CN108761439B - Integrated multi-beam optical phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing - Google Patents

Integrated multi-beam optical phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing Download PDF

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CN108761439B
CN108761439B CN201810424574.XA CN201810424574A CN108761439B CN 108761439 B CN108761439 B CN 108761439B CN 201810424574 A CN201810424574 A CN 201810424574A CN 108761439 B CN108761439 B CN 108761439B
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waveguides
ring beam
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CN108761439A (en
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陆梁军
朱晨
周林杰
陈建平
刘娇
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Shanghai Jiaotong University
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S2013/0236—Special technical features
    • G01S2013/0245—Radar with phased array antenna
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
    • Y02A90/10—Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation

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  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
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Abstract

An integrated multi-beam optical phased-array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing for a microwave photon multi-beam phased-array radar is composed of N paths of row waveguides, N multiplied by M micro-ring beam splitters, N multiplied by M fixed optical real delay networks, M paths of adjustable optical real delay arrays and M paths of column waveguides, wherein the N multiplied by M micro-ring beam splitters are arranged into N rows and M columns, and the N multiplied by M fixed optical real delay network is connected with the N multiplied by M micro-ring beam splitters. The invention can realize the phased array radar of M array elements and N wave beams only by M adjustable units, and has the advantages of simple and flexible structure control, high integration level, large instantaneous bandwidth and high resolution.

Description

Integrated multi-beam optical phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing
Technical Field
The invention relates to an optical phased array, in particular to an integrated multi-beam optical phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing.
Background
The radar is the transliteration of radio (radio Detection and ranging) and appears in the 30 th century at the earliest, and the basic working principle of the radar is mainly that a receiver receives a transmitted signal and performs a series of operation processing, so that the distance, angle information and the like of a detected target are obtained. The radar needs to change the direction of the beam continuously when searching for a target. The traditional method of changing the direction of the beam is to rotate the antenna so that the beam sweeps through a certain airspace, the ground or the sea, called mechanical scanning. The radar which works by mechanical scanning, namely the conventional radar, has slow scanning speed, low precision and low reliability due to the inertia of an antenna. The development of modern communication and military technologies puts higher and higher requirements on radars and antennas, and the traditional mechanical scanning radar cannot meet the requirements of practical application; with the development of phase shifters and phase scanning systems in the early 60 s, phased array radars came into play.
Phased array radars, which are short for phase-controlled electronically scanned array radars, utilize a large number of individually controlled small antenna elements arranged in an antenna array, each antenna element being controlled by an independent phase-shifting switch, and by controlling the phase emitted by each antenna element, different phase beams can be synthesized. Electromagnetic waves emitted by each antenna unit of the phased array are synthesized into a nearly straight radar main lobe by the interference principle, and the nonuniformity of each antenna unit can form a side lobe. The phased array radar fundamentally solves various inherent problems of the traditional mechanical scanning radar, and the response speed, the target updating rate, the multi-target tracking capability, the resolution, the versatility, the electronic countermeasure capability and the like of the phased array are far superior to those of the traditional radar under the same aperture and operation wavelength.
The new development of the international situation, the new pattern and the improvement of military technical strength of all countries all over the world all need to improve the radar performance urgently. In order to improve the interference rejection, a phased array radar must have as large a bandwidth as possible; in order to improve the resolution and the recognition capability of the radar and solve the multi-target imaging problem, the phased array radar must have large instantaneous bandwidth; spread spectrum signals with large instantaneous bandwidths are also required to combat the threat of anti-radiation missiles. Traditional coaxial cable delay lines, Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) delay lines, and Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) are not adequate. The magnetostatic wave device technology and the superconducting delay line technology are far from practical use. With the rapid development of optical fiber communication technology, various active and passive devices such as laser light sources, optical detectors, optical modulators, optical switches, etc. have been commercialized. Microwave photon technology also comes from the beginning, and has the advantages of large instantaneous bandwidth, low loss, electromagnetic interference resistance and the like. Therefore, it becomes a research hotspot to realize the phased array radar by the optical true delay introduced by the optical technology.
