CN106410421B - Polarization-controlled space wave-to-surface wave functional device - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a polarization-controlled space wave-to-surface wave functional device, which is composed of a 2-bit anisotropic electromagnetic coding super-surface, and a polarization-controlled space wave-to-surface wave functional device is formed by arranging anisotropic digital units on a two-dimensional plane according to preset anisotropic codes. Because each unit has independent phase response in the x polarization and the y polarization, the device has different functions under the irradiation of two incident waves with mutually perpendicular polarizations, and can be used for converting the x polarization and the y polarization perpendicular incident waves into surface waves and guiding the surface waves to different directions; or converting the x-polarized incident wave into a surface wave and reflecting the y-polarized incident wave to any spatial direction. The invention has the advantages of ultra-thin, low profile and high efficiency, and has stronger application range and larger design freedom degree in practical application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a novel artificial electromagnetic material, in particular to a polarization controlled space wave-to-surface wave functional device working in a microwave band.
Background
The new artificial electromagnetic material, also called electromagnetic super surface (Metamaterials), is an artificial material formed by periodically or non-periodically arranging macro basic units with specific geometric shapes or implanting the macro basic units into the body (or surface) of a base material. Electromagnetic super-surfaces differ from traditionally meaningful materials in that macro-scale units replace the original micro-scale units (atoms or molecules). Although the two have very different cell sizes, their response to applied electromagnetic waves is manifested by the interaction of the fundamental cell resonant system with the applied electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic super surface defines the behavior of electromagnetic waves from the perspective of a medium, and provides a new idea and method for designing a microwave device.
Capasso et al introduced a generalized Snell's law in 2011, which is a basic law describing the electromagnetic properties of a super-surface, and considers the phase discontinuity of electromagnetic waves generated when the electromagnetic waves are reflected or transmitted by the super-surface and the abnormal reflection and abnormal refraction behaviors generated therewith. People can design an artificial surface structure to artificially control the phase discontinuity, and then can utilize the two-dimensional super surface to regulate and control the space wave. The purpose of arbitrarily controlling the reflected wave and the refracted wave is achieved. Even random phase distribution can be designed, so that incident beams are scattered randomly to all directions to form diffuse reflection, thereby effectively reducing the radar scattering sectional area of a target and realizing stealth. The great university peri-epi professor analyzes the reflection phase mutation of the electromagnetic wave on the reflection-type novel artificial electromagnetic surface from the angle of equivalent induced current, and designs a high-efficiency space wave to surface wave conversion device by reducing the surface phase gradient period to within one period.
The units of the above-mentioned super-surface are all isotropic structures, that is, the designed super-surface has the same function for incident electromagnetic waves of any polarization, and cannot change with the change of the polarization of the incident electromagnetic waves, and the space wave-to-surface wave device based on the H-type metal structure proposed by the teaching professor of peri-epitaxy of the university of redun can only aim at one polarization direction, but is ineffective for incident waves of another polarization.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: the invention provides a polarization-controlled space wave-to-surface wave functional device working in a microwave band, which is characterized in that 2-bit anisotropic coding units are arranged on a two-dimensional plane according to a corresponding anisotropic coding matrix by designing the corresponding anisotropic coding matrix, so that x-polarized and y-polarized vertical incidence electromagnetic waves can be converted into surface waves and are respectively guided to different directions; or x-polarized normally incident electromagnetic waves can be converted into surface waves and y-polarized normally incident electromagnetic waves can be reflected to any direction in space.
In order to realize the functions, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a polarization-controlled spatial wave-to-surface wave functional device is composed of a 2-bit anisotropic electromagnetic coding super surface, wherein an anisotropic digital unit is arranged on a two-dimensional plane according to a preset anisotropic code, so that a vertically incident electromagnetic wave can be converted into a surface wave, and electromagnetic waves of x-polarization components and y-polarization components can be guided to different directions; or the x-polarized incident wave can be converted into a surface wave, and the y-polarized incident wave can be reflected to any direction in space.
Furthermore, the anisotropic unit structure mainly comprises a three-layer structure, which is an oval/round metal structure, an epoxy resin (hereinafter abbreviated as FR4) dielectric layer and a metal back plate from top to bottom in sequence.
Further, by changing the geometrical parameters of the upper layer structure in the cell structure, including the radius r and the compression ratio k of the circle, the anisotropic cell structure can independently reflect x-polarized and y-polarized normally incident electromagnetic waves at 4 discrete phase values of 0 °, 90 °, 180 ° and 270 °, corresponding to the digital states "00", "01", "10" and "11", respectively.
