CN105723017A

CN105723017A - Systems and methods for reducing corrosion in a reactor system using rotational force

Info

Publication number: CN105723017A
Application number: CN201380080902.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: G·C·派比奥; B·W·米拉; C·G·库克
Original assignee: Empire Technology Development LLC
Current assignee: Empire Technology Development LLC
Priority date: 2013-11-12
Filing date: 2013-11-12
Publication date: 2016-06-29
Anticipated expiration: 2033-11-12
Also published as: WO2015072961A1; CN105723017B; US20160288071A1

Abstract

Systems and methods for reducing or eliminating corrosion of components of a reactor system, including a supercritical water gasification system, are described. The reactor system may include various system components, such as one or more pre-heaters, heat exchangers and reactor vessels. The system components may be configured to receive a reactor fluid corrosive to an inner surface thereof and to separately receive a protective fluid that has a higher density and is substantially immiscible with the reactor fluid. A rotating element may be configured to generate a rotational force that forces at least a portion of the protective fluid to flow in a layer between the reactor fluid and at least a portion of the inner surface, the layer operating to reduce corrosion by forming a barrier between the reactor fluid and at least a portion of the inner surface.

Description

Revolving force is utilized to reduce the system and method for the corrosion in reactor assembly

Background technology

Reactor assembly can generate fuel by making fuels sources and reactor material react under specified temp and pressure condition.Such as, supercritical water gasification system can by making raw material slurry and supercritical water reaction produce hydrogen enriched syngas.Supercritical water is to be heated to excessive temperature (such as, more than about 400 DEG C) and be in the water under high pressure (such as, about 22 megapascal (MPa)).Under these conditions, water becomes reactive extremely strong and can decompose slurry and generate hydrogen-rich fuel.Fuel can be used for various uses, such as provides power for electromotor, produces electricity and produce heat.

One advantage of reactor assembly is in that, they can be produced the hydrocarbon-based fuels of relative clean by the raw material (such as liquid biological matter or the non-clean fuels sources including coal and other Fossil fuel) being considered refuse.One shortcoming is, system component is prone to the harsh conditions owing to occurring in course of reaction and corrosion occurs and decomposes.Therefore, the efficiency of reactor assembly and cost benefit depend on the rate of corrosion of system component, heater that system component such as contacts with reactor material and reactor vessel.The technology of conventional corrosion of pipe relates to frequently changing or being constructed assembly by resistant material of the part that is corroded, and this is likely to costly and mostly invalid.As a result, it is desirable to by the corrosion by protecting the inexpensive method of the frangible portions of system component to reduce in reactor assembly in the way of minimizing the economic impact of corrosion.

General introduction

The disclosure is not limited to described specific system, equipment and method, because these can be modified.The term used in the description is only the purpose describing specific version or embodiment, is not intended to restriction scope.

As used in the publication, unless regulation clearly made in context, otherwise singulative " ", " one " and " being somebody's turn to do " include plural thing.Unless be defined, otherwise whole technology used herein has the identical implication usually understood with those of ordinary skill in the art with scientific terminology.Any content in the disclosure should not be construed as the embodiment admitting to describe in the disclosure and is not given according to formerly open and right of prior to the disclosure.As used in the publication, term " includes " being meant to " including, but are not limited to ".

In an embodiment, the reactor assembly being configured to reduce the corrosion of its part can include reactor vessel and rotate element, and this reactor vessel includes inner surface, and this rotation element is configured in reactor vessel to rotate.Reactor vessel can be configured to receive at least some of mordant reactor fluid of inner surface and have the dense fluid of the density higher than reactor fluid density, and described reactor fluid and dense fluid substantially can not mix.The rotation rotating element can generate revolving force, and this revolving force is forced into the reactor fluid of reactor vessel at least some of in reactor vessel with the flowing of reactor fluid eddy-currents and be forced at least some of of dense fluid of reactor vessel and flow with at least one of dense fluid eddy-currents around reactor fluid eddy-currents.Dense fluid eddy-currents plays, by forming barrier between at least some of at reactor fluid and inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

In an embodiment, the method reducing the corrosion in reactor assembly comprises the steps that offer includes the reactor vessel of inner surface, and provides rotation element, and this rotation element is configured in reactor vessel to rotate.Reactor vessel can be configured to receive at least some of mordant reactor fluid of inner surface and reception has the density higher than reactor fluid density and the dense fluid that substantially can not mix with reactor fluid.Rotating element rotatable to generate revolving force, this revolving force makes at least some of of reactor fluid flow with reactor fluid eddy-currents when flowing through reactor vessel and at least some of of dense fluid is flowed with at least one of dense fluid eddy-currents around reactor fluid eddy-currents when flowing through reactor vessel.Dense fluid eddy-currents plays the effect reducing corrosion by forming barrier between at least some of at reactor fluid and inner surface.

In an embodiment, manufacture the method being configured to reduce the reactor assembly of the corrosion of its part and comprise the steps that offer includes the reactor vessel of inner surface, and construct described reactor vessel to hold at least some of mordant reactor fluid of inner surface and there is the density higher than reactor fluid density and the dense fluid that substantially can not mix with reactor fluid.Rotation element can be provided that, it is configured in reactor vessel to rotate.The rotation rotating element can generate revolving force, and this revolving force forces the reaction at least some of of device fluid and flows with reactor fluid eddy-currents in reactor vessel and force at least some of of dense fluid to be flowed with at least one of dense fluid eddy-currents around reactor fluid eddy-currents.Dense fluid eddy-currents plays, by forming barrier between at least some of at reactor fluid and inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

In an embodiment, the reactor assembly being configured to reduce the corrosion of its part comprises the steps that reactor vessel, and it includes inner surface；And it is configured to the reactor vessel rotator of rotatable reactor container.Reactor vessel can be configured to receive reactor fluid and fused salt fluid, being corrosive at least partially of described reactor fluid inner surface.This reactor fluid and fused salt fluid can not be mutually mixed substantially.Reactor vessel rotator can be configured to so that fused salt fluid at least some of inner surface at least some of on form the speed of molten salt layer and carry out rotatable reactor container.Molten salt layer plays, by forming barrier between at least some of at reactor fluid and inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

In an embodiment, the method reducing the corrosion in reactor assembly comprises the steps that offer includes the reactor vessel of inner surface；And structure reactor vessel is to receive at least some of mordant reactor fluid of inner surface and to receive and the substantially immiscible fused salt fluid of reactor fluid.Reactor vessel can so that fused salt fluid at least some of inner surface at least some of on formed molten salt layer speed rotate.Molten salt layer plays, by forming barrier between at least some of at reactor fluid and inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

In an embodiment, the method manufacturing reactor assembly comprises the steps that offer includes the reactor vessel of inner surface；And structure reactor vessel is to receive at least some of mordant reactor fluid of inner surface and substantially immiscible with reactor fluid fused salt fluid.At least one reactor vessel rotator may be connected to reactor vessel, this reactor vessel revolver configuration be so that fused salt fluid at least some of inner surface at least some of on form the speed rotatable reactor container of molten salt layer.Molten salt layer plays, by forming barrier between at least some of at reactor fluid and inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

In an embodiment; the reactor assembly being configured to reduce the corrosion of its part comprises the steps that reactor vessel, and it includes inner surface and is configured to receive at least some of mordant reactor fluid of inner surface and substantially immiscible with reactor fluid protection fluid.Rotate element can be configured to generate revolving force, this revolving force force protection fluid at least some of reactor fluid and inner surface at least some of between layer in flowing.This layer plays, by forming barrier between at least some of at reactor fluid and inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

Accompanying drawing explanation

Fig. 1 depicts the exemplary reactor assembly according to some embodiments.

Fig. 2 A and 2B respectively depict front view and the top view of the system component constructed according to some embodiments.

Fig. 3 depicts the exemplary system component according to first embodiment.

Fig. 4 depicts the exemplary system component according to the second embodiment.

Fig. 5 A depicts the first general view of the exemplary reactor assembly according to some embodiments.

Fig. 5 B depicts the second general view of the exemplary reactor assembly according to some embodiments.

Fig. 6 depicts the flow chart of the exemplary corrosion minimizing method for reactor assembly according to some embodiments.

Fig. 7 depicts the flow chart of the exemplary corrosion minimizing method for reactor assembly according to first embodiment.

Fig. 8 depicts the flow chart of the exemplary corrosion minimizing method for reactor assembly according to the second embodiment.

Detailed description of the invention

The term used in the description is only for describing the purpose of specific version or embodiment, and is not intended to restriction scope.

Described technology generally relates to the system and method for reducing or eliminate corrosion in reactor assembly.This reactor assembly can include supercritical water reaction device system, such as supercritical water gasification system.Especially, embodiment provides the system and method for producing barrier between the surface of corrosive fluid and reactor assembly assembly.Such as, some embodiments generate the corrosion protection layer of the physical barriers being configured to provide for the subcritical fluids for reactor assembly.Subcritical fluids includes the fluid under the high temperature of below temperature that is that be in undercritical conditions or that be in supercritical fluid.Such as, subcritical water can comprise and is in about 325 DEG C to about 375 DEG C, water under about 22 megapascals pressure.

