ZA945970B - Distillation column utilizing structured packing having varying crimp angle - Google Patents
Distillation column utilizing structured packing having varying crimp angleInfo
- Publication number
- ZA945970B ZA945970B ZA945970A ZA945970A ZA945970B ZA 945970 B ZA945970 B ZA 945970B ZA 945970 A ZA945970 A ZA 945970A ZA 945970 A ZA945970 A ZA 945970A ZA 945970 B ZA945970 B ZA 945970B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- distillation column
- structured packing
- crimp angle
- column utilizing
- utilizing structured
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/32—Packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit or module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/14—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column
- B01D3/32—Other features of fractionating columns ; Constructional details of fractionating columns not provided for in groups B01D3/16 - B01D3/30
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/42—Regulation; Control
- B01D3/4211—Regulation; Control of columns
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
- F25J3/04248—Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion
- F25J3/04284—Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion using internal refrigeration by open-loop gas work expansion, e.g. of intermediate or oxygen enriched (waste-)streams
- F25J3/0429—Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion using internal refrigeration by open-loop gas work expansion, e.g. of intermediate or oxygen enriched (waste-)streams of feed air, e.g. used as waste or product air or expanded into an auxiliary column
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
- F25J3/04406—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using a dual pressure main column system
- F25J3/04412—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using a dual pressure main column system in a classical double column flowsheet, i.e. with thermal coupling by a main reboiler-condenser in the bottom of low pressure respectively top of high pressure column
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
- F25J3/04642—Recovering noble gases from air
- F25J3/04648—Recovering noble gases from air argon
- F25J3/04654—Producing crude argon in a crude argon column
- F25J3/04666—Producing crude argon in a crude argon column as a parallel working rectification column of the low pressure column in a dual pressure main column system
- F25J3/04672—Producing crude argon in a crude argon column as a parallel working rectification column of the low pressure column in a dual pressure main column system having a top condenser
- F25J3/04678—Producing crude argon in a crude argon column as a parallel working rectification column of the low pressure column in a dual pressure main column system having a top condenser cooled by oxygen enriched liquid from high pressure column bottoms
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
- F25J3/04763—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
- F25J3/04866—Construction and layout of air fractionation equipments, e.g. valves, machines
- F25J3/04896—Details of columns, e.g. internals, inlet/outlet devices
- F25J3/04909—Structured packings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
- F25J3/04763—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
- F25J3/04866—Construction and layout of air fractionation equipments, e.g. valves, machines
- F25J3/04896—Details of columns, e.g. internals, inlet/outlet devices
- F25J3/04915—Combinations of different material exchange elements, e.g. within different columns
- F25J3/04921—Combinations of different material exchange elements, e.g. within different columns within the same column
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
- B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
- B01J2219/32203—Sheets
- B01J2219/3221—Corrugated sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
- B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
- B01J2219/32203—Sheets
- B01J2219/32213—Plurality of essentially parallel sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
- B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
- B01J2219/32203—Sheets
- B01J2219/32224—Sheets characterised by the orientation of the sheet
- B01J2219/32227—Vertical orientation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
- B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
- B01J2219/32203—Sheets
- B01J2219/32255—Other details of the sheets
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2215/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the product stream
- F25J2215/40—Air or oxygen enriched air, i.e. generally less than 30mol% of O2
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S62/00—Refrigeration
- Y10S62/902—Apparatus
- Y10S62/905—Column
- Y10S62/906—Packing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S62/00—Refrigeration
- Y10S62/923—Inert gas
- Y10S62/924—Argon
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
- Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/122,950 US5419136A (en) | 1993-09-17 | 1993-09-17 | Distillation column utilizing structured packing having varying crimp angle |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ZA945970B true ZA945970B (en) | 1995-06-12 |
Family
ID=22405855
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ZA945970A ZA945970B (en) | 1993-09-17 | 1994-08-09 | Distillation column utilizing structured packing having varying crimp angle |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5419136A (xx) |
EP (1) | EP0644389B1 (xx) |
JP (1) | JP3623811B2 (xx) |
KR (1) | KR0126614B1 (xx) |
AU (1) | AU683077B2 (xx) |
CA (1) | CA2129917C (xx) |
DE (1) | DE69416222T2 (xx) |
FI (1) | FI944303A (xx) |
NO (1) | NO943209L (xx) |
NZ (1) | NZ264186A (xx) |
TW (1) | TW252925B (xx) |
ZA (1) | ZA945970B (xx) |
Families Citing this family (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1091646C (zh) * | 1994-10-04 | 2002-10-02 | 普莱克斯技术有限公司 | 用于精炼系统的高容量结构填料 |
