ZA200206962B - Crystalline pharmaceutical. - Google Patents
Crystalline pharmaceutical. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200206962B ZA200206962B ZA200206962A ZA200206962A ZA200206962B ZA 200206962 B ZA200206962 B ZA 200206962B ZA 200206962 A ZA200206962 A ZA 200206962A ZA 200206962 A ZA200206962 A ZA 200206962A ZA 200206962 B ZA200206962 B ZA 200206962B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- lopinavir
- type
- solid state
- crystal form
- peak
- Prior art date
Links
- 229960004525 lopinavir Drugs 0.000 claims description 394
- KJHKTHWMRKYKJE-SUGCFTRWSA-N Kaletra Chemical compound N1([C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C[C@H](O)[C@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)NC(=O)COC=2C(=CC=CC=2C)C)CC=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCNC1=O KJHKTHWMRKYKJE-SUGCFTRWSA-N 0.000 claims description 393
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 143
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 67
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 284
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 154
- 235000019439 ethyl acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 52
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 48
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 43
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 39
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 30
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 27
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 27
- 238000004476 mid-IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 21
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 238000000892 gravimetry Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 18
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 13
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000012453 solvate Substances 0.000 description 10
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 8
- NCDNCNXCDXHOMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ritonavir Natural products C=1C=CC=CC=1CC(NC(=O)OCC=1SC=NC=1)C(O)CC(CC=1C=CC=CC=1)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)N(C)CC1=CSC(C(C)C)=N1 NCDNCNXCDXHOMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- -1 amorphous Chemical compound 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229960000311 ritonavir Drugs 0.000 description 7
- NCDNCNXCDXHOMX-XGKFQTDJSA-N ritonavir Chemical compound N([C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C[C@H](O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)NC(=O)OCC=1SC=NC=1)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N(C)CC1=CSC(C(C)C)=N1 NCDNCNXCDXHOMX-XGKFQTDJSA-N 0.000 description 7
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 208000031886 HIV Infections Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 208000037357 HIV infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 5
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001938 differential scanning calorimetry curve Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 208000033519 human immunodeficiency virus infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002685 Polyoxyl 35CastorOil Polymers 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007903 gelatin capsule Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCCC2=C1 CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001757 thermogravimetry curve Methods 0.000 description 3
- BHKKSKOHRFHHIN-MRVPVSSYSA-N 1-[[2-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]-4-chlorophenyl]methyl]-2-sulfanylidene-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one Chemical compound N[C@H](C)C1=C(CN2C(NC(C3=C2C=CN3)=O)=S)C=CC(=C1)Cl BHKKSKOHRFHHIN-MRVPVSSYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LMDZBCPBFSXMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide Chemical compound CCN=C=NCCCN(C)C LMDZBCPBFSXMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XHLHPRDBBAGVEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-tetralone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)CCCC2=C1 XHLHPRDBBAGVEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910002483 Cu Ka Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 108010010369 HIV Protease Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000725303 Human immunodeficiency virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000005004 MAS NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical group CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940095564 anhydrous calcium sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000012296 anti-solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acetate Chemical compound CCCCOC(C)=O DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N caprylic alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N decalin Chemical compound C1CCCC2CCCCC21 NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004030 hiv protease inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoamylol Chemical compound CC(C)CCO PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JMMWKPVZQRWMSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopropanol acetate Natural products CC(C)OC(C)=O JMMWKPVZQRWMSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940011051 isopropyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N isovaleric acid Chemical compound CC(C)CC(O)=O GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triacetin Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(OC(C)=O)COC(C)=O URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEDUAINPPJYDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxybenzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(O)=NC2=C1 YEDUAINPPJYDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MSXVEPNJUHWQHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbutan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)O MSXVEPNJUHWQHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XKIRHOWVQWCYBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethylpentan-3-ol Chemical compound CCC(O)(CC)CC XKIRHOWVQWCYBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940122440 HIV protease inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)=O NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Natural products CCC(C)C(C)=O UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004365 Protease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102100037486 Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001632 barium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004320 controlled atmosphere Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013773 glyceryl triacetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000887 hydrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NPZTUJOABDZTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxybenzotriazole Substances O=C1C=CC=C2NNN=C12 NPZTUJOABDZTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002479 isosorbide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001208 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940020848 ritonavir 33.3 mg Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003419 rna directed dna polymerase inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010583 slow cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007905 soft elastic gelatin capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002622 triacetin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003828 vacuum filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Description
o . -
Crystalline Pharmaceutical
This invention relates to novel crystalline forms of (2S,3S,55)-2-(2,6- dimethylphenoxyacetyl)amino-3-hydroxy-5-(2-(1-tetrahydropyrimid-2-onyl)-3- methylbutanoyl)amino-1,6-diphenylhexane (also known as lopinavir) and methods for their preparation. The novel crystalline forms of the invention can be used to purify or isolate lopinavir or for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the administration of lopinavir.
Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease have been approved for use in the treatment of HIV infection for several years. A particularly effective and recently approved HIV protease inhibitor is (2S,3S,5S)-2-(-2,6- dimethylphenoxyacetyl)-amino-3-hydroxy-5-(2-(1-tetrahydropyrimid-2-onyl)-3- methylbutanoyl)amino-1,6-diphenylhexane (also known as lopinavir). "a
WQ 01/74787 PCT/US01/00112 - CHs jo wf oI 0 a
J N T
: or © ) 1 ) HaC CH
Lopinavir
Lopinavir is known to have utility for the inhibition of HIV protease and the inhibition of HIV infection. Lopinavir is particularly effective for the inhibition of
HIV protease and for the inhibition of HIV infection when coadministered with ritonavir. Lopinavir, when combined with ritonavir, is also particularly effective for the inhibition of HIV infection when used in combination with one or more reverse transcriptase inhibitors and/or one or more other HIV protease inhibitors.
Lopinavir and processes for its preparation are disclosed in U.S. Patent
No. 5,914,332, issued June 22, 1999, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. This patent also discloses processes for preparing amorphous lopinavir.
Pharmaceutical compositions comprising lopinavir or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,914,332, issued June 22, 1999; U.S. Patent Application No. 08/966,495, filed November 7, 1997; U.S.
Provisional Application for Patent No. 60/177,020, filed January 19, 2000 and
U.S. Patent Application No. 09/487,739, filed January 19, 2000, all of whichare . hereby incorporated herein by reference. u It has now been unexpectedly discovered that lopinavir can be prepared : and isolated as each of a number of crystal forms.
. Brief Description of the Drawings y FIG. 1 is the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir.
FIG. 2 is the 100 MHz solid state "°C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir.
FIG. 3 is the solid state FT near infrared spectrum of the Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir.
FIG. 4 is the solid state FT mid infrared spectrum of the Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir.
FIG. 5 is the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of a Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 6 is the 100 MHz solid state °C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a
Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 7 is the solid state FT near infrared spectrum of a Type | higher hydrated « crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 8 is the solid state FT mid infrared spectrum of a Type | higher hydrated . crystal form of lopinauvir. ) FIG. 9 is the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum of the Type Il isopropanol hemisolvate crystal form of lopinavir. ‘
FIG. 10 is the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum of the Type Il isopropanol solvate crystal form of lopinavir having about 2% solvent by thermal gravimetry.
FIG. 11 is the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum of the Type Il ethyl acetate hemisolvate crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 12 is the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum of the Type Il ethyl acetate solvate crystal form of lopinavir having less than .5 moles of ethyl acetate per 2 moles of lopinavir by thermal gravimetry.
FIG. 13 is the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum of the Type Il chloroform hemisolvate crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 14 is the solid state FT near infrared spectrum of the Type || isopropanol hemisolvate crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 15 is the solid state FT near infrared spectrum of the Type Il isopropanol solvate crystal form of lopinavir having about 2% solvent by thermal gravimetry. } FIG. 16 is the solid state FT near infrared spectrum of the Type Il ethyl acetate hemisolvate crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 17 is the solid state FT near infrared spectrum of the Type Il ethyl acetate : solvate crystal form of lopinavir having less than .5 moles of ethyl acetate per 2 moles of lopinavir by thermal gravimetry.
FIG. 18 is the solid state FT near infrared spectrum of the Type Il chloroform hemisolvate crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 19 is the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum of the Type lll ethyl acetate solvated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 20 is the solid state FT near infrared spectrum of the Type Ill ethyl acetate solvated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 21 is the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum of the Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 22 is the solid state FT near infrared spectrum of the Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 23 is the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG 24 is the 100 MHz solid state "°C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir.