Further, the anisotropic unit structure comprises 4 isotropic structures and 12 anisotropic structures, and the digital states of the 4 isotropic structures are "00/00", "01/01", "10/10" and "11/11"; the digital states of the 12 anisotropic structures are "00/01", "00/10", "00/11", "01/00", "01/10", "01/11", "10/00", "10/01", "10/11", "11/00", "11/01" and "11/10", wherein the digital states before and after the "/" symbol correspond to the digital state responses when the x-polarized and y-polarized normal incidence electromagnetic waves are irradiated, respectively.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. compared with the conventional common devices (such as a prism and an electric dipole antenna) for converting the space wave into the surface wave, the device for converting the space wave into the surface wave has the advantages of ultrathin thickness, low profile and high efficiency.
2. Compared with the space wave-to-surface wave device based on the H-shaped metal structure provided by professor of peri-epitaxy university of Compound denier, the device has the advantages of simultaneously supporting x polarization and y polarization, and can respectively and independently convert x polarization electromagnetic waves and y polarization electromagnetic waves into surface waves or space waves and guide the surface waves or the space waves to different directions, so that the device has a stronger application range and a larger design freedom degree in practical application.
3. The invention abandons the traditional scheme of analyzing and designing the super surface and various corresponding devices by adopting equivalent medium parameters, and adopts a discrete anisotropic coding mode to more simply and effectively analyze and design the space wave-to-surface wave functional device.
4. The invention skillfully adopts a circular/elliptical coding unit structure. The structure is simple and easy to design, compared with an isotropic coded super surface, the method has greater design flexibility, namely when the polarization direction of incident waves is changed, converted surface waves or reflected space waves can be guided to different directions, and functions under x polarization and y polarization have high isolation.
5. The metal structure of the invention has simple figure, can be manufactured by adopting the conventional printed circuit board process in the microwave frequency band, and can be easily expanded to terahertz, infrared and optical bands through standard photoetching flow or electron beam exposure.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a functional diagram of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a coding unit structure constituting the functional device of the present invention, which mainly comprises three parts, from top to bottom, an oval/circular metal structure, an FR4 dielectric layer and a metal back plate; the metal structure of the upper layer is an oval or round metal structure, and the thickness d is 0.018 mm; the medium layer material in the middle is FR4 medium plate (dielectric constant is 4.3, loss tangent is 0.03), thickness d is 2mm, unit period length L is 6 mm; the back of the dielectric plate is covered with a layer of copper to ensure zero transmission.
FIG. 3 is a reflection phase distribution diagram corresponding to 16 anisotropic encoding units under the irradiation of incident electromagnetic waves with x-polarization and y-polarization.
FIG. 4 shows that when the coding matrix is M1When the frequency is 10GHz, the device and the numerical simulation electric field near field distribution diagram on the surfaces of the dielectric plates on the two sides; FIG. 4- (a) shows the case where x-polarized electromagnetic waves are incident perpendicularly; fig. 4- (b) shows the case where the y-polarized electromagnetic wave is vertically incident.
FIG. 5 shows that when the coding matrix is M2When the frequency is 10GHz, the device and the numerical simulation electric field near-field distribution diagram and the far-field scattering pattern on the surfaces of the dielectric plates on the two sides of the device; FIG. 5- (a) is a diagram showing an electric field near field distribution when an x-polarized electromagnetic wave is perpendicularly incident; FIG. 5- (b) shows the far-field scattering pattern of a y-polarized electromagnetic wave at normal incidence.
FIG. 6 shows a coding matrix of M1The coding pattern of time, there are a total of 64 × 64 coding units.
FIG. 7 shows a coding matrix of M2Coding pattern of time, in totalThere are 64 × 64 coding units.
Detailed Description
The coding unit structure of the invention is composed of two parts of an isotropic circular structure and an anisotropic elliptical structure, and has simple structure and easy design and processing. The generation steps can be divided into two steps: a disc with radius r is first generated and then compressed along the x-axis or y-axis at a scaling ratio k, where k is the ratio of the short axis to the long axis. When the compression ratio k is equal to 1, the electromagnetic wave is circular and has the isotropic characteristic, namely, the electromagnetic wave shows the same reflection phase for x-polarization and y-polarization electromagnetic waves; and when the compression ratio is not equal to 1, the electromagnetic wave is elliptical and has anisotropic characteristics, namely, different reflection phases are presented for x-polarization electromagnetic waves and y-polarization electromagnetic waves. The designed 2-bit anisotropic cell structure exhibits reflection phases of 0 °, 90 °, 180 ° and 270 ° under irradiation of x-polarized or y-polarized normal incidence electromagnetic waves, corresponding to digital states "00", "01", "10", and "11", respectively. For convenience of reference to the digital states of the anisotropic cell structure in x-polarization and y-polarization, we name each cell structure as a form of "s/s", where the former is the digital state in x-polarization and the latter is the digital state in y-polarization. Thus, there are sixteen different anisotropic digital states, "00/00", "01/01", "10/10", "11/11", "00/01", "00/10", "00/11", "01/00", "01/10", "01/11", "10/00", "10/01", "10/11", "11/00", "11/01" and "11/10" in total by permutation and combination.
