Fig. 6
a partial cross section of the filter silencer along the line VI-VI of FIG. 3;

Es sind nur die für das Verständnis der Erfindung wesentlichen Elemente gezeigt. Nicht dargestellt ist z.B. die Anordnung des Filterschalldämpfers an der Verdichterseite eines Turboladers und der Anschluss einer Waschvorrichtung für ein Verdichterrad.Only the elements essential for understanding the invention are shown. For example, not shown the arrangement of the filter silencer on the compressor side of a turbocharger and the connection of a washing device for a compressor wheel.

WEG ZUR AUSFÜHRUNG DER ERFINDUNGWAY OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Fig. 1 zeigt einen kreiszylindrischen Filterschalldämpfer, der im wesentlichen aus einem Gehäuse 2, einer Anzahl, hier dreiunddreissig, Dämpfungselementen 3 und einem Filter 4 aufgebaut ist.
Fig. 2 zeigt das als Monoblock aus Aluminium gegossene Gehäuse 2, dessen Gehäusewand 5 auf der Anschlussseite 20 des Filterschalldämpfers mittels Verbindungsstege 7 mit der Gehäusewand 6 auf der Abschlussseite 21 verbunden ist. Auf den Innenseiten der Gehäusewände 5, 6 sind kreisbogenförmige Nuten 8 eingegossen, die zum Innenradius des Filterschalldämpfers hin schmaler verlaufen. Die Querschnittsfläche eines Verbindungsstegs 7 ist in Form und Krümmung einer Nut 8 gleich, und die Verteilung der dreiunddreissig Nuten 8 und der drei Verbindungsstege 7 ist gleichmässig über den Umfang des Gehäuses in einer 10°-Teilung erfolgt.
Zwischen benachbarten Nuten 8 und zwischen Nuten 8 und einem benachbarten Verbindungssteg 7 sind Stege 14 angeordnet, die eine konstante Breite vom Aussenumfang des Gehäuses 2 zum Innenradius in aufweisen.
Auf der Anschlussseite 20 ist ein Anschlussflansch 22 angeordnet, mit dem der Filterschalldämpfer an der Verdichterseite eines hier nicht dargestellten Abgasturboladers montiert wird.Fig. 1 shows a circular cylindrical filter silencer, which is composed essentially of a housing 2, a number, here thirty-three, damping elements 3 and a filter 4.
2 shows the housing 2 cast as a monoblock made of aluminum, the housing wall 5 of which is connected on the connection side 20 of the filter muffler by means of connecting webs 7 to the housing wall 6 on the end side 21. Circular arc-shaped grooves 8 are cast in on the inner sides of the housing walls 5, 6 and run narrower towards the inner radius of the filter muffler. The cross-sectional area of a connecting web 7 is the same in shape and curvature of a groove 8, and the distribution of the thirty-three grooves 8 and the three connecting webs 7 has been made uniformly over the circumference of the housing in a 10 ° division.
Between adjacent grooves 8 and between grooves 8 and an adjacent connecting web 7, webs 14 are arranged which have a constant width from the outer circumference of the housing 2 to the inner radius in.
A connection flange 22 is arranged on the connection side 20, with which the filter silencer is mounted on the compressor side of an exhaust gas turbocharger, not shown here.

