DE2558363A1 - Membrane for selectively removing substances from blood - is coated on one side with a mixt. of adsorbent and swellable material - Google Patents

Membrane for selectively removing substances from blood - is coated on one side with a mixt. of adsorbent and swellable material

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Publication number
DE2558363A1
DE2558363A1 DE19752558363 DE2558363A DE2558363A1 DE 2558363 A1 DE2558363 A1 DE 2558363A1 DE 19752558363 DE19752558363 DE 19752558363 DE 2558363 A DE2558363 A DE 2558363A DE 2558363 A1 DE2558363 A1 DE 2558363A1
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membrane
adsorbent
substances
blood
membrane element
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DE19752558363
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German (de)
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Alvaro Prof Dr Affonso
Helmut Dr Bayer
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Individual
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D61/00Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/36Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
    • A61M1/3679Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits by absorption
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2311/00Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
    • B01D2311/26Further operations combined with membrane separation processes
    • B01D2311/2623Ion-Exchange
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2311/00Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
    • B01D2311/26Further operations combined with membrane separation processes
    • B01D2311/2626Absorption or adsorption

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • External Artificial Organs (AREA)

Abstract

Membrane element for selective removal of substances from human blood comprises a conventional semipermeable membrane, one side of which is in close contact with a mixt. of an adsorbant (I) and a swellable material (II). (I) can be replaced, wholly or in part, by an ion exchanger. (II) may be in dry, semi-solid or liquid form and is specifically PVP. Used for removing low molecular wt. substances (e.g. urea, glucose, creatinine or organic or inorganic poisons) from blood without affecting the protein components. The use of (I) as well as (II) accelerates the sepn. since an ultrafiltration mechanism becomes operative in addition to the existing dialysis. Suitable membranes are films of regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, etc., and (I) are e.g. active charcoal, bentonite or other silicates, or synthetic resins with adsorbant, ion-exchange or complex-forming properties. Apart from PVP suitable (II) are hydroxymethylcellulose, polyacrylic acid derivs., modified starches, etC.

Description

Meitranelement zum selektiven Entfernen von Stoffen aus menschlichem BlutMeitran element for the selective removal of substances from human blood

Vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Membranelement zum selektiven Entfernen von Stoffen aus menschlichem Blut, gekennzeichnet durch eine herkömmliche Membran, die auf ihrer einen Seite in enger Berührung mit einer Mischung aus einem Adsorptionsmittel und einer quellfähigen Substanz ist.The present invention relates to a membrane element for selective removal of substances from human blood, characterized by a conventional membrane, those on one side in close contact with a mixture of an adsorbent and a swellable substance.

Das selektive Entfernen von Stoffen aus menschlichem Blut ist in verschiedener Hinsicht von grosser Bedeutung, beispielsweise zum Entfernen unerwünschter Stoffwechselprodukte wie Harnstoff, Glukose oder Kreatinin, oder von organischen oder anorganischen Stoffen bei schweren Vergiftungsfällen. Um dies zu erreichen kann man Adsorptionsverfahren unter Zuhilfenahme von Aktivkohle oder anderen Adsorptionsmitteln anwenden. Im Falle des menschlichen Blutes hat man dabei einige wichtige Faktoren zu beachten. Die Proteine des Blutes werden nämlich ebenfalls adsorbiert und man muss direkten Kontakt mit der Kohle vermeiden. Weiter müssen das Adsorptionsmittel und gegebenenfalls dazugehörige Hilfsstoffe pharmakologisch neutral sein und dürfen nicht zum Gerinnen des Blutes führen. Ferner darf das Adsoptionsmittel nicht in Form kleiner Teilchen in den Blutstrom gelangen. Aus diesem Grunde hat man bereits Adsorptionsmittel wie aktivierte Kohle an der Oberfläche mit einer schützenden Schicht eines biocompatiblen Polymers überzogen (DOS 2 435 7o3)4 diese Schicht wirkt als semipermeable Membran, welche die hochmolekularen Eiweißkörper im Blut zurückhält, jedoch die niedrignolekularen Stoffe (organische und anorganische Substanzen) durchtreten lässt, welche dann vom Adsorptionsmittel gebunden werden können.The selective removal of substances from human blood is different Of great importance, for example to remove unwanted metabolic products such as urea, glucose or creatinine, or of organic or inorganic substances in severe cases of poisoning. To achieve this one can use adsorption processes Apply with the help of activated charcoal or other adsorbents. In the event of of the human blood one has to consider some important factors. the Blood proteins are also adsorbed and direct contact is required Avoid using the coal. Next must the adsorbent and possibly Associated auxiliaries are pharmacologically neutral and must not coagulate of the blood. Furthermore, the adsorbent must not be in the form of small particles get into the bloodstream. Because of this, one already has adsorbents such as activated carbon on the surface with a protective layer of a biocompatible Polymers coated (DOS 2 435 7o3) 4 this layer acts as a semipermeable membrane, which hold back the high-molecular protein bodies in the blood, but the low-molecular ones Substances (organic and inorganic substances) can pass through, which then from Adsorbents can be bound.