Arranging the anisotropic unit structures with different digital states under the irradiation of the x-polarized and y-polarized vertical incidence electromagnetic waves on a two-dimensional plane according to a pre-designed anisotropic coding matrix, so that the x-polarized and y-polarized vertical incidence electromagnetic waves can be converted into surface waves in a transverse-electric mode (hereinafter referred to as TE mode), and the surface waves are respectively guided to different propagation directions; or the x-polarized normally incident electromagnetic wave can be converted into a TE-mode surface wave, and the y-polarized normally incident electromagnetic wave can be reflected to an arbitrary direction of the upper half space.
The polarization-controlled spatial wave-to-surface wave functional device mentioned in the present invention will be specifically instantiated in the X band. FIG. 1 is a functional diagram of the present invention, wherein the polarization-controlled spatial wave-to-surface wave functional device can convert an x-polarized normal incident wave into a TE-mode surface wave and propagate along a y-direction; and under the irradiation of the y-polarized normal incidence wave, it can be converted into a TE mode surface wave and propagated along the x direction. The dielectric substrates on both sides are used for receiving the converted surface waves.
Fig. 2 shows a three-dimensional structure diagram of the anisotropic cell structure of the device, which is printed by a circular/elliptical metal structure on an FR4 dielectric substrate with a thickness d of 2mm, the period length L of the cell is 6mm, and the back of the dielectric substrate is covered with a layer of copper to ensure zero transmittance. The shape of the upper layer metal structure is determined by the radius r of the ellipse and the value of the compression ratio k, and when k is 1, the upper layer metal structure is a circular structure and is isotropic; when k <1, an elliptical structure is obtained, and anisotropy is expressed.
By optimizing the two geometric parameters of the circular/elliptical structure, the digital dynamic responses of '00', '01', '10' and '11' can be generated under the irradiation of x-polarized and y-polarized perpendicular incidence electromagnetic waves independently, the corresponding reflection phases are 0 degree, 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees, so that 16 different combinations "00/00", "01/01", "10/10", "11/11", "00/01", "00/10", "00/11", "01/00", "01/10", "01/11", "10/00", "10/01", "10/11", "11/00", "11/01" and "11/10" are available after arrangement and combination, wherein the front of the slash is the reflected digital state when x-polarized and the back of the slash is the reflected digital state when y-polarized. The geometrical parameters for these 16 different structures are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 2-bit Anisotropic electromagnetic coded Supersurface constituting polarization controlled spatial wave to surface wave functional devices
16 coding unit structures.
Given k and r, an ellipse can be determined, and specific parameters of the upper surface ellipse in the 16 cell structure are given in the table to satisfy the required reflection phase for each cell under x-polarized and y-polarized incident wave illumination.
In order to demonstrate the independent control characteristics of the present invention applied to the X-band for the incident electromagnetic waves with X-polarization and y-polarization, two specific examples are used below for illustration.
The first instance corresponds to a code of M1I.e. the coding sequence is [ 110001011011 … ] under x polarization]The transcoding direction is along the y-direction, where each number repeats as 2; the coding sequence under y polarization is likewise [ 110001011011 … ]]The transcoding direction is along the x-direction. Coding matrix M1The corresponding super-surface pattern is shown in fig. 6, and the whole super-surface is composed of 64 × 64 coding units.
FIG. 4 shows the encoding as M1The near field electric field distribution diagram of the polarization-controlled space wave-to-surface wave functional device under the irradiation of x-polarization and y-polarization vertical electromagnetic waves. When an x-polarized electromagnetic wave is incident normal to the device surface, then the code sequence may be equivalent to a variation along the y-direction [ 110001011011 … ]]A sequence, wherein the vertical beam is converted into a surface wave and is propagated to the dielectric substrate along the y direction; when the polarization direction of the electromagnetic wave is changed to the y direction, the code sequence is equivalent to [ 110001011011 … ] changed along the x direction]In sequence, the vertical beam is converted to a surface wave and propagates along the x-direction onto the dielectric substrate.
Anisotropic coding M used in the second example2As follows, when the polarization direction of the perpendicular incident electromagnetic wave is along the x-axis, the corresponding code sequence is [ 110001011011 … ]]The transcoding direction is along the y-direction; when the polarization direction of the vertical incident electromagnetic wave is along the y-axis, the corresponding code sequence is [ 0000010110101111 ].]. Coding matrix M2The corresponding super-surface pattern is shown in fig. 7, and the whole super-surface is composed of 64 × 64 coding units.