Wie in Fig. 3 gezeigt, ist in die Gehäusewand 5 auf der Anschlussseite 20 in radialer Richtung ein Rohr 18 mit einem Gewinde 19 eingegossen, dass an dem zur Zentralachse 13 des Gehäuses 2 zeigenden Ende zur Anschlussseite 20 abgewinkelt ist. Dieses Rohr dient als Waschvorrichtung für das hier nicht dargestellte Verdichterrad, und wird direkt am Gewinde 19 mit einer ebenfalls nicht dargestellte Leitung auf der Anschlussseite 20 des Filterschalldämpfers verbunden.
Die Dämpfungselemente 3 werden mit Spannbändern 16, die am Umfang des Gehäuses 2 mittels Schnellverschlüssen 17 verschlossen sind, gegen Herausfallen gesichert. Umgeben ist der Filterschalldämpfer an seinem Umfang von einem ringförmigen Filter 4 aus Polyurethanschaum (PU-Schaum), das Partikel in angesaugter Umgebungsluft herausfiltert. Der Kreisumfang des ringförmigen Filters 4 ist im unmontierten Zustand kleiner als der Aussenumfang des Filterschalldämpfers, sodass das Filter 4, welches aus PU-Schaum gummielastisch gefertigt ist, durch Federkraft am Umfang des Schalldämpfers fixiert wird.As shown in FIG. 3, a tube 18 with a thread 19 is cast into the housing wall 5 on the connection side 20 in the radial direction, which is angled toward the connection side 20 at the end pointing to the central axis 13 of the housing 2. This tube serves as a washing device for the compressor wheel, not shown here, and is connected directly to the thread 19 with a line, also not shown, on the connection side 20 of the filter silencer.
The damping elements 3 are secured with straps 16, which are closed on the circumference of the housing 2 by means of quick-release fasteners 17, to prevent them from falling out. The filter silencer is surrounded on its circumference by an annular filter 4 made of polyurethane foam (PU foam), which filters out particles in the ambient air drawn in. The circumference of the annular filter 4 is smaller than the outer circumference of the filter muffler in the unassembled state, so that the filter 4, which is made of PU foam, is fixed to the circumference of the muffler by spring force.

Fig. 4 und 5 zeigen die beiden Bauteile eines Dämpfungselements 3, nämlich ein Dämpfungsblech 9 und ein Absorptionselement 10.
Das Dämpfungsblech 9 wird während der Fertigung in Form eines Rechtecks aus Lochblech mit quadratischen Löchern entlang der Lochstege gestanzt, und weist somit keine freistehenden Stege auf. Anschliessend wird das rechteckförmige Lochblech in der Art gebogen, dass sich eine konkave Fläche 12 ausbildet, an die eine konvexe Fläche 11 anschliesst. An die konvexe Fläche 11 schliesst eine ebene Fläche 15 an, die als Grobfiltersegment 15 abgebogen ist. Die konkave Fläche 12 und die konvexe Fläche 11 verlaufen annähernd parallel, und bilden einen Zwischenraum 23 aus, in den das Absorptionselement 10, Fig. 5, eingesetzt wird. Ein Absorptionselement 10 ist dicker, als der Zwischenraum 23, sodass beim Einsetzen eines Absorptionselementes 10 in den Zwischenraum 23 die Flächen 11, 12 elastisch auseinanderzubiegen sind. Nach dem Einsetzten der Absorptionselemente 10 in den Zwischenraum 23, werden diese aufgrund ihrer Dicke zwischen den Flächen 11, 12 eingeklemmt.
Bei dem verwendeten Material für ein Absorptionselement 10 handelt es sich um einen offenzelligen Schaumstoff, der bei gleichen Dämpfungseigenschaften nur etwa 6 % des spezifischen Gewichts herkömmlicher Absorptionsmaterialien wie Wollfilz aufweist. Die in Fig. 5 dargestellten Absorptionselemente 10 werden rechteckförmig aus Schaumstoffplatten ausgeschnitten und sind hier lediglich, wie in ihrem eingebauten Zustand gebogen gezeigt.4 and 5 show the two components of a damping element 3, namely a damping plate 9 and an absorption element 10.
The damping plate 9 is punched during manufacture in the form of a rectangle from perforated plate with square holes along the perforated webs, and thus has no free-standing webs. The rectangular perforated plate is then bent in such a way that a concave surface 12 is formed, to which a convex surface 11 adjoins. A flat surface 15 adjoins the convex surface 11 and is bent as a coarse filter segment 15. The concave surface 12 and the convex surface 11 run approximately parallel and form an intermediate space 23 into which the absorption element 10, FIG. 5, is inserted. An absorption element 10 is thicker than the intermediate space 23, so that when an absorption element 10 is inserted into the intermediate space 23, the surfaces 11, 12 are to be elastically bent apart. After this If the absorption elements 10 are inserted into the intermediate space 23, they are clamped between the surfaces 11, 12 due to their thickness.
The material used for an absorption element 10 is an open-cell foam which, with the same damping properties, has only about 6% of the specific weight of conventional absorption materials such as wool felt. The absorption elements 10 shown in FIG. 5 are cut out rectangularly from foam sheets and are shown here only as bent in their installed state.

