CN104963994B - A kind of precision instrument Cu Al Mn shape memory alloy dampings devices and its manufacture method - Google Patents
A kind of precision instrument Cu Al Mn shape memory alloy dampings devices and its manufacture method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104963994B CN104963994B CN201510295877.2A CN201510295877A CN104963994B CN 104963994 B CN104963994 B CN 104963994B CN 201510295877 A CN201510295877 A CN 201510295877A CN 104963994 B CN104963994 B CN 104963994B
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F15/00—Suppression of vibrations in systems; Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion
- F16F15/02—Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems
- F16F15/04—Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems using elastic means
- F16F15/06—Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems using elastic means with metal springs
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
- C22C9/01—Alloys based on copper with aluminium as the next major constituent
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Vibration Dampers (AREA)
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Abstract
A kind of precision instrument damping device and its manufacture method, the damping device include：Workbench, dampening assembly and base, the dampening assembly connects the workbench and the base, the dampening assembly by polylith there is strong anisotropic columanar structure Cu Al Mn marmem plates to constitute, it is an advantage of the invention that damping device has function anisotropy, more than 10% recoverable strain high can be provided in vertical, damping capacity is excellent, with good energy-absorbing, shock-absorbing function；And more than 7% recoverable strain higher can be provided in the horizontal direction, while playing energy-absorbing, cushioning effect, because sheet material thickness is to strength and stiffness higher, make damping device that there is good anti-inclination, anti-swing function, so that precision instrument keeps stabilization in use, mobile or transportation.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to metal material prepare and application field, be related to a kind of design of shape memory alloy damping device with
Using specifically a kind of precision instrument Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy dampings device and its manufacture method.
Background technology
Precision instrument or equipment manufacture fine due to its complex structure, often more sensitive to vibrations, in use, movement
Or needed in transportation using preferable damping, precautions against earthquakes, with ensure stability during its use or mobile or
It is not damaged in transportation.Precision instrument damping device conventional at present mainly has two kinds, it is a kind of be using material in itself
Elasticity is used as damper element, such as the damping dress using rubber blanket, air cushion, spring, foamed plastics etc. designed by vibration-absorptive material
Put.Another is the stabilising arrangement being made of electromechanical device.The stabilising arrangement being made due to electromechanical device is, it is necessary to engine
Structure drives, and device is complicated, high to use environment requirement.Therefore, current damping device it is most still using material in itself
Elasticity is used as damper element.Compared to those listed above such as rubber blankets only using elastic deformation as the damping material of energy-absorbing damping mechanism
Material, marmem has following advantage：1. in addition to elastic deformation, moreover it is possible to by there is special thermoelastic martensitic transformation
Big energy is absorbed, with more excellent energy-absorbing cushioning ability；2. damped coefficient is big, and elastic modelling quantity is high, and intensity is high, heat-resisting, wear-resisting
Damage, excellent anti-corrosion performance；3 have self-driven, runback bit function.Therefore, marmem has turned into a kind of important suction
Energy, vibration-absorptive material.
When marmem is used as energy-absorbing, vibration-absorptive material application, intensity and bigger super-elasticity higher can be carried
High alloy to the absorbability of external energy, with more excellent energy-absorbing, shock-absorbing function.But the high intensity and height of marmem
Super-elasticity is often difficult to obtain simultaneously, for example, monocrystalline Cu-Al-Mn alloys have more than 10% super-elasticity high, but its intensity
It is low, typically in below 200MPa.And common polycrystalline tissue cu-Al-Mn alloy strengths are between 200MPa~400MPa, but it is super
Elasticity is low, is usually no more than 4%.At present, prepare has high intensity and hyperelastic Cu-Al-Mn marmems high simultaneously
Still face greatly challenge.