Using of described technology enables to minimizing compared to the operation of the same or similar reactor assembly assembly without described method and material or eliminates the corrosion in reactor assembly assembly.Extent of corrosion usually reduces any amount.Such as, extent of corrosion can reduce at least about 10%, and at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, and in the ideal case, reduce by about 100% (corrosion is completely eliminated).

In an embodiment, the system component of such as reactor vessel has corrosive reactor fluid and the protection fluid that substantially can not mix with reactor fluid it is so structured that receive the surface to system component.Rotating element can be configured to generate revolving force, this revolving force forces protection fluid to flow in the layer that the inner surface with system component adjoins.Reactor fluid can flow through system component in the layer formed by protection fluid.Therefore, by protecting the layer that fluid is formed to reduce the corrosion of system component by forming barrier between reactor fluid and the inner surface of system component.

Fig. 1 depicts the exemplary supercritical water reaction device system according to some embodiments.As it is shown in figure 1, supercritical water reaction device system 100 can include the feed(raw material)inlet 130 for slurry 155 introduces system.Slurry 155 such as can include high-pressure slurry feeding (feed).Slurry 155 can include any kind of material that can stand supercritical water gasification, include but not limited to biomass fluid (such as, microalgae fluid, biological residue, biological waste or the like), coal slurry and other Fossil fuel slurry (such as, fine coal and water) and oxidizable waste.Therefore, supercritical water reaction device system 100 can be configured as any one in various gasification system and run, and includes but not limited to gasification system, biomass gasification system and waste oxidation system.Slurry 155 can be fed in the pre-heater of heater 105 or such as gas ignition heater together with air 150 and water 135.Slurry 155 can be heated in heater 105.Some gas (such as steam 140 and flue gas 145) can be discharged from heater, for instance, maintain pressure.Slurry 155 can be fed in reactor vessel 110.

In reactor vessel 110, slurry 155 can be heated under stress and become supercritical fluid.Temperature and pressure for generating supercritical fluid will depend upon which the type of slurry 155, any fluid wherein comprised and composition thereof (such as, at different temperatures and pressures the type of ion and concentration).In an embodiment, slurry 155 can be heated to more than about 375 DEG C under pressure more than about 22 megapascal (MPa)s so that the fluid in slurry becomes " supercritical fluid ".According to some embodiments, slurry 155 can be heated to about 650 DEG C in reactor vessel 110 under the pressure of about 25 megapascal (MPa)s.Slurry 155 at supercritical conditions includes corrosive ion, such as the ion of various inorganic salts.The assembly (the such as inner surface of heater 105, reactor vessel 110 and/or any pipeline linked together by assembly) that corrosive ion is likely to supercritical water reaction device system 100 has high corrosivity,.In an embodiment, the fluid in slurry 155 can comprise water.

Supercritical fluid can react with the composition of slurry 155 with reaction of formation device product 160 in reactor vessel 110.In an embodiment, slurry 155 can comprise one or more catalyst being configured to be beneficial to reaction, such as chlorine, sulfate, nitrate and phosphate.Reactor product 160 may move through one or more heat exchanger, such as recovery type heat heat exchanger 115 and cooling type heat exchanger 125.In an embodiment, filter 185 can be positioned in reactor assembly 100, such as so that reactor product 160 to be filtered between reactor vessel 110 and heat exchanger 115.In an embodiment, comprise additive fluid and/or be configured to provide for the reservoir 190 of additonal pressure and may be located in reactor assembly 100.Gas/liquid separation device 120 can be provided that reactor product 160 is separated into desired fuel gas product 165 and waste product 170 (such as waste liquid, ash and charcoal).Fuel gas product 165 can include can in response to any fuel generated by slurry 155 with shooting flow precursor reactant.Exemplary fuel gas product 165 includes but not limited to hydrogen-rich fuel, such as H₂And/or CH₄。

In supercritical water gasification process, slurry 155 can be heated to various temperature at various pressures in supercritical water reaction device system 100.Except super critical condition, slurry 155 can be at undercritical conditions, and wherein the fluid in slurry 155 is in the temperature of the rising lower than supercritical temperature at an elevated pressure.Fluid in slurry 155 comprises in the embodiment of water, subcritical water can have about 275 DEG C, the temperature of (comprising end points) in scope between about 300 DEG C, about 325 DEG C, about 350 DEG C, about 400 DEG C, about 425 DEG C, about 450 DEG C or arbitrary value in these values.Fluid in slurry 155 comprises in the embodiment of water, and the pressure of the fluid being under subcritical temperature can be about in 20 megapascal (MPa)s, about 22 megapascal (MPa)s, scope between about 25 megapascal (MPa)s or the arbitrary value in these values (comprising end points).The slurry 155 being under undercritical conditions typically comprises the assembly to supercritical water reaction device system 100 and has high corrosive corrosive ion.The non-restrictive example of corrosive ion comprises the various ions such as chlorine, sulfur (such as, sulfur dioxide), phosphorus.

Supercritical water reaction device system 100 can have one or more subcritical region, and at least some of period slurry 155 in supercritical water gasification process is arranged in subcritical region.The non-restrictive example of subcritical region includes but not limited to preheated volumes 175 and the cooled region 180 of reactor vessel 110.According to some embodiments, in supercritical water gasification process, the part between preheated volumes 175 and cooled region 180 of reactor vessel 110 can comprise supercritical water.Although preheated volumes 175 and cooled region 180 are depicted as in FIG and are positioned at reactor vessel 110, but embodiment can provide the preheated volumes and cooled region that are arranged in different assemblies, such as it is arranged in pre-heater (for preheated volumes) and heat exchanger (for cooled region and/or preheated volumes and cooled region).It addition, subcritical region is not limited to preheated volumes 175 and cooled region 180, because any part that the wherein slurry 155 of supercritical water reaction device system 100 exists with undercritical conditions can comprise subcritical region.

According to some embodiments, slurry 155 more can be corrosive at supercritical conditions at ratio under undercritical conditions.Therefore, embodiment provide fluid formed protective layer (Fig. 1 is shown without；More details are referring to Fig. 2 A, Fig. 2 B, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4), it is configured between the assembly of subcritical water and supercritical water reaction device system 100 to form barrier, for instance form barrier in subcritical region.

The supercritical water reaction device system 100 described in Fig. 1 be provided to the purpose that is merely cited for and can include as required with one or more structures, sequentially, the more or less of assembly arranged such as connection, such as one or more valves, pre-heater, reactor vessel, for pumping the slurry 155 pump by system and other assembly known to persons of ordinary skill in the art.

Fig. 2 A and Fig. 2 B respectively depict front view and the top view of the system component constructed according to some embodiments.As shown in Figure 2 A, system component 205 can be associated with rotating element 220.System component 205 can include any assembly or its part that need corrosivity to protect, such as heater, pre-heater, heat exchanger, duct conduits etc..Rotate element 220 can be configured to rotate and generate revolving force.In certain embodiments, rotate element 220 to include impeller, rotor or be configured to so that at least some of other slewing (referring to Fig. 3) rotated in the way of eddy-currents flowing of fluid in system component 205.In certain embodiments, rotating element 220 and can include rotor, motor or the like, they couple with system component 205 and are constructed so that reactor vessel so that the fluid being located therein rotates (referring to Fig. 4) in the way of eddy-currents flowing.Usually, eddy-currents is the stream of the fluid containing the fluid vortex rotated about the axis.

System component 205 can be configured to receive at least some of mordant reactor fluid 215 of the inner surface to reactor vessel.Such as, reactor fluid 215 is likely to be due to the corrosive ion that is included in and is corrosive.System component 205 also can be configured to reception and not have corrosivity or substantially minimum corrosive protection fluid 210 with the inner surface of reactor fluid phase comparison system component 205.In certain embodiments, protection fluid 210 can substantially can not mix with reactor fluid 215 so that two kinds of fluids keep when each fluid flows through system component 205 separating or substantially separate.In certain embodiments, protection fluid 210 can mix with reactor fluid 215 at least in part.In these embodiments, it is possible to provide filter (such as, the filter 185 of Fig. 1), it is configured to filter as desired protection fluid 210 and/or reactor fluid 215, in order to the operation of reactor assembly process.Such as, filter can be configured to after being complete course of reaction from reactor fluid 215 to remove the element of protection fluid 210 or vice versa.

According to some embodiments, protection fluid 210 can have the density higher than reactor fluid 215.In these embodiments, more highdensity protection fluid 210 can comprise fluid by metal, metal alloy, fused salt (such as, being in the salt of liquid phase), hydrocarbon liquid or their composite construction at least in part.The non-restrictive example of metal comprise stannum, zinc, aluminum, lead, bismuth, lead-bismuth-eutectic (such as, by weight about the lead of 44.5% and by weight about 55.5% bismuth), gallium, cadmium and their combination in any alloy.Exemplary the including with unrestriced example of fused salt: the fused salt of lithium fluoride and the fused salt of the fused salt of the fused salt of the fused salt of beryllium fluoride, lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate, potassium chloride and magnesium chloride, Rubinorm (Ifi). and Zirconium tetrafluoride. or their any combination of fused salt.

