WO2025260604A1 - 太阳能电池及制备方法、用电设备、发电设备 - Google Patents

太阳能电池及制备方法、用电设备、发电设备

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Publication number
WO2025260604A1
WO2025260604A1 PCT/CN2024/132992 CN2024132992W WO2025260604A1 WO 2025260604 A1 WO2025260604 A1 WO 2025260604A1 CN 2024132992 W CN2024132992 W CN 2024132992W WO 2025260604 A1 WO2025260604 A1 WO 2025260604A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
light
layer
absorbing
solar cell
passivation
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Pending
Application number
PCT/CN2024/132992
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
陈长松
林祖超
马俊福
梁伟风
涂保
朱琛
欧阳楚英
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Publication of WO2025260604A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025260604A1/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/30—Coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80—Constructional details
    • H10K30/88—Passivation; Containers; Encapsulations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of photovoltaic device technology, and in particular to a solar cell and its preparation method, electrical equipment, and power generation equipment.
  • Solar cells as highly promising photovoltaic devices, have been extensively studied. Among them, the light-absorbing layer is an important component of solar cells, and its performance has a significant impact on the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.
  • this application provides a solar cell and its preparation method, electrical equipment, and power generation equipment, aiming to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.
  • a solar cell comprising:
  • the light-absorbing layer comprises a light-absorbing material and a passivating material.
  • the passivating material includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted organic amines or their derivatives.
  • An embodiment of this application provides a solar cell including a light-absorbing layer.
  • the light-absorbing layer incorporates a passivation material, which includes at least one substituted or unsubstituted organic amine or its derivative. At least one of the organic amines or its derivatives contains nitrogen, which has lone pairs of electrons. These lone pairs of electrons enhance the bonding ability between the passivation material and the light-absorbing material, improve the stability of the crystal structure of the light-absorbing material, and thus facilitate the passivation of defects in the light-absorbing material. This improves the film quality of the light-absorbing layer and enhances the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • organic amines include aromatic amines and/or alkyl amines.
  • the embodiments of this application utilize the aforementioned passivation material to regulate the bonding ability between the passivation material and the light-absorbing material, thereby enhancing the stability of the crystal structure of the light-absorbing material. This makes the passivation material beneficial for passivating defects in the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • the passivating material includes one or more of the following characteristics:
  • Aromatic amines include one or more of benzylamine, m-toluidine, o-toluidine, phenethylamine, and m-fluorophenethylamine;
  • Alkylamines include one or more of dimethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, and triethylamine.
  • the embodiments of this application passivate defects in the light-absorbing material by providing a passivation material, thereby improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • the substituent groups in the substituted organic amine include one or more of halogen groups, alkyl groups, oxygen-containing groups, nitrogen-containing groups, sulfur-containing groups, and phosphorus-containing groups.
  • the embodiments of this application improve the passivation effect of the passivation material on defects in the light-absorbing material by using substituent groups in the passivation material, thereby improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • the embodiments of this application utilize passivation materials within the aforementioned relative molecular mass range to easily passivate defects in light-absorbing materials, improve the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.
  • the passivating material has a saturated vapor pressure of 1.00 kPa to 1000 kPa at 300 K.
  • the embodiments of this application use passivating materials within the range of the above-mentioned saturated vapor pressure to easily passivate defects in light-absorbing materials, improve the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.
  • an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is used to emit X-rays into the light-absorbing layer to obtain a photoelectron spectrum of the light-absorbing layer; several elements and/or groups forming the light-absorbing layer are determined based on the photoelectron spectrum; target elements and/or groups representing the passivation material are determined from the several elements and/or groups; the molar percentage of the target elements and/or groups is determined based on the ratio of the peak area of the target elements and/or groups in the photoelectron spectrum to the relative sensitivity factor; the molar percentage of the passivation material is calculated based on the molar ratio of the target elements and/or groups to the passivation material, and the molar percentage of the passivation material is within the range of 0.001% to 0.2%.