In unserer Patentanmeldung P 25 51 445.8 wurde eine semipermeable Membran beschrieben, auf deren einer Seite sich die quellfähige Substanz Polyvinylpyrrolidon befindet.In our patent application P 25 51 445.8 a semipermeable Described membrane, on one side of which the swellable substance polyvinylpyrrolidone is located.

Es wurde nun gefunden, dass man eine wesentliche Beschleunigung der geschilderten Stofftrennungsvorgänge erreicht, d.h. der selektiven Entfernung von Stoffen aus menschlichem Blut, wenn man erfindungsgemäss ein Membranelement verwendet, bei welchem eine herkömmliche semipermeable Membran in enger Berührung mit einem Gemisch aus einem Adsorptionsmittel mit einer quellfähigen Substanz ist.It has now been found that one can substantially accelerate the the described material separation processes achieved, i.e. the selective removal of Substances from human blood, if a membrane element is used according to the invention, in which a conventional semi-permeable membrane is in close contact with one Is a mixture of an adsorbent with a swellable substance.

Hierbei tritt neben der bekannten Dialyse offensichtlich eine starke Ultrafiltration ein, wodurch niedrigmolekulare Stoffe mit erhöhter Geschwindigkeit selektiv aus dem menschlichen Blut entfernt werden.In addition to the known dialysis, there is obviously a strong one Ultrafiltration one, eliminating low molecular weight substances at an increased rate can be selectively removed from human blood.

Die herkömmlichen semipermeablen Membranen bestehen bekanntermaßen aus Folien aus regenerierter Cellulose, Celluloseacetat, Nitrocellulose, u.a. Die für das erfindungsgemässe Membranelement infragekommenden Adsorptionsmittel können beispielsweise aktivierte Kohle (Aktivkohle), Bentonite oder andere Silikate, ferner synthetische Harze mit adsorbierenden, ionenaustauschenden oder komplexbildenden Eigenschaften sein. Die quellfähige Substanz ist vorzugsweise Polyvinylpyrrolidon, kann aber auch ein anderer quellfähiger Stoff sein, beispielsweise Hydroxymethylcellulose, Polyacrylsäurederivate, modifizierte Stärke, u.a.The conventional semipermeable membranes are known to exist made of films made from regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, and others for the membrane element according to the invention in question adsorbent can for example activated carbon (activated carbon), bentonite or other silicates, furthermore synthetic resins with adsorbing, ion-exchanging or complexing Be properties. The swellable substance is preferably polyvinylpyrrolidone, but can also be another swellable substance, for example hydroxymethyl cellulose, Polyacrylic acid derivatives, modified starch, etc.

Das Prinzip vorliegenden Membranelements ist in Abb.1 gezeigt, wobei a) das vorbeiflieessende menschliche Blut darstellt, b) die herkömmliche semipermeable Membran, und c) das Gemisch aus Adsorptionsmittel und quellfähiger Substanz. Während hochmolekulare Substanzen insbesondere Proteine, auf der Seite a) des Blutes festgehalten werden, wandern niedrigmolekulare Stoffe, vor allem solche die selektiv aus dem Blut entfernt werden sollen, durch die semipermeable Membran b) und werden von der mit b) in enger Berührung stehenden Mischung c) aus Adsorptionsmittel und quellfähiger Substanz festgehalten.The principle of the present membrane element is shown in Fig a) represents the human blood flowing by, b) the conventional semipermeable Membrane, and c) the mixture of adsorbent and swellable substance. While high molecular weight substances, especially proteins, held on the a) side of the blood low molecular weight substances migrate, especially those selectively from the Blood should be removed through the semipermeable membrane b) and be removed from the with b) in close contact with mixture c) of adsorbent and swellable Substance retained.

In der Praxis kann das erfindungsgemässe Membranelement in verschiedener Weise gestaltet werden, wie nachfolgende Beispiele zeigen; dabei wird der an sich bekannte Einbau in Behälter und Apparaturen sowie die dazugehörige Technik nicht in Einzelheiten beschrieben.In practice, the membrane element according to the invention can be used in various Be designed in a manner as shown in the following examples; thereby becomes the in itself known installation in containers and apparatus and the associated technology are not described in detail.