. FIG. 25 is the differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) thermogram for the Type Ili desolvated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 26 is the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum of the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 27 is the solid state FT near infrared spectrum of the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 28 is the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG 29 is the 100 MHz solid state **C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 30 is the differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) thermogram for the Type
IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir.
FIG. 31 is the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the Type Ill solvated (ethyl acetate) crystal form of lopinavir.
In accordance with the present invention, there are novel crystal forms of - (2S,3S,58)-2-(2,6-dimethylphenoxyacetyl)amino-3-hydroxy-5~(2-(1- tetrahydropyrimid-2-onyl)-3-methylbutanoyl)amino-1,6-diphenylhexane (lopinavir).
In one embodiment of the present invention there are hydrated crystal . forms of lopinavir. For the sake of identification, the hydrated crystal forms are designated as Type |. The Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir comprise : from about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir to about 2 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir.
The Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir are useful in the purification or isolation of lopinavir during the final steps of the process for preparing lopinavir and in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for administering lopinavir.
The Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir is hygroscopic. Therefore, unless maintained under conditions of about 0% relative humidity, the Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprises greater than 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir. If a Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir is dehydrated to below about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir, amorphous lopinavir is obtained. :
While the Type | crystal forms of lopinavir comprising 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir and about 2 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir represent the lower and upper ranges, respectively, of water of solvation observed for crystalline Type | hydrated forms of lopinavir, water content of the crystal form may vary within this range depending on the temperature and water content of the environment of the crystal form. The term “Type I higher hydrated crystal form” will be used herein to refer fo the Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir comprising from greater than 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir up to about 2 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir. Preferably, the Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprises from about 0.75 to about 1.9 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir. More preferably, the
Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprises from about 1.0 to about 1.8 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir.
In a preferred embodiment, the Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir are substantially pure, relative to other forms of lopinavir, including amorphous, solvated forms, non-solvated and desolvated forms.
It has been found that the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum is a means of characterizing the Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir and differentiating the hydrated crystal forms from other crystal forms of lopinavir.
The Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir) have the characteristic solid state
FT mid-infrared bands shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows the range of peak positions for each of 17 characteristic mid-infrared bands in the solid state FT mid-IR spectrum of Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir. This means that any Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir will have a peak at a position within the range (minimum to maximum) for each of peaks shown in Table 1.
Most characteristic of the Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir) arethe positions of the solid state FT mid-infrared bands for the amide bond carbonyl stretching. These bands are located within the ranges 1652-1666 cm” and 1606- 1615 cm” for the Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir. Any Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir) will have a peak at a position within the range 1652-1666 cm and a peak at a position within the range 1606-1615 cm.
The Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir) are further characterized by a solid state infrared peak at a position within each of the ranges 778-783 cm, 765-769 cm, 755-759 cm” and 738-742 cm”.
Table 1 . Ranges of Peak Positions for Solid State FT Mid-IR Bands for Type
Hydrated Crystal Forms of Lopinavir
Minimum Maximum Intensity* em oem’ 000000 3495 3505 W/absent 3371 3386 S/IMS 3281 3299 MS 3058 3064 Ww 3024 3031 Ww 2958 2967 M 2926 2938 WwW 2868 2875 Ww 1652 1666 VS 1606 1615 SIMS 1524 1532 S 1450 1456 MS 1404 1410 W/VW 1304 1311 MS 1187 1197 MS 1089 1094 M 1048 1056 Ww * W = weak; M = moderate; MS = moderately strong; S = strong; VS = very stong
The Type | crystal form of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir has the powder X-ray diffraction pattern which appears in FIG. 1. The Type | crystal form of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 . molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir has the solid state 3C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, FT near infrared spectrum and FT mid infrared spectrum which appear in FIG. 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The sample from which the infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained may contain somewhat more than 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir due to the hygroscopicity of the crystal form when the level of hydration is about 0.5 moleclues of water per molecule of lopinavir.
The two-theta angle positions of characteristic peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type | hydrated crystal forms of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir) as shown in FIG. 1 are: 7.25° + 0.1°, 8.53° + 0.1°, 10.46° + 0.1°, 11.05° + 0.1°, 11.71° £ 0.1°, 14.76° £ 0.1°, 15.30° + 0.1°, 16.67° + 0.1°, 17.32° £ 0.1°, 19.10° + 0.1°, 19.57° + 0.1°, 21.24° + 0.1°, 21.84° + 0.1° and 22.46° + 0.1°.
The Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir can be prepared from the Type hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprising greater than 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir by dehydrating at 0% relative humidity. If dehydration continues beyond the stage of the hemihydrate, amorphous lopinavir is obtained.
The Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir can be prepared from solution or suspension in water or from solutions in mixtures of water and water miscible organic solvents. Examples of water miscible organic solvents include C1-C4 alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and the like; acetonitrile; and the like. In the mixtures of water and water miscible organic solvents, the amount of water can vary from about 10% by volume to about 90% by volume (preferably, from about
40% to about 60% by volume). In a preferred method, the Type | higher hydrated . crystal form of lopinavir can be prepared by crystallization of hydrated lopinavir from a warm solution in a mixture of water and ethanol, followed by extended ’ exposure to an elevated relative humidity environment. in addition, the Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir can be prepared by hydrating the Type | hemihydrate crystal form of lopinavir at elevated relative humidity (for example, at relative humidity of about 20% or more).
The Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir has the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, solid state 3¢ nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, solid state FT near infrared spectrum and solid state FT mid infrared spectrum which appear in FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8, respectively.
The two-theta angle positions of characteristic peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir) as shown in FIG. 5 are: 3.89° + 0.1°, 6.55° + 0.1°, 7.76° + 0.1°, 8.55° + 0.1°, 9.70° + 0.1°, 10.56° + 0.1°, 14.76° + 0.1°, 15.57° + 0.1°, 18.30° + 0.1°, 18.95° + 0.1° and ~22.74° + 0.1°.
More preferably, the Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir) is characterized by peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern having two-theta angle positions as shown in FIG. 5 of: 3.89° + 0.1°, 6.55° + 0.1°, 7.76° + 0.1°, 8.55° + 0.1°, 9.70° £ 0.1°, 10.56° + 0.1°, 14.76° + 0.1°, 15.06° + 0.1°, 15.57° + 0.1°, 16.49° + 0.1°, 17.51° + 0.1°, 18.30° £ 0.1°, 18.95° + 0.1°, 21.73° + 0.1° and 22.74° + 0.1°.
The single crystal X-ray parameters and experimental details for the Type higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir are as follows.
Single Crystal X-ray Parameters and Experimental Details for the Type . Higher Hydrated Crystal Form of Lopinavir :
Experimental Details ” Crystal Data
Crystal System Monoclinic
Lattice Parameters a=46.922 (2) A b = 13.9945 (4) A c=11.7231 (4) A : B=105.605 (1) °
V=74142 (4) AS
Space Group C2(#5)
Z Value 8
Dealc 1.19 g/em®
Intensity Measurements
Diffractometer Bruker SMART
Radiation Mo Ka (A = 0.7107 A)
Temperature ambient max 46.6°
Correction Lorentz-polarization
Number of Reflections Measured Total: 27795
Structure Solution and Refinement
Number of Observations (1>3.0 a(1)) 5368
Number of Variables 932
Reflections/Parameter Ratio 5.76
Residuals: R;R,, 0.107; 0.128
In two further embodiments of the present invention there are solvated crystal forms of lopinavir. Based on single crystal X-ray structure determination, the first embodiment of the solvated crystal forms of lopinavir involves a crystal } structure in which stacks of lopinavir molecules are held together by hydrogen bond interactions and aligned along the short crystallographic axis. The solvent molecules play no role in the hydrogen bonding, but simply fill pockets that exist between the stacks of lopinavir molecules. For the sake of identification, the solvated crystal forms of lopinavir of this embodiment are designated as Type II.
Based on single crystal X-ray structure determination, the second embodiment of the solvated crystal forms of lopinavir involves a crystal structure in which the molecules of lopinavir are hydrogen bonded in sheets. The sheets of hydrogen bonded lopinavir molecules are wrinkled, producing channels that are occupied by varying amounts of solvent molecules. The solvent molecules play no role in the hydrogen bonding of the second embodiment of solvated crystal forms of lopinavir. For the sake of identification, the solvated crystal forms of lopinavir of this embodiment are designated as Type Ill.