  • the embodiments of this application by using passivation materials within the aforementioned molar ratio range, facilitate the balance between the passivation effect and the light absorption effect of the light absorption layer, enabling the solar cell containing the light absorption layer to have both good photoelectric conversion efficiency and good passivation effect.
  • the light-absorbing layer includes any one of the following features:
  • the light absorption layer includes a first light absorption composite layer, which includes a light absorption material and a passivation material.
  • the light absorption layer includes a light absorption material layer and a second light absorption composite layer stacked together.
  • the light absorption material layer includes a light absorption material
  • the second light absorption composite layer includes a light absorption material and a passivation material.
  • the light absorption layer includes a light absorption material layer and a passivation layer stacked together.
  • the light absorption material layer includes a light absorption material
  • the passivation layer includes the passivation material.
  • the light absorption layer includes a first light absorption composite layer and a passivation layer stacked together.
  • the first light absorption composite layer includes a light absorption material and a passivation material
  • the passivation layer includes a passivation material.
  • the embodiments of this application improve the film quality and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells by providing the aforementioned light absorption layer.
  • the thickness of the second light-absorbing composite layer is 2nm to 10nm;
  • the thickness of the passivation layer is 5nm to 20nm.
  • the embodiments of this application through the light absorption layer within the aforementioned thickness range, coordinate the passivation effect and the balance of light absorption effect of the light absorption layer, so that the solar cell containing the light absorption layer has good photoelectric conversion efficiency and good passivation effect.
  • the light-absorbing material includes a perovskite material, the general chemical formula of which is ABX3 or A2CDX6 ;
  • the embodiments of this application provide light-absorbing materials within the above-mentioned range, and solar cells containing such light-absorbing layers have good photoelectric conversion efficiency.
  • the solar cell further includes a hole transport layer disposed on one side of the light absorption layer.
  • the hole transport layer includes a hole transport material, which includes 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(alkylamino)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine, alkylamine-fluoroformamidinium, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly One or more of the following: styrene sulfonic acid, poly(3-hexylthiophene), triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobifluorene, N-(4-alkylamine)carba
  • the embodiments of this application utilize a hole transport layer comprising the aforementioned hole transport material, which works synergistically with a light absorption layer to enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell.
  • the solar cell further includes an electron transport layer disposed on one side of the light absorption layer.
  • the electron transport layer includes an electron transport material, which includes one or more of acyl fullerenes and their derivatives, imides and their derivatives, pyrrolidones and their derivatives, hexaazanaphthalenes and their derivatives, tetraphenylethylenes and their derivatives, PFN-2TNDI, PBDT-PDI, NDP-V, metal oxides, silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.
  • an electron transport material which includes one or more of acyl fullerenes and their derivatives, imides and their derivatives, pyrrolidones and their derivatives, hexaazanaphthalenes and their derivatives, tetraphenylethylenes and their derivatives, PFN-2TNDI, PBDT-PDI, NDP-V, metal oxides, silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.
  • the embodiments of this application utilize an electron transport layer comprising the aforementioned electron transport material, which works synergistically with a light absorption layer to enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell.
  • a second aspect of this application provides a method for preparing a solar cell, comprising:
  • the embodiments of this application introduce passivation materials into the light absorption layer using the above method, which helps to passivate defects in the light absorption material, improve the film quality of the light absorption layer, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • the step of depositing a precursor of a light-absorbing material and a passivating material on the surface of an intermediate component, and then curing them to obtain a light-absorbing layer includes:
  • the embodiments of this application introduce passivation materials into the light-absorbing layer through the above method, which is beneficial for passivating bulk defects in the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • the step of depositing a precursor of a light-absorbing material and a passivating material on the surface of an intermediate component, and then curing them to obtain a light-absorbing layer includes:
  • the passivation material is placed on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer away from the intermediate component, and then cured to obtain the light-absorbing layer.