Because inter alia, forming the preferential bonding between anion and the cation of salt, fused salt is stable in reactor assembly.Therefore, the reactivity between reactor fluid 215 (such as, water) and fused salt can be substantially restricted.Further, since the heat stability that fused salt shows, can at higher temperatures and/or running in broader temperature range than the reactor assembly not using fused salt according to the assembly of the reactor assembly of some of the embodiments described herein structure.In course of reaction, the reactor fluid 215 being in supercriticality has limited solvable capacity.Therefore, such as those can be effectively soluble at supercritical conditions as the inorganic salt of the fused salt according to some embodiments, and any salt exceeding bearer cap can precipitate out.In certain embodiments, can be pulled away from system component 205 by fused salt at least partially as the salt of the part of slurry in introducing reactor.

The operation rotating element 220 can produce rotating flow or eddy current, the eddy current such as indicated by flow circuits 225 in reactor vessel.Eddy current can play the effect of outermost portion forcing the protection fluid 210 of higher density to be positioned at reactor vessel.More low-density reactor fluid 215 can flow in the concentrated part of system component 205.As shown in Figure 2 B, in system component 205, produced stream structure from outermost portion to penetrale includes the inner surface of reactor vessel, protection fluid 210 and reactor fluid 215.In this way, protection fluid 210 forms protective barrier between the inner surface of reactor fluid 215 and system component 205.Protective barrier is by preventing the inner surface of the corrosive elements contact reactor container of reactor fluid 215 and therefore reacting the corrosion reducing system component 205.

System component 205 can be formed by various materials, includes but not limited to SpecialMetalsCorporation'sHaynesInternational company (Huntington, WestVirginia, USA)N, titanium (Ti) and alloy, rustless steel, metal, metal alloy, zirconium (Zr) alloy are (such as, zirconium stannum (Sn), zirconium niobium (Nb) and Zr-Sn-Nb), nickel (Ni) or its alloy (such as nickel-copper (Cu), nickel-molybdenum (Mo), Ni-Fe (Fe)-chromium (Cr)-Mo or Ni-Cr-Mo), austenitic stainless steel or their combination.

Fig. 3 depicts the exemplary system component according to first embodiment.As it is shown on figure 3, system component 305 can be configured to the reactor vessel of substantially tubular and vertical orientation, such as continuous way or batch-type reactor vessel.Reactor fluid 335 can enter system component 305 by the reactor fluid entrance 320 that is arranged in bottom system component.Reactor fluid 335 can include can according to any kind of fluid of embodiment described herein operation, such as coal slurry, biomass slurry or other oxidizable fluid.Reactor fluid 335 under high pressure can enter reactor vessel 305 (such as between about 20 megapascal (MPa)s to about 30 megapascal (MPa)s), and can from the bottom stream of system component to top and by reactor fluid outlet 350 outflow.

Protection fluid 330 can be entered system component 305 above highly corrosive region 335 and towards the bottom of system component to dirty, can be left by protection fluid issuing 325.Therefore, some embodiments provide, and protection fluid 330 can flow through system component along the stream opposite direction with reactor fluid 335.Protection fluid 330 can have the density higher than reactor fluid 335 and can not mix with reactor fluid or substantially can not mix.The density of protection fluid 330 can make gravity that protection fluid can be forced to flow protection fluid issuing 325 from protection fluid intake 315 in a downward direction.In an embodiment, protection fluid 330 can include fused salt and/or fused salt fluid, as described herein.

In an embodiment, protection fluid 330 can pass through multiple protection fluid intakes 335 and/or the narrow continuous entrance entrance system component 305 of the periphery around system component.In an embodiment, the protection fluid 330 leaving protection fluid issuing 325 can be eliminated impurity (such as by using filter), and reuses in reactor assembly.Impurity can play the corrosive effect increasing fluid (such as protection fluid 330 and/or reactor fluid 335), for instance by improving the oxidation probability of fluid.Therefore, remove impurity and can play the corrosive effect reducing the fluid comprised in system component 305.

In impeller, the rotation element of 340 forms may be arranged in system component 305.Impeller 340 can be located at the bottom of system component 305, for instance, in the lower section in its highly corrosive region 355.Such as, highly corrosive region 355 can include system component region, and in this region, reactor fluid 335 is at the temperature of about 300 DEG C to about 350 DEG C.These regions of system component 305 can be easiest to due to the abrasiveness of high temperature, ion concentration and pressure and the slurry being generally used for reactor process be subject to infection.Impeller 340 can rotate and revolving force is passed to the fluid 330,335 of flowing in system component 305, as indicated by flow circuits 360.

Impeller 340 by can being formed according to the various materials that some of the embodiments described herein operates, can include but not limited to pyrite, titanium, aluminum, its alloy or their combination.Impeller 340 can be driven by the driving mechanism (not shown) being operatively coupled with it, and such as magnetic coupling drives axle.In an embodiment, labyrinth can be used for sealing whole continuous driving moving axis when continuous driving moving axis is through the wall of system component 305 to prevent fluid from driving axle leakage.Impeller 340 can be configured to such as rotate at various speeds based on the type of protection fluid 310 and/or the size of system component 305.Such as, impeller 340 can about 20 turns per minute, about 30 turns per minute, about 50 turns per minute, about 100 turns per minute, about 200 turns per minute, about 300 turns per minute, about 500 turns per minute, about 1000 turns per minute, about 1500 turns per minute, about 2000 turns per minute, about 3000 turns per minute, scope between about 3500 turns and any two value in these values per minute and value (comprising end points) rotate.

In an embodiment, reactor fluid entrance 320 can be located just at impeller 340 lower section and can be angled and make to enter the direction of revolving force that the stream of the reactor fluid 335 of system component 305 produces along impeller.Reactor fluid 335 can enter system component 305 at the temperature (such as less than approximately 200 DEG C) lower than the temperature in highly corrosive region 355, along with it is heated towards the top flowing of system component.In a similar fashion, protection fluid intake 315 can be positioned such that the stream of the protection fluid 330 entering system component 305 has promoted the eddy-currents of protection fluid.

The revolving force produced by impeller 340 can play and force protection fluid 330 and reactor fluid 335 to flow through the effect of system component 305 with eddy-currents.As shown in details area 345, eddy-currents can force the denser protection fluid 330 outermost portion towards system component 305 so that protection fluid flows in the region that the inner surface with system component substantially adjoins.More low-density reactor fluid 335 flows in the penetrale of system component 305, and the barrier that reactor fluid 335 is formed by protecting the eddy-currents of fluid 330 separates with the inner surface of system component.In an embodiment, protection fluid 330 constant rate of speed can be introduced into system component 305 so that the face coat protection of the substantial constant of the protected fluid of inner surface of system component.

Being configured in the embodiment of heat exchanger at system component 305, entrance 315,320, outlet 325,350 and impeller 340 can be positioned such that the stream of protection fluid 330 and/or reactor fluid 335 occurs along the direction in opposite direction with above-mentioned fluid stream.Such as, reactor fluid 335 can be entered by the reactor fluid entrance 320 at the top that is positioned at system component 305.In this embodiment, reactor fluid 335 can enter system component 305 under the temperature (such as, the maximum temperature in highly corrosive region 355) more than 350 DEG C.Along with reactor fluid 335 is moved through system component 305, it can be cooled to the temperature between about 300 DEG C to about 350 DEG C, and can be incorporated to the eddy current produced by impeller 340 and be collected into the bottom of system component 305.In this way, some embodiments can be provided which corrosion protection in the heating period of reactor assembly technique and cooling stage.In certain embodiments, being such as configured in the embodiment of heat exchanger at system component 305, protection fluid 330 can play the effect of heat transmission medium.

According to some embodiments, protection fluid 330 can be chosen and make reactor fluid 335 will not fuse in the part of protection fluid and protect fluid will not fuse in the part of reactor fluid.In an embodiment, protection fluid 330 can include liquid metal or motlten metal or its alloy.Such as, due to the minimum solubility of reactor fluid 335 (reactor fluid such as used in supercritical water gasification process), metal or metal alloy can be chosen as protection fluid 330.In an embodiment, protection fluid 330 can include liquid by metal, metal alloy, fused salt, hydrocarbon liquid or their composite construction at least in part.Exemplary metal includes but not limited to stannum, zinc, aluminum, lead, bismuth, gallium, cadmium and its any combination of alloy.According to some embodiments, any metal being incorporated in the protection fluid 330 in reactor fluid 335 can be removed in such as one or more filtrations and/or phase separation.

In an embodiment, protection fluid 330 can include hydrocarbon, Fossil fuel produce refuse (such as coal tar), liquid-fluorination polymer, black liquor (such as, from the refuse rich in lignin of paper-making process), or the like.In this embodiment, protection fluid 330 can fuse with the supercritical water of reactor fluid 335 during course of reaction.This alkyl protection fluid 330 may be provided in the phase separation property of the improvement in the pre-critical stage of supercritical water gasification process, and due to nonpolar character, corrosivity kind fusing in reactor fluid 335 will not occur.

In an embodiment, the inner surface of system component 305 can scribble at least partially the inner surface to system component provide protection in case with protection fluid 330 reaction one or more materials.Such as, the inner surface of system component can scribble ceramic fire resistant lining cutting at least partially, for instance if protection fluid 330 comprise motlten metal.It addition, the inner surface of system component 305 can include the various structures being configured to such as improve flow behavior with the abrasion reducing system component inner surface by reducing turbulent flow.In an embodiment, the inner surface of system component 305 can include the rib being incorporated in, such as sinusoidal rib.

