CN106894802B - Small-sized fracturing testing method suitable for shale gas well - Google Patents
Small-sized fracturing testing method suitable for shale gas well Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 206010017076 Fracture Diseases 0.000 abstract description 53
- 208000010392 Bone Fractures Diseases 0.000 abstract description 47
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
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- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a small-sized fracturing testing method suitable for a shale gas well, which comprises the following steps: (1) a step of acid pretreatment; (2) determining the stable injection time and liquid amount of the highest discharge capacity; (3) step lifting: gradually raising the displacement to the highest displacement in a step-wise manner; (4) step descending: progressively reducing the displacement in steps from said maximum displacement; (5) and (3) testing pressure drop: and after the fracturing pump is stopped, stopping the pump and closing the well for a preset time until an inflection point appears on a curve of pressure drop. The method can obtain the key characteristic parameters of the shale stratum such as the minimum horizontal main stress, the fracture closing time, the natural fracture development degree and the stratum fluid loss condition, achieves the effect of inducing the fracture steering, lays a foundation for the fracture steering or the formation of complex fractures during main fracturing, and improves the main fracturing transformation volume and the fracturing effect. The invention has reasonable design, simple process and convenient operation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of shale reservoir fracturing yield increase transformation, in particular to a small-sized fracturing testing method suitable for a shale gas well.
Background
Currently, the practice of testing fractures in shale gas generally employs the method of conventional sandstone, but on a somewhat larger scale. However, due to the particularity and complexity of shale gas and conventional sandstone gas, the conventional fracturing testing design method mainly has the following problems:
1) because the shale is not penetrated, sucked, expanded and broken, but bent, deformed and broken, the conventional stepped lift-discharge design, especially the multi-stage stepped lift-discharge mode needs to be improved;
2) because the horizontal bedding seams/texture seams of the shale relatively develop, the starting displacement is designed to be too small, and even high displacement is difficult to pass through the first bedding seam/texture seam in the following process;
3) especially, wellbore blockage is serious when the first section of the horizontal well is fractured, and the fracture is tested without acidification pretreatment in the past, so that certain false images and interference effects can be caused to the interpretation of the formation characteristics;
4) the duration time of the highest stepped discharge capacity is relatively short, the probability that a crack meets a natural crack is reduced, the liquid quantity of the section determines the scale of the whole fracturing liquid for testing, the liquid quantity is small, the generated induced stress is small, the effect of changing the ground stress field near the crack (the two-directional horizontal stress tends to be uniform) is not obvious, and the complexity of the crack generated during main fracturing or the probability of crack turning is greatly reduced;
5) the time for stopping the pump and closing the well after fracturing is relatively short, generally only 1 hour, and is equivalent to the time for stopping the pump and closing the well in the conventional fracturing test. Due to the extremely low permeability of the shale matrix, unless there is continuous communication of interconnected natural fractures or bedding/grain seams, the pump-off shut-in time is too short and the fractures may not reach as long a closure time, causing great difficulty in fracture interpretation.
Therefore, it is necessary to devise a small test fracturing method for shale gas wells that addresses at least one of the problems described above.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the present invention aims to provide a small-scale fracturing testing method suitable for shale gas wells, so as to obtain key characteristic parameters of shale formation, such as minimum horizontal principal stress, fracture closure time, natural fracture development degree, formation fluid loss condition, etc., and achieve the effect of inducing fracture steering, thereby laying a foundation for fracture steering or complex fracture formation during main fracturing, and improving the main fracturing transformation volume and fracturing effect.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a small-scale test fracturing method suitable for a shale gas well, which comprises the following steps:
(1) a step of acid pretreatment;
(2) determining the stable injection time and liquid amount of the highest discharge capacity;
(3) step lifting: gradually raising the displacement to the highest displacement in a step-wise manner;
(4) step descending: progressively reducing the displacement in steps from said maximum displacement;
(5) and (3) testing pressure drop: and after the fracturing pump is stopped, stopping the pump and closing the well for a preset time until an inflection point appears on a curve of pressure drop.