  • the embodiments of this application introduce passivation materials into the light-absorbing layer through the above method, which is beneficial for passivating surface defects of the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • the product obtained by mixing the precursor of the light-absorbing material with the passivating material is placed on the surface of the intermediate part and then cured to obtain the light-absorbing intermediate layer.
  • the embodiments of this application introduce passivation materials into the light-absorbing layer through the above method, which is beneficial for passivating bulk and surface defects of the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • the intermediate component including the light-absorbing intermediate layer, is placed in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material, and the passivation material is deposited on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer to form a light-absorbing layer.
  • the embodiments of this application improve the passivation effect of the light absorption layer by depositing a passivation material in gaseous form on the surface of the light absorption intermediate layer. Compared with the scheme of using a passivation material in liquid form to prepare the light absorption layer, this reduces the introduction of liquid solvent, lowers the probability of adverse reactions of the light absorption material, reduces damage to the light absorption layer, and results in a better passivation effect.
  • the intermediate includes a substrate, and the concentration of the passivation material decreases along the direction from the light-absorbing layer toward the substrate.
  • the embodiments of this application reduce the concentration of the passivation material along the direction from the light absorption layer to the substrate, which helps to balance the passivation effect and the light absorption effect of the light absorption layer. This allows the solar cell containing the light absorption layer to have good passivation effect while having good photoelectric conversion efficiency.
  • the gas concentration of the passivating material in the gaseous atmosphere is less than or equal to 40 mmol/L.
  • the embodiments of this application control the amount of passivation material entering the light absorption intermediate layer within the range of the above-mentioned gas concentration, thereby controlling the concentration of passivation material in the light absorption layer and improving the passivation effect of the light absorption layer.
  • the step of depositing a passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer to form the light-absorbing layer includes:
  • a passivation material is deposited on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer for a first duration to form a light-absorbing layer;
  • the first temperature is less than or equal to 200°C; and/or, the first duration includes 2 min to 10 min.
  • the embodiments of this application achieve the deposition of passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer by providing a range of process parameters.
  • the deposition effect is good and it is beneficial to form a light-absorbing layer with good performance.
  • the middleware includes any one of the following features:
  • the intermediate component includes a substrate and a first electrode layer stacked together, and the light absorption layer is disposed on the side of the first electrode layer away from the substrate;
  • the intermediate component includes a substrate, a first electrode layer and a first carrier transport layer stacked together, and a light absorption layer is disposed on the side of the first carrier transport layer away from the substrate; the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer.
  • the intermediate component includes a substrate, a first electrode layer, a first carrier transport layer and a passivation layer stacked together, and a light absorption layer is disposed on the side of the passivation layer away from the substrate; the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer.
  • the embodiments of this application through the aforementioned intermediate components, work synergistically with the light absorption layer to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cells.
  • the step of forming a subsequent film layer on the surface of the light-absorbing layer away from the intermediate is further included.
  • the embodiments of this application describe a method in which a subsequent film layer is formed on the surface of the light-absorbing layer away from the intermediate, resulting in a solar cell with excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.
  • the subsequent film layer includes any one of the following features:
  • the subsequent film layer includes a second electrode layer
  • the subsequent film layer includes a second electrode layer and a second charge carrier transport layer stacked together, wherein the second charge carrier transport layer is disposed between the light absorption layer and the second electrode layer; the second charge carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.
  • the intermediate component includes a second electrode layer, a second carrier transport layer and a passivation layer stacked together, wherein the passivation layer is disposed between the light absorption layer and the second carrier transport layer; the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.
  • the embodiments of this application through the aforementioned subsequent film layers, work synergistically with the light absorption layer to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cells.
  • a third aspect of this application provides an electrical device comprising any of the solar cells provided in the first aspect, or a solar cell prepared by any of the methods for preparing a solar cell provided in the second aspect.
  • solar cells serve as the power source for electrical equipment, enabling the equipment to operate normally.
  • Electrical equipment employing the solar cells provided in this application possesses at least the same advantages as solar cells, improving the battery performance of the electrical equipment.