Type ll
The Type ll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir are useful for the purification or isolation of lopinavir during the final steps of the process for preparing lopinavir.
The Type ll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir are particularly useful for obtaining crystalline lopinavir which is free from, or has greatly reduced amounts of, a variety of the impurities that result during the process for preparing lopinavir.
The Type ll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir are typically hemisolvates. ) In other words, for every asymmetric unit of the crystal there are two molecules of lopinavir and one molecule of solvent. Lower levels of solvation are also : possible. The Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir can be partially desolvated by drying under vacuum with heating. However, if more than about . 75% of the maximum allowable solvent (maximum allowable is hemisolvated) is removed, amorphous lopinavir is obtained. Therefore, the Type Il solvated ’ crystal forms of lopinavir comprise from about 0.125 molecules of solvent per molecule of lopinavir to about 0.5 molecules of solvent per molecule of lopinavir.
The Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir comprise relatively small polar organic solvents. Examples of such relatively small polar organic solvents include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, t-butanol, n-amyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, t-pentanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, methylene chloride, propylene glycol, methylethyl ketone, dimethylsulfoxide and the like.
In a preferred embodiment, the Type |] solvated crystal forms of lopinavir are substantially pure, relative to other forms of lopinavir, incuding amorphous, hydrated forms, other solvated forms, non-solvated and desolvated forms.
It has been found that the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum is a means for characterizing the Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir and differentiating the Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir from other crystal forms of lopinavir.
The Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type ll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) have the characteristic solid state
FT mid-infrared bands shown in Table 2. Table 2 shows the range of peak positions for each of the 18 characteristic mid-infrared bands in the solid state FT mid-IR spectrum of Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir. This means that any Type Il solvated crystal form of lopinavir will have a peak at a position within the range (minimum to maximum) for each of the peaks shown in Table 2.
Most characteristic of the Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) are the positions of the solid state FT mid-infrared bands for the amide bond carbonyl : stretching. These bands are located within the ranges 1661-1673 em, 1645-
1653 cm” and 1619-1629 cm for the Type ll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir. } Any Type ll solvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure
Type ll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) will have a peak at a position within the range 1661-1673 cm, a peak at a position within the range 1645-1653 cm and a peak at a position within the range 1619-1629 cm.
The Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type ll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) are further characterized by a solid state infrared peak at a position within each of the ranges : 776-781 cm’, 767-771 cm, 747-758 cm™' and 742-746 cm’.
Table 2
Ranges of Peak Positions for Solid State FT Mid-IR Bands for Type Ii
Solvated Crystal Forms of Lopinavir
Minimum Maximum Intensity* cm”! cm” 3391 3415 M 3324 3340 MS 3057 3063 WwW 3023 3029 Ww 2961 2970 M 2913 2938 Ww 2866 2879 Ww 1661 1673 S 1645 1653 S 1619 1629 VS 1540 1548 MS 1514 1522 S 1450 1456 MS 1418 1426 M 1302 1309 M 1181 1193 MS 1089 1095 M 1045 1056 Ww * W = weak; M = moderate; MS = moderately strong; S = strong; VS = very strong
The solid state FT mid-infrared spectra of Type ll solvated crystal forms of . lopinavir (isopropanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) appear in FIGS. 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13. The solid state FT near infrared spectra of Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir (isopropanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) appear in FIGS. 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18.
The Type ll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir can be prepared by suspending excess solid lopinavir in the solvent and allowing the suspension to equilibrate over time. The Type Il solvated crystal form of lopinavir is then isolated by filtration.
The Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir can aiso be prepared by cooling a supersaturated solution of lopinavir in the solvent, with or without the addition of seed crystals. The Type ll solvated crystal form of lopinavir is then isolated by filtration.
The Type ll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir can also be prepared by allowing slow evaporation of the solvent from a solution of lopinavir. The Type il solvated crystal form of lopinavir is then isolated by filtration.
The Type ll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir can also be prepared by slowly adding an antisolvent to a heated solution of lopinavir in the solvent, thereby inducing crystallization. The Type Il solvated crystal form of lopinavir is then isolated by filtration.
The single crystal X-ray parameters and experimental details for the Type
Il ethyl acetate hemisolvate crystal form of lopinavir and the Type II chloroform hemisolvate crystal form of lopinavir are as follows.
Single Crystal X-ray Parameters and Experimental Details for the Type i}
Ethyl Acetate Hemisolvate Crystal Form of Lopinavir
Experimental Detals
Crystal Data
Crystal System Monoclinic
Lattice Parameters a=11.3456 (1) A oo b = 33.9490 (2) A c=9.8641 (2) A p=89.930 (1) °
V = 3799.37 (7) A®
Space Group P2,(#4)
Z Value 4
Deal 1.18 glem®
Intensity Measurements
Diffractometer Bruker SMART
Radiation Mo Ka (1 = 0.7107 A)
Temperature ambient max 46.7°
Correction Lorentz-polarization
Number of Reflections Measured Total: 14824
Unique: 5211
Structure Solution and Refinement
Number of Observations (1>3.0 o(l)) 4411
Number of Variables 882
Reflections/Parameter Ratio 5.0
Residuals: RR, 0.104; 0.099
. Single Crystal X-ray Parameters and Experimental Details for the Type ll
Chloroform Hemisolvate Crystal Form of Lopinavir
Experimental Details
Crystal Data
Crystal System Orthorhombic
Lattice Parameters a=9.7703 (51) A b=33.410(2) A c= 11.4874 (6) A
V = 3749.8 (3) A
Space Group P2,2,2(#18)
Z Value 4 :
Dealc 1.22 glem® intensity Measurements
Diffractometer Bruker SMART
Radiation Mo Ka (1 = 0.7107 A)
Temperature ambient max 46.6°
Correction Lorentz-polarization
Number of Reflections Measured Total: 14960
Unique: 4359
Structure Solution and Refinement
Number of Observations (1>3.0 o(l)) 4234
Number of Variables 438 : Reflections/Parameter Ratio 9.67
Residuals: R;R, 0.094; 0.104
. Type lll
The Type lll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir are useful in the purification or isolation of lopinavir during the final steps of the process for preparing lopinavir.
The Type Ill solvated crystal forms of lopinavir are particularly useful for obtaining crystalline lopinavir which is free from, or has greatly reduced amounts of, a variety of the impurities that result during the process for preparing lopinavir.
The Type lll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir are the thermodynamically stable crystal forms isolated from solvents that generally comprise hydrophobic organic solvents or solvents too large to fit within the crystal lattice of the Type Il solvated crystal forms of lopinavir. The Type Ill solvated crystal forms of lopinavir comprise solvents including n-hexanol, n-octanol, 3-ethyl-3-pentanol, polyethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, glycerol triacetate, acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 2,4-dimethylpentanone, alpha- tetralone, methyl t-butyl ether, 2,2 4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, isosorbide dimethyl! ether, toluene, tetralin, nitrobenzene, p-xylene, sulfolane, hexane, heptane, decalin, oleic acid and the like.
In a preferred embodiment, the Type lll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir are substantially pure, relative to other forms of lopinavir, incuding amorphous, hydrated forms, other solvated forms, non-solvated and desolvated forms.
It has been found that the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum is a means for characterizing the Type Iii solvated forms of lopinavir and differentiating the
Type lll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir from other crystal forms of lopinavir.
The Type lll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type lll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) have the characteristic solid state
FT mid-infrared bands shown in Table 3. Table 3 shows the range of peak ‘ positions for each of the 16 characteristic mid-infrared bands in the solid state FT mid-IR spectrum of Type lll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir. This means that : any Type lll solvated crystal form of lopinavir will have a peak at a position within the range (minimum to maximum) for each of the peaks shown in Table 3. ’ Most characteristic of the Type li solvated crystal forms of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type Ill solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) are the positions of the solid state FT mid-infrared bands for the amide bond carbonyl stretching. A band is located within the range 1655-1662 cm’ for the Type Ill . solvated crystal forms of lopinavir. Frequently, a second band is located within ~ therange 1636-1647 cm’ for the Type Ill solvated crystal forms of lopinavir.
However, in some instances the second band (in the range 1636-1647 em) appears as a shoulder on the first band or is not well enough resolved from the first band to be distinguishable as a second band. Any Type lll solvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type Ill solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) will have a peak at a position within the range 1655-1662 cm’ and may also have a peak at a position within the range 1636-1647 em.
The Type lll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type lll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) are further characterized by a solid state infrared peak at a position within each of the ranges 772-776 cm", 766-770 cm” and 743-747 cm.