Beispiel 1 Ein bandförmiges Membranelement gemäss Abb.2 wird hergestellt, indem man 10,0 g Aktivkohle mit ca. 1 ml einer 50 %eigen wässrigen Dispersion von Methylcellulose mischt und die erhaltene Masse in einen nahtlosen Folienschlauch (z.B. aus regenerierter Cellulose) pressty wobei man den nur teilweise gefüllten Folienschlauch so zusammenpresst, dass man ein Membranelement gemass Abb.2 erhält. Däs so gewonnene Membranelement kann, innrllaxgeeigneter Behälter, in gestreckter, spiralig gewundener, oder in anderer passender Form, mit menschlichem Blut in Berührung gebracht werden. Example 1 A ribbon-shaped membrane element according to Fig. 2 is produced, by adding 10.0 g of activated charcoal with approx. 1 ml of a 50% own aqueous dispersion of Methylcellulose mixes and the resulting mass into a seamless tube of film (e.g. made of regenerated cellulose) pressty whereby the only partially filled The film tube is compressed in such a way that a membrane element as shown in Fig. 2 is obtained. The membrane element obtained in this way can be placed in an elongated, spirally wound, or in any other suitable form, in contact with human blood to be brought.

Statt-Methylcellulose kann man, wenn eine höhere Ultrafiltration verlangt wird, vorteilhafterweise Polyvinylpyrrolidon verwenden, ferner, je nach besonderem Anwendungsgebiet, Carboxymethylcellulose, Stärkederivate, u.a.You can use methylcellulose instead if a higher level of ultrafiltration is required will, advantageously use polyvinylpyrrolidone, furthermore, depending on the particular Field of application, carboxymethyl cellulose, starch derivatives, etc.

Anstelle der Aktivkohle kan man auch adsorbierende Harze wie z.B.Instead of activated carbon, you can also use adsorbent resins such as

Amberlite XAD, oder Ionenaustauscher wie z.B. Amberlite IRC verwenden.Use Amberlite XAD or ion exchangers such as Amberlite IRC.

Beispiel 2 Ein Membranelement in Granulatform (rund, zylindrisch,u.s.w.) gemäss Abb.3 wird wie folgt hergestellt: Zunächst wird wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben eine formbare Masse aus Aktivkohle und einer wassrigen Dispersion von Methylcellulose hergestellt. Dann wird die teigförmige Masse auf bekannte Weise, z.B. wie in der pharmazeutischen Verfahrenstechnik üblich, granuliert. Das getrocknete Granulat wird dann mit einer Lösung von Collodium getränkt und unter ständiger Bewegung vom organischen Lösungsmittel befreit. Das fertige Granulat wird in geeignete Behält gefüllt, durch welche das menschliche Blut in üblicher Weise geleitet wird. Example 2 A membrane element in granulate form (round, cylindrical, etc.) according to Fig.3 is produced as follows: First, as described in Example 1 a mouldable mass of activated charcoal and an aqueous dispersion of methyl cellulose manufactured. The dough-like mass is then prepared in a known manner, e.g. common in pharmaceutical process engineering, granulated. The dried granules is then soaked with a solution of collodion and, with constant movement, from the freed organic solvent. The finished granules are placed in suitable containers filled, through which the human blood is passed in the usual way.

Beispiel 3 Eine andere Herstellung eines Membranelementes in Granulatform erfolgt zunächst durch Herstellung einer formbaren Masse gemass Beispiel 1 und deren-Granulierung gemäss Beispiel 2. Example 3 Another production of a membrane element in granulate form takes place initially by producing a mouldable mass according to Example 1 and granulating it according to example 2.

Um einer eventuellen Gerinnung des Blutes vorzubeugen werden der erhaltenen Masse noch geringe Mengen Heparin und AcetylsSticylsäure zugesetzt.In order to prevent the blood from clotting, the Mass still small amounts of heparin and acetyls-sticylic acid added.

Das getrocknete Granulat wird dann in einer Lösung von lßo g Celluloseacetat, 2,o g Glycerin und 50 ml Aceton unter Umwälzen getränkt. Nach wegblasen des Acetons mit Warmluft wird das Glycerin durch mehrmaliges Waschen mit sterilem Wasser entfernt.The dried granules are then dissolved in a solution of 10 g cellulose acetate, 2, o g of glycerine and 50 ml of acetone soaked with stirring. After blowing away the acetone the glycerine is removed with warm air by washing it several times with sterile water.

Die so erhaltenen Membranelemente in Granulat form werden wie in Beispiel 2 in der Praxis in an sich bekannter Weise angewendet.The membrane elements obtained in this way in granulate form are as in example 2 applied in practice in a manner known per se.