  • a fourth aspect of this application provides a power generation device, including any solar cell as provided in the first aspect, or a solar cell prepared by any solar cell preparation method as provided in the second aspect.
  • solar cells serve as the energy source for the power generation equipment, enabling the equipment to output electrical energy.
  • the power generation equipment employing the solar cells provided in this application possesses at least the same advantages as solar cells, thereby improving the power generation performance of the equipment.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the first structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the second structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the third structure of the solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the fourth structure of the solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.
  • FIG. 5 is a fifth structural schematic diagram of the solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electrical equipment provided in an embodiment of this application.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the power generation equipment provided in an embodiment of this application.
  • any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form an unspecified range; and any lower limit can be combined with other lower limits to form an unspecified range, just as any upper limit can be combined with any other upper limit to form an unspecified range.
  • each individually disclosed point or single value can itself serve as a lower or upper limit and be combined with any other point or single value or with other lower or upper limits to form an unspecified range.
  • the term "or” is inclusive. That is, the phrase “A or (or) B” means “A, B, or both A and B". More specifically, the condition "A or B” is satisfied by any of the following conditions: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); or both A and B are true (or exist).
  • defects in the light-absorbing layer are caused by the susceptibility of the light-absorbing material forming the layer to defects.
  • the light-absorbing material crystal is prone to defects such as vacancies, dislocations, and grain boundary defects, which can easily affect the stability of the light-absorbing layer and lead to a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • embodiments of this application provide a solar cell and its preparation method, an electrical device, and a power generation device.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the first structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.
  • a first aspect of this application provides a solar cell 100, which includes a light-absorbing layer 10.
  • the light-absorbing layer 10 includes a light-absorbing material and a passivating material.
  • the passivating material includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted organic amine or its derivatives.
  • solar cell 100 refers to a device that directly converts light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect.
  • solar cell 100 includes first-generation solar cells represented by crystalline silicon solar cells, second-generation solar cells represented by thin-film solar cells fabricated using direct bandgap semiconductors such as copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and cadmium telluride (CdTe), and third-generation solar cells represented by dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs), and perovskite solar cells (PSCs).
  • the solar cell 100 provided in this application refers to a perovskite solar cell that uses perovskite semiconductors as light-absorbing materials.
  • the light-absorbing layer 10 is the core component of the solar cell 100. It is used to absorb the photon energy of sunlight, generate electron-hole pairs, and under the action of the built-in electric field, separate the electron-hole pairs into free electrons and holes. The holes and electrons are collected by two different electrodes, and the two electrodes are connected to form a circuit to generate photocurrent.
  • the light-absorbing material refers to the main material forming the light-absorbing layer 10.
  • the passivating material refers to the material that can passivate defects in the solar cell 100. The addition of the passivating material is beneficial for passivating defects in the light-absorbing layer 10 and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.
  • At least one of the organic amines or their derivatives has a nitrogen-containing group, and the nitrogen element has unbonded lone pairs of electrons. These lone pairs of electrons can interact with ions and/or free protons in the light-absorbing material, reducing defects in the light-absorbing material and/or stabilizing the crystal framework of the light-absorbing material, thereby improving the crystal quality of the light-absorbing material.
  • Embodiments of this application provide a solar cell 100, which includes a light-absorbing layer 10.
  • the light-absorbing layer 10 incorporates a passivation material, which includes at least one organic amine or its derivative.
  • the at least one organic amine or its derivative contains a nitrogen element, which has lone pair electrons.
  • the lone pair electrons can enhance the bonding ability between the passivation material and the light-absorbing material, improve the stability of the crystal structure of the light-absorbing material, and make the passivation material beneficial for passivating defects in the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer 10, and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.
  • organic amines include aromatic amines and/or alkyl amines.
  • Aromatic amines are organic amine compounds with aromatic substituents, namely, compounds in which an amino ( -NH2 ), imino (-NH3), or nitrogen-containing group is attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon.
