CN111314742A - Video processing method and device and machine-readable storage medium - Google Patents
Video processing method and device and machine-readable storage medium Download PDFInfo
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- CN111314742A CN111314742A CN202010253747.3A CN202010253747A CN111314742A CN 111314742 A CN111314742 A CN 111314742A CN 202010253747 A CN202010253747 A CN 202010253747A CN 111314742 A CN111314742 A CN 111314742A
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
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- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 description 8
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
- H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
- H04N21/234—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs
- H04N21/2347—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs involving video stream encryption
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
- H04N21/43—Processing of content or additional data, e.g. demultiplexing additional data from a digital video stream; Elementary client operations, e.g. monitoring of home network or synchronising decoder's clock; Client middleware
- H04N21/44—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing a video clip retrieved from local storage with an incoming video stream or rendering scenes according to encoded video stream scene graphs
- H04N21/4405—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing a video clip retrieved from local storage with an incoming video stream or rendering scenes according to encoded video stream scene graphs involving video stream decryption
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Abstract
The embodiment of the application provides a video processing method, a video processing device and a machine-readable storage medium. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring first video data and original transaction data; encrypting the original transaction data to obtain encrypted transaction data; and embedding the encrypted transaction data and the original transaction data into the first video data to generate second video data, so that the encrypted transaction data and the original transaction data extracted from the second video data can be conveniently determined to determine whether the second video data is tampered.
Description
Technical Field
The embodiments of the present application relate to the field of information technology, and more particularly, to a video processing method, apparatus, and machine-readable storage medium.
Background
With the rapid development of new media and mobile internet, short video is developed into the most rapid application. Short video depends on time length, data flow is less, and use scenes are extremely diversified. For short videos in a transaction scene, a higher security level and an anti-counterfeiting verification means are required.
The current video stream encryption method mainly comprises the following steps:
1. full encryption (Naive Algorithm) encrypts the entire video stream using standard encryption methods such as DES, Data encryption standard. The video bit stream is treated the same as the traditional text data, and the special structure of the data stream after video compression is not utilized.
2. Selective encryption (Selective encryption), which is video encryption based on the source characteristics.
At present, no matter a total encryption scheme or a selective encryption scheme is adopted, the complexity of an encryption algorithm for a video is generally high, a receiving end also needs a corresponding decryption algorithm design, and the encryption algorithm generally aims at the content of the whole video stream, and once the encryption algorithm is decrypted, whether transaction data in the video stream is tampered or not cannot be judged. Even if the anti-counterfeiting is carried out by a watermarking mode, the watermarking anti-counterfeiting is usually formed by third-party software, so that the anti-counterfeiting is easy to imitate and falsifie. How to improve the security of video stream encryption becomes one of the problems to be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
The video processing method, the video processing device and the machine-readable storage medium can achieve tamper resistance of the transaction video and improve actual safety of the transaction video.
In one aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a video processing method, where the method includes:
acquiring first video data and original transaction data;
encrypting the original transaction data to obtain encrypted transaction data;
and embedding the encrypted transaction data and the original transaction data into the first video data to generate second video data.
Wherein the encrypting the original transaction data to obtain encrypted transaction data comprises:
encrypting the original transaction data according to the encryption token to obtain encrypted transaction data;
correspondingly, the embedding the encrypted transaction data and the original transaction data into the first video data to generate second video data specifically includes:
and embedding the encrypted transaction data and the original transaction data into an extension field corresponding to the video format of the first video data to generate second video data.
Specifically, the video format of the first video data includes, but is not limited to, an flv video format, and the raw transaction data is stored in a script tag in the flv encoding format.
Wherein the obtaining the first video data and the raw transaction data comprises:
acquiring first video data uploaded by a video camera, and acquiring original transaction data uploaded by transaction equipment;
or original transaction data are stored in the video data of the server, the original transaction data are extracted from an extension field corresponding to the video format of the video data, and the video data after the original transaction data are extracted are first video data.
Further, the method further comprises:
extracting the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data from the second video data;
decrypting the encrypted transaction data according to the encrypted token to obtain decrypted transaction data;
verifying whether the second video data is tampered according to the decrypted transaction data and the original transaction data.
Wherein the verifying whether the second video data is tampered specifically includes:
comparing the decrypted transaction data with the original transaction data;
verifying that the second video data is not tampered when the decrypted transaction data is the same as the original transaction data;
verifying that the second video data is tampered when the decrypted transaction data and the original transaction data are different.