Over the past decades, various optical beam former solutions have been reported. Among them, they are mostly based on optical phase shifters, switchable fiber delay matrices, liquid crystal polarization switching devices, wavelength tunable lasers, dispersive optical elements, etc. However, these are all formed by discrete devices, which may cause problems of system bulkiness, poor stability, etc., and most are only single beam forming networks. In order to reduce system volume, mass and power consumption, and improve stability, integrated photonics technology is a necessary choice. Meanwhile, in order to improve the anti-interference capability and the survival capability of the radar, fully utilize the energy of transmitted beams and improve the data rate of the radar, a multi-beam phased array delay network also needs to be established.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an integrated multi-beam optical phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing, which is based on the existing microwave radar technology and optical phased array technology and aims at solving the problems of the traditional phased array radar technology. The network can realize the simultaneous directional transmission of a plurality of beams so as to obtain a larger radar scanning area. The network can realize the multi-beam radar with large instantaneous bandwidth and high resolution, has the advantages of simple structure and control and high integration level, and has potential application prospect in a phased array radar chip.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical solution of the invention is as follows:
an integrated multi-beam optical phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing is characterized by comprising N paths of row waveguides, N multiplied by M micro-ring beam splitters, N multiplied by M fixed optical real delay networks, M paths of adjustable optical real delay arrays and M paths of column waveguides, wherein the N multiplied by M micro-ring beam splitters are arranged into N rows and M columns, the N multiplied by M fixed optical real delay networks are arranged among the N multiplied by M micro-ring beam splitters, and the specific connection relation is as follows:
the ith path of waveguide is sequentially connected with the M micro-ring beam splitters in the ith row, and the M micro-ring beam splitters in the ith row only aim at the wavelength lambda i Splitting light, namely dividing the light into M rows equally after the light passes through M microring beam splitters in the ith row, namely, the splitting ratio of a download end to a straight-through end of the microring beam splitter in the pth row is 1: (M-p); the nth micro-ring beam splitter, the nth fixed optical real delay line, the nth-1 micro-ring beam splitter, the nth-1 fixed optical real delay line, …, the ith micro-ring beam splitter, the ith fixed optical real delay line, …, the 1 st micro-ring beam splitter, the 1 st compensation delay line and the pth adjustable optical real delay line are sequentially connected by the pth waveguide, wherein i is 1,2, … N, and p is 1,2, … M.
The N-path line waveguide is an input waveguide with a wavelength of lambda i The light is modulated by microwave signals and then input into the ith row waveguide (i is 1,2, … N), the input light wavelength in different waveguides is different, and the output beam number is equal to the traveling wave derivative N.
The micro-ring beam splitter is formed by a single-ring or multi-ring cascade structure, and the free spectral range is larger than the maximum interval of input wavelengths.
The NxM fixed optical true delay network is composed of NxM waveguides with different lengths, and is respectively added behind each micro-ring beam splitter, and M optical true delay lines on the 1 st line are used forCompensating delay error introduced by the micro-ring beam splitter, and satisfying that all delays on the p-th column are equal to p delta t by the rest optical true delay lines except the 1 st row 1 Wherein p is 1,2, … M.
The M-path adjustable optical true delay arrays are respectively arranged on M rows of output waveguides of the fixed optical true delay network, the delay difference of adjacent adjustable optical true delay lines is delta t, and the value of the delay difference delta t is adjustable.
The adjustable light true delay line is of a plurality of micro-ring series structures, an optical switch type digital adjustable delay line structure or a Bragg grating structure.
M rows of waveguides are arranged behind the adjustable optical true delay array to realize the signal output function, and each row of waveguides outputs lambda 1 ～λ N Optical signal of wavelength, for wavelength λ i The delay difference between adjacent column waveguides is delta t + (i-1) delta t 1 Wherein i is 1,2, … N.
The optical signals in the M-path row waveguides are input into the M detectors and converted into microwave signals, and the microwave signals can be output by the antenna after being amplified by the rear end, so that the phased array radar with M array elements and N wave beams is realized.