The damping device that precision instrument is opposite to its underpart in using, mobile or transportation has in different directions
Different functional requirements.In vertical, it is desirable to which damping device has good energy absorption ability, play good damping, resist
Shake is acted on, it is ensured that the vibrations of not receiving of precision instrument are disturbed or damage；And in the horizontal direction, it is desirable to damping device has certain
While damping, energy-absorbing function, stabilization is kept to prevent precision instrument generation from waving with strength and stiffness higher.
The content of the invention：
There is function anisotropic precision instrument and equipment Cu-Al-Mn shapes it is an object of the invention to provide one kind
Memorial alloy damping device, to meet the actual demand of precision instrument and equipment damping device.
To achieve the above object, the present invention is used with technical scheme of going down：
A kind of precision instrument Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy damping devices, the damping device includes：Workbench, subtract
Shake component and base, the dampening assembly connect the workbench and the base, and the dampening assembly is had strong each by polylith
The columanar structure Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate composition of anisotropy.
Further, the multiple Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate is placed and overlapped in the horizontal direction vertically.
Further, the Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate solidification direction is parallel with vertical.
Further, the multiple Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate overlapping end face is trimmed.
Further, the multiple Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate upper end overlapping end face is connected with the workbench.
Further, the multiple Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate lower end overlapping end face is connected with the base.
A kind of precision instrument Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy damping device producing methods, methods described specific steps are such as
Under：
Step 1：With the oxygen-free copper of purity more than 99.9%, electrolytic aluminium and electrolytic manganese as raw material, using electromagnetic induction vacuum
Method of smelting prepares prealloy, and alloy melting temp is 1300 DEG C, and the type of cooling is air cooling, water quenching, obtains composition equal
Even prealloy；
Step 2：By prealloy after 1100 DEG C of refuses, insulation 20min, bottom is poured into for water cooled copper mould is cold
But during, circumferential holding temperature is 1100 DEG C of graphite crystallizer, alloy from bottom to top directional solidification forms columanar structure, coagulates
Gu during thermograde be more than 7 DEG C/mm；
Step 3：After after alloy melt all solidification, ingot casting is taken out into water quenching when furnace cooling is to 800 DEG C or so；
Step 4：Ingot casting after quenching is reheated to air cooling or water quenching after 150 DEG C of timeliness 30 minutes；
Step 5：Design needs according to device, alloy cast ingot is cut into the sheet material of required size；
Step 6：Polylith alloy sheets are placed vertically and is overlapped in the horizontal direction, by alloy sheets group and workbench and base group
Close and constitute precision instrument Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy damping devices.
Each material composition is in further, it is characterised in that the step 1)：Al：16at.%~20at.%, Mn：
9at.%~12at.%, remaining is Cu.
The damping device of present invention design is cheap except having common Cu base marmems damping device, and energy is inhaled
Receipts ability is strong, endurance, corrosion-resistant, and damping capacity is good, outside the excellent feature of self-resetting capability, has further the advantage that：
1) damping device has function anisotropy, i.e., more than 10% recoverable strain high can be provided in vertical,
Damping capacity is excellent, with good energy-absorbing, shock-absorbing function；And more than 7% higher can be provided in the horizontal direction and recovered
Strain, while playing energy-absorbing, cushioning effect, because sheet material thickness is to strength and stiffness higher, has damping device good
Anti- inclination, anti-swing function so that precision instrument keeps stabilization using, in mobile or transportation.
2) columanar structure Cu-Al-Mn marmems have super-elasticity high, and the super-elasticity parallel to solidification direction surpasses
10% is crossed, monocrystalline level is reached, is more than 3 times of common polycrystalline tissue alloy super-elasticity (~3%).It is vertical to solidify the super of direction
Elasticity, also above 7%, is more than 2 times of common polycrystalline tissue alloy super-elasticity (~3%).Remember compared to common polycrystalline tissue profile
Recall the damping device of alloy manufacture, damping device of the invention has more excellent damping energy absorption performance.