The two-theta angle positions of characteristic peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the Type lll solvated (ethyl acetate) crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type lll solvated (ethyl! acetate) crystal form of lopinavir) as shown in FIG. 31 are: 4.85° + 0.1°, 6.52° + 0.1°, 7.32° £ 0.1°, 12.82° + 0.1°, 12.96° + 0.1°, 16.49° + 0.1° and 19.31° x 0.1°. }
Table 3 . Ranges of Peak Positions for Solid State FT Mid-IR Bands for Type lil
Solvated and Desolvated Crystal Forms of Lopinavir
Minimum Maximum Intensity* cm” cm’! 3394 3405 S 3278 3302 MS 3061 3071 WwW 3024 3033 Ww 2954 2965 M 2924 2939 WwW 2853 2872 w 1655 1662 VS 1636 1647 S 1517 1525 S 1501 1513 MS 1450 1455 MS 1300 1309 MS 1193 1200 MS 1090 1098 Ww 1051 1057 M * W = weak; M = moderate; MS = moderately strong; S = strong; VS = very strong
The solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum of the Type Ill ethyl acetate solvated crystal form of lopinavir appears in FIG. 19. The solid state FT near infrared spectrum of the Type lll ethyl acetate solvated crystal form of lopinavir p appears in FIG. 20.
The Type Ill solvated crystal forms of lopinavir can be prepared by ‘ suspending excess solid lopinavir in the solvent and allowing the suspension to equilibrate over time. The Type Ili solvated crystal form of lopinavir is then isolated by filtration.
The Type lll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir can also be prepared by cooling a supersaturated solution of lopinavir in the solvent, with or without the addition of seed crystals. The Type lll solvated crystal form of lopinavir is then isolated by filtration.
The Type lll solvated crystal forms of lopinavir can also be prepared by allowing slow evaporation of the solvent from a solution of lopinavir. The Type lll solvated crystal form of lopinavir is then isolated by filtration.
The Type Ill solvated crystal forms of lopinavir can also be prepared by slowly adding an antisolvent to a heated solution of lopinavir in the solvent, thereby inducing crystallization. The Type Ill solvated crystal form of lopinavir is then isolated by filtration.
Single Crystal X-ray Parameters and Experimental Details for the Type Ill . Ethyl Acetate Solvated Crystal Form of Lopinavir ) Experimental Details
Crystal Data
Crystal System Orthorhombic
Lattice Parameters a=23.961(9) A b=27.58 (1) A c=11.967 (4) A
V = 7907 (5) A®
Space Group C222,(#20)
Z Value 8
Intensity Measurements
Diffractometer Rigaku AFC5R
Radiation Cu Ka (A= 1.54178 A)
Temperature ambient ax 120.2°
Correction Lorentz-polarization
Absorption (trans. Factors: 0.87-1.00)
Number of Reflections Measured Total: 6520
Unique: 6520
Structure Solution and Refinement
Number of Observations (1>3.0 o(1)) 2154
Number of Variables 443 } Reflections/Parameter Ratio 4.86
Residuals: R;R,, 0.096; 0.093
One example of a Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir has been . prepared from acetonitrile. From all other solvents it has not been possible to prepare a fully desolvated Type Ill crystal form of lopinavir.
The Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir is useful in the purification or isolation of lopinavir and in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for administering lopinavir.
It has been found that the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum is a means for characterizing the Type lll desolvated form of lopinavir and differentiating the
Type lll desolvated crystal forms of lopinavir from other crystal forms of lopinavir, except the Type lll solvated crystal form.
The Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir) also has the characteristic solid state FT mid-infrared bands shown in Table 3. Table 3 shows the range of peak positions for each of the 16 characteristic mid-infrared bands in the solid state FT mid-IR spectrum of Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir. This means that the Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir will have a peak at a position within the range (minimum to maximum) for each of the peaks shown in Table 3.
Most characteristic of the Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir) are the positions of the solid state FT mid-infrared bands for the amide bond carbonyl stretching. A band is located within the range 1655-1662 cm” for the Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir. Frequently, a second band (in the range 1636-1647 cm) appears as a shoulder on the first band or is not well enough resolved from the first band to be distinguishable as a second band. Any Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir) will have a peak at a position within the , range 1655-1662 cm and may also have a peak at a position within the range
1636-1647 cm as a shoulder on the peak at a position within the range 1655- 1662 cm”. . The solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum of the Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir appears in FIG. 21. The solid state FT near infrared spectrum of the Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir appears in FIG. 22. The powder
X-ray diffraction pattern of the Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir appears in FIG. 23. The 100 MHz solid state 13¢ nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir appears in FIG. 24,
The DSC thermogram of the Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir appears in FIG. 25.
The DSC thermogram of the Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir exhibits a melting endotherm with onset at 95 °C and peak at 98 °C (AH = 18 J/g) when differential scanning calorimetry is performed with a scanning rate of 1 °C/minute to 150 °C for a sample which lost 0.0% of its initial weight upon heating at 1 °C/minute to 150 °C.
The two-theta angle positions of characteristic peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir) as shown in FIG. 23 are: 4.85° + 0.1°,6.39° + 0.1°, 7.32° + 0.1°, 8.81° + 0.1°, 12.20° + 0.1°, 12.81° + 0.1°, 14.77° £ 0.1°, 16.45° £ 0.1° and 17.70° + 0.1°.
More preferably, the Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir) is characterized by peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern having two-theta angle positions as shown in FIG. 23 of: 4.85° + 0.1°, 6.39° + 0.1°, 7.32° £ 0.1°, : 8.81°+£0.1°,12.20° + 0.1°, 12.81° £ 0.1°, 14.77° + 0.1°, 16.45° £ 0.1°,
17.70° £0.1°, 18.70° + 0.1°, 20.68° + 0.1°, 20.92° + 0.1°, 22.06° = 0.1° and 22.76° + 0.1°.
Single Crystal X-ray Parameters and Experimental Details for the Type Ill } Desolvated Crystal Form of Lopinavir ’ Experimental Details
Crystal Data
Crystal System Orthorhombic
Lattice Parameters a = 24.0465 (10) A b=27.5018 (11) A c=11.9744 (3) A
V = 7918.9 (8) A3
Space Group C222,(#20)
Z Value | 8
Dealc 1.055 glem®
Intensity Measurements
Diffractometer Nonius KappaCCD
Radiation Mo Ka (1 = 0.71073 A)
Temperature ambient max 61°
Number of Reflections Measured Total: 28494
Unique: 5148
Structure Solution and Refinement
Number of Observations (1>2.0 o(l)) 4069
Number of Variables 442
Reflections/Parameter Ratio 9.21
Residuals: R;R, 0.056; 0.116
In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is a non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir. For the sake of identification, the non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir of this embodiment is designated as Type IV.
The Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir is useful in the purification or isolation of lopinavir and in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for administering lopinavir.
In a preferred embodiment, the Type IV non-solvated crystal forms of lopinavir are substantially pure, relative to other forms of lopinavir, incuding amorphous, hydrated forms, solvated forms, other non-solvated and desolvated forms.
It has been found that the solid state FT mid-infrared spectrum is a means of characterizing the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir and differentiating the Type IV non-solvated crystal form from other crystal forms of lopinavir.
The Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type IV non-solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) has the characteristic solid state FT mid-infrared bands shown in Table 4. Table 4 shows the range of peak positions for each of 19 characteristic mid-infrared bands in the solid state FT mid-IR spectrum of Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir.
This means that any Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir will have a peak at a position within the range (minimum to maximum) for each of peaks shown in Table 4. When the solid state mid-IR spectrum is obtained at a resolution of 4 cm =, a peak at a position in one or more of the following : additional characteristic bands may also be observed: 1668-1674 cm™ (strong),
1656-1662 cm" (strong), 1642-1648 cm" (strong). At higher resolution, or after
Fourier deconvolution, these additional peaks are distinguishable.
Most characteristic of the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type IV non-solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) is the positions of the solid state FT mid-infrared bands for the amide bond carbonyl stretching. These bands are located within the ranges 1680-1685 cm land 1625-1630 cm” for the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir.
In addition, especially at higher resolution, bands are located within the ranges 1668-1674 cm”, 1656-1662 cm™ and 1642-1648 cm™'. Any Type IV non- solvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type IV non- solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) will have a peak at a position within the range 1680-1685 cm and a peak at a position within the range 1625-1630 cm and may also have a peak at a position within the range 1668-1674 cm”, a peak within the range 1656-1662 cm™' and a peak within the range 1642-1648 cm™.
The Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir) is further characterized by a solid state infrared peak at a position within each of the ranges 780-784 cm’, 764-768 cm”! and 745-749 cm.
Table 4 . Ranges of Peak Positions for Solid State FT Mid-IR Bands for Type IV Non-
Solvated Crystal Form of Lopinavir
Minimum Maximum Intensity* em” cm” 3433 3439 M 3415 3421 M 3406 3412 M 3338 3345 MS 3309 3315 M 3272 3278 M 3082 3089 Ww 3025 3030 w 2959 2965 M 2926 2932 WwW 2870 2875 Ww 1680 1685 S 1625 1630 VS 1514 1526 S 1451 1456 MS 1306 1312 M 1189 1194 M 1089 1094 WwW 1044 1050 Ww ’ * W = weak; M = moderate; MS = moderately strong; S = strong; VS = very strong
The Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir has the solid state FT : mid infrared spectrum , the solid state FT near infrared spectrum, the powder X- ray diffraction pattern, solid state 3¢ nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) thermogram which appear in FIGS. 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30, respectively.
The two-theta angle positions of characteristic peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type IV non-solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) as shown in FIG. 28 are: 6.85° + 0.1°, 9.14° + 0.1°, 12.88° + 0.1°, 15.09° + 0.1°, 17.74° + 0.1°, 18.01° £ 0.1° and 18.53° + 0.1°.
More preferably, the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir (including the substantially pure Type IV non-solvated crystal forms of lopinavir) is characterized by peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern having two-theta angle positions as shown in FIG. 28 of: 6.85° + 0.1°, 9.14° £ 0.1°, 10.80° + 0.1°, 12.04° + 0.1°, 12.88° + 0.1°, 15.09° + 0.1°, 17.74° + 0.1°, 18.01° + 0.1°, 18.26° + 0.1°, 18.53° + 0.1°, 20.47° + 0.1° and 25.35° £ 0.1°.
The DSC thermogram of the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir exhibits a melting endotherm with onset at 117 °C and peak at 122 °C (AH = 47
J/g) when differential scanning calorimetry is performed with a scanning rate of 1 °C/minute to 150 °C. - The single crystal X-ray parameters and experimental details for the Type
IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir are as follows.
Single Crystal X-ray Parameters and Experimental Details for the Type IV . Non-Solvated Crystal Form of Lopinavir
Experimental Details
Crystal Data
Crystal System Orthorhombic :
Lattice Parameters a= 15.065 (8) A b=2527 (HA c=9.732 (3) A
V = 3704 (3) A®
Space Group P242424 (#20)
Z Value 4
Dealc 1.13 glem®
Intensity Measurements
Diffractometer Rigaku AFC5R
Radiation Cu Ka (1 = 1.54178 A)
Temperature ambient max 120.2°
Correction Lorentz-polarization
Absorption (trans. Factors: 0.8362-0.9496
Number of Reflections Measured Total: 3145
Structure Solution and Refinement
Number of Observations (I>3.0 o(1)) 1434
Number of Variables 415 : Reflections/Parameter Ratio 3.46 ] Residuals: R;R, 0.081; 0.085
) The Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir can be prepared from acetonitrile by slow cooling and slow evaporation of a saturated solution or by : exposure of amorphous lopinavir to an acetonitrile atmosphere. In addition, a solution of lopinavir in acetonitrile can be seeded with Type IV non-solvated lopinavir crystals to produce more Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir.
The following examples will serve to further illustrate the preparation of the novel crystalline forms of lopinavir of the invention.
Example 1
Preparation of a Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir
A saturated solution of lopinavir was prepared at room temperature in a mixture of 20 mL of ethanol and 40 mL of water. The saturated solution was stirred at room temperature and water (54 mL) was slowly added at a rate of 0.15 mL/minute using a syringe pump. After stirring overnight, the resulting precipitate (crystals) was suction filtered.
Example 2
Preparation of a Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir
An NMR tube was filled with 1.75 mL of water. Then 0.5 mL of a solution of lopinavir in ethanol (99.482 mg of lopinavir/mL ethanol) was very carefully layered on top of the water. The tube capped to prevent evaporation and was allowed to stand undisturbed. Crystals of the Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprising greater than 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir were obtained after about 30 days.
Example 3 . Preparation of a Type | higher hydrated crystal form of lopinavir
Lopinavir (30 g) was dissolved in a mixture of 360 mL of deionized distilled ) water and 418 mL of 190 proof ethanol by warming with moderate stirring at about 60 °C. The hot solution was filtered by gravity to remove undissolved material. The filtrate was slowly cooled with gentle stirring to room temperature, at which point it was seeded with about 50 mg of the product of Example 1. The mixture was stirred at moderate speed at room temperature for three days. The resulting mixture was filtered under vacuum. The filtered solid was transferred onto a filter paper and any lumps were broken up with gentle manipulation with a spatula. The solid was then transferred to a glass crystallizing dish and placed in a desiccator over a saturated solution of sodium chloride, to maintain a constant 75% relative humidity. After drying for 12 days at room temperature (24+ 1 °C) and 75% relative humidity, about 20.5 g of the desired hydrated crystal form of lopinavir was obtained. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern (FIG. 5). 100 MHz solid state ">C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (FIG. 6). Solid state FT near IR (FIG. 7). Solid state FT mid-IR (FIG. 8). The product contained 4.3% volatile material by thermal gravimetry.
Example 4
Preparation of Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir
The product of Example 3 (about 100 mg) was loaded into the sample holder of a powder X-ray diffractometer fitted with a controlled atmosphere sample chamber and hot stage. The sample was warmed at 1 °C/minute to 30 ' °C in an atmosphere of dry nitrogen and held at that temperature. Conversion to hemihydrate was complete within 60-90 minutes. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern ’ (FIG. 1). : Example 5
Preparation of Type | hydrated crystal form of lopinavir comprising about 0.5 molecules of water per molecule of lopinavir
The product of Example 3 (1 g) was spread as a thin layer in a polypropylene weigh boat and dried overnight in a vacuum oven at about —65 kPa at ambient temperature. The resultant hygroscopic product (hemihydrate of lopinavir) was transferred to glass vials and redried for 6 hours at about —65 kPa at ambient temperature. The vials were then quickly capped with polypropylene caps and stored in a desiccator over anhydrous calcium sulfate. 100 MHz solid state '3C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (FIG. 2). Solid state FT near IR (FIG. 3). Solid state FT mid-IR (FIG. 4). The product contained 2% volatile material by thermal gravimetry.
Example 6
Preparation of Type Il isopropanol hemisolvate crystal form of lopinavir
Lopinavir (16 g) was dissolved in 50 mL of isopropanol by heating the mixture on a hot plate fo the boiling point with magnetic stirring. The solution was then cooled to room temperature and a precipitate formed. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours with just enough stirring to keep the precipitate suspended. The precipitate was collected by suction filtration and air dried to provide 9.9 g of the Type Il isopropanol hemisolvate crystal form of lopinavir. Thermal gravimetry of the product indicated the presence of volatile : material corresponding to 1 mole of isopropanol for every two moles of lopinavir.
Powder X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the product was crystalline and ) infrared spectrometry confirmed that the product is the Type |l solvated crystal form of lopinavir. Solid state FT mid-IR (FIG. 9). Solid state FT near IR (FIG. , 14). " Example 7
Preparation of Type Il isopropanol solvate crystal form of lopinavir (1.6% ispropanol by weight by thermal gravimetry)
Lopinavir (1 g) was suspended in 2.5 mL of isopropanol in a glass vial containing four 4 mm diameter glass beads to promote mixing. The vial was capped and the suspension was tumbled end-over-end at room temperature for 4 months. The suspension was then transferred to a Petri dish and the solvent was allowed to evaporate slowly. The Petri dish was then placed in a vacuum oven, which was then warmed to 50 °C and the sample was dried at 65 kPa at 50 °C for 25 days to give the title compound. The product contained 1.6% volatile material by thermal gravimetry.
Example 8
Preparation of Type Il isopropanol solvate crystal form of lopinavir (2% isopropanol by weight by thermal gravimetry)
A sample of the product of Example 6 was rinsed with heptane, then dried for two day in a rotary evaporator. The residue was transferred to a Petri dish and dried in a vacuum oven, which was then warmed to 50 °C and the sample was dried at —65 kPa at 50 °C for 3 days to give the title compound. The product contained 2% volatile material by thermal gravimetry. Solid state FT mid-IR (FIG. 10). Solid state FT near IR (FIG. 15).