The small-scale testing fracturing method suitable for the shale gas well is characterized in that in the step (2), only the displacement is changed without changing other parameters through a simulation means, and the sensitivity of the displacement to the net pressure of the fracture is inspected.
The small-scale test fracturing method suitable for the shale gas well is characterized in that in the step (2), when the fracture net pressure exceeds the original horizontal stress difference, the displacement is considered to be the highest displacement.
In the step (2), when the fracture net pressure cannot exceed the original horizontal stress difference, the fracture net pressure is increased by adopting a conventional end desanding technology, so that the fracture net pressure exceeds the original horizontal stress difference, and the displacement is considered as the highest displacement.
The small-scale fracturing testing method suitable for the shale gas well is characterized in that in the step (2), only the liquid amount is changed without changing other parameters through a simulation means, and the sensitivity of the liquid amount to the net pressure of the crack is inspected.
The small-scale fracturing testing method suitable for the shale gas well is characterized in that in the step (2), only the viscosity of the fracturing fluid is changed without changing other parameters through a simulation means, and the sensitivity of the viscosity of the fracturing fluid to the net fracture pressure is inspected.
The small-sized fracturing testing method suitable for the shale gas well is characterized in that in the step (2), the length of a fracture to be tested is ensured to be at least more than 50% of that of a main fracture.
The small-scale test fracturing method suitable for the shale gas well is characterized in that the number of the steps in the step (3) is 2, and the number of the steps in the step (4) is 3-5.
The small-scale test fracturing method suitable for the shale gas well is characterized in that in the step (5), the pump stopping and well shutting-in time is 120-240 minutes.
The small-scale fracturing testing method suitable for the shale gas well is characterized in that in the step (1), 15% industrial hydrochloric acid is used for acid pretreatment, and the dosage is 10-15m3The discharge capacity is 1-1.5m3/min。
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the method, through the steps of acid pretreatment, determination of stable injection time and liquid amount of the highest discharge capacity, step rising, step falling design, pressure falling test and the like, key characteristic parameters of the shale stratum such as the minimum level main stress, the fracture closing time, the natural fracture development degree and the stratum fluid loss condition are obtained, the effect of inducing fracture steering is achieved, a foundation is laid for fracture steering or complex fracture formation during main fracturing, and the main fracturing transformation volume and the fracturing effect are improved. The invention has reasonable design, simple process and convenient operation.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further explained below.
The main design idea of the invention is as follows:
① the test of fracturing not only recognizes the key characteristic parameters of shale stratum and makes the two targets of inducing fracture turn, but also mainly carries on the purpose of exploring the path for the main fracturing fracture, therefore, in order to avoid most liquid entering the adjacent bedding seams/texture seams, in the step-up process, firstly, the starting displacement is increased, and secondly, the step number of the step-up displacement is reduced, so as to achieve the purpose of pressing open all the bedding seams/texture seams.
② after the fracture normally starts and extends, the optimum combination of discharge capacity, liquid amount and liquid viscosity is optimized by taking the net pressure in the fracture as an objective function, the target value of the fracture net pressure at least exceeds the original two-way horizontal stress difference value of the shale stratum, if the combination of the discharge capacity, the liquid amount and the viscosity can break through the critical value of the stress difference, the second objective of the test fracture is basically reached, if the fracture net pressure is difficult to reach the critical value of the stress difference, other fracture diversion measures are taken into consideration during the main fracture, such as the improvement of construction sand-liquid ratio or other temporary plugging agents in the fracture.
③ in the conventional step-down process, on the principle of pressure stabilization, sometimes 15 seconds change a displacement, and in the shale, in consideration of strong heterogeneity of the shale, the pressure stabilization time of 15 seconds may be short, and may be extended to more than 1 minute.
④ the pressure drop test time is prolonged from 1 hour to more than 2-3 hours, the crack may not be closed in 2-3 hours due to the extremely low permeability of the shale matrix, and the rate of pressure drop can be observed in the field test, if the rate has obvious change, the closing point of the crack is considered to have been reached.