3) precision instrument that anisotropy Cu-Al-Mn marmems are made is high with damping device recoverable strain, residual
Remaining to answer step-down, high temperature resistant, persistence is high, simple structure, easy installation and removal.
4) anisotropy Cu-Al-Mn marmems integrate feature and structural, while realizing damping energy-absorbing
With supporting ＆ stablizing effect, design can be simplified, it is cost-effective.
Brief description of the drawings：
Fig. 1 is precision instrument of the present invention Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy damping apparatus structure schematic diagrams；
Fig. 2 is anisotropy Cu-Al-Mn marmems metallographic shape appearance figure of the present invention：Wherein (a) parallel solidification direction
Sectional view；B () is vertical solidification direction sectional view；
Fig. 3 is the super-elasticity stretching in the parallel and vertical solidification direction of anisotropy Cu-Al-Mn marmems of the present invention
Stress-strain curve.
Specific embodiment：
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, it is right below in conjunction with drawings and Examples
The present invention is explained in further detail.It should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein is used only for explaining the present invention, and
Be not used in the restriction present invention, it is noted in the disclosure " on ", D score all refer to position with figure one as reference, be merely to illustrate this
Invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
Conversely, the present invention covers any replacement done in spirit and scope of the invention being defined by the claims, repaiies
Change, equivalent method and scheme.Further, in order that the public has a better understanding to the present invention, below to of the invention thin
It is detailed to describe some specific detail sections in section description.Part without these details for a person skilled in the art
Description can also completely understand the present invention.Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings with specific embodiment, the present invention is further described.
As Figure 1-3, a kind of precision instrument Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy damping devices, the damping device bag
Include：Workbench, dampening assembly and base, the dampening assembly connect the workbench and the base, the dampening assembly by
Polylith has strong anisotropic columanar structure Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate composition, the Cu-Al-Mn shape memories
Alloy sheets are placed and overlapped in the horizontal direction vertically, and the Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate solidification direction is put down with vertical
OK, the multiple Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate overlapping end face is trimmed, the multiple Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate
Upper end overlapping end face is connected with the workbench, for placing precision instrument, the multiple Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate
Lower end overlapping end face is connected with the base, and the base can according to actual needs be designed to fixed or packaged type.Utilize
Columanar structure Cu-Al-Mn alloys (metallograph is as shown in Figure 2) along solidification direction have super-elasticity high (10%~18%, surpass
Elastic stress-strain curve is as shown in Figure 3), there is the characteristics of absorbing big energy during stress-induced phase transformation, make damping device
There is excellent energy-absorbing shock-absorbing function in vertical.The bearing capacity of the vertical of the device is bent by alloy graining direction
Take intensity decision.In the horizontal direction, because columanar structure Cu-Al-Mn alloys vertically solidify direction with super-elasticity higher
(7%~9%) and intensity (300MPa~400MPa) higher and rigidity (elastic modelling quantity is 19GPa~24GPa), fill damping
Put while with preferable energy-absorbing, shock-absorbing function, with high damping properties, can prevent precision instrument from producing and swing and keep steady
It is fixed.