In practical applications, the original transaction data includes at least one of a transaction amount, a transaction content, a transaction time, and a transaction object, or the first video data at least includes video data for recording a transaction process.
On the other hand, the embodiment of the application provides a video processing device, which comprises an acquisition module, an extraction module and a processing module;
the acquisition module is used for acquiring first video data and original transaction data;
the encryption module is used for encrypting the original transaction data acquired from the first video data acquired by the acquisition module to obtain encrypted transaction data;
the processing module is used for embedding the encrypted transaction data obtained by the encryption module and the original transaction data obtained by the obtaining module into the first video data to generate second video data.
Wherein, the acquisition module is used for acquiring first video data uploaded by the video camera and acquiring original transaction data uploaded by the transaction equipment,
or when the video data of the server side stores original transaction data, the acquisition module extracts the original transaction data from an extension field corresponding to the video format of the video data, and the video data after the original transaction data is extracted is first video data.
Further, the encryption module is configured to encrypt the original transaction data according to an encryption token to obtain encrypted transaction data, and the processing module is further configured to decrypt the encrypted transaction data according to the encryption token to obtain decrypted transaction data; correspondingly, the device also comprises a verification module,
the verification module is used for verifying whether the second video data is tampered or not according to the decrypted transaction data obtained by the decryption of the processing module and the original transaction data extracted by the extraction module.
The verification module specifically comprises a comparison unit, a first verification unit and a second verification unit;
the comparing unit is used for comparing the decrypted transaction data with the original transaction data;
the first verification unit is used for verifying that the second video data is not tampered when the comparison result of the comparison unit is that the decrypted transaction data is the same as the original transaction data;
the second verification unit is used for verifying that the second video data is tampered when the comparison result of the comparison unit is that the decrypted transaction data is different from the original transaction data.
In another aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a video processing apparatus, where the apparatus includes:
a processor, an encryptor, a memory and a computer program stored on said memory and executable on said processor; wherein the processor implements the video processing method when executing the computer program.
In yet another aspect, embodiments of the present application provide a machine-readable storage medium having stored thereon executable instructions that, when executed by a machine, cause the method described above to be implemented.
Therefore, in the technical scheme, in order to prevent a user from modifying the transaction content list and the transaction total amount freely only by modifying and editing the first video data, the method encrypts the original transaction data to obtain the encrypted transaction data, and embeds the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data into the first video data to generate the second video data. When the client needs to verify the video, the server extracts the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data from the second video data, decrypts the encrypted transaction data by using the encrypted token, and compares the decrypted transaction data with the original transaction data.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings that are needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below. However, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the drawings in the following description are illustrative of some of the present application only and are not limiting on the scope thereof.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of a method of generating second video data according to one embodiment.
Fig. 2 is a schematic flow diagram of a video processing method according to one embodiment.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a video processing apparatus according to an embodiment.
Fig. 4 is a schematic block diagram of a video processing apparatus according to an embodiment.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described are a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments can be obtained by any suitable modification or variation by a person skilled in the art based on the embodiments in the present application.
The encryption algorithm of the current video is generally high in complexity, the video needs to be decrypted by a corresponding decryption algorithm, requirements on equipment at an encryption end and equipment at a decryption end are high, the content of the whole video stream is encrypted, once the content of the video stream is decrypted, the video stream can only be judged to be tampered, and whether transaction data in the video is tampered or not can not be confirmed.
In view of this, an embodiment of the present application provides a video processing scheme, where a video stream is processed and then stored in a server, a server obtains first video data and original transaction data, encrypts the original transaction data to obtain encrypted transaction data, and embeds the encrypted transaction data and the original transaction data into the original first video data to generate second video data.
After receiving original transaction data (hereinafter referred to as first video data) and original transaction data sent by a client through a network, a server encrypts the original transaction data by using an encryption token to obtain encrypted transaction data, wherein the encryption token can be stored in the server or acquired from a cloud terminal by the server, and then the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data are embedded into corresponding extension fields in a video format of the first video data to generate second video data.
For a video file, the video file or video stream follows a certain video format, and there is an extension field in the video format, and in practice, the extension field may or may not be filled with content, and does not affect the normal use of the video.
The above technical solution will be described in detail with reference to specific embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1, in a method for generating second video data, in step 101, a server receives original transaction data and first video data sent by a client, and encrypts the original transaction data to generate encrypted transaction data;
in practical application, a client-server mode is adopted, and a server refers to a service code running on a server. In a specific service scene, for example, for an intelligent store service, a video camera and a cash register are deployed in a store, at the moment, first video data are collected by the camera and uploaded to a server, and transaction equipment such as cash register software on the cash register can report transaction data to the server, so that the server acquires the first video data uploaded by the video camera and acquires original transaction data uploaded by the transaction equipment.