WO1997002890A1 (de) * | 1995-07-08 | 1997-01-30 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Druckverlustarme gewebepackungen oder gewebeähnliche packungen mit geordneter struktur zur verwendung in stoffaustauschkolonnen und verfahren zur rektifikation unter verwendung dieser packungen |
DE19615886C1 (de) * | 1996-04-22 | 1997-07-31 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von rohem Dimethylterephthalat |
US5876638A (en) * | 1996-05-14 | 1999-03-02 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Structured packing element with bi-directional surface texture and a mass and heat transfer process using such packing element |
US5730000A (en) * | 1996-05-14 | 1998-03-24 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Structured packing element and a mass and heat transfer process using such packing element |
US5644932A (en) * | 1996-05-21 | 1997-07-08 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Use of structured packing in a multi-sectioned air seperation unit |
US5934106A (en) * | 1998-01-27 | 1999-08-10 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Apparatus and method for producing nitrogen |
US5950455A (en) * | 1998-04-01 | 1999-09-14 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Cryogenic air separation system for feed air flow disturbances |
US5921109A (en) * | 1998-10-21 | 1999-07-13 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Method for operating a cryogenic rectification column |
US6357728B1 (en) | 1999-03-15 | 2002-03-19 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Optimal corrugated structured packing |
US6475349B1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2002-11-05 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Distillation column and method for promoting a uniform vapor flow |
US6212907B1 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2001-04-10 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Method for operating a cryogenic rectification column |
US6314756B1 (en) * | 2000-09-07 | 2001-11-13 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Structured packing with asymmetric crimp pattern |
US6321567B1 (en) | 2000-10-06 | 2001-11-27 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Structured packing system for reduced distillation column height |
FR2854579B1 (fr) * | 2003-05-09 | 2005-06-17 | Air Liquide | Installation de distillation comprenant des colonnes a garnissages structures ondules-croises et procede d'augmentation de capacite d'une installation de distillation |
US20090101546A1 (en) * | 2007-10-22 | 2009-04-23 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Distillation tower construction and operation |
US8191386B2 (en) * | 2008-02-14 | 2012-06-05 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Distillation method and apparatus |
US20090241595A1 (en) * | 2008-03-27 | 2009-10-01 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Distillation method and apparatus |
FR2929532B1 (fr) * | 2008-04-07 | 2010-12-31 | Air Liquide | Colonne a garnissage d'echange de chaleur et/ou matiere |
US8448463B2 (en) * | 2009-03-26 | 2013-05-28 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Cryogenic rectification method |
US8262787B2 (en) * | 2010-06-09 | 2012-09-11 | Uop Llc | Configuration of contacting zones in vapor liquid contacting apparatuses |
FR2973486B1 (fr) * | 2011-03-31 | 2013-05-03 | Air Liquide | Procede de separation d'air par distillation cryogenique |
US9956528B2 (en) | 2014-09-15 | 2018-05-01 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Energy-efficient conductive-gap membrane distillation |
FR3074058A1 (fr) * | 2017-11-27 | 2019-05-31 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Methode amelioree de dimensionnement d'une colonne de regeneration d'une unite de captage de gaz acide ou de traitement de gaz |
DE102018001959A1 (de) * | 2018-03-10 | 2019-09-12 | Florian Frey | Thermisches Trennverfahren zur Anreicherung von Cannabinoiden |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5100448A (en) * | 1990-07-20 | 1992-03-31 | Union Carbide Industrial Gases Technology Corporation | Variable density structured packing cryogenic distillation system |
FR2675568B1 (fr) * | 1991-04-19 | 1993-07-16 | Air Liquide | Procede de separation cryogenique de melanges contenant de l'oxygene et garnissages organises pour la mise en óoeuvre de ce procede. |
DE4224068A1 (de) * | 1992-03-20 | 1993-09-23 | Linde Ag | Verfahren zur tieftemperaturzerlegung von luft und luftzerlegungsanlage |
-
1993
- 1993-09-17 US US08/122,950 patent/US5419136A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-08-05 NZ NZ264186A patent/NZ264186A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-08-09 ZA ZA945970A patent/ZA945970B/xx unknown
- 1994-08-11 CA CA002129917A patent/CA2129917C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-08-18 DE DE69416222T patent/DE69416222T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-18 EP EP94306097A patent/EP0644389B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-30 NO NO943209A patent/NO943209L/no unknown
- 1994-09-15 AU AU72993/94A patent/AU683077B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-09-16 KR KR1019940023492A patent/KR0126614B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-09-16 JP JP22190794A patent/JP3623811B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-09-16 FI FI944303A patent/FI944303A/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-09-17 TW TW083107198A patent/TW252925B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0644389A1 (en) | 1995-03-22 |
NZ264186A (en) | 1998-03-25 |
DE69416222T2 (de) | 1999-06-02 |
JP3623811B2 (ja) | 2005-02-23 |
AU683077B2 (en) | 1997-10-30 |
FI944303A0 (fi) | 1994-09-16 |
NO943209D0 (no) | 1994-08-30 |
NO943209L (no) | 1995-03-20 |
TW252925B (xx) | 1995-08-01 |
CA2129917A1 (en) | 1995-03-18 |
DE69416222D1 (de) | 1999-03-11 |
KR950007913A (ko) | 1995-04-15 |
JPH07151457A (ja) | 1995-06-16 |
FI944303A (fi) | 1995-03-18 |
AU7299394A (en) | 1995-03-30 |
KR0126614B1 (ko) | 1997-12-26 |
EP0644389B1 (en) | 1999-01-27 |
US5419136A (en) | 1995-05-30 |
CA2129917C (en) | 1999-03-16 |
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