According to some embodiments, protection fluid 330 can circulate continuously in reactor assembly.Except other aspects, constantly circulation is beneficial to protection fluid 330 as heat transmission medium.Such as; protection fluid 330 can flow through heat exchanger entering before heater/pre-heater, to reduce heat loss by directly heat is delivered to heating part from the cooling segment of the fluid stream by reactor assembly (reactor assembly 100 of such as Fig. 1).In another example, protection fluid 330 can be used as heat-conduction medium, is heated to high temperature to improve the heated speed of reactor fluid 335 in the process of input system assembly 305.In this example; once protection fluid 330 is removed from the system component 305 of such as heat exchanger; then protection fluid can be directed into second system assembly (such as heater/pre-heater), it is allowed to used heat is immediately available for realizing the preferred temperature of reactor fluid 335.

Although the embodiment that Fig. 3 describes illustrates the barrier only forming protection fluid 330 in high corrosion area 355, but embodiment is not limited to this.It is true that form protection fluid barriers, the substantially whole interior zone of such as system component 335 in other region contemplated herein.

Fig. 4 depicts the exemplary system component according to the second embodiment.As shown in Figure 4, system component 405 can be configured to receive protection fluid 410 and reactor fluid 415.In an embodiment, protection fluid 410 can have the density higher than reactor fluid 415 and can not mix with reactor fluid or substantially can not be mixed.In an embodiment, protection fluid 415 can include fused salt.System component 405 can include any system component of the reactor assembly that can run according to some of the embodiments described herein, for instance reactor vessel, heater/pre-heater or heat exchanger.Reactor fluid 415 may be included in the fluid used in reactor assembly, including slurry, and such as coal slurry or biomass slurry.

System component 405 can couple with the rotation element 420 being configured to pass to revolving force system component.Revolving force can play the effect of rotating system components 405 (as indicated in rotational line 435).Rotate any kind of slewing that element 420 can include rotating the system component 305 according to some embodiments.Such as, rotating element 420 and can include motor, such as motor or gas are for dynamical type motor, and it is configured to rotate the axle being connected with system component 405 and/or gear.In another example, rotating element 420 and can include turbo blade, it couples with system component 405 and is configured to use high voltage protective fluid 410 to carry out rotating system components.In an embodiment, at least partially can as in thermal diffusion to system component by what rotate energy needed for element 420 rotating system components 405, for instance, with the endothermic reaction that support occurs wherein.

The rotation of system component 405 can generate revolving force, and this revolving force makes protection fluid 410 and reactor fluid 415 rotate with eddy-currents when every kind of fluid flows through system component.Along with protection fluid 410 rotates with eddy-currents, protection fluid is forced to the outermost portion arriving system component 405, defines the protection fluid layer that the inner surface with system component adjoins.Reactor fluid 415 flows through system component in protection fluid layer.Therefore, the corrosion of system component 405 substantially reduces or eliminates, because the layer of protection fluid 410 prevents corrosive reactor fluid 415 to touch the inner surface of system component.In an embodiment, system component 405 may be included in inner surface at least some of on interior rib-shaped piece, increase protection fluid 410 and inner surface between friction.Rotate element 420 can be configured to be enough to force the various speed that protection fluid 410 forms the protection fluid layer that the inner surface with system component adjoins to carry out rotating system components 405.Such as, rotating element 420 can speed rotating system components 405 as follows: about 20 turns per minute, about 30 turns per minute, about 50 turns per minute, about 100 turns per minute, about 200 turns per minute, about 300 turns per minute, about 500 turns per minute, about 1000 turns per minute, about 1500 turns per minute, about 2000 turns per minute, about 3000 turns per minute, scope between any two value in about 3500 turns and these values per minute and value (comprising end points).

In an embodiment, system component 405 can be oriented in level or approximate horizontal orientation.In this embodiment, rotate element 420 and can be configured to rotate with following speed: this speed be enough to protection fluid 410 at least some of on generate the big centripetal acceleration of force of gravity acceleration so that the eddy-currents of protection fluid generates protective layer.Such as, for the drum type container of 200 liters with about 33 centimeters radius, drum type container needs to rotate with the speed of about 50 rpms.In this embodiment, protection fluid 410 and/or reactor fluid 415 can be pressurized to force a fluid through system component 405.The drum type container of above-mentioned 200 liters is provided the purpose only for example, because the size of system component 405 can be depending on specific reaction property (such as, reactor fluid 415 completes the time of staying of reaction) and/or other characteristic of reactor assembly, and other factors.It addition, the rotary speed of system component 405 can be the product of the size of system component.

In an embodiment, system component 405 can be oriented in vertical or substantially vertical orientation.In this embodiment, protection fluid 410 can by being positioned at for protecting the entrance (not shown) of the top of the outlet (not shown) of fluid to enter system component 405.Protection fluid 410 and/or reactor fluid 415 can be pressurized and/or may rely on gravity and be moved through system component 405.Protection fluid 410 can flow with eddy-currents when it is from entrance stream to outlet.

In an embodiment, system component 405 can be arranged in supporting construction 425, and support structure configuration is for supporting system component and being beneficial to its rotation.Supporting construction 425 can be formed by metal alloy (such as nickel alloy).Rotate support component 430 and may be arranged between supporting construction 425 and system component 405, to be beneficial to the rotation of system component further, for instance play the effect of FDB.According to some embodiments, rotate support component 430 and can include rotating support fluid (such as fused salt) and/or ceramic bearing.

Fig. 5 A depicts the first system general view of the exemplary reactor assembly according to some embodiments.As shown in Figure 5A, reactor assembly 500 can include the system component being arranged in one or more loop or flow circuits, such as supercritical reaction loop 530 and forming gas cooling loop 535.According to some embodiments, reactor assembly 500 may be partitioned into different loops 530,535, thus improving efficiency and other aspects of reactor assembly.Supercritical reaction loop 530 can be configured to be beneficial to the supercritical water reaction with source products stream (such as the slurry such as coal, biomass) to produce gaseous product.

Supercritical reaction loop 530 can include reactor vessel 520, and it is configured to by similar or rotate in the way of being substantially similar to Fig. 4 system component 405 described.Reactor 520 can be in fluid communication with the separator 515 being configured to pollutant separate from protection fluid.In an embodiment, protection fluid can include fused salt.For the high temperature adopted in supercritical reaction loop 530, it is possible to use fused salt stable at relatively high temperatures, the fused salt of the fused salt of such as lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride or lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride.According to some embodiments, the eutectic composition (there is the composition of minimum fusing point) of fused salt can be used.

Separator 515 can be configured to operate according to various separating technologies, include but not limited to filtration, the separation of distillation/vaporization/volatilization, centrifugation, use metal transfer (metaltransfer) reduction extract and their combination.

Separator can be in fluid communication with cleaning container 510, and cleaning container 510 plays the effect of cleaning protection fluid and/or reactor fluid further.Such as, cleaning container 510 can play the protection fluid to such as fused salt and carries out the effect of electrochemical purification.In an embodiment, the pollutant removed from protection fluid and/or reactor fluid can be recovered, such as quartz, mullite, bloodstone, Magnetitum, Calx, Gypsum Fibrosum, Silicon stone, alum clay etc..Cleaning assemblies 510 can be in fluid communication with heater 525, and heater 525 is configured to be heated protection fluid and/or reactor fluid before entering reactor vessel 520.According to some embodiments, protection fluid can flow through supercritical reaction loop 530 according to the order of reactor vessel 520, separator 515, cleaning container 510, heater 525 and Returning reactor container.In an embodiment, pump (not shown) can be configured to force protection fluid by reactor assembly 500.Reactor fluid and/or any forming gas can flow the heat exchanger 505 of forming gas cooling loop 535 from reactor vessel 520, for instance, by separator 515 or directly from reactor vessel 520 to heat exchanger 505.

In an embodiment, the water that fluid may be at being sufficient so that be in contact with it of protecting flowing through supercritical reaction loop 530 becomes postcritical temperature.In this way, the water of salt pollutes and can be prevented.In certain embodiments, protection fluid can be about 200 DEG C to about 650 DEG C.In certain embodiments, protection fluid can be about 200 DEG C to about 250 DEG C.In certain embodiments, protection fluid can be about 400 DEG C to about 600 DEG C.

Forming gas cooling loop 535 can be configured to cooling reactor fluid and any forming gas product produced in supercritical reaction loop 530.Forming gas cooling loop 535 can include the heat exchanger 505 being in fluid communication with supercritical reaction loop 530 and reactor vessel 520.Reactor vessel 520 can be in fluid communication with separator 515, and separator 515 is in fluid communication with cleaning container 510.Cleaning container 510 can be in fluid communication with heat exchanger 505.In an embodiment, protection fluid can flow through forming gas cooling loop 535 in the following order: reactor vessel 520, separator 515, cleaning container 510, heat exchanger 505 and return to reactor vessel.Due to the lower temperature adopted in forming gas cooling loop 535, the fused salt that to be usable under lower temperature stable, the fused salt of such as sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate (such as, it is 7% respectively, 49%, 44% molar solution；Also referred to as Hitec salt).