Example 9
Preparation of Type Il ethyl acetate hemisolvate crystal form lopinavir
Example 9A
Preparation of Crude Lopinavir
Crude lopinavir, prepared according to U.S. Patent No. 5,914,332 (Example 38) from (2S,38,5S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-[2S-(1-tetrahydropyrimid-2-onyl)-3- methylbutanoyllamino-1,6-diphenylhexane (S)-pyroglutamic acid salt (about 85 g, corrected for solvent content), was dissolved in 318.5 grams of ethyl acetate and the solution was concentrated to an oil in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 225 grams of ethyl acetate, then concentrated to an oil in vacuo twice. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (approximately 300 mL) at 65 °C, filtered "to remove any trace undissolved solids, and concentrated to a foam in vacuo.
The foam was dissolved in 338 grams of ethyl acetate and this solution was divided into four equal portions.
Example 9B
Preparation of Type ll ethyl acetate hemisolvate crystal form lopinavir
One portion of the lopinavir solution prepared in Example SA was concentrated to an oil in vacuo, then dissolved in 50 mL absolute ethanol.
Solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was maintained under vacuum with heating (approximately 55-60 °C) for an additional 30 minutes. The resulting foam was dissolved in ethyl acetate (87 mL) at ambient temperature. In less than five minutes of mixing, solids were evident. The resulting slurry was mixed for 16 hours, then diluted with 87 mL of heptanes. After three hours the solids were collected by filtration, washed with 36 mL EtOAc/heptanes (1:1 v/v), and dried under vacuum at 60 °C for 72 hours, affording 19.4 grams of the Type I ethyl acetate hemisolvate of lopinavir. Solid state FT mid-IR (FIG. 11). Solid ” state FT near IR (FIG. 16). The product contained 4.4% volatile material by thermal gravimetry.
Example 9C
Alternative Preparation of Type Il ethyl acetate hemisolvate crystal form lopinavir
Crude lopinavir, prepared according to U.S. Patent No. 5,914,332 (Example 38) from (28,3S,5S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-[2S-(1-tetrahydropyrimid-2- onyl)-3-methylbutanoyljamino-1,6-diphenylhexane (s)-pyroglutamic acid salt (about 20 g, corrected for solvent content), was dissolved in 118 grams of ethyl acetate and was then concentrated to an oil in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 95.7 grams of ethyl acetate at 46 °C, then concentrated to an oil in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 95.8 grams ethyl acetate at 64 °C. Measurement for moisture by KF showed less than 0.05% water. The product solution was cooled to 41 °C and seeded with 0.20 grams of the product of Example 9B. The solution was cooled to 35 °C and mixed at that temperature for 1.25 hours. The resulting slurry was then cooled to 15 °C over 10 minutes, and mixed at 15-18°C for 1.5 hours. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with 13.3 grams of ethyl acetate, and dried under vacuum at 56-58 °C for 16 hours, affording 12.3 grams of the Type lI ethyl acetate hemisolvate of lopinavir
Example 10A : Preparation of Type Ill ethyl acetate solvate crystal form lopinavir (having less than .5 moles of ethyl acetate per 2 moles of lopinavir by thermal ) gravimetry)
One portion of the lopinavir solution prepared in Example 9A was concentrated to an oil in vacuo, then dissolved in 50 mL of absolute ethanol.
Solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was maintained under vacuum with heating (approximately 55-60 °C) for an additional 30 minutes. Seed crystals of the product of Example 9B were added to the resulting foam. The foamy residue was then dissolved in ethyl acetate (87 mL) at ambient temperature. In less than five minutes of mixing, solids were evident. The resulting slurry was mixed for 16 hours, then diluted with 87 mL of heptanes. After three hours, the solids were collected by filtration, washed with 36 mL of EtOAc/heptanes (1:1 v/v), and dried under vacuum at 60 °C for 72 hours, affording 19.37 grams of the Type Il ethyl acetate solvate of lopinavir. Solid state FT mid-IR (FIG. 12). Solid state FT near
IR (FIG. 17). The product contained 1.7% volatile material by thermal gravimetry.
Example 10B
Alternative preparation of Type lI ethyl acetate solvate crystal form lopinavir (having less than .5 moles of ethyl acetate per 2 moles of iopinavir by thermal gravimetry)
A solution of crude lopinavir prepared according to U.S. Patent No. 5,914,332 (Example 2; coupling of 17.0 g of (2S, 38S, 58)-2-(2,6- dimethylphenoxyacetyl)amino-3-hydroxy-5-amino-1,6-diphenylhexane with 8.0 g of 2S-(1-tetrahydropyrimid-2-onyl)-3-methylbutanoic acid via EDAC/HOBT , coupling) in isopropyl acetate (about 250 mL) was concentrated to an oil in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 250 mL of ethyl acetate and concentrated ) to a foam in vacuo. The foam was dissolved in 120 mL of warm ethyl acetate.
The solution was divided into three portions of 44.9 grams each. The solutions - were cooled to ambient temperature after which crystallization occurred rapidly.
One of those portions was mixed at ambient temperature overnight. The solids ’ were collected by filtration, washed with 8 ml of ethyl acetate, then dried under vacuum at 22 °C for 40 hours, then dried an additional 44 hours under vacuum at 70 °C affording 6.23 grams grams of the Type Il ethyl acetate solvate of lopinavir.
Example 11
Preparation of Type ll chloroform hemisolvate crystal form lopinavir - Lopinavir (10 g) was dissolved in 30 mL of chloroform. The solution was then heated to boiling on a hot plate with magnetic stirring. After reducing the volume of the solution to about 2 of the initial volume, about 10 mL of n-heptane was added dropwise until the solution started to become turbid. Then about 30 mL more of chloroform was added and boiling was continued until the volume was again about ¥ of the original volume. Then about 20 mL of chloroform was added and boiling was continued until the volume was again about 2 of the original volume. The mixture was then cooled slowly to room temperature and allowed to partially evaporate. After the slow evaporation, a glassy residue with the consistency of molasses remained. This was mixed with about 20 mL of chloroform and warmed on a hot plate. Then n-heptane was added dropwise until a precipitate began to form. The precipitate was dissolved by rewarming of the mixture. The warm solution was transferred to a beaker, which was placed : inside a jar containing about 20 mL of heptane, and allowed to cool. After about 1 hour a thick solid precipitate formed. Most of the precipitate was redissolved by adding about 20 mL of chloroform to the contents of the beaker. After letting this . mixture stand for about 1 hour, a few needle shaped crystals formed. More heptane (about 40 mL) was added to the jar containing the beaker and the jar was capped and allowed to stand. After one day, the beaker contained large numbers of crystals. The crystals were collected by vacuum filtration. The “ crystal mass was broken up gently using a spatula and the crystals were washed with the chloroform/heptane mixture from the jar external to the beaker in which ) the crystals had been grown. Thermal gravimetry of the product indicated the presence of volatile material corresponding to 1 mole of chloroform for every two moles of lopinavir. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the product was crystalline and infrared spectrometry confirmed that the product is the Type lI solvated crystal form of lopinavir. Solid state FT mid-IR (FIG. 13). Solid state FT near IR (FIG. 18).
Example 12
Preparation of Type lll ethyl acetate solvated crystal form lopinavir
Lopinavir (7.03 g) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (33.11 g) at 71 °C. The solution was cooled to 42 °C over 45 minutes, at which point solids were evident.
The slurry was cooled to 35 °C over 30 minutes, then mixed for one hour. Then the slurry was cooled to 15 °C over 13 minutes and then mixed for one hour.
Mixed heptanes (25.1 g) were added dropwise over over 13 minutes. The resulting slurry was mixed for 30 minutes. The resulting solids were collected by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate/mixed heptanes (1:1 v/v, 20 mL) and dried under vacuum at 62 °C for 20 hours to give 6.4 g of the title compound. Powder
X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the product was crystalline and infrared spectrometry confirmed that the product is the Type lil solvated crystal form of lopinavir. Solid state FT mid-IR (FIG. 19). Solid state FT near IR (FIG. 20). The product contained 2.3% volatile material by thermal gravimetry.
oz [oT
Example 13 , Preparation of Type Illi ethyl acetate solvated crystal form of lopinavir ~ Approximately 100 mg of lopinavir was dissolved in about 3 mL of ethyl i acetate. To this solution was slowly and carefully added about 3 mL of heptane.