Fig. 6 zeigt anhand eines Querschnittsegments eines Filterschalldämpfers die Anordnung der Dämpfungselemente 3, bestehend aus dem Dämpfungsblech 9 und dem Absorptionselement 10, in dem kreiszylindrischen Gehäuse 2 mit der Zentralachse 13. Die Dämpfungselemente 3 werden in die Nuten 8 radial eingeschoben und sind in der Art angeordnet, dass ihre Dämpfungsflächen 11, 12 parallel zu der Zentralachse 13 des Gehäuses 2 verlaufen.
Die Breite der Stege 14, und damit auch die Querschnittsfläche der Lufteinlasskanäle 24 zwischen benachbarten Dämpfungselementen 3, ist vom Aussenumfang des Filterschalldämpfers zur Zentralachse 13 hin konstant, wodurch eine konstante Geschwindigkeit angesaugter Umgebungsluft gewährleistet ist. Durch diese Anordnung werden Kompressionsverluste, wie sie bei herkömmlichen Schalldämpfersystemen auftreten, reduziert.
Am Aussenumfang des Gehäuses 2 fügen sich die Grobfiltersegmente 15 der eingebauten Dämpfungsbleche 9 zu einem Grobfilterring zusammen, sodass ein Grobfilter als Einzelbauteil entfällt.
Eine kreisbogenförmige Anordnung der Dämpfungselemente 3 im Gehäuse 2 verlängert die Lufteinlasskanäle 24, und damit den Weg der Schallwellen, im Vergleich zu rein radial verlaufenden Lufteinlasskanälen, wie sie in herkömmlichen Filterschalldämpfern mit gleichem Aussenumfang auftreten. Allein diese Verlängerung des Dämpfungsweges, bei gleichen Abmassen wie herkömmliche Filterschalldämpfer, verbessert die Schalldämpfung.6 shows, using a cross-sectional segment of a filter silencer, the arrangement of the damping elements 3, consisting of the damping plate 9 and the absorption element 10, in the circular-cylindrical housing 2 with the central axis 13. The damping elements 3 are radially inserted into the grooves 8 and are of the type arranged that their damping surfaces 11, 12 run parallel to the central axis 13 of the housing 2.
The width of the webs 14, and thus also the cross-sectional area of the air inlet ducts 24 between adjacent damping elements 3, is constant from the outer circumference of the filter muffler to the central axis 13, which ensures a constant speed of the ambient air drawn in. This arrangement reduces compression losses that occur in conventional silencer systems.
On the outer circumference of the housing 2, the coarse filter segments 15 of the built-in damping plates 9 are combined to form a coarse filter ring, so that a coarse filter as an individual component is not required.
A circular arc-shaped arrangement of the damping elements 3 in the housing 2 extends the air inlet ducts 24, and thus the path of the sound waves, in comparison to purely radial air inlet ducts, as used in conventional filter silencers occur with the same outer circumference. This extension of the damping path alone, with the same dimensions as conventional filter silencers, improves sound insulation.

Insgesamt wird durch die Bauteilreduktion und durch die Verwendung des Melaminschaumes als Absorptionsmaterial nicht nur eine Verringerung des Gesamtgewichtes des Filterschalldämpfers um etwa 20 % erreicht, sondern gleichzeitig der logistische Aufwand reduziert.Overall, the reduction in components and the use of melamine foam as the absorption material not only reduce the overall weight of the filter silencer by about 20%, but also reduce the logistical effort.