The deflection angle of each beam is adjusted by the delay difference delta t of the adjustable optical true delay line, and the adjacent beams have fixed angle difference, and the angle difference is formed by delta t in the fixed optical true delay network 1 And (6) determining.
Furthermore, the micro-ring beam splitter of the integrated multi-beam phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing can be formed by a single-ring or multi-ring cascade structure according to the microwave central frequency and bandwidth requirements, the free spectral range is larger than the maximum interval of input wavelengths, the splitting ratio of the micro-ring beam splitter is changed by designing coupling among micro-ring waveguides, and the working wavelength is changed by a phase shifter in a micro-ring.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the invention adopts the optical true delay line, and can improve the instantaneous bandwidth and the resolution of the phased array radar.
2) The invention can generate multi-beam, compared with single-beam radar, the invention improves the anti-interference capability and survival capability of the radar, fully utilizes the energy of the transmitted beam and improves the data rate of the radar.
3) The invention has the advantages of simple structure and control, small size and low power consumption.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall architecture of the integrated multi-beam optical phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is an experimental schematic diagram of a 4 × 4 integrated multi-beam optical phased array based on wavelength division multiplexing according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of different tunable delay lines. Fig. 3(a) is a schematic diagram of a structure in which N micro-rings are connected in series in the adjustable delay line portion, and fig. 3(b) is a schematic diagram of a structure in which an optical switch type N-bit digital adjustable delay line is used in the adjustable delay line portion.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of various micro-ring beam splitters of the integrated multi-beam optical phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing. Fig. 4(a) is a single microring based beam splitter structure, fig. 4(b) is a double microring cascade based beam splitter structure, and fig. 4(c) is a three microring cascade based beam splitter structure.
Detailed Description
The following describes embodiments of the present invention in detail with reference to the drawings and embodiments, which are implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and detailed embodiments and operation procedures are provided, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an overall architecture structure of an integrated multibeam optical phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing, and it can be seen from the figure that the integrated multibeam optical phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing is characterized by being composed of N-way row waveguides, N × M micro-ring beam splitters, N × M fixed optical true delay networks, M-way adjustable optical true delay arrays, and M-way column waveguides, wherein the N × M micro-ring beam splitters are arranged in N rows and M columns, the N × M fixed optical true delay networks are arranged among the N × M micro-ring beam splitters, and the specific connection relationship is as follows:
the ith path of waveguide is connected with the M micro-ring beam splitters in the ith row in sequence,the M micro-ring beam splitters of the ith row are only for the wavelength lambda i Splitting light, namely dividing the light into M rows equally after the light passes through M microring beam splitters in the ith row, namely, the splitting ratio of a download end to a straight-through end of the microring beam splitter in the pth row is 1: (M-p); the nth micro-ring beam splitter, the nth fixed optical real delay line, the nth-1 micro-ring beam splitter, the nth-1 fixed optical real delay line, …, the ith micro-ring beam splitter, the ith fixed optical real delay line, …, the 1 st micro-ring beam splitter, the 1 st compensation delay line and the pth adjustable optical real delay line are sequentially connected by the pth waveguide, wherein i is 1,2, … N, and p is 1,2, … M.
An example is a 4 × 4 structure, as shown in fig. 2. The delay network is realized by adopting a silicon-based optical waveguide, and the size of the silicon waveguide is 220nm multiplied by 500 nm. And 4 paths of X-band (8-12 GHz) microwave signals are respectively modulated to 4 paths of light with the wavelengths of 1550nm, 1550.8nm, 1551.6nm and 1552.4nm through an external modulator. The 4 optical microwave signals are respectively input from the 4 traveling wave guides. The micro-ring beam splitter adopts a double-micro-ring cascade mode, and the radius of each micro-ring is 10 mu m. The coupler coefficient between the micro-ring and the waveguide enables the bandwidth of the micro-ring beam splitter to be larger than 25GHz (smaller than 100 GHz).