  • Derivatives of aromatic amines are new compounds containing the structure of an aromatic amine or a portion thereof, generated through a chemical reaction. Derivatives retain the basic structural features of the aromatic amine, but their overall chemical properties may differ due to structural changes.
  • Alkylamines are organic amine compounds with saturated hydrocarbon substituents, namely, compounds with amino ( -NH2 ), imino (-NH3), or nitrogen-containing groups attached to saturated hydrocarbons.
  • Alkylamine derivatives are new compounds containing the alkylamine or a portion thereof, generated through chemical reactions. Alkylamine derivatives retain the basic structural features of alkylamines, but their overall chemical properties may differ due to structural changes.
  • the embodiments of this application utilize the aforementioned passivation material to regulate the bonding ability between the passivation material and the light-absorbing material, thereby enhancing the stability of the crystal structure of the light-absorbing material. This makes the passivation material beneficial for passivating defects in the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • the passivating material includes one or more of the following characteristics:
  • Aromatic amines include benzylamine m-Toluidine o-Toluidine Phenethylamine m-Fluoroethylamine One or more of them;
  • Alkylamines include dimethylamine Diethylamine ethylenediamine Triethylamine One or more of them.
  • the embodiments of this application passivate defects in the light-absorbing material by providing a passivation material, thereby improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer 10 and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.
  • the substituent groups in the substituted organic amine include one or more of halogen groups, alkyl groups, oxygen-containing groups, nitrogen-containing groups, sulfur-containing groups, and phosphorus-containing groups.
  • the embodiments of this application improve the passivation effect of the passivation material on defects in the light-absorbing material by using substituent groups in the passivation material, thereby improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer 10 and increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.
  • the relative molecular mass of the passivating material is in the range of 30 to 500.
  • the relative molecular mass of the passivating material can be 30, 50, 80, 100, 120, 150, 170, 200, 220, 250, 270, 300, 320, 350, 370, 400, 420, 450, 470, 500, etc., or a range of any two of the above values, for example, 30 to 100, 50 to 150, 100 to 200, 150 to 250, 200 to 300, 250 to 300, 350 to 400, 400 to 500, etc.
  • passivating materials within the aforementioned relative molecular mass range can easily enter the crystal lattice of the light-absorbing material partially or completely, occupying vacancies and other defects in the light-absorbing material to stabilize the crystal structure of the light-absorbing material, suppress crystal phase transitions, and simultaneously block ion migration channels, suppress ion migration, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.
  • the embodiments of this application use passivation materials within the aforementioned relative molecular mass range to easily passivate defects in light-absorbing materials, improve the film quality of the light-absorbing layer 10, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.
  • the passivating material has a saturated vapor pressure of 1.00 kPa to 1000 kPa at 300 K.
  • the saturated vapor pressure of the passivating material at 300 K can be 1.00 kPa, 10 kPa, 20 kPa, 50 kPa, 80 kPa, 100 kPa, 120 kPa, 150 kPa, 180 kPa, 200 kPa, 250 kPa, 300 kPa, 350 kPa, 400 kPa, 450 kPa, 500 kPa, 550 kPa, 600 kPa, 650 kPa, 700 kPa, 750 kPa, 800 kPa, or 850 kPa.
  • kPa 0 kPa, 900 kPa, 950 kPa, 1000 kPa, etc., or any range of two of the above values, such as 1.00 kPa to 100 kPa, 100 kPa to 300 kPa, 200 kPa to 400 kPa, 300 kPa to 500 kPa, 400 kPa to 600 kPa, 500 kPa to 700 kPa, 600 kPa to 800 kPa, 700 kPa to 900 kPa, 800 kPa to 1000 kPa, etc.
  • Saturated vapor pressure refers to the pressure of vapor in equilibrium with a solid or liquid under closed conditions and at a certain temperature. The higher the saturated vapor pressure, the easier it is for the substance to vaporize.
  • the embodiments of this application use passivating materials within the range of the above-mentioned saturated vapor pressure to easily passivate defects in light-absorbing materials, improve the film quality of the light-absorbing layer 10, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.