In step 102, the server generates second video data according to the encrypted transaction data, the original transaction data and the first video data.
The server receives the original transaction data and the first video data, encrypts the first video data to obtain second video data, and specifically encrypts the original transaction data by using an encryption token to obtain encrypted transaction data, wherein the encryption token can be stored in the server or can be acquired by the server from a cloud.
The server side embeds the encrypted transaction data and the original transaction data into an extension field corresponding to the video format of the first video data to obtain second video data, and the second video data comprises the first video data and three parts of contents of the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data.
Taking an flv video format as an example, an extended field in an encoding format of the flv video is a script tag, and the step embeds original transaction data and encrypted transaction data into the script tag of the first video data, so as to generate a new video.
In addition, after the second video data is generated, the server stores the second video data in the server, sets a network video playing address for the second video data correspondingly, and sends the network video playing address to the client, so that the client can access and play the second video data to the server according to the received network video playing address.
Therefore, in the technical scheme, in the video encryption process, the original transaction data are encrypted to obtain encrypted transaction data, the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data are embedded into the extension field in the first video data, so that two parts of data are generated in the second video data, one part of the second video data is the original transaction data, the other part of the second video data is the encrypted transaction data, the verification of whether the second video data is tampered can be completed by extracting the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data and decrypting the encrypted transaction data, and thus, the service end provides an effective way for verifying whether the video is tampered.
In a retail scene, the video can be a cash register audit video, the cash register audit video is provided for a bank to be a transaction running line certificate, and transaction counterfeiting is prevented.
Fig. 2 is a schematic flow diagram of a server-side video processing method according to one embodiment.
In step 201, determining second video data needing verification;
in practical application, a server provides video verification capability, the server obtains a verification request initiated by a client, if the verification request carries identification information, corresponding second video data is determined according to the identification information in the verification request, and if the verification request carries video data, the video data is determined to be the second video data. That is to say, the application provides two application scenarios, one is that the client sends identification information to the server, the server stores the corresponding relationship between each identification information and the video data, the server determines the video data to be verified according to the identification information first, and then verifies whether the second video data is damaged, the other is that the client directly sends the video data to the server, and the server directly verifies the received video data.
The server stores a plurality of second video data, each second video data is provided with identification information, a corresponding relation between each video data and each identification information is formed, each video data can correspond to one or more identification information, but one identification information only corresponds to one video data, that is, one video data can be uniquely determined according to one identification information, so that after the identification information sent by the client is received, the second video data can be correspondingly determined according to the identification information, and the video object needing to be verified by the client is determined.
The second video data of the application comprises encrypted transaction data, original transaction data and the first video data. The original transaction data can be at least one of transaction amount, transaction content, transaction time and transaction object, and the first video data at least comprises video data for recording transaction process. The specific generation process of the second video data will be described in detail below.
In step 202, extracting original transaction data and encrypted transaction data from the second video data;
specifically, the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data are embedded into the first video data at the server side to obtain the second video data. Here, extracting the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data from the second video data specifically includes: searching an extension field corresponding to the video format of the second video data; original transaction data and encrypted transaction data are extracted from the extension field.
In practical application, a video has a corresponding encoding format, for example, for an flv video format, an extended field in the encoding format of the flv video is a script tag, the script tag has a fixed format, and it is good to analyze according to the fixed format, for example, a first field represents a data type, a second field represents a data length, and then a specific data value can be extracted according to the data length.
In step 203, decrypting the encrypted transaction data according to the encrypted token to obtain decrypted transaction data;
the encryption token used for decryption in the application is the same as the encryption token used for encrypting the first video data before, so that the decrypted transaction data obtained by decrypting the encrypted transaction data can be compared with the unencrypted original transaction data to confirm whether the video is tampered.
In step 204, it is determined whether the second video data is tampered or not according to the decrypted transaction data and the original transaction data.
In the step, the decrypted transaction data obtained by decrypting the video is compared with the original transaction data extracted from the video, and the cashing audit video is falsified if the comparison results are different.