According to some embodiments, the protection fluid flowing through forming gas cooling loop 535 can play the effect that the forming gas and/or reactor fluid (such as, water) that enter forming gas cooling loop from supercritical reaction loop 530 carry out cool down.Such as, the protection fluid entering reactor vessel 520 may be at just above the temperature of its corresponding fusing point and just can be removed once the balance protecting fluid to reach with forming gas and/or reactor fluid.Such as, for Hitec salt, fusing point can be about 142 DEG C.It addition, protection fluid can be used for by utilizing heat exchanger 505 that the reactor product (such as, slurry) entering supercritical reaction loop 530 is preheated.

Fig. 5 B depicts the second system general view of the exemplary reactor assembly according to some embodiments.As shown in Figure 5 B, slurry 540 (such as coal slurry) can enter reactor assembly 500 and can discharge as forming gas and water 545 at reactor vessel 520 place.Along with slurry 540 is processed in reactor assembly 500, heat energy 550 can transmit between heat exchanger 505 and reactor vessel 520.Such as, in forming gas cooling loop 535, heat energy 550 can be delivered to heat exchanger 505 from reactor vessel 520.In supercritical reaction loop 530, heat energy 550 can be used for reactor vessel 520 and content thereof are heated.As shown in Figure 5 B, in supercritical reaction loop 530, heat energy 550 can be delivered to reactor vessel 520 from heat exchanger 550.

Fig. 6 depicts the flow chart of the exemplary corrosion minimizing method of the reactor assembly according to some embodiments.System container can be provided that (605) are in the reactor assembly of such as supercritical water reaction device system.The system container of example is Fig. 1 supercritical water reaction device system 100 described.System container can include any reactor vessel assembly, the such as assembly of supercritical water reaction device system, this assembly has subcritical region, for instance the region of the corrosive ion corrosion being prone to be subject in subcritical fluids contacted with subcritical fluids in supercritical water reaction process.The non-restrictive example of assembly includes reactor vessel, heater, pre-heater, heat exchanger, conduit and pipeline.

Reactor vessel can construct (610) for receiving reactor fluid, and such as slurry and/or water, the inner surface of reactor vessel is corrosive by it.Reactor vessel also can construct (615) for receiving the protection fluid that substantially can not mix with reactor fluid.In an embodiment, protection fluid can include fused salt and/or comprise the fluid of metal and/or metal alloy.In an embodiment, protection fluid can have the density higher than reactor fluid.Can generating (620) revolving force by rotating element, revolving force forces flowing in protection fluid layer between reactor fluid and inner surface.Such as, revolving force can make the protection fluid outermost portion in the inside of reactor vessel of higher density sentence eddy-currents flowing.Reactor fluid can flow through reactor vessel in the eddy-currents of protection fluid.As a result, by playing the protection fluid layer reducing inside corrosion, it is possible to provide (625) barrier between reactor fluid and inner surface.

Fig. 7 depicts the flow chart of the exemplary corrosion minimizing method for reactor assembly according to first embodiment.Reactor vessel can arrange (705) in reactor assembly.Rotating element and can be provided that (710), it is configured in reactor vessel to rotate.In an embodiment, rotate element and can include impeller.Reactor vessel can receive (715) mordant reactor fluid of inner surface to reactor vessel.Such as, reactor fluid can include corroding the corrosive ion of the material forming reactor vessel.Reactor vessel can also receive (720) and have higher density and dense fluid substantially immiscible with reactor fluid.

Can generating (725) revolving force by rotation element, this revolving force makes reactor fluid flow with eddy-currents when it flows through reactor vessel and dense fluid is flowed with the eddy-currents of the eddy-currents around reactor fluid when it flows through reactor vessel.In an embodiment, reactor fluid and dense fluid can flow through reactor vessel in opposite direction.The eddy-currents of dense fluid can provide (730) barrier between reactor fluid and inner surface, and this barrier plays the effect reducing inside corrosion.

Fig. 8 depicts the flow chart of the exemplary corrosion minimizing method of the reactor assembly according to the second embodiment.Reactor vessel can provide (805) in reactor assembly.Reactor vessel can receive (810) mordant reactor fluid of inner surface to reactor vessel.Reactor vessel can also receive (815) and the substantially immiscible fused salt fluid of reactor fluid.In an embodiment, fused salt fluid can have the density higher than reactor fluid.Reactor vessel can so that the speed that fused salt forms molten salt layer on an internal surface rotates (820).Molten salt layer can provide (825) barrier between reactor fluid and inner surface, and it reduces the corrosion of inner surface by restricting contacting between reactor fluid with inner surface.

Example

Example 1: there is the supercritical water gasification system of dense fluid barrier

The coal slurry being configured to be formed by fine coal and water is generated and comprises H by supercritical water reaction device system₂And CH₄Forming gas.Coal slurry is by the form for aqueous slurry, and itself and the supercritical water reaction in the reactor vessel of supercritical water reaction device system are to generate forming gas.

Coal slurry will be imported into system under about 200 DEG C of temperature below and will be heated in pre-heater before entering reactor vessel.Pre-heater will be made of stainless steel and will have substantially cylindrical shape, have the height of about 4 meters and the diameter of about 1.5 meters.In pre-heater, the temperature of coal slurry will reach about 330 DEG C to about 350 DEG C in high corrosion region, and in this high corrosion region, the corrosive ion in coal slurry will fuse and makes coal slurry that the inner surface of pre-heater is extremely corrosive.

Comprising the magnetic coupling being configured to rotate four pyrite blades drives the impeller of axle to will be located in pre-heater, about 0.25 meter, the bottom from pre-heater.Coal slurry entrance can be located at below impeller, about 0.15 meter, the bottom from pre-heater, and coal slurry outlet can be located at the top of reactor vessel, is in fluid communication with reactor vessel.Dense fluid entrance can be located just at the over top of high corrosion region, to allow the dense fluid comprising melted nickel alloy to enter pre-heater.Dense fluid will substantially can not mix with reactor fluid.Dense fluid outlet will be located in below impeller, and about 0.2 meter of the bottom from reactor vessel, to allow dense fluid to leave pre-heater.Dense fluid using as provide continue dense fluid stream to the system of the part of the continuous-flow system of pre-heater in again caught and reused.

Impeller will rotate with per minute about 1200 and dense fluid and coal slurry will be rotated in independent eddy-currents.Dense fluid eddy-currents will be located in the outermost portion of pre-heater, substantially adjoins with the inner surface of pre-heater.Coal slurry eddy-currents will be arranged in the inside of pre-heater relative to dense fluid eddy-currents.Dense fluid eddy-currents is by the coal slurry surrounded in high corrosion region and will provide for the barrier preventing coal slurry from touching inner surface.Therefore, corrosive ion in coal slurry will not react or cause the corrosion of inner surface of pre-heater with the inner surface of pre-heater, extends the service life of these assemblies in supercritical water gasification system relative to the similar system lacking dense fluid barrier.

Example 2: there is the supercritical water biological matter reactor system of rotatable reactor container

Supercritical water biomass gasification system is by the tubular reactor vessel of the length including having about 5 meters and the generally horizontal orientation of the diameter of about 2 meters.The biomass slurry being under the subcritical temperature of about 350 DEG C, the pressure of about 23 megapascal (MPa)s from the pre-heater pumping slurry inlet by the end of reactor vessel and is left by pump by the slurry outlet of the second end.Slurry outlet will connect with heat exchanger fluid.Reactor vessel will be byN makes and is included within the coating on its inner surface with ceramic fire resistant lining cutting.Reactor vessel will be arranged in the support container formed by nickel alloy material.Ceramic bearing layer will be arranged in reactor vessel and supports between container to support the rotation of reactor vessel.Protection fluid intake enters reactor vessel by allowing the fused salt fluid comprising lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride (FLiBe) at end.FLiBe fused salt will be left by the protection fluid issuing at the second end place at reactor vessel.

Gas will couple with the axle being connected to reactor vessel for dynamical type motor.The joint of motor will make reactor vessel go to per minute about 1000 with per minute about 800 to rotate.The rotary speed of reactor vessel is by imposing the centripetal acceleration that force of gravity acceleration is big on fused salt fluid so that fused salt fluid rotates in the protective layer of the most external office of the reactor vessel substantially adjoined with reactor vessel inner surface.Biomass slurry will flow through reactor vessel in fused salt fluid layer so that by the corrosive ion contact inner surface prevented in biomass slurry and/or ceramic fire resistant lining cutting.

Fused salt fluid layer will provide for the physical barriers contacted reducing or eliminating between biomass slurry and the inner surface of reactor vessel, thus reducing the corrosion of reactor vessel in supercritical water biomass gasification process relative to the similar system lacking fused salt fluid layer.

In superincumbent detailed description, with reference to accompanying drawing, accompanying drawing constitutes a part for detailed description.In the accompanying drawings, unless the context, the parts that otherwise similar symbol ordinary representation is similar.Exemplary embodiment described in detailed description, drawings and claims is not intended to restriction.Other embodiments can be used, and other change can be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of theme presented herein.Will be apparent from, as herein substantially describe and as illustrated in the figures, the scheme of the disclosure can arrange with various different configurations, substitute, combine, separate and design, and all these visualizes in this article clearly.