  • an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is used to emit X-rays into the light-absorbing layer 10 to obtain a photoelectron spectrum of the light-absorbing layer 10; several elements and/or groups forming the light-absorbing layer 10 are determined based on the photoelectron spectrum; target elements and/or groups representing passivation materials are determined from the several elements and/or groups; the molar percentage of the target elements and/or groups is determined based on the ratio of the peak area of the target elements and/or groups in the photoelectron spectrum to the relative sensitivity factor; the molar percentage of the passivation material is calculated based on the molar ratio of the target elements and/or groups to the passivation material, and the molar percentage of the passivation material is within the range of 0.001% to 0.2%.
  • the molar percentage of passivating material can be 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, or 0.11%.
  • the percentages are 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, etc., or a range consisting of any two of the above values, such as 0.001% to 0.01%, 0.005% to 0.05%, 0.003% to 0.1%, 0.005% to 0.15%, 0.1% to 0.2%, etc.
  • X-rays from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to irradiate the light-absorbing layer 10 sample to be characterized, exciting the inner-shell electrons or valence electrons of the atoms or molecules, causing them to be emitted. Electrons excited by photons are called photoelectrons.
  • photoelectrons By measuring the energy of the photoelectrons, and plotting the kinetic energy/binding energy as the x-axis and the relative intensity (pulse/s) as the y-axis, a corresponding photoelectron spectrum can be generated.
  • the ratio of the area (spectral line intensity) of the photoelectron peak of the target element and/or group in the photoelectron energy spectrum to the relative sensitivity factor of the corresponding element's spectral peak is the atomic percentage of the target element and/or group.
  • the molar percentage of the target element and/or group is obtained based on the atomic percentage of the target element and/or group.
  • the molar percentage of the passivation material is calculated based on the molar percentage of the target element and/or group in the light absorption layer 10 and the molar ratio of the target element and/or group to the passivation material.
  • the embodiments of this application by using passivation materials within the aforementioned molar ratio range, facilitate the balance between the passivation effect and the light absorption effect of the light absorption layer 10, so that the solar cell 100 containing the light absorption layer 10 has both good photoelectric conversion efficiency and good passivation effect.
  • the light-absorbing layer 10 includes any one of the following features:
  • the light absorption layer 10 includes a first light absorption composite layer, which includes a light absorption material and a passivation material.
  • the light absorption layer 10 includes a light absorption material layer and a second light absorption composite layer stacked together.
  • the light absorption material layer includes a light absorption material
  • the second light absorption composite layer includes a light absorption material and a passivation material.
  • the light absorption layer 10 includes a first light absorption material layer and a passivation layer stacked together.
  • the first light absorption material layer includes a light absorption material
  • the passivation layer includes the passivation material.
  • the light absorption layer 10 includes a light absorption composite layer and a passivation layer stacked together.
  • the light absorption composite layer includes a light absorption material and a passivation material, and the passivation layer includes a passivation material.
  • the embodiments of this application improve the film quality and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells by providing the aforementioned light absorption layer 10.
  • the light-absorbing layer 10 includes any one of the following features:
  • the thickness of the first light-absorbing composite layer is 350 nm to 700 nm;
  • the thickness of the second light-absorbing composite layer is 2nm to 10nm;
  • the thickness of the passivation layer is 5nm to 20nm.
  • the thickness of the first light-absorbing composite layer can be 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, etc., or a range of any two of the above values, for example, it can be 350nm ⁇ 600nm, 400nm ⁇ 500nm, 500nm ⁇ 700nm, etc.
  • the thickness of the second light-absorbing composite layer can be 2nm, 2.5nm, 3nm, 3.5nm, 4nm, 4.5nm, 5nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, or any range of two of the above values, such as 2nm ⁇ 3nm, 2.5nm ⁇ 4nm, 3.5nm ⁇ 5nm, 5nm ⁇ 8nm, 7.5nm ⁇ 10nm, etc.