Based on the design thought, the invention provides a small-sized fracturing testing method suitable for a shale gas well, which mainly comprises the following steps:
(1) acid pretreatment:
generally, 15% industrial hydrochloric acid is used, and the dosage is 10-15m3Preferably, the discharge capacity is 1-1.5m3And/min. The purpose is to remove the contaminating plugs from the wellbore.
(2) Determining the stable injection time and liquid amount of the highest discharge capacity:
the sensitivity of single factor to the net pressure of the fracture is firstly inspected by taking common mature commercial software MEYER as a simulation means, if the net pressure exceeds the original horizontal stress difference, the sensitivity of the net pressure and the displacement of the fracture is inspected (when the net pressure exceeds the original horizontal stress difference, the net pressure can be regarded as the highest displacement, and if the net pressure cannot exceed the original horizontal stress difference, the net pressure is improved by adopting a conventional end desanding technology, so that the net pressure exceeds the original horizontal stress difference, the highest displacement is obtained), and the sensitivity of factors such as the liquid amount and the viscosity of the fracturing liquid to the net pressure of the fracture is respectively inspected by analogy.
For convenience, the combination of the two parameters with the strongest net pressure sensitivity of the fracture can be comprehensively adjusted.
Even though the liquid amount is not sensitive to the influence of the net pressure of the fracture, in order to realize favorable variation of the tendency of the stress field in a wide range, a plurality of liquid amounts can be injected properly, and the length of the fracture to be tested reaches at least more than 50-60% of the length of the main fracture.
(3) Step lifting:
considering the particularity of shale fracture and the purpose of pressing open all the bedding/texture seams, the initial displacement design can be properly changed from the original 2-3m3Min is increased to 5-6m3/min。
Typically 2 steps are designed and the second displacement is raised to the highest displacement expected for the main fracturing design, e.g. 10m3Min, or 15m3/min。
(4) Step descending:
although the step rise is only 2, the step fall can reach 3-5, starting from the highest displacement, and reducing by about 25-30% each time, or reducing by a fixed displacement, such as 3-4m each time3And/min. The time for stabilizing each step is 60-120 seconds.
(5) And (3) testing pressure drop:
after the fracturing pump is stopped, the pump is stopped and the well is closed for 120-180 minutes, and the pump stopping time is properly reduced or prolonged according to the change condition of the pressure drop rate. If the pressure drop rate has not changed, the pump-down time can be extended to 240 minutes at most until the rate of pressure drop changes significantly, i.e., the closing point of the crack is considered to have been reached.
The obvious change means that in the shale gas well test fracturing, a pressure curve rapidly drops after the pump is stopped, an inflection point appears, then the pressure curve becomes gentle, and the pump stopping time is required to be after the inflection point.
The invention can achieve the following technical effects:
(1) recognizing key characteristic parameters of the shale stratum, such as minimum level principal stress, fracture closing time, natural fracture development degree and stratum fluid loss condition;
(2) the effect of inducing the crack to turn is achieved, and a foundation is laid for the crack turning in the main fracturing or the formation of complex cracks.
Since conventional test fractures generally have only the first objective described above, the present invention also has a second objective that is more important to shale gas fracture design.
The invention relates to a small-sized testing and fracturing method suitable for a shale gas well, which is characterized in that the key characteristic parameters of the shale stratum, such as the minimum horizontal main stress, the fracture closing time, the natural fracture development degree, the filtration condition of the stratum and the like, are obtained through the steps of acid pretreatment, determination of the stable injection time and liquid amount with the highest discharge capacity, step rising, step falling design, pressure falling test and the like, the effect of inducing fracture steering is achieved, the foundation is laid for the fracture steering during main fracturing or the formation of complex fractures, and the transformation volume and the fracturing effect of the main fracturing are improved. The invention has reasonable design, simple process and convenient operation.