Determining whether the second video data is tampered according to the decrypted transaction data and the original transaction data, specifically comprising: when the decrypted transaction data is the same as the original transaction data, determining that the second video data is not tampered; and when the decrypted transaction data is different from the original transaction data, determining that the second video data is tampered.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a video processing apparatus according to an embodiment, the apparatus including: an acquisition module 301, an extraction module 302 and a processing module 303;
an obtaining module 301, configured to obtain first video data and original transaction data;
an encryption module 302, configured to encrypt original transaction data acquired from the first video data acquired by the acquisition module 301 to obtain encrypted transaction data;
the processing module 303 is configured to embed the encrypted transaction data obtained by the encryption module 302 and the original transaction data obtained by the obtaining module into the first video data to generate second video data.
Wherein, the obtaining module 301 is configured to obtain first video data uploaded by a video camera, obtain original transaction data uploaded by a transaction device,
or when the original transaction data are stored in the video data of the server, the acquisition module extracts the original transaction data from the extension field corresponding to the video format of the video data, and the video data after the original transaction data are extracted are the first video data.
The encryption module 302 is configured to encrypt original transaction data according to the encryption token to obtain encrypted transaction data, and the processing module 303 is further configured to decrypt the encrypted transaction data according to the encryption token to obtain decrypted transaction data; correspondingly, the device also comprises a verification module,
the verification module is used for verifying whether the second video data is tampered or not according to the decrypted transaction data obtained by decryption of the processing module and the original transaction data extracted by the extraction module.
Specifically, the verification module specifically comprises a comparison unit, a first verification unit and a second verification unit;
the comparison unit is used for comparing the decrypted transaction data with the original transaction data;
the first verification unit is used for verifying that the second video data is not tampered when the comparison result of the comparison unit is that the decrypted transaction data is the same as the original transaction data;
the second verification unit is used for verifying that the second video data is tampered when the comparison result of the comparison unit is that the decrypted transaction data is different from the original transaction data.
Further, the video processing apparatus provided in this embodiment further includes a second processing module, configured to store the second video data in the server, set a network video playing address for the second video data, and send the network video playing address to the client.
The processing module can determine whether the second video data is tampered, specifically compare the decrypted transaction data with the original transaction data, if the decrypted transaction data is the same as the original transaction data, the second video data is not tampered, and if the decrypted transaction data is different from the original transaction data, the second video data is tampered.
Because the encrypted token for encrypting the original transaction data is the same as the encrypted token for decrypting the encrypted transaction data, the encrypted transaction data is obtained by encrypting the original transaction data through the encrypted token, and the encrypted transaction data is decrypted by using the same encrypted token, as long as the encrypted transaction data is not tampered, the decrypted transaction data obtained by decryption should be the same as the original transaction data, that is, as long as the decrypted transaction data is judged to be the same as the original transaction data, the original transaction data is not tampered, that is, the second video data is not tampered, and as long as the decrypted transaction data is judged to be different from the original transaction data, the original transaction data is tampered, that is, the second video data is tampered.
In the video processing apparatus provided by the embodiment of the present invention, the second video data generated by the server includes two pieces of data, one piece of data is original transaction data, and the other piece of data is encrypted transaction data, and when a verification request sent by the client is received, the original transaction data is encrypted to obtain encrypted transaction data, and the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data are embedded in the extension field of the first video data, and at this time, the verification of whether the second video data is tampered is completed by extracting the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data and decrypting the encrypted transaction data, so that the server provides an effective way of verifying whether the video is tampered.
Fig. 4 is a schematic block diagram of a video processing apparatus according to an embodiment.
The video processing apparatus 400 includes: a processor 401, an encryptor 402, a memory 403 and a computer program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, the video processing method in the above embodiments being implemented when the processor 401 executes the computer program.
For example, the processor 401 may be a Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the like. Memory 403 may include random access memory, flash memory, read only memory, programmable read only memory, non-volatile memory or registers, and the like. The encryptor 402 has an encryption token built therein. The memory 403 may store executable instructions. Processor 401 may execute executable instructions stored in memory 403 to implement various processes described herein, such as the various processes shown in fig. 1-2.
In addition, the embodiment of the application also provides a machine-readable storage medium. The machine-readable storage medium may store executable instructions that, when executed by a machine, cause the machine to perform particular processes of the method embodiments described above with reference to fig. 1-2.
For example, a machine-readable storage medium may include, but is not limited to, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read-Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), a hard disk, flash Memory, and so forth.
Those of skill in the art would understand that the elements and algorithm steps of the examples described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, or combinations of software and electronic hardware. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the technical solution. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present application.