  • the thickness of the passivation layer can be 5nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5nm, 15nm, 15.5nm, 16nm, 16.5nm, 17nm, 17.5nm, 18nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, etc., or a range of any two of the above values, for example, 5nm ⁇ 10nm, 7.5nm ⁇ 15nm, 10nm ⁇ 15nm, 15nm ⁇ 20nm, etc.
  • the thickness of the light-absorbing layer 10 and its stacked layers can be tested using various existing characterization methods.
  • a microstructure identification device can be used to identify the cross-section of the light-absorbing layer 10 along the thickness direction, and then the thickness of the light-absorbing layer 10 can be characterized using a scale built into the device.
  • the microstructure identification device can be a scanning electron microscope or a transmission electron microscope.
  • the embodiments of this application coordinate the passivation effect and the light absorption effect of the light absorption layer 10 within the above-mentioned thickness range, so that the solar cell 100 containing the light absorption layer 10 has good passivation effect while having good photoelectric conversion efficiency.
  • the light-absorbing material includes a perovskite material, the general chemical formula of which is ABX3 or A2CDX6 .
  • perovskite materials refer to a three-dimensional network structure formed by BX6 octahedra interconnected by sharing vertices, with A-site cations located in the voids of the interconnected octahedra.
  • the entire structure can be regarded as an arrangement of BX6 octahedra.
  • a + includes one or more of FA + , MA + , Cs + , Rb + , Li + , Na + , and K + ;
  • B2 + includes one or more of Pb2 + , Sn2 + , Ge2 + , Be2 + , and Mg2 + ;
  • C + includes Ag + ;
  • D3 + includes one or more of Bi3 + , Sb3 + , and In3 + ;
  • X- includes one or more of F- , I- , Br- , Cl- , and SCN- .
  • the embodiments of this application provide light-absorbing materials within the above-mentioned range, and the solar cell 100 containing the light-absorbing layer 10 has good photoelectric conversion efficiency.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the second structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.
  • the solar cell 100 further includes a hole transport layer 20, which is disposed on one side of the light absorption layer 10.
  • the embodiments of this application utilize the hole transport layer 20 provided above, which works in conjunction with the light absorption layer 10 to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell 100.
  • the hole transport layer 20 includes a hole transport material, which includes 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(alkylamino)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine, alkylamine-fluoroformamidinium, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).
  • a hole transport material which includes 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(alkylamino)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine, alkylamine-fluoroformamidinium, poly
  • polystyrene sulfonic acid poly-3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobifluorene, N-(4-alkylamine)carbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphate-based monomer, carboxylic acid-based monomer, carbazole-based monomer, sulfonic acid-based monomer, triphenylamine-based monomer, alkylamine-based monomer, aromatic-based monomer, metal oxide, and cuprous thiocyanate.
  • the embodiments of this application utilize a hole transport layer 20 comprising the aforementioned hole transport material, which works synergistically with a light absorption layer to enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the third structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.
  • the solar cell 100 further includes an electron transport layer 30 disposed on one side of the light absorption layer 10.
  • the electron transport layer 30 includes an electron transport material, which includes one or more of the following: acyl fullerene and its derivatives, imide and its derivatives, pyrrolidone and its derivatives, hexaazanaphthalene and its derivatives, tetraphenylethylene and its derivatives, PFN-2TNDI, PBDT-PDI, NDP-V, metal oxides, silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.
  • the embodiments of this application utilize the electron transport layer 30 provided above, which works in conjunction with the light absorption layer 10 to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell 100.
  • the electron transport layer 30 includes an electron transport material, which includes one or more of the following: acyl fullerene and its derivatives, imide and its derivatives, pyrrolidone and its derivatives, hexaazanaphthalene and its derivatives, tetraphenylethylene and its derivatives, PFN-2TNDI, PBDT-PDI, NDP-V, metal oxides, silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.