The disclosure is not limited by specific embodiment described in this application, and these specific embodiments are intended to the example of each scheme.It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that and can carry out various modifications and variations, without departing from its spirit and scope.According to explanation above, except enumerate herein those except, the functionally equivalent method and apparatus within the scope of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art.It is intended to these improvement projects and modified example drops in the scope of following claims.Together with in the gamut of the equivalent of the given right of these claims, the disclosure is limited only by following claims restriction.It will be appreciated that the disclosure is not limited to specific method, reagent, compound, composition or biosystem, these can change certainly.It will also be appreciated that term as used herein merely to describe the purpose of specific embodiment, and be not intended to restriction.

About the use of substantially any plural number and/or singular references herein, those skilled in the art can based on context and/or application suitably from complex transform singularization and/or be transformed into plural number from odd number.For purpose clearly, illustrate the displacement of each singular/plural herein clearly.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, usually, term as used herein, especially the term used in appended claims (such as, the main body of appended claims), is generally intended to into " open " term (such as, term " includes " being construed to " including but not limited to ", term " has " and should be interpreted that " at least having ", and term " includes " should be interpreted that " including but not limited to ", etc.).Though according to " including " each assembly or step (be construed to mean " include; be not limited to ") describe each constituent, method and apparatus, described constituent, method and apparatus can also " be mainly made up of each assembly and step " or " being made up of each assembly and step ", and these terms should be construed to define substantially Guan Bi member's group.If those skilled in the art are it is also appreciated that be intended to express the particular number of guided bone claims hereinbelow item, this intention will describe in the claims clearly, and when being absent from this description, be absent from such intention.Such as, understanding for auxiliary, appended claims below may include the use of guided bone phrase " at least one " and " one or more " to guide claims hereinbelow item.But, the use of this phrase should be not construed as to imply that indefinite article "a" or "an" and guides claims hereinbelow item that any specific rights comprising this claims hereinbelow item guided requires to be confined to only comprise the embodiment of this description item, even if when same claim includes (such as, " " and/or " " should be construed to represent " at least one " or " one or more ") of guided bone phrase " one or more " or " at least one " and such as indefinite article "a" or "an"；This is equally applicable to the use for the definite article for guiding claims hereinbelow item.Additionally, even if describing the particular number of directed claims hereinbelow item clearly, it will be understood by the skilled person that these describe item and should be construed at least represent the quantity (such as, it does not have the naked description " two describe item " of other modifier represents that at least two describes item or plural description item) described.In addition, it is similar in those examples of usage of " at least one in A, B and C etc. " in use, usual such structure is intended to express the implication (such as, " system of at least one having in A, B and C " will include but not limited to only to have A, only have B, only have C, have A and B, have A and C, have B and C and/or have the system of A, B and C etc.) that skilled artisan understands that this usage.It is similar in those examples of usage of " at least one in A, B or C etc. " in use, usual such structure is intended to express the implication (such as, " system of at least one having in A, B or C " will include but not limited to only to have A, only have B, only have C, have A and B, have A and C, have B and C and/or have the system of A, B and C etc.) that skilled artisan understands that this usage.No matter those skilled in the art, it will be appreciated that present substantially any words of severance and/or the phrase of two or more option, are in description, claim or accompanying drawing, are understood to imagine and include one, the probability of any one or two.Such as, term " A or B " is understood to the probability that includes " A " or " B " or " A and B ".

It addition, when describing feature or the scheme of the disclosure according to marlcush group (Markushgroup), skilled person will appreciate that therefore the disclosure also describes with any independent members of marlcush group or the subgroup of member.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that such as in providing the description write, four corner disclosed herein also contemplated the combination of any and whole possible subranges and subrange thereof for any and whole purposes.Can be readily appreciated that any listed scope all adequately describe same scope and make same scope resolve at least impartial half, 1/3rd, 1/4th, 1/5th, 1/10th etc..As non-restrictive example, each scope discussed herein can be easily decomposed into down 1/3rd, in 1/3rd and upper 1/3rd, etc..It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that such as " up to ", all of language such as " at least " includes the quantity that describes and refers to the scope being then able to resolve into subrange as discussed above.Finally, the scope that it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that includes each independent member.It is therefoie, for example, the group with 1-3 unit refers to the group with 1,2 or 3 unit.Similarly, the group with 1-5 unit refers to the group with 1,2,3,4 or 5 unit, etc..

Disclosed above and other each features and function or its alternative can be combined in other different systems many or application.Those skilled in the art can make various currently unforeseen or unexpected alternative, improvement project, modified example or improvement in this article subsequently, and wherein each being also intended to is contained by disclosed embodiment.

Claims

1. being configured to reduce a reactor assembly for the corrosion of the part of reactor assembly, described system includes:

Reactor vessel, it includes inner surface, and being configured to receive having corrosive reactor fluid at least partially and having the dense fluid of the density higher than described reactor fluid density described inner surface, described reactor fluid and described dense fluid substantially can not mix；And

Rotate element, it is configured in described reactor vessel to rotate, thus generating revolving force, described revolving force is forced at least some of of the described reactor fluid of described reactor vessel and flows in the way of reactor fluid eddy-currents in described reactor vessel, and it is forced into described dense fluid at least some of to flow in the way of at least one of dense fluid eddy-currents of described reactor fluid eddy-currents of described reactor vessel, described dense fluid eddy-currents plays, by forming barrier between described at least some of at described reactor fluid and described inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

2. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said rotation element includes impeller.

3. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said rotation element includes at least one in pyrite, pottery, nickel alloy, austenitic iron alloy, stainless steel alloy and titanium.

4. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to supercritical water reaction device system.

5. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said reactor fluid be arranged in described reactor vessel at least some of in.

6. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said dense fluid be arranged in described reactor vessel at least some of in.

7. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to the one in gasification system, biomass gasification system and waste oxidation system.

8. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said reactor vessel is configured to the one in heater and heat exchanger.

9. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to gasification system, and described reactor fluid includes coal slurry.

10. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to biomass gasification system, and described reactor fluid includes biomass slurry.

11. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said dense fluid includes metal, metal alloy, fused salt, hydrocarbon liquid or their combination.

12. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said dense fluid include stannum, zinc, aluminum, lead, bismuth, gallium, cadmium, aforesaid any one alloy and their combination at least one.

13. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said dense fluid includes:

Lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride；

Lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride；

Sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate；

Potassium chloride and magnesium chloride；

Rubinorm (Ifi). and Zirconium tetrafluoride.；Or

Their combination in any.

14. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, the described of wherein said inner surface includes ceramic material at least partially.

15. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, farther include:

At least one dense fluid entrance, it is configured to provide for described dense fluid and enters into the entrance in described reactor vessel；And

At least one dense fluid exports, and it is positioned at below at least one dense fluid entrance described and is configured to described dense fluid is discharged described reactor vessel, and at least one dense fluid described outlet is positioned at the lower section of described rotation element.

16. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 15, farther include:

Reactor fluid entrance, it is positioned at the lower section of described rotation element, substantially in the bottom of described reactor vessel；

Reactor fluid exports, and it is located substantially at the top of described reactor vessel, in the position of at least one dense fluid entrance top described；And

Pump, it is with described reactor fluid fluid communication and is configured to force and leaving from being exported by described reactor fluid by the reactor fluid of described reactor vessel of described reactor fluid entrance.

17. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, farther include to be configured to leach impurity the dense fluid filter of described dense fluid.

18. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, remain at least partially within described in wherein said inner surface in the region being configured to receive the described reactor fluid of the temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius to about 350 degrees Celsius of described reactor vessel.

19. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said dense fluid is along flowing through described reactor vessel with described reactor fluid opposite direction.

20. a method for the corrosion reduced in reactor assembly, described method includes:

The reactor vessel including inner surface is provided；

There is provided be configured in described reactor vessel rotate rotation element；

At least some of mordant reactor fluid to described inner surface is received at described reactor vessel place；

Receive the dense fluid with the density higher than described reactor fluid density at described reactor vessel place, described dense fluid substantially can not mix with described reactor fluid；And

Rotate described rotation element to generate revolving force, described revolving force makes described reactor fluid at least some of when it flows through described reactor vessel to flow in the way of reactor fluid eddy-currents and to make described dense fluid at least some of when it flows through described reactor vessel to flow in the way of at least one of dense fluid eddy-currents of described reactor fluid eddy-currents, and described dense fluid eddy-currents plays, by forming barrier between described at least some of at described reactor fluid and described inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

21. method as claimed in claim 20, wherein said rotation element includes impeller.

22. method as claimed in claim 20, wherein construct described reactor vessel and include to receive described dense fluid:

There is provided and be in fluid communication, with described reactor vessel, at least one the dense fluid entrance coupled；

By at least one dense fluid entrance described by described dense fluid supply to described reactor vessel；

Thering is provided at least one dense fluid to export, the outlet of described dense fluid couples with described reactor vessel fluid communication and is positioned at the lower section of at least one dense fluid entrance described and the lower section of described rotation element；And

Described dense fluid is discharged by least one dense fluid described outlet.