The optical signal processing flows in each line are basically the same, and the fourth line signal processing flow is taken as an example for explanation:
1) a modulated optical signal having a wavelength of 1552.4nm was input to the left end of the row 4 input waveguide.
2) And adjusting the phase shifter on the micro-ring by using an electric regulation or thermal regulation mode to align the resonance wavelength of the micro-ring beam splitter of the line with 1552.4 nm.
3) When the optical signal of the line passes through the 4 micro-ring beam splitters in the line, the power of the optical signal is equally divided into 4 paths by adjusting the coupling coefficient and the power is respectively downloaded to the 4 paths of the line transmission waveguides, namely the splitting ratio of the download end to the straight-through end of the p-th line of micro-ring beam splitters is 1: (4-p), wherein p ═ 1,2, … 4. When passing through the microring beam splitters in other rows, the optical signals with the wavelength are directly output from the straight-through end without influencing the signal amplitude.
4) Each microring beam splitter is followed by a fixed optical true delay line consisting of waveguides of different lengths, producing a fixed delay to the optical signals transmitted to the columns. The 4 optical true delay lines on row 1 are used to compensate for the delay error introduced by the 4 micro-ring beam splitters. The other optical real delay lines except the 1 st row meet the condition that all the optical real delays on the p-th column are equal to p multiplied by 25ps, wherein p is 1,2,3 and 4. Since the optical signal of the fourth row passes through all the 4 rows of fixed delay lines, the delay difference of the output optical signals of the adjacent columns is 75 ps.
5) Each column of optical signals finally pass through an adjustable delay line, the adjustable delay line is composed of 3 series micro-rings, the free spectral width (FSR) of each micro-ring is 0.8nm, 4 paths of wavelengths can be simultaneously delayed, the coupling and resonance wavelength of each ring can be adjusted through an electric regulation or thermal regulation mode, delay adjustment is achieved, and the signal delay difference between adjacent columns is fixed to be delta t.
6) The delay difference of the signal with the wavelength of 1552.4nm output to the adjacent column waveguide is Δ t +75ps, and the beam 4 can be steered because Δ t is tunable.
The processing flow of the optical signals of other rows is basically the same as the above, and since the optical carrier wavelength of each row of signals is different, the resonant wavelength of the micro-ring beam splitter of each row needs to be adjusted to be aligned with the optical carrier wavelength. Since the number of times of delay of the fixed delay line passed after each row of optical signals is divided into columns is different, the delay difference between adjacent columns is different for each row of optical signals. Wavelength lambda i The signal delay difference of (a) t + (i-1) × 25ps (i ═ 1,2, … 4), i.e., input signals of different wavelengths can produce different output beams. Optical signals in 4 paths of row waveguides are input into 4 detectors and converted into microwave signals, the microwave signals can be output by an antenna after passing through a rear-end electric amplifier, and the phased array radar with 4 array elements and 4 wave beams is realized.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of different tunable delay lines. Wherein (a) is a structural schematic diagram of N micro-rings connected in series, the coupling part adopts MZI structure, and broadband and flat adjustable delay can be realized by adjusting coupling and resonant wavelength. (b) The structure of the optical switch type N-bit digital adjustable delay line is schematically shown, and different delay paths are selected to achieve different delay times by controlling the state of the optical switch. Delay step of δ t and delay range of 0～(2 N -1)δt。
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of different microring beam splitters, wherein (a) is a microring beam splitter composed of a single microring, (b) is a microring beam splitter composed of a double microring cascade, and (c) is a microring beam splitter composed of a three microring cascade. The splitting ratio of the micro-ring beam splitter is changed by designing the coupler coefficient between the micro-ring and the waveguide; the operating wavelength is changed by a phase shifter in the micro-ring. The more the number of cascaded micro-rings in the micro-ring beam splitter, the larger the bandwidth of the beam splitting is, but the more the number of coupling coefficients to be adjusted is, and the greater the operation difficulty is, so that a proper micro-ring beam splitter needs to be selected according to actual conditions.