After standing, crystals of the Type lll solvated crystal form of lopinavir grew by liquid diffusion crystallization.
Example 14
Preparation of Type lll ethyl acetate solvated crystal form of lopinavir
One portion of the lopinavir solution prepared in Example 9A was diluted with 14.8 grams of ethyl acetate and heated to 70-75 °C, then diluted with 75 grams of heptanes while maintaining an internal temperature greater than 70 °C.
The resulting solution was heated to 75 °C for 15 minutes, then allowed to cool to ambient temperature gradually. After mixing overnight at ambient temperature the solids were collected by filtration, washed with 36 mL of ethyl acetate/heptanes (1:1 viv), and dried under vacuum at 60 °C for 72 hours, affording 21.5 grams of the title compound.
Example 15
Preparation of Type lll desolvated crystal form of lopinavir
Lopinavir (6 g) was placed in a 100 mL beaker. Just enough acetonitrile was added to dissolve approximately 95% of the lopinavir. Some needle-shaped crystals remained undissolved. The beaker was placed inside a jar containing about a 1 cm deep layer of anhydrous calcium sulfate (DRIERITE). The jar was capped and the material was left undisturbed at ambient temperature. After . standing overnight, a large amount of white crystalline material had precipitated. a The supernatant (about 6 mL) was decanted from the beaker. Fresh acetonitrile (3-4 mL) was added to the precipitate, which was then gently broken up with a spatula. The solid was collected by suction filtration and rinsed with about 1 mL . of acetonitrile. The solid was transferred to a Petri dish and dried under vacuum » at ambient temperature to give the Type Ill desolvated crystal form of lopinavir.
Powder X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the product was crystalline and infrared spectrometry confirmed that the product is the Type HI crystal form of lopinavir. The product contained less than 0.05% volatile material by thermal gravimetry. Solid state FT mid-IR (FIG. 21). Solid state FT near IR (FIG. 22).
Powder X-ray diffraction pattern (FIG. 23). 100 MHz solid state '3¢C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (FIG. 24). DSC thermogram (FIG. 25).
Example 16
Preparation of Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir
Lopinavir (amorphous, 1 g) was placed in a crystallizing dish (A). This dish was placed in a bigger crystallizing dish (B) containing about 10 mL of acetonitrile and sitting on a hot plate. An intermediate size crystallizing dish (C) was inverted and placed over dish A, but still inside of dish B. A large crystallizing dish (D) was inverted and placed over dishes A, B and C. The hot plate was warmed to about 35 °C and then the hot plate was turned off. The whole assembly was then allowed to sit for 10 days at ambient temperature.
After 10 days, all of the acetonitrile had evaporated.
A portion of the resulting crystalline product (0.1 g) was mixed with acetonitrile (0.6 mL) and stirred for 1 hour. The mixture was filtered and the solid allowed to air dry to give the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir.
Example 17 * Preparation of Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir a Lopinavir (259 g) was dissolved in 500 g of acetonitrile at 40-42 °C. The hazy solution was filtered through a 0.45 4 Nylon membrane into a 2 L round bottom flask and the solution was seeded with a few crystals of the product of . Example 16. The flask was rotated at 10-20 rpm overnight without heat or » vacuum using a rotary evaporator apparatus. A thick slurry of needle-like crystals ) resulted. The slurry was cooled in an ice bath for 1 hour and then filtered in a table-top Neutsche filter blanketed with nitrogen and covered with plastic film.
The filter cake was washed with acetonitrile and sucked dry under nitrogen for about 30 minutes. The filter cake was transferred to a crystallizing dish and dried over a weekend at 60-65 °C at 20-21" Hg with a nitrogen bleed to provide 194.3 g of the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir. The product was crystalline by powder X-ray diffractometry and was classified as the Type IV non-solvated crystal form of lopinavir by solid state FT mid-IR. Solid state FT mid-IR (FIG. 26).
Solid state FT near IR (FIG. 27). Powder X-ray diffraction pattern (FIG. 28). 100
MHz solid state '>C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (FIG. 29). DSC thermogram (FIG. 30). The product contained less than 0.1% volatile material by thermal gravimetric analysis.
When administered for treatment of an HIV infection, lopinavir is preferably administered in combination with ritonavir in a ratio of 4:1 (lopinavir:ritonavir). A preferred pharmaceutical composition for administering lopinavir, comprising a 4:1 ratio of lopinavir:ritonavir has the following composition, encapsulated in a soft elastic gelatin capsule.
Lopinavir 133.3 mg
Ritonavir 33.3 mg
Oleic acid, NF 598.6 mg
Propylene Glycol, USP 64.1 mg ’ Polyoxyl 35 Castor Oil, NF 21.4 mg th (Cremephor EL® )
Water, purified, USP (distilled) 4.3 mg
. If a hydrated or solvated crystal form of lopinavir is used in the > composition, the amount of the hydrated or solvated crystal form of lopinavir is ) adjusted to take into account the amount of water or other solvent present in the crystal form.
The preferred composition can be prepared according to the following method.
The following protocol is employed in the preparation of 1000 soft gelatin capsules:
Scale : Amount (mgl/capsule) Name (9)
Q.S. Nitrogen, N.F. Q.S. 578.6 Oleic Acid, NF 578.6 33.3 Ritonavir 33.3 64.1 Propylene Glycol, USP 64.1 4.3 Water, purified, USP (distilled) 4.3 133.3 Lopinavir 133.3 10.0 Oleic Acid, NF 10.0 21.4 Polyoxyl 35 Castor Oil, NF 21.4 10.0 ~ Oleic Acid, NF 10.0
A mixing tank and suitable container are purged with nitrogen. 578.6 g of oleic acid is then charged into the mixing tank. The mixing tank is heated to 28 °C (not to exceed 31 °C) and mixing is started. 33.3 g of ritonavir is then ’ added to the oleic acid with mixing. The propylene glycol and water are added to the mixing tank and mixing is continued until the solution is clear. 133.3 g of lopinavir is then added into the mixing tank and mixing is continued. 10 g of oleic acid is then charged into the tank and mixed until the solution is clear. 21.4 g of . polyoxyl 35 castor oil, NF is added to the mixing tank and mixing is continued, - followed by the addition of 10 g of oleic acid. The solution is stored at 2-8 °C until ) encapsulation. 0.855 g of the solution is filled into each soft gelatin capsule and the soft gelatin capsules are then dried, and stored at 2-8 °C.
As used herein, the term “substantially pure”, when used in reference to a crystalline form of lopinavir, refers to that crystalline form of lopinavir which is greater than about 90% pure. This means that the crystalline form of lopinavir does not contain more than about 10% of any other compound and, in particular, does not contain more than about 10% of any other form of lopinavir, such as amorphous, solvated forms, non-solvated forms and desolvated forms. More preferably, the term “substantially pure” refers to a crystalline form of lopinavir which is greater than about 95% pure. This means that the crystalline form of lopinavir does not contain more than about 5% of any other compound and, in particular, does not contain more than about 5% of any other form of lopinauvir, such as amorphous, solvated forms, non-solvated forms and desolvated forms.
Even more preferably, the term “substantially pure” refers to a crystalline form of lopinavir which is greater than about 97% pure. This means that the crystalline form of lopinavir does not contain more than about 3% of any other compound and, in particular, does not contain more than about 3% of any other form of lopinavir, such as amorphous, solvated forms, non-solvated forms and desolvated forms.
Yet even more preferably, the term “substantially pure” refers to a \ crystalline form of lopinavir which is greater than about 98% pure. This means that the crystalline form of lopinavir does not contain more than about 2% of any : other compound and, in particular, does not contain more than about 2% of any other form of lopinavir, such as amorphous, solvated forms, non-solvated forms . and desolvated forms. . Most preferably, the term “substantially pure” refers to a crystalline form of ) lopinavir which is greater than about 99% pure. This means that the crystalline form of lopinavir does not contain more than about 1% of any other compound and, in particular, does not contain more than about 1% of any other form of lopinavir, such as amorphous, solvated forms, non-solvated forms and desolvated forms.