Selbstverständlich ist die Erfindung nicht auf das gezeigte und beschriebene Ausführungsbeispiel beschränkt.
So ist beispielsweise die Verwendung anderer Dämpfungs- und Filtermaterialien, wie sie oben beschrieben sind, ebenfalls denkbar im Sinn der Erfindung.Of course, the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiment shown and described.
For example, the use of other damping and filter materials as described above is also conceivable in the sense of the invention.

BEZUGSZEICHENLISTEREFERENCE SIGN LIST

  • 2 Gehäuse2 housings
  • 3 Dämpfungselement3 damping element
  • 4 Filter4 filters
  • 5 Gehäusewand auf der Anschlussseite5 Housing wall on the connection side
  • 6 Gehäusewand auf der Abschlussseite6 housing wall on the end side
  • 7 Verbindungsstege für 5, 67 connecting bars for 5, 6
  • 8 Nuten für 38 grooves for 3
  • 9 Dämpfungsblech9 damping plate
  • 10 Absorptionselement10 absorption element
  • 11 konvexe Dämpfungsfläche11 convex damping surface
  • 12 konkave Dämpfungsfläche12 concave damping surface
  • 13 Zentralachse13 central axis
  • 14 Steg zwischen zwei Nuten14 web between two grooves
  • 15 Grobfiltersegment15 coarse filter segment
  • 16 Spannband16 tensioning strap
  • 17 Schnellverschluss17 quick release
  • 18 Rohr18 pipe
  • 19 Innengewinde in 1819 internal threads in 18
  • 20 Anschlussseite20 connection side
  • 21 Abschlussseite21 final page
  • 22 Anschlussflansch22 connection flange
  • 23 Zwischenraum23 space
  • 24 Lufteinlasskanal24 air intake duct

Claims (9)

Filterschalldämpfer mit einem als Monoblock ausgebildeten Gehäuse (2), in dem mehrere, aus Dämpfungsblechen (9) und Absorptionselementen (10) bestehende Dämpfungselemente (3) angeordnet sind, wobei die Gehäuseform des Filterschalldämpfers eine Zentralachse (13) aufweist,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass ein Dämpfungselement (3) aus nur einem Dämpfungsblech (9) besteht, welches nur ein Absorptionselement (10) umschliesst, und
dass die Dämpfungselemente (3) in radialen Nuten (8) der Gehäusewände (5, 6) eines Filterschalldämpfergehäuses (2) angeordnet sind, und dabei die Dämpfungsflächen (11, 12) der Dämpfungselemente (3) parallel zur Zentralachse (13) des Gehäuses orientiert sind.Filter silencer with a housing (2) designed as a monoblock, in which a plurality of damping elements (3) consisting of damping plates (9) and absorption elements (10) are arranged, the housing shape of the filter silencer having a central axis (13),
characterized,
that a damping element (3) consists of only one damping plate (9) which surrounds only one absorption element (10), and
that the damping elements (3) are arranged in radial grooves (8) of the housing walls (5, 6) of a filter silencer housing (2), and the damping surfaces (11, 12) of the damping elements (3) are oriented parallel to the central axis (13) of the housing are. Filterschalldämpfer nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Dämpfungselemente (3) und die Nuten (8) im Gehäuse (2) kreisbogenförmig sind.Filter silencer according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the damping elements (3) and the grooves (8) in the housing (2) are circular arcs. Filterschalldämpfer nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass zwischen benachbarten Dämpfungselementen (3) Lufteinlasskanäle (24) ausgebildet sind, die einen konstanten Querschnitt aufweisen.Filter silencer according to claim 1,
characterized,
that air inlet ducts (24) are formed between adjacent damping elements (3), which have a constant cross section. Filterschalldämpfer nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass das Absorptionselement (10) aus einem Schaumstoff besteht.Filter silencer according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the absorption element (10) consists of a foam. Filterschalldämpfer nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass an den Dämpfungsblechen (9) Grobfiltersegmente (15) angeordnet sind, die im eingebauten Zustand der Dämpfungselemente (3) in den Nuten (8) ein ringförmiges Grobfilter darstellen.Filter silencer according to claim 1,
characterized,
that coarse filter segments (15) are arranged on the damping plates (9), which represent an annular coarse filter in the grooves (8) when the damping elements (3) are installed. Filterschalldämpfer nach Anspruch 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass Spannbänder (16) mit Schnellverschlüssen (17) um das ringförmige Grobfilter aus Grobfiltersegmenten (15) angeordnet sind.Filter silencer according to claim 5,
characterized,
that tensioning straps (16) with quick-release fasteners (17) are arranged around the ring-shaped coarse filter made of coarse filter segments (15). Filterschalldämpfer nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass ein ringförmiges Filter (4), bestehend aus PU-Schaum, am Umfang des Filterschalldämpfers angeordnet ist.Filter silencer according to claim 1,
characterized,
that an annular filter (4) consisting of PU foam is arranged on the circumference of the filter silencer. Filterschalldämpfer nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass das Gehäuse (2) eine kreiszylindrische Form aufweist.Filter silencer according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the housing (2) has a circular cylindrical shape. Filterschalldämpfer nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass ein Rohr (18) mit Innengewinde (19) auf der Anschlussseite (20) in der Gehäusewand (5) radial angeordnet ist.Filter silencer according to claim 1,
characterized,
that a pipe (18) with an internal thread (19) is arranged radially on the connection side (20) in the housing wall (5).
EP96810228A 1995-04-24 1996-04-12 Filter-silencer Expired - Lifetime EP0740080B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19514990A DE19514990B4 (en) 1995-04-24 1995-04-24 filter silencer
DE19514990 1995-04-24