23. method as claimed in claim 22, wherein construct described reactor vessel and include to receive described reactor fluid:

At least one reactor fluid entrance, at least one reactor fluid entrance described is provided to couple and be positioned at the lower section of described rotation element with described reactor vessel fluid communication, substantially in the bottom of described reactor vessel；

Described reactor fluid is supplied by described reactor fluid entrance；

There is provided at least one reactor fluid to export, at least one reactor fluid described outlet with described reactor vessel fluid communication couple and be positioned at described at least one dense fluid entrance top, substantially at the top of described reactor vessel；

Described reactor fluid is discharged by the outlet of described reactor fluid；And

Force being left by the reactor fluid of described reactor vessel from described reactor fluid entrance by the outlet of described reactor fluid.

24. method as claimed in claim 20, farther include to utilize dense fluid filter just impurity to leach described dense fluid.

25. method as claimed in claim 20, farther include to construct described reactor vessel and have in the region of temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius to about 350 degrees Celsius so that described dense fluid eddy-currents is positioned at described reactor fluid.

26. manufacture is configured to the method reducing the reactor assembly of the corrosion of the part of reactor assembly, described method includes:

The reactor vessel including inner surface is provided；

Constructing described reactor vessel to hold at least some of mordant reactor fluid to described inner surface and to have the dense fluid of the density higher than described reactor fluid density, described reactor fluid and described dense fluid substantially can not mix；And

There is provided and rotate element, described rotation element is configured in described reactor vessel to rotate, the rotation of wherein said rotation element generates revolving force, described revolving force forces described reactor fluid at least some of to flow in the way of reactor fluid eddy-currents and to force at least some of to flow in the way of at least one of dense fluid eddy-currents of described reactor fluid eddy-currents of described dense fluid in described reactor vessel, described dense fluid eddy-currents plays the effect reducing corrosion by forming barrier between described at least some of at described reactor fluid and described inner surface.

27. method as claimed in claim 26, wherein providing described rotation element to include impeller construction is described rotation element.

28. method as claimed in claim 26, farther include to be configured to described reactor assembly supercritical water reaction device system.

29. method as claimed in claim 26, farther include the one being configured to by described reactor assembly in gasification system, biomass gasification system and waste oxidation system.

30. method as claimed in claim 26, farther include the one being configured to by described reactor vessel in heater and heat exchanger.

31. method as claimed in claim 26, farther including to be configured to described reactor assembly gasification system, described gasification system is configured to operate using coal slurry as described reactor fluid.

32. method as claimed in claim 26, farther including to be configured to described reactor assembly biomass gasification system, described biomass gasification system is configured to operate using biomass slurry as described reactor fluid.

33. method as claimed in claim 26, farther include to be configured to described reactor assembly using metal, metal alloy or both operate as described dense fluid.

34. method as claimed in claim 26, farther include to be configured to described reactor assembly using stannum, zinc, aluminum, lead, bismuth, gallium, cadmium, aforesaid any one alloy and their combination at least one operate as described dense fluid.

35. method as claimed in claim 26, farther include described being configured at least partially of described inner surface is included ceramic material.

36. method as claimed in claim 26, farther include:

Thering is provided at least one dense fluid entrance, at least one dense fluid inlet configuration described enters the entrance of described reactor vessel for providing described dense fluid；And

At least one dense fluid is provided to export, at least one dense fluid described outlet is positioned at the lower section of at least one dense fluid entrance described and is configured to discharge described dense fluid from described reactor vessel, and at least one dense fluid described outlet is positioned at the lower section of described rotation element.

37. method as claimed in claim 36, farther include:

Thering is provided at least one reactor fluid entrance, at least one reactor fluid entrance described is positioned at the bottom of the lower section of described rotation element, described reactor vessel；

Thering is provided at least one reactor fluid to export, at least one reactor fluid described outlet is positioned approximately in the position of the top of described reactor vessel, at least one dense fluid entrance top described；And

Pump is configured to and described reactor fluid fluid communication, to force being left by the reactor fluid of described reactor vessel from described reactor fluid entrance by the outlet of described reactor fluid.

38. method as claimed in claim 26, farther include to provide the filter being configured to be leached from described dense fluid by impurity.

39. be configured to reduce a reactor assembly for its partial corrosion, described system includes:

Reactor vessel, it includes inner surface, and is configured to receive reactor fluid and fused salt fluid, and described reactor fluid is corrosive at least partially to described inner surface, and described reactor fluid and described fused salt fluid substantially can not mix；And

Reactor vessel rotator, its be configured to so that described fused salt fluid at least some of described inner surface described at least some of on form the speed of molten salt layer and rotate described reactor vessel, described molten salt layer plays, by forming barrier between described at least some of at described reactor fluid and described inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

40. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, wherein said reactor vessel is arranged in substantially vertical orientation,

Wherein said reactor vessel is configured to receive described fused salt fluid at the top of described reactor vessel so that during described reactor vessel rotates, described fused salt fluid is from the overhead stream of described reactor vessel to bottom.

41. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, wherein said reactor vessel is arranged in approximate horizontal orientation and described speed be enough to described fused salt fluid at least some of on generate than the fused salt fluid entering described reactor vessel described at least some of on the big centripetal acceleration of acceleration of gravity.

42. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to supercritical water reaction device system.

43. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to the one in gasification system, biomass gasification system and waste oxidation system.

44. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, wherein said reactor vessel is configured to the one in heater and heat exchanger.

45. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to gasification system, and described reactor fluid includes coal slurry.

46. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to biomass gasification system, and described reactor fluid includes biomass slurry.

47. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, wherein said reactor vessel is contained in supporting construction.

48. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 47, farther including the rotation support component being arranged between described supporting construction and described reactor vessel, described rotation support component is configured to the rotation being beneficial to described reactor vessel in described supporting construction.

49. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 48, wherein said rotation support component includes rotating support fluid.

50. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 49, wherein said rotation supports fluid and includes fused salt fluid.

51. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 48, wherein said rotation support component includes ceramic bearing.

52. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 47, wherein said supporting construction includes nickel alloy.

53. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, wherein said reactor vessel include described inner surface at least some of on interior rib-shaped piece to increase described fused salt fluid and described inner surface described at least some of between friction.

54. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, wherein said fused salt fluid includes:

Lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride；

Lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride；

Sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate；

Potassium chloride and magnesium chloride；

Rubinorm (Ifi). and Zirconium tetrafluoride.；Or

Their combination in any.

55. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, at least one reactor vessel wherein said is configured to go to per minute about 1000 with per minute about 1 and transfers rotation.

56. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 39, farther including supercritical reaction loop, wherein said reactor fluid includes supercritical water and slurry fluid, described supercritical water and slurry fluid and reacts to generate forming gas in described reactor vessel.

57. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 56, wherein said fused salt fluid is in and touches described fused salt fluid in response to water and generate at the temperature of supercritical water.

58. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 56, wherein said supercritical reaction loop includes:

The separator being in fluid communication with described reactor vessel；

The cleaning container being in fluid communication with described separator；

Heater with described cleaning container and described reactor vessel fluid communication；And

Pump, it is configured to force described fused salt fluid by described reactor vessel, described separator, described cleaning container, described heater and to return the order of described reactor vessel by described supercritical reaction loop.

59. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 56, farther including forming gas cooling loop, wherein said reactor fluid includes water and forming gas.

60. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 57, wherein said forming gas cooling loop is configured to maintain described fused salt fluid and is in the temperature of the forming gas cooled down in described reactor fluid.

61. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 57, wherein said forming gas cooling loop includes:

The separator being in fluid communication with described reactor vessel；

The cleaning container being in fluid communication with described separator；

Heat exchanger with described cleaning container and described reactor vessel fluid communication；And

Pump, it is configured to force described fused salt fluid by described reactor vessel, described separator, described cleaning container, described heat exchanger and to return the order of described reactor vessel by described forming gas cooling loop.

62. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 61, the described reactor vessel of the described heat exchanger of wherein said forming gas cooling loop and described supercritical reaction loop is in fluid communication.

63. reactor assembly as claimed in claim 61, wherein in described forming gas cooling loop, at least some of of the described fused salt fluid of heating flows into described supercritical reaction loop to heat described slurry fluid.

64. a method for the corrosion reduced in reactor assembly, described method includes:

The reactor vessel including inner surface is provided；

Receive fused salt fluid at described reactor vessel place, described fused salt fluid substantially can not mix with described reactor fluid；And

Make described reactor vessel so that described fused salt fluid at least some of described inner surface described at least some of on form the speed of molten salt layer and rotate, described molten salt layer plays, by forming barrier between described at least some of at described reactor fluid and described inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

65. the method as described in claim 64, wherein said reactor vessel is arranged in substantially vertical orientation,

Wherein said reactor vessel is configured to receive described fused salt fluid at the top place of described reactor vessel so that during described reactor vessel rotates, described fused salt fluid is from the overhead stream of described reactor vessel to bottom.

66. the method as described in claim 64, wherein said reactor vessel is arranged in approximate horizontal orientation, and described speed be enough to described fused salt fluid at least some of on generate than the fused salt fluid entering described reactor vessel described at least some of on the big centripetal acceleration of acceleration of gravity.

67. the method as described in claim 64, farther including to provide the structural support, wherein said reactor vessel is contained in described supporting construction.

68. the method as described in claim 67, farther include to provide and be arranged between described supporting construction and described reactor vessel and be beneficial to the rotation support component that described reactor vessel rotates in described supporting construction.

69. method as recited in claim 68, wherein said rotation support component includes rotating support fluid.