Powder X-ray diffraction analysis of samples was conducted in the following manner. Samples for X-ray diffraction analysis were prepared by spreading the sample powder (ground to a fine powder with a mortar and peste, or with glass microscope slides for limited quantity samples) in a thin layer on the sample holder and gently flattening the sample with a microscope slide. Samples were run in one of three configurations: circular bulk holder, a quartz zero background plate or hot stage mount (similar mounting to a zero background plate). X-ray powder diffraction was performed using an XDS 2000 6/6 diffractometer (Scintag; 2 kW normal focus X-ray tube with either a liquid nitrogen or Peltier cooled germanium solid state detector; 45 kV and 30-40 ma; X-ray source: Cu-Ka1; Range: 2.00-40.00° Two Theta; Scan Rate: 0.5 or 2 degrees/minute), a XRD-6000 diffractometer (Shimadzu; fine focus X-ray tube with a Nal scintillation detector; 40-45 kV and 30-40 ma; X-ray source: Cu-Ka1,
Range: 2.00-40.00° Two Theta; Scan Rate: 2 degrees/minute) or a I-2 X-ray diffractometer (Nicolet; scintillation detector; 50 kV and 30 ma; X-ray source: Cu- , Ka1; Range: 2.00-40.00° Two Theta; Scan Rate: 2 degrees/minute. The relative humidity of the sample in the hot stage mount could be controlled using a relative * humidity generator (model RH200, VTI Corp.).
. Characteristic powder X-ray diffraction pattern peak positions are reported for polymorphs in terms of the angular positions (two theta) with an allowable : variability of + 0.1°. This allowable variability is specified by the U.S.
Pharmacopeia, pages 1843-1844 (1995). The variability of + 0.1° is intended to be used when comparing two powder X-ray diffraction patterns. In practice, if a diffraction pattern peak from one pattern is assigned a range of angular positions (two theta) which is the measured peak position + 0.1° and a diffraction pattern peak from the other pattern is assigned a range of angular positions (two theta) which is the measured peak position + 0.1° and if those ranges of peak positions overlap, then the two peaks are considered to have the same angular position (two theta). For example, if a diffraction pattern peak from one pattern is determined to have a peak position of 5.20°, for comparison purposes the allowable variability allows the peak to be assigned a position in the range of 5.10° —5.30°. If a comparison peak from the other diffraction pattern is determined to have a peak position of 5.35°, for comparison purposes the allowable variability allows the peak to be assigned a position in the range of 5.25° — 5.45°, Because there is overlap between the two ranges of peak positions (i.e., 5.10° - 5.30° and 5.25° — 5.45°) the two peaks being compared are considered to have the same angular position (two theta).
Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of samples was conducted in the following manner. A Bruker AMX-400 instrument was used with the following parameters: CP- MAS (cross-polarized magic angle spinning); spectrometer frequency for 3¢ was 100.6 MHz; pulse sequence was VA-
CP2LEV; contact time was 2.5 milliseconds; spin rate was 7000 Hz; recycle delay . time was 5.0 sec; 3000 scans).
FT near infrared analysis of samples was conducted in the following ) manner. Samples were analyzed as neat, undiluted powders contained in a clear glass 1 dram vial. A Nicolet Magna System 750 FT-IR spectrometer with a ; Nicolet SabIR near infrared diffuse reflectance fiber optic probe accessory was used with the following parameters: the detector was PbS; the beamsplitter was : CaF2; the number of sample scans was 16; the resolution was 8 cm -1.
FT mid infrared analysis of samples was conducted in the following manner. Samples were analyzed as neat, undiluted powders. A Nicolet Magna
System 750 FT-IR spectrometer with a Nicolet NIC-PLAN Microscope with a
MCT-A liquid nitrogen cooled detector was used. The sample was placed on a 13 mm x 1 mm BaF2 disc sample holder. 64 scans were collected at 4 cm-1 resolution.
Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of samples was conducted in the following manner. A T.A. Instruments Model 2920 differential scanning calorimeter with TA Instruments DSC cell with Thermal Solutions version 2.3 software for data analysis. The analysis parameters were: Sample size: 4-10 mg, placed in an aluminum pan and sealed after a pin hole was poked in the lid;
Heating rate: 1°C/minute under a dry nitrogen purge (40-50 mL/minute).
Thermal gravimetric analysis was conducted by heating the sample at 1 °C or 5 °C /minute from ambient to 200 °C.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the disclosed embodiments. Variations and changes which are obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope and nature of the invention which are defined in the appended claims.
Claims (23)
1. A crystalline hydrated form of lopinavir.
2. The crystalline form of lopinavir of Claim 1 with a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1652 — 1666 cm and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1606 — 1615 em.
3. A substantially pure crystalline hydrated form of lopinavir.
4. The crystalline form of lopinavir of Claim 3 with a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1652 — 1666 cm and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1606 — 1615 cm.
5. A solvated crystalline form of lopinavir with a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1661 — 1673 em, a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1645 — 1653 cm and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1619 — . 1629 cm”.
6. A substantially pure solvated crystalline form of lopinavir with a peak in the : - solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1661 — 1673 cm’, a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1645 — 1653 cm and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a positon within the range 1619 — 1629 cm.
7. A crystalline form of lopinavir with a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1655 — 1662 cm’.
8. A crystalline form of lopinavir with a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1655 — 1662 cm and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1636 — 1647 em.
9. A substantially pure crystalline form of lopinavir with a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1655 — 1662 em.
10. A substantially pure crystalline form of lopinavir with a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1655 — 1662 cm and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1636 — 1647 em,
11. A solvated crystalline form of lopinavir with a peak in the solid state infrared : spectrum at a position within the range 1655 — 1662 em.
12. A solvated crystalline form of lopinavir with a peak in the solid state infrared : spectrum at a position within the range 1655 — 1662 cm and a peak in the . solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1636 — 1647 cm.
13. A substantially pure solvated crystalline form of lopinavir with a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1655 — 1662 em,
14. A substantially pure solvated crystalline form of lopinavir with a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1655 — 1662 cm’ and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1636 — 1647 cm”.
15. A non-solvated crystalline form of lopinavir.
16. The crystalline form of lopinavir of Claim 15 with'a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1680 — 1685 cm™ and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1625 — 1630 cm™.
17. The crystalline form of lopinavir of Claim 15 with characteristic peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern at values of two theta of 6.85° + 0.1°,
9.14° + 0.1°, 12.88° + 0.1°, 15.09° + 0.1°, 17.74° + 0.1°, 18.01° + 0.1° and
18.53° + 0.1°.
18. The crystalline form of lopinavir of Claim 15 with characteristic peaks in the . powder X-ray diffraction pattern at values of two theta of 6.85° + 0.1°,
9.14° £0.1°, 10.80° £ 0.1°, 12.04° £ 0.1°, 12.88° + 0.1°, 15.09° + 0.1°, 17.74°
+0.1°,18.01° + 0.1°, 18.26° + 0.1°, 18.53° + 0.1°, 20.47° + 0.1° and 25.35° +
0.1°.
19. A substantially pure non-solvated crystalline form of lopinavir.
20. The crystalline form of lopinavir of Claim 19 with a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1680 — 1685 cm’ and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1625 — 1630 em.
21. The crystalline form of lopinavir of Claim 19 with a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1680 — 1685 cm” and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1668-1674 cm™ and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1656-1662 cm™ and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1642-1648 cm™ and a peak in the solid state infrared spectrum at a position within the range 1625 — 1630 em.
22. The crystalline form of lopinavir of Claim 19 with characteristic peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern at values of two theta of 6.85° + 0.1°, 9.14° +
0.1°, 12.88° + 0.1°, 15.09° + 0.1°, 17.74° £ 0.1°, 18.01° £ 0.1° and 18.53° +
0.1°. )
23. The crystalline form of lopinavir of Claim 19 with characteristic peaks in the } powder X-ray diffraction pattern at values of two theta of 6.85° + 0.1°,
9.14° + 0.1°, 10.80° + 0.1°, 12.04° + 0.1°, 12.88° + 0.1°, 15.09° + 0.1°, 17.74°
+0.1°,18.01° + 0.1°, 18.26° + 0.1°, 18.53° + 0.1°, 20.47° + 0.1° and 25.35° +
0.1°.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US53825700A | 2000-03-30 | 2000-03-30 | |
PCT/US2001/009112 WO2001074787A2 (en) | 2000-03-30 | 2001-03-21 | Crystalline pharmaceutical |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ZA200206962B true ZA200206962B (en) | 2003-09-25 |
Family
ID=32851152
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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ZA200206962A ZA200206962B (en) | 2000-03-30 | 2002-08-29 | Crystalline pharmaceutical. |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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ZA (1) | ZA200206962B (en) |
-
2002
- 2002-08-29 ZA ZA200206962A patent/ZA200206962B/en unknown
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