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0740080A2 true EP0740080A2 (en) 1996-10-30
EP0740080A3 EP0740080A3 (en) 1998-01-07
EP0740080B1 EP0740080B1 (en) 2002-09-11

Family

ID=7760211

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96810228A Expired - Lifetime EP0740080B1 (en) 1995-04-24 1996-04-12 Filter-silencer

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US5756944A (en)
EP (1) EP0740080B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2781168B2 (en)
KR (1) KR100364891B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1084850C (en)
AT (1) ATE224011T1 (en)
CZ (1) CZ286433B6 (en)
DE (2) DE19514990B4 (en)
NO (1) NO961620L (en)

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EP0872643A3 (en) * 1997-04-15 1999-11-10 GOTTLIEB WEINMANN GERÄTE FÜR MEDIZIN UND ARBEITSSCHUTZ GMBH & CO. Air inlet for a fan
WO2001086152A1 (en) * 2000-05-08 2001-11-15 Abb Turbo Systems Ag Filter silencer
EP2775131A1 (en) 2013-03-06 2014-09-10 ABB Turbo Systems AG Silencer for an exhaust gas turbocharger
DE102018100466A1 (en) 2018-01-10 2019-07-11 Abb Turbo Systems Ag Filter silencer for an exhaust gas turbocharger of an internal combustion engine
DE102018100465A1 (en) 2018-01-10 2019-07-11 Abb Turbo Systems Ag Filter silencer for an exhaust gas turbocharger of an internal combustion engine