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, various modifications may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In particular, the technical features mentioned in the embodiments can be combined in any way as long as there is no structural conflict. It is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A small-scale test fracturing method suitable for shale gas wells is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) a step of acid pretreatment;
(2) determining the stable injection time and liquid amount of the highest discharge capacity,
the net pressure of the crack is taken as a target function, the discharge capacity, the liquid amount and the liquid viscosity are optimized,
when the target value of the net pressure of the fracture corresponding to the combination of the discharge capacity, the liquid amount and the liquid viscosity exceeds the original two-directional horizontal stress difference value of the shale stratum, the fracture steering can be induced;
(3) step lifting: gradually increasing the displacement to the highest displacement in a step-by-step manner, wherein the number of steps is 2, and the initial displacement is designed to be increased to 5-6m3Min, second displacement is increased to the maximum displacement;
(4) step descending: gradually reducing the displacement step by step from the highest displacement, wherein the number of steps reduced by steps is more than the number of steps increased by steps, and the fixed displacement is reduced from the highest displacement for 60-120 seconds each time when the steps are stable;
(5) and (3) testing pressure drop: and after the fracturing pump is stopped, stopping the pump and closing the well for a preset time until an inflection point appears on a curve of pressure drop.
2. The small scale test fracturing method for shale gas wells as claimed in claim 1 wherein in step (2) sensitivity of displacement to fracture net pressure is examined by simulation means with displacement only changed and no other parameters changed.
3. The small scale test fracturing method for shale gas wells as claimed in claim 2 wherein in step (2) when the fracture net pressure exceeds the original horizontal stress differential, the displacement is considered to be the highest displacement.
4. The small scale test fracturing method for shale gas wells as claimed in claim 2 wherein in step (2) when the net fracture pressure cannot exceed the original horizontal stress differential, the net fracture pressure is raised by conventional end screenout techniques so that the net fracture pressure exceeds the original horizontal stress differential and the displacement is considered to be the highest displacement.
5. The small scale test fracturing method for shale gas wells as claimed in claim 1 wherein in step (2) sensitivity of the fluid volume to fracture net pressure is examined by simulation means with only fluid volume changed and no other parameters changed.
6. The small scale test fracturing method for shale gas wells as claimed in claim 1 wherein in step (2) sensitivity of fracturing fluid viscosity to net fracture pressure is examined by simulation means by changing only fracturing fluid viscosity without changing other parameters.
7. A small test fracturing method for shale gas wells as claimed in claim 1 wherein in step (2) it is required to ensure that the fracture length of the test fracture is at least 50% of the main fracture.
8. The small scale test fracturing method for shale gas wells as set forth in claim 1 wherein the pump-off shut-in time in step (5) is 120-240 minutes.
9. The small scale test fracturing method for shale gas wells as set forth in claim 1, wherein in step (1), the acid pretreatment is carried out using 15% industrial hydrochloric acid in an amount of 10-15m3The discharge capacity is 1-1.5m3/min。
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| CN109751037B (en) * | 2017-11-01 | 2021-05-18 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | High-frequency variable-displacement volume fracturing method for normal-pressure shale gas reservoir |
| CN110761765B (en) * | 2018-07-27 | 2021-11-02 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Volume fracturing method for activating natural fracture in large range |
| CN111104724B (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2022-08-12 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Method for evaluating total net pressure in fracturing |
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| CN110939438A (en) * | 2019-10-14 | 2020-03-31 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Method for evaluating after-pressure by using pressure drop of main fracturing pump stopping |
| CN111271043B (en) * | 2020-03-18 | 2021-09-21 | 捷贝通石油技术集团股份有限公司 | Oil and gas well ground stress capacity-expansion transformation yield increasing method |
| CN111636855B (en) * | 2020-06-10 | 2022-05-13 | 华美孚泰油气增产技术服务有限责任公司 | Method for distinguishing T-shaped seam forming risk on site and corresponding fracturing process |
| CN113074861B (en) * | 2021-01-04 | 2022-10-04 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Stratum fracture time monitoring method, device, equipment and storage medium |
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