70. the method as described in claim 69, wherein said rotation supports fluid and includes fused salt fluid.

71. method as recited in claim 68, wherein said rotation support component includes ceramic bearing.

72. the method as described in claim 64, wherein said fused salt fluid includes:

Lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride；

Lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride；

Sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate；

Potassium chloride and magnesium chloride；

Rubinorm (Ifi). and Zirconium tetrafluoride.；Or

Their combination in any.

73. the method as described in claim 64, wherein said reactor vessel goes to per minute about 1000 with per minute about 1 and transfers rotation.

74. the method as described in claim 64, farther include described reactor vessel is oriented in substantially horizontal arrangement.

75. the method manufacturing reactor assembly, described method includes:

The reactor vessel including inner surface is provided；

Constructing described reactor vessel to receive reactor fluid and fused salt fluid, described reactor fluid is corrosive at least partially to described inner surface, and described reactor fluid and described fused salt fluid substantially can not mix；

At least one reactor vessel rotator is connected to described reactor vessel, at least one reactor vessel revolver configuration described be make described reactor vessel so that described fused salt fluid at least some of described inner surface described at least some of on form the speed of molten salt layer and rotate, described molten salt layer plays, by forming barrier between described at least some of at described reactor fluid and described inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

76. the method as described in claim 75, wherein said reactor vessel is arranged in substantially vertical orientation,

Wherein said reactor vessel is configured to receive described fused salt fluid at the top place of described reactor vessel, and during described reactor vessel rotates, described fused salt fluid is from the overhead stream of described reactor vessel to bottom.

77. the method as described in claim 75, wherein said reactor vessel is arranged in approximate horizontal orientation, and described speed be enough to described fused salt fluid at least some of on generate than the fused salt fluid entering described reactor vessel described at least some of on the big centripetal acceleration of acceleration of gravity.

78. the method as described in claim 75, farther include to be configured to described reactor assembly supercritical water reaction device system.

79. the method as described in claim 75, farther include the one being configured to by described reactor assembly in gasification system, biomass gasification system and waste oxidation system.

80. the method as described in claim 75, farther include the one being configured to by described reactor vessel in heater and heat exchanger.

81. the method as described in claim 75, farther including to be configured to described reactor assembly gasification system, described gasification system is configured to operate using coal slurry as described reactor fluid.

82. the method as described in claim 75, farther including to be configured to described reactor assembly biomass gasification system, described biomass gasification system is configured to operate using biomass slurry as described reactor fluid.

83. the method as described in claim 75, farther including to provide the structural support, wherein said reactor vessel is contained in described supporting construction.

84. the method as described in claim 83, farther include:

Thering is provided and rotate support component, described rotation support component is arranged between described supporting construction and described reactor vessel；And

Construct described rotation support component and be beneficial to the rotation in described supporting construction of the described reactor vessel.

85. the method as described in claim 84, wherein said rotation support component includes rotating support fluid.

86. the method as described in claim 85, wherein said rotation supports fluid and includes fused salt fluid.

87. the method as described in claim 84, wherein said rotation support component includes ceramic bearing.

88. the method as described in claim 84, at least one supporting construction wherein said includes nickel alloy.

89. the method as described in claim 75, further include at described reactor vessel described inner surface at least some of on interior rib-shaped piece is set to increase the friction between described fused salt fluid and described inner surface.

90. the method as described in claim 75, farther include to be configured to described reactor assembly operate as described fused salt fluid as follows:

Lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride；

Lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride；

Sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate；

Potassium chloride and magnesium chloride；

Rubinorm (Ifi). and Zirconium tetrafluoride.；Or

Their combination in any.

91. the method as described in claim 75, farther include that at least one reactor vessel described is configured to goes to per minute about 1000 with per minute about 1 and transfer rotation.

92. the method as described in claim 75, farther including to form supercritical reaction loop, wherein said reactor fluid includes supercritical water and slurry fluid, described supercritical water and slurry fluid and reacts to generate forming gas in described reactor vessel.

93. the method as described in claim 92, farther including described supercritical reaction loop structure is utilize to be in touch, in response to water, the fused salt fluid that described fused salt fluid generates at the temperature of supercritical water and operate.

94. the method as described in claim 92, wherein said supercritical reaction loop includes:

Separator with described reactor vessel fluid connection；

The cleaning container connected with described separator liquid；

Heater with described cleaning container and described reactor vessel fluid connection；And

95. the method as described in claim 94, farther including to form forming gas cooling loop, wherein said reactor fluid includes water and forming gas.

96. the method as described in claim 95, farther include to be configured to utilize by described forming gas cooling loop that to be in the fused salt being configured to cool down the temperature of the forming gas in described reactor fluid fluid-operated.

97. the method as described in claim 95, wherein said forming gas cooling loop includes:

Separator with described reactor vessel fluid connection；

The cleaning container connected with described separator liquid；

Heat exchanger with described cleaning container and described reactor vessel fluid connection；And

Pump, it is configured to force described fused salt fluid by described reactor vessel, described separator, described cleaning container, described heat exchanger and to return the order of described reactor vessel by described supercritical reaction loop.

98. the method as described in claim 97, farther include the described heat exchanger construction of described forming gas cooling loop is become the described reactor vessel fluid connection with described supercritical reaction loop.

99. the method as described in claim 97, farther include to construct described supercritical reaction loop and described forming gas cooling loop so that in described forming gas cooling loop, the fused salt fluid of heating flows into described supercritical reaction loop to heat described slurry fluid.

100. be configured to reduce a reactor assembly for the corrosion of its part, described system includes:

Reactor vessel, it includes inner surface and is configured to the protection fluid receiving at least some of mordant reactor fluid to described inner surface and substantially can not mixing with described reactor fluid；And

Rotate element; it is configured to generate revolving force; described revolving force force described protection fluid at least some of described reactor fluid and described inner surface described at least some of between layer in flowing, described layer plays, by forming barrier between described at least some of at described reactor fluid and described inner surface, the effect reducing corrosion.

101. the reactor assembly as described in claim 100, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to supercritical water reaction device system.

102. the reactor assembly as described in claim 100, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to the one in gasification system, biomass gasification system and waste oxidation system.

103. the reactor assembly as described in claim 100, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to gasification system, and described reactor fluid comprises coal slurry.

104. the reactor assembly as described in claim 100, wherein said reactor assembly is configured to biomass gasification system, and described reactor fluid comprises biomass slurry.

105. the reactor assembly as described in claim 100, wherein said reactor vessel is configured to the one in heater and heat exchanger.

106. the reactor assembly as described in claim 100, wherein said reactor fluid be arranged in described reactor vessel at least some of in.

107. the reactor assembly as described in claim 100, wherein said protection fluid placement described reactor vessel at least some of in.

108. the reactor assembly as described in claim 100, in the described region being configured to receive the reactor fluid of the temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius to about 350 degrees Celsius being positioned at described reactor vessel at least partially of wherein said inner surface.

109. the reactor assembly as described in claim 100, wherein said rotation element includes impeller.

110. the reactor assembly as described in claim 103, wherein said protection fluid includes metal, metal alloy, fused salt, hydrocarbon liquid or their combination.

111. the reactor assembly as described in claim 103, wherein said protection fluid include stannum, zinc, aluminum, lead, bismuth, gallium, cadmium, aforesaid any one alloy and their combination at least one.

112. the reactor assembly as described in claim 100; wherein said rotation element includes reactor vessel rotator, described reactor vessel revolver configuration be make described reactor vessel so that described protection fluid described at least some of described inner surface described at least some of on form the speed of described layer and rotate.

113. the reactor assembly as described in claim 112, wherein said protection fluid includes fused salt fluid.

114. the reactor assembly as described in claim 112, wherein said fused salt fluid includes:

Lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride；

Lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride；

Sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate；

Potassium chloride and magnesium chloride；

Rubinorm (Ifi). and Zirconium tetrafluoride.；Or

Their combination in any.

115. the reactor assembly as described in claim 112, wherein said reactor vessel is arranged in substantially vertical orientation,

Wherein said reactor vessel is configured to receive described protection fluid at the top place of described reactor vessel, so that described protection fluid is from the overhead stream of described reactor vessel to bottom during described reactor vessel rotates.

116. the reactor assembly as described in claim 112; wherein said reactor vessel is arranged in approximate horizontal orientation, and described speed be enough to described protection fluid at least some of on generate than the protection fluid entering described reactor vessel described at least some of on the big centripetal acceleration of acceleration of gravity.

117. the reactor assembly as described in claim 112, wherein said reactor vessel is contained in supporting construction.

118. the reactor assembly as described in claim 117, farther including the rotation support component being arranged between described supporting construction and described reactor vessel, described rotation support component is configured to the rotation being beneficial to described reactor vessel in described supporting construction.

119. the reactor assembly as described in claim 118, wherein said rotation support component includes rotating support fluid.

120. the reactor assembly as described in claim 119, wherein said rotation supports fluid and includes fused salt fluid.

121. the reactor assembly as described in claim 119, wherein said rotation support component includes ceramic bearing.

122. the reactor assembly as described in claim 117, wherein said supporting construction includes nickel alloy.

123. the reactor assembly as described in claim 112, at least one reactor vessel wherein said is configured to go to per minute about 1000 with per minute about 1 and transfers rotation.