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US5861585A (en) * 1997-09-30 1999-01-19 Aiolos Engineering Corporation Aeracoustic wind tunnel turning vanes
DE29925006U1 (en) * 1999-09-20 2008-04-03 Fractus, S.A. Multilevel antenna
DE10225092B4 (en) * 2001-06-08 2014-10-09 Thermamax Hochtemperaturdämmungen GmbH silencer
DE10128000C1 (en) * 2002-06-05 2002-11-21 Thermamax Hochtemperaturdaemmu Radial sound damper, for reducing noise emitted by motor, has damping elements inserted in sound damper housing via radial openings in one base plate closed via cover plate
US6449947B1 (en) * 2001-10-17 2002-09-17 Fleetguard, Inc. Low pressure injection and turbulent mixing in selective catalytic reduction system
US6840746B2 (en) * 2002-07-02 2005-01-11 Bristol Compressors, Inc. Resistive suction muffler for refrigerant compressors
DE10323527B4 (en) * 2003-05-24 2009-04-16 Danfoss Compressors Gmbh Refrigerant compressor
WO2005124159A1 (en) * 2004-06-15 2005-12-29 Honeywell International Inc. Acoustic damper integrated to a compressor housing
DE102006020334B4 (en) * 2006-04-28 2008-07-10 Man Diesel Se filter silencer
US8104572B2 (en) * 2010-01-22 2012-01-31 Butler Boyd L Spin muffler
DE102010028975A1 (en) 2010-05-14 2012-03-29 Abb Turbo Systems Ag Additional compressor housing
DE102012015907B3 (en) * 2012-08-10 2013-10-17 Neander Motors Ag Lifting cylinder combustion engine e.g. outboard type diesel engine, for watercraft, has shaft fixed directly or indirectly to supercharger device at upper front wall of component, which comprises cylinder head and cylinder housing
JP6152612B2 (en) * 2012-12-13 2017-06-28 アルパテック株式会社 Turbocharger silencer and turbocharger using this silencer
EP2990637B1 (en) * 2014-09-01 2019-01-02 MANN+HUMMEL GmbH Silencer of an intake system of an internal combustion engine and intake system
CN104235078A (en) * 2014-09-19 2014-12-24 任文华 Fan
DE102018102237A1 (en) * 2018-02-01 2019-08-01 Man Energy Solutions Se Silencer and compressor
CN109404345A (en) * 2018-12-18 2019-03-01 南京磁谷科技有限公司 A kind of air inlet noise-reducing structure of magnetic suspension blower
DE102019102245A1 (en) 2019-01-30 2020-07-30 Man Energy Solutions Se Intake silencer for turbochargers

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0872643A3 (en) * 1997-04-15 1999-11-10 GOTTLIEB WEINMANN GERÄTE FÜR MEDIZIN UND ARBEITSSCHUTZ GMBH & CO. Air inlet for a fan
WO2001086152A1 (en) * 2000-05-08 2001-11-15 Abb Turbo Systems Ag Filter silencer
DE10022240A1 (en) * 2000-05-08 2001-11-15 Abb Turbo Systems Ag Baden Filter silencer for induction side of compressor has at least one damping element in form of sound damper block
EP2775131A1 (en) 2013-03-06 2014-09-10 ABB Turbo Systems AG Silencer for an exhaust gas turbocharger
US9228549B2 (en) 2013-03-06 2016-01-05 Abb Turbo Systems Ag Sound attenuator of an exhaust-gas turbocharger
DE102018100466A1 (en) 2018-01-10 2019-07-11 Abb Turbo Systems Ag Filter silencer for an exhaust gas turbocharger of an internal combustion engine
DE102018100465A1 (en) 2018-01-10 2019-07-11 Abb Turbo Systems Ag Filter silencer for an exhaust gas turbocharger of an internal combustion engine
WO2019137854A1 (en) 2018-01-10 2019-07-18 Abb Turbo Systems Ag Filter muffler for an exhaust gas turbocharger of an internal combustion engine
WO2019137855A1 (en) 2018-01-10 2019-07-18 Abb Turbo Systems Ag Filter silencer for an exhaust-gas turbocharger of an internal combustion engine

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR960038143A (en) 1996-11-21
CN1084850C (en) 2002-05-15
NO961620D0 (en) 1996-04-23
DE59609637D1 (en) 2002-10-17
CZ117196A3 (en) 1996-11-13
KR100364891B1 (en) 2003-03-15
EP0740080B1 (en) 2002-09-11
NO961620L (en) 1996-10-25
DE19514990A1 (en) 1996-10-31
JPH08296597A (en) 1996-11-12
ATE224011T1 (en) 2002-09-15
EP0740080A3 (en) 1998-01-07
CN1136143A (en) 1996-11-20
DE19514990B4 (en) 2005-06-30
US5756944A (en) 1998-05-26
JP2781168B2 (en) 1998-07-30
CZ286433B6 (en) 2000-04-12

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