The scheme based on the invention has simple structure and control, can improve the instantaneous bandwidth and resolution of the phased array radar, improves the anti-interference capability and the survival capability of the radar, fully utilizes the energy of transmitted beams, improves the data rate of the radar, and greatly improves the performance of the radar. The integrated photon technology is adopted, and has the advantages of small size and low power consumption,
finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made on the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, which should be covered by the claims of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. An integrated multi-beam optical phased array delay network based on wavelength division multiplexing is characterized by comprising N paths of row waveguides, N multiplied by M micro-ring beam splitters, N multiplied by M fixed optical real delay networks, M paths of adjustable optical real delay arrays and M paths of column waveguides, wherein the N multiplied by M micro-ring beam splitters are arranged into N rows and M columns, the N multiplied by M fixed optical real delay network is connected with the N multiplied by M micro-ring beam splitters, and the specific connection relation is as follows:
the ith path of waveguide is sequentially connected with the M micro-ring beam splitters in the ith path of waveguide, and the M micro-ring beam splitters in the ith path of waveguide only aim at the wavelength lambda i Splitting light, and uniformly splitting the light after passing through M microring beam splitters in the ith rowM columns, that is, the splitting ratio of the download end to the through end of the microring beam splitter on the pth column is 1: (M-p); the nth micro-ring beam splitter, the nth fixed optical real delay line, the nth-1 micro-ring beam splitter, the nth-1 fixed optical real delay line, …, the ith micro-ring beam splitter, the ith fixed optical real delay line, …, the 1 st micro-ring beam splitter, the 1 st compensation delay line and the pth adjustable optical real delay line are sequentially connected by the pth waveguide, wherein i is 1,2, … N, and p is 1,2, … M.
2. The WDM-based integrated multibeam optical phased-array delay network of claim 1, wherein the N row waveguides are input waveguides and have a wavelength λ i The light is modulated by microwave signals and then input into the ith row waveguide, the input light wavelengths in different waveguides are different, and the output beam number is equal to the traveling wave derivative N.
3. The WDM-based integrated multibeam optical phased-array delay network of claim 1, wherein the microring beam splitters are single-ring or multi-ring cascaded structures with a free spectral range larger than the maximum separation of the input wavelengths.
4. The WDM-based integrated multibeam optical phased array delay network of claim 1, wherein the NxM fixed optical real delay network is composed of NxM waveguides with different lengths, and is respectively added after each micro-ring beam splitter, the M optical real delay lines in the 1 st row are used to compensate the delay error introduced by the micro-ring beam splitter, and the remaining optical real delay lines except the 1 st row satisfy that all the delays in the p th row are equal to p Δ t 1 。
5. The WDM-based integrated multi-beam photonic phased-array delay network of claim 1, wherein the M tunable optical true delay arrays are respectively disposed on M rows of output waveguides of the fixed photonic true delay network, the delay difference between adjacent tunable optical true delay lines is Δ t, and the value of the delay difference Δ t is tunable.
6. The WDM-based integrated multibeam optical phased-array delay network of claim 1, wherein the tunable optical real delay line is a serial micro-ring structure, an optically switched digitally tunable delay line structure or a Bragg grating structure.
7. The WDM-based integrated multibeam optical phased array delay network of claim 1, wherein M rows of waveguides are behind the tunable optical true delay array to realize signal output function, each row of waveguides outputting λ 1 ～λ N Optical signal of wavelength, for wavelength λ i The delay difference between adjacent column waveguides is delta t + (i-1) delta t 1 Wherein i is 1,2, … N.
8. The WDM-based integrated multibeam optical phased array delay network of claim 1, wherein the M optical signals in the row waveguides are converted into microwave signals by M detectors, and the microwave signals are amplified by the back end and outputted from the antenna, thereby implementing a phased array radar with M array elements and N beams.
9. The WDM-based integrated multibeam optical phased-array delay network of claim 1, wherein the deflection angle of each beam is adjusted by the delay difference Δ t of the tunable optical real delay line, and adjacent beams have a fixed angle difference therebetween, which is determined by the Δ t in the fixed optical real delay network 1 And (6) determining.
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