A kind of precision instrument Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy damping device producing methods, methods described is controlled by organizing
System, prepares the particular tissues marmem with property anisotropy, i.e., obtain high intensity respectively in different directions
With super-elasticity high, the columanar structure's Cu-Al-Mn marmems prepared using directional freeze method, along solidification direction tool
Have<001>Phase transition strain (reflection super-elasticity size) orientation high, without transverse grain boundaries, can obtain the high super-elasticity suitable with monocrystalline
(10%~18%)；The distribution of orientations in vertical solidification direction in<001>-<011>Between orientation (correspondence phase transition strain higher),
There are transverse grain boundaries, intercrystalline strengthening effect is obvious in deformation, therefore, in this direction with super-elasticity higher (7%~
9%) (intensity and elastic modelling quantity in vertical solidification direction are 1.3 and 1.5 times of left sides of parallel direction with strength and stiffness higher
It is right), its specific implementation step is as follows：
Step 1：With the oxygen-free copper of purity more than 99.9%, electrolytic aluminium and electrolytic manganese as raw material, using electromagnetic induction vacuum
Method of smelting prepares prealloy, and alloying component is Al：16at.%~20at.%, Mn：9at.%~12at.%, remaining is
Cu, alloy melting temp is 1300 DEG C, and the type of cooling is air cooling, water quenching, obtains the uniform prealloy of composition；
Step 2：Being prepared using directional freeze method has strong anisotropy columanar structure sheet alloy, concrete technology
For：By prealloy after 1100 DEG C of refuses, insulation 20min, it is water cooled copper mould cooling, circumferential insulation to be poured into bottom
(heat insulation and heating equipment is closed down after cast) in the graphite crystallizer of (1100 DEG C of holding temperature), alloy from bottom to top directional solidification,
Form columanar structure, the shape and size design of mold shape and the size sheet material according to prepared by, in order to obtain along solidification
Direction has strong<001>Orientation, crystal boundary is straight columanar structure high, to ensure that sheet material has strong anisotropy, it is desirable to orient
Thermograde in process of setting have to be larger than 7 DEG C/mm；
Step 3：After (alloy melting point is 950 DEG C) after alloy melt all solidification, furnace cooling will cast at 800 DEG C or so
Ingot takes out water quenching, to avoid generation α phases and other brittlement phases, it is ensured that obtain complete austenite structure；
Step 4：Ingot casting after quenching is reheated to air cooling or water quenching after 150 DEG C of timeliness 30 minutes, with stable alloy
Martensitic transformation temperature；
Step 5：Design needs according to device, alloy cast ingot is cut into the sheet material of required size；
Step 6：Polylith alloy sheets are placed vertically and is overlapped in the horizontal direction, by alloy sheets group and workbench and base group
Close and constitute precision instrument Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy damping devices.
Can be prepared by step 1~6 is had by force along solidification direction<001>Orientation, column crystal grain aspect ratio is 10
More than, the columanar structure Cu-Al-Mn marmems sheet material that crystal boundary is straight is (shown in metallograph such as Fig. 2 (a) (b).
Sheet alloy reaches 10%~18% along the super-elasticity in solidification direction, and yield strength is 200~300MPa, and elastic modelling quantity is 19~
24GPa；And be 7%~9% along the super-elasticity in vertical solidification direction；Yield strength and elastic modelling quantity respectively reach 300~
400MPa and 28~36GPa.Super-elasticity, yield strength and elastic modelling quantity anisotropy respectively reach 1.43~2.0,1.33~
1.5th, 1.47~1.5, with strong anisotropy.
Although Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy monocrystallines body has strong anisotropy, anisotropy damping device is disclosure satisfy that
Design requirement, but large size single crystal body Cu-Al-Mn marmems prepare it is difficult, it is with high costs, it is impossible to practical application.
And now widely used common polycrystalline tissue cu-Al-Mn super elastic shape memory alloys it is low (<, and performance is for each to same 4%)
Property, it is unfavorable for the design of anisotropic device.Can be prepared using directional freeze method large-sized special with strong anisotropy
The columanar structure's Cu-Al-Mn marmems levied, therefore, synthetic column crystalline substance tissue cu-Al-Mn marmems
Performance characteristics and precision instrument damping device functional requirement, using the performance of columanar structure's Cu-Al-Mn marmems
Anisotropy, makes it have each to different by using directional freeze method preparation columanar structure Cu-Al-Mn marmems
Property feature, develop can meet precision instrument damping requirement with the anisotropic novel shock absorption device of function.