L e e r s e i t eL e r s e i t e

Claims (5)

PATENTANSPRÜCHE @ Membranelement zum selektiven Entfernen von Stoffen aus menschlichem Blut, gekennzeichnet durch eine herkömmliche semipermeable Membran die auf ihrer einen Seite in enger Berührung mit einer Mischung aus einem Adsorptionsmittel und einer quelifähigen Substanz ist. PATENT CLAIMS @ Membrane element for the selective removal of substances from human blood, characterized by a conventional semi-permeable membrane those on one side in close contact with a mixture of an adsorbent and a swellable substance. 2. Membranelement nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Adsorptionsmittel durch einen Ionenaustauscher ersetzt wird.2. Membrane element according to claim 1, wherein the adsorbent through an ion exchanger is replaced. 3. Membranelement nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Adsorptionsmittel in Mischung mit einem Ionenaustauscher vorliegt.3. Membrane element according to claim 1, wherein the adsorbent in Mixture with an ion exchanger is present. 4. Membranelement nach Anspruch 1 bis 3, wobei die Gel bildende Substanz in trockener, halb fester oder flüssiger Form vorliegt.4. Membrane element according to claim 1 to 3, wherein the gel-forming substance is in dry, semi-solid, or liquid form. 5. Membranelement nach Anspruch 1 bis 4, wobei die Gel bildende Substanz Polyvinylpyrrolidon ist.5. Membrane element according to claim 1 to 4, wherein the gel-forming substance Is polyvinylpyrrolidone.
DE19752558363 1975-12-23 1975-12-23 Membrane for selectively removing substances from blood - is coated on one side with a mixt. of adsorbent and swellable material Withdrawn DE2558363A1 (en)

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0003914A2 (en) * 1978-02-27 1979-09-05 Purdue Research Foundation Dialysis composition
FR2436607A1 (en) * 1978-09-19 1980-04-18 Fresenius Chem Pharm Ind BLOOD PURIFICATION DEVICE
WO1980002805A1 (en) * 1979-06-11 1980-12-24 Gambro Ab Process for the treating of and/or removal of substances from a liquid,especially whole blood,and a device and a membrane for the realization of said process
EP0048110A2 (en) * 1980-09-11 1982-03-24 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Selective retention with composite materials
EP0073888A1 (en) * 1981-06-29 1983-03-16 Clara M. Ambrus Apparatus for removing heavy metal ions from blood
EP0250666A1 (en) * 1985-06-10 1988-01-07 The Standard Oil Company Process for selective dialysis using polymeric affinity adsorbents and size selective membranes
US4769037A (en) * 1986-10-28 1988-09-06 Midcalf Robert J Artificial replacement kidney implant and method of dialyzing blood
WO2007103411A3 (en) * 2006-03-08 2007-11-01 Fresenius Med Care Hldg Inc Wearable kidney
US8012118B2 (en) 2006-03-08 2011-09-06 Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. Artificial kidney dialysis system

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0003914A2 (en) * 1978-02-27 1979-09-05 Purdue Research Foundation Dialysis composition
EP0003914A3 (en) * 1978-02-27 1979-09-19 Purdue Research Foundation Dialysis composition and method for removing uremic substances from blood
FR2418006A1 (en) * 1978-02-27 1979-09-21 Purdue Research Foundation COMPOSITION OF DIALYSIS AND PROCEDURE FOR REMOVING UEMIC SUBSTANCES FROM AN ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
FR2436607A1 (en) * 1978-09-19 1980-04-18 Fresenius Chem Pharm Ind BLOOD PURIFICATION DEVICE
WO1980002805A1 (en) * 1979-06-11 1980-12-24 Gambro Ab Process for the treating of and/or removal of substances from a liquid,especially whole blood,and a device and a membrane for the realization of said process
US4361484A (en) * 1979-06-11 1982-11-30 Gambro Ab Process for treating and/or removal of substances from liquid, especially whole blood
EP0048110A3 (en) * 1980-09-11 1982-05-12 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Improvements in or relating to composite materials
EP0048110A2 (en) * 1980-09-11 1982-03-24 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Selective retention with composite materials
EP0073888A1 (en) * 1981-06-29 1983-03-16 Clara M. Ambrus Apparatus for removing heavy metal ions from blood
EP0250666A1 (en) * 1985-06-10 1988-01-07 The Standard Oil Company Process for selective dialysis using polymeric affinity adsorbents and size selective membranes
US4769037A (en) * 1986-10-28 1988-09-06 Midcalf Robert J Artificial replacement kidney implant and method of dialyzing blood
WO2007103411A3 (en) * 2006-03-08 2007-11-01 Fresenius Med Care Hldg Inc Wearable kidney
US8012118B2 (en) 2006-03-08 2011-09-06 Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. Artificial kidney dialysis system
US8715221B2 (en) 2006-03-08 2014-05-06 Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. Wearable kidney

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