FIG. 5 shows the encoding as M2Is polarized byThe controlled space wave-to-surface wave functional device has a near-field electric field distribution diagram and a far-field scattering distribution diagram under the irradiation of x-polarization and y-polarization vertical electromagnetic waves. When an x-polarized electromagnetic wave is incident perpendicularly to the device surface, the code sequence is equivalent to a variation along the y-direction [ 110001011011 … ]]A sequence, wherein the vertical beam is converted into a surface wave and is propagated to the dielectric substrate along the y direction; when the polarization direction of the electromagnetic wave is changed to the y direction, the code sequence is equivalent to [ 0000010110101111 ] changed along the x direction.]In sequence, a vertical beam may be abnormally reflected to an angle in the x-z plane.
The microwave band of the invention can be manufactured by adopting the conventional printed circuit board process, and the processing is simple. In the future, by designing an electrically adjustable anisotropic electromagnetic coding super-surface unit structure and combining with control circuits such as an FPGA (field programmable gate array) and the like, the field programmable anisotropic electromagnetic coding super-surface can be realized, so that the response of the anisotropic electromagnetic coding super-surface to incident electromagnetic waves can be regulated and controlled in real time.
It should be noted that the above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention in the microwave X band, and since the present invention has the advantages of single layer structure, simple design of unit structure, and easy processing, the same structure can be applied to terahertz, infrared and visible light bands by size scaling. It should be noted that: it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made without departing from the principles of the invention and these are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. A polarization-controlled spatial wave to surface wave functional device, characterized by: the device is composed of a 2-bit anisotropic electromagnetic coding super surface, wherein the anisotropic units are arranged on a two-dimensional plane according to preset anisotropic codes, so that the electromagnetic waves incident vertically can be converted into surface waves, and the electromagnetic waves of x-polarization components and y-polarization components can be guided to different directions; or the x-polarized incident wave can be converted into a surface wave, and the y-polarized incident wave can be reflected to any direction in space;
the anisotropic unit mainly comprises a three-layer structure, namely an oval/round metal structure, an epoxy resin medium layer and a metal back plate from top to bottom in sequence;
converting the vertically incident electromagnetic wave into a surface wave, firstly generating a disc with the radius r, then compressing the disc along an x axis or a y axis at a compression ratio k, wherein the ratio of a short axis to a long axis is k after compression; when the compression ratio k is equal to 1, the electromagnetic wave is circular and has the isotropic characteristic, namely, the electromagnetic wave shows the same reflection phase for x-polarization and y-polarization electromagnetic waves; when the compression ratio is not equal to 1, the reflection phase is elliptical and has anisotropic characteristics, namely, different reflection phases are presented to x-polarization electromagnetic waves and y-polarization electromagnetic waves; the designed 2-bit anisotropic unit structure shows reflection phases of 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees under the irradiation of x-polarization or y-polarization vertical incidence electromagnetic waves, and the reflection phases respectively correspond to digital states of '00', '01', '10' and '11';
when the x-polarized electromagnetic wave is vertically incident to the surface of the device, the coded sequence is equivalent to a [ 110001011011 … ] sequence which changes along the y direction, and the vertical beam is converted into a surface wave and is transmitted to the dielectric substrate along the y direction; when the polarization direction of the electromagnetic wave is changed to the y direction, and the coded sequence is equivalent to a [ 110001011011 … ] sequence changed along the x direction, the vertical beam is converted into a surface wave and propagates to the dielectric substrate along the x direction.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the anisotropic element can independently reflect x-polarized and y-polarized normal incidence electromagnetic waves at 4 discrete phase values of 0 °, 90 °, 180 ° and 270 ° corresponding to digital states "00", "01", "10" and "11", respectively, by changing geometrical parameters of the anisotropic middle and upper layer structure, including the radius r and compression ratio k of the circle.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein the anisotropic unit comprises 4 isotropic structures and 12 anisotropic structures, and the digital states of the 4 isotropic structures are "00/00", "01/01", "10/10" and "11/11"; the digital states of the 12 anisotropic structures are "00/01", "00/10", "00/11", "01/00", "01/10", "01/11", "10/00", "10/01", "10/11", "11/00", "11/01" and "11/10", wherein the digital states before and after the "/" symbol correspond to the digital state responses when the x-polarized and y-polarized normal incidence electromagnetic waves are irradiated, respectively.
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| CN107681278A (en) * | 2017-09-07 | 2018-02-09 | 中国计量大学 | A kind of controllable THz wave reflex control device |
| CN109301510B (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2024-03-12 | 中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 | Array antenna based on electromagnetic surface |
| CN109361067B (en) * | 2018-12-03 | 2023-09-01 | 南京信息工程大学 | Polarization converter for deflecting electromagnetic wave polarization in any direction by 90 degrees |
| CN110391579B (en) * | 2019-07-23 | 2020-09-11 | 天津大学 | Medium super-surface for generating double terahertz special beams |
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