【Embodiment 1】
The Cu of width 50mm thickness 5mm is prepared using preparation technology of the present invention72Al18Mn10(at.%) alloy sheets, along parallel
Performance with vertical solidification direction is as shown in table 1, and 18%, yield strength are reached in parallel solidification direction super-elasticity recoverable strain
It is 228.5MPa, vertical solidification direction super-elasticity recoverable strain reaches 9%, and yield strength is 312.1MPa.Cut growth
The sheet material of 150mm, panel length direction is made damping device as shown in Figure 1 along solidification direction.Damping device maximum bearing pressure
It is 228MPa.
The columanar structure Cu of table 172Al18Mn10Alloy sheets are parallel and perpendicular to the performance parameter in solidification direction
【Embodiment 2】
The Cu of width 40mm thickness 4mm is prepared using preparation technology of the present invention72Al17Mn11(at.%) alloy sheets, along parallel
Performance with vertical solidification direction is as shown in table 2, and 16%, yield strength are reached in parallel solidification direction super-elasticity recoverable strain
It is 268.9MPa, vertical solidification direction super-elasticity recoverable strain reaches 8.5%, and yield strength is 349.3MPa.Cut growth
The sheet material of 130mm, panel length direction is made damping device as shown in Figure 1 along solidification direction.Damping device maximum bearing pressure
It is 268MPa.
The columanar structure Cu of table 272Al17Mn11Alloy sheets are parallel and perpendicular to the performance parameter in solidification direction
【Embodiment 3】
The Cu of width 50mm thickness 4mm is prepared using preparation technology of the present invention71Al20Mn9(at.%) alloy sheets, along parallel
Performance with vertical solidification direction is as shown in table 3, and 10%, yield strength are reached in parallel solidification direction super-elasticity recoverable strain
It is 298.9MPa, vertical solidification direction super-elasticity recoverable strain reaches 7.5%, and yield strength is 382.1MPa.Cut growth
The sheet material of 140mm, panel length direction is made damping device as shown in Figure 1 along solidification direction.Damping device maximum bearing pressure
It is 298MPa.
The columanar structure Cu of table 371Al20Mn9Alloy sheets are parallel and perpendicular to the performance parameter in solidification direction
【Embodiment 4】
The Cu of width 50mm thickness 3mm is prepared using preparation technology of the present invention72Al16Mn12(at.%) alloy sheets, along parallel
Performance with vertical solidification direction is as shown in table 4, and 14%, yield strength are reached in parallel solidification direction super-elasticity recoverable strain
It is 271.4MPa, vertical solidification direction super-elasticity recoverable strain reaches 7.8%, and yield strength is 361.4MPa.Cut growth
The sheet material of 150mm, panel length direction is made damping device as shown in Figure 1 along solidification direction.Damping device maximum bearing pressure
It is 271MPa.
The columanar structure Cu of table 472Al16Mn12Alloy sheets are parallel and perpendicular to the performance parameter in solidification direction
The damping device of present invention design is cheap except having common Cu base marmems damping device, and energy is inhaled
Receipts ability is strong, endurance, corrosion-resistant, and damping capacity is good, outside the excellent feature of self-resetting capability, has further the advantage that：
1) damping device has function anisotropy, i.e., more than 10% recoverable strain high can be provided in vertical,
Damping capacity is excellent, with good energy-absorbing, shock-absorbing function；And more than 7% higher can be provided in the horizontal direction and recovered
Strain, while playing energy-absorbing, cushioning effect, because sheet material thickness is to strength and stiffness higher, has damping device good
Anti- inclination, anti-swing function so that precision instrument keeps stabilization using, in mobile or transportation.
2) columanar structure Cu-Al-Mn marmems have super-elasticity high, and the super-elasticity parallel to solidification direction surpasses
10% is crossed, monocrystalline level is reached, is more than 3 times of common polycrystalline tissue alloy super-elasticity (~3%).It is vertical to solidify the super of direction
Elasticity, also above 7%, is more than 2 times of common polycrystalline tissue alloy super-elasticity (~3%).Remember compared to common polycrystalline tissue profile
Recall the damping device of alloy manufacture, damping device of the invention has more excellent damping energy absorption performance.