In the embodiments of the present application, the disclosed system, apparatus and method may be implemented in other ways. For example, the division of the unit is only one logic function division, and there may be another division manner in actual implementation. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or may be integrated into another system. In addition, the coupling between the respective units may be direct coupling or indirect coupling. In addition, functional units in the embodiments of the present application may be integrated into one processing unit, or may exist separately and physically.
The functions, if implemented in the form of software functional units and sold or used as a stand-alone product, may be stored in a machine-readable storage medium. Therefore, the technical solution of the present application may be embodied in the form of a software product, which may be stored in a machine-readable storage medium and may include several instructions to cause an electronic device to perform all or part of the processes of the technical solution described in the embodiments of the present application. The storage medium may include various media that can store program codes, such as ROM, RAM, a removable disk, a hard disk, a magnetic disk, or an optical disk.
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present application, and the scope of the present application is not limited thereto. Those skilled in the art can make changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in the present application, and such changes or substitutions should be within the protective scope of the present application.
Claims (13)
1. A method of video processing, the method comprising:
acquiring first video data and original transaction data;
encrypting the original transaction data to obtain encrypted transaction data;
and embedding the encrypted transaction data and the original transaction data into the first video data to generate second video data.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the encrypting the raw transaction data to obtain encrypted transaction data comprises:
encrypting the original transaction data according to the encryption token to obtain encrypted transaction data;
correspondingly, the embedding the encrypted transaction data and the original transaction data into the first video data to generate second video data specifically includes:
and embedding the encrypted transaction data and the original transaction data into an extension field corresponding to the video format of the first video data to generate second video data.
3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the video format of the first video data includes but is not limited to flv video format, and the raw transaction data is stored in a script tag in flv encoded format.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the obtaining first video data and raw transaction data comprises:
acquiring first video data uploaded by a video camera, and acquiring original transaction data uploaded by transaction equipment;
or original transaction data are stored in the video data of the server, the original transaction data are extracted from an extension field corresponding to the video format of the video data, and the video data after the original transaction data are extracted are first video data.
5. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
extracting the original transaction data and the encrypted transaction data from the second video data;
decrypting the encrypted transaction data according to the encrypted token to obtain decrypted transaction data;
verifying whether the second video data is tampered according to the decrypted transaction data and the original transaction data.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the verifying whether the second video data is tampered with includes:
comparing the decrypted transaction data with the original transaction data;
verifying that the second video data is not tampered when the decrypted transaction data is the same as the original transaction data;
verifying that the second video data is tampered when the decrypted transaction data and the original transaction data are different.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw transaction data comprises at least one of transaction amount, transaction content, transaction time, and transaction object, or wherein the first video data comprises at least video data recording transaction process.
8. The video processing device is characterized by comprising an acquisition module, an extraction module and a processing module;
the acquisition module is used for acquiring first video data and original transaction data;
the encryption module is used for encrypting the original transaction data acquired from the first video data acquired by the acquisition module to obtain encrypted transaction data;
the processing module is used for embedding the encrypted transaction data obtained by the encryption module and the original transaction data obtained by the obtaining module into the first video data to generate second video data.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the obtaining module is configured to obtain first video data uploaded by a video camera, obtain original transaction data uploaded by a transaction device,
or when the video data of the server side stores original transaction data, the acquisition module extracts the original transaction data from an extension field corresponding to the video format of the video data, and the video data after the original transaction data is extracted is first video data.
10. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the encryption module is configured to encrypt the original transaction data according to an encryption token to obtain encrypted transaction data, and the processing module is further configured to decrypt the encrypted transaction data according to the encryption token to obtain decrypted transaction data; correspondingly, the device also comprises a verification module,
the verification module is used for verifying whether the second video data is tampered or not according to the decrypted transaction data obtained by the decryption of the processing module and the original transaction data extracted by the extraction module.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the verification module specifically comprises a comparison unit, a first verification unit and a second verification unit;
the comparing unit is used for comparing the decrypted transaction data with the original transaction data;
the first verification unit is used for verifying that the second video data is not tampered when the comparison result of the comparison unit is that the decrypted transaction data is the same as the original transaction data;
the second verification unit is used for verifying that the second video data is tampered when the comparison result of the comparison unit is that the decrypted transaction data is different from the original transaction data.
12. A video processing apparatus, characterized in that the apparatus comprises:
a processor, an encryptor, a memory and a computer program stored on said memory and executable on said processor; characterized in that the processor, when executing the computer program, implements the video processing method according to any of claims 1-7.
13. A machine-readable storage medium having stored thereon executable instructions which when executed by a machine result in the implementation of a method according to any one of claims 1-7.
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