3) precision instrument that anisotropy Cu-Al-Mn marmems are made is high with damping device recoverable strain, residual
Remaining to answer step-down, high temperature resistant, persistence is high, simple structure, easy installation and removal.
4) anisotropy Cu-Al-Mn marmems integrate feature and structural, while realizing damping energy-absorbing
With supporting ＆ stablizing effect, design can be simplified, it is cost-effective.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of precision instrument Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy damping device producing methods, it is characterised in that methods described
Comprise the following steps that：
Step 1：With the electricity of the oxygen-free copper of purity more than 99.9%, the electrolytic aluminium of purity more than 99.9% and purity more than 99.9%
Xie Meng is raw material, and prealloy is prepared using electromagnetic induction vacuum smelting method, and alloy melting temp is 1300 DEG C, the type of cooling
It is air cooling, water quenching, obtains the uniform prealloy of composition；
Step 2：By prealloy after 1100 DEG C of refuses, insulation 20min, it is water cooled copper mould cooling, week to be poured into bottom
To in the graphite crystallizer that holding temperature is 1100 DEG C, alloy from bottom to top directional solidification forms columanar structure, process of setting
In thermograde be more than 7 DEG C/mm；
Step 3：After after alloy melt all solidification, ingot casting is taken out into water quenching when furnace cooling is to 800 DEG C or so；
Step 4：Ingot casting after quenching is reheated to air cooling or water quenching after 150 DEG C of timeliness 30 minutes；
Step 5：Design needs according to device, alloy cast ingot is cut into the sheet material of required size；
Step 6：Polylith alloy sheets are placed vertically and is overlapped in the horizontal direction, by alloy sheets group and workbench and base combination structure
Into precision instrument Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy damping devices.
2. damping device manufacture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that each material composition is in the step 1：
Al：16at.%~20at.%, Mn：9at.%~12at.%, remaining is Cu.
3. a kind of precision instrument Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy damping devices, the damping device includes：Workbench, damping
Component and base, the dampening assembly connect the workbench and the base, it is characterised in that the dampening assembly is by polylith
Constituted with strong anisotropic columanar structure Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate；The columanar structure Cu-Al-Mn shapes
Step 1-5 is obtained in shape memory alloys plate manufacture method as described in claim 1 or 2.
4. damping device according to claim 3, it is characterised in that the multiple Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate is erected
It is straight to place and overlap in the horizontal direction.
5. damping device according to claim 4, it is characterised in that the Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate solidification side
To parallel with vertical.
6. damping device according to claim 4, it is characterised in that the multiple Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate is folded
End face is closed to trim.
7. damping device according to claim 6, it is characterised in that on the multiple Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate
Endlap is closed end face and is connected with the workbench.
8. damping device according to claim 6, it is characterised in that under the multiple Cu-Al-Mn marmems plate
Endlap is closed end face and is connected with the base.
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| CN105369043B (en) * | 2015-10-23 | 2017-08-08 | 北京科技大学 | The high high martensitic traoformation limit stress marmem of super-elasticity and preparation method |
| CN105805227A (en) * | 2016-01-19 | 2016-07-27 | 南京航空航天大学 | Variable-frequency wire mesh rubber vibration isolator and manufacturing method of parts of rubber vibration isolator |
| CN106065914B (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2018-07-17 | 南京工业大学 | A kind of novel precise instrument vibration isolator |
| CN112483539A (en) * | 2020-10-19 | 2021-03-12 | 南京航空航天大学 | Intelligent elastic bearing and control method |
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| "the roles of grain orientation and grain boundary characteristics in the enhanced superelasticity of Cu71.8Al17.8Mn10.4 shape memory alloys";Ji-Li Liu;《Materials and Design》;20140810(第64期);第427-433页 * |
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| CN104963994A (en) | 2015-10-07 |
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