  • an electron transport material which includes one or more of the following: acyl fullerene and its derivatives, imide and its derivatives, pyrrolidone and its derivatives, hexaazanaphthalene and its derivatives, tetraphenylethylene and its derivatives, PFN-2TNDI, PBDT-PDI, NDP-V, metal oxides, silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.
  • the embodiments of this application utilize an electron transport layer 30, which includes the aforementioned electron transport material, to work synergistically with a light absorption layer to enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the fourth structure provided in an embodiment of this application
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the fifth structure provided in an embodiment of this application.
  • an embodiment of this application provides an inverted solar cell 100, which includes a substrate 40, a first electrode layer 50, a hole transport layer 20, a light absorption layer 10, an electron transport layer 30, and a second electrode layer 60.
  • an embodiment of this application provides a formal solar cell 100, which includes a substrate 40, a first electrode layer 50, an electron transport layer 30, a light absorption layer 10, a hole transport layer 20, and a second electrode layer 60.
  • a second aspect of this application provides a method for preparing a solar cell 100, comprising:
  • S1 provides middleware
  • a light-absorbing material precursor and a passivating material are disposed on the surface of an intermediate component, and a light-absorbing layer 10 is obtained by curing.
  • the passivating material includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted organic amines or their derivatives.
  • the precursor of a light-absorbing material refers to the precursor component that forms the light-absorbing material.
  • the precursor component is determined based on the specific composition of the light-absorbing material.
  • the embodiments of this application introduce passivation materials into the light absorption layer 10 by the above method, which is beneficial to passivate defects in the light absorption material, improve the film quality of the light absorption layer 10, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.
  • S2 the step of depositing a precursor of the light-absorbing material and a passivating material on the surface of the intermediate and obtaining the light-absorbing layer 10 through curing includes:
  • the product obtained by mixing the precursor of the light-absorbing material with the passivation material is placed on the surface of the intermediate and cured to obtain the light-absorbing layer 10.
  • the embodiments of this application introduce passivation material into the light absorption layer 10 by the above method, which is beneficial to passivate the bulk defects of the light absorption material, improve the film quality of the light absorption layer 10, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.
  • S2 the step of depositing a precursor of the light-absorbing material and a passivating material on the surface of the intermediate and obtaining the light-absorbing layer 10 through curing includes:
  • passivation material is placed on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer away from the intermediate component, and then cured to obtain the light-absorbing layer 10.
  • the embodiments of this application introduce passivation material into the light absorption layer 10 by the above method, which is beneficial to passivate the surface defects of the light absorption material, improve the film quality of the light absorption layer 10, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.
  • S22 the step of setting a precursor of the light-absorbing material on the surface of the intermediate and obtaining the intermediate layer of the light-absorbing material by curing includes:
  • the product obtained by mixing the precursor of the light-absorbing material with the passivation material is placed on the surface of the intermediate, and then cured to obtain the light-absorbing intermediate layer.
  • S23, the step of disposing the passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer away from the intermediate element includes:
  • the intermediate component including the light absorption intermediate layer is placed in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material, and the passivation material is deposited on the surface of the light absorption intermediate layer to form the light absorption layer 10.
  • One feasible method for placing the intermediate component, including the light-absorbing intermediate layer, in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material is as follows: first, the intermediate component is placed in a sealed space, and then gaseous passivation material is introduced into the sealed space through a gas supply system, thereby placing the intermediate component in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material. Another feasible method is to first distribute the gaseous passivation material in a sealed space, and then transfer the intermediate component into the sealed space, thereby placing the intermediate component in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material.
  • the intermediate may be pre-masked so that only the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer in the intermediate is exposed to the gaseous atmosphere of the passivation material, so that the passivation material is deposited only on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer and in the shallow layer of the light-absorbing intermediate layer near the surface.
  • the embodiments of this application improve the passivation effect of the light absorption layer 10 by depositing a passivation material in gaseous form on the surface of the light absorption intermediate layer.
  • a passivation material in gaseous form
  • the introduction of liquid solvent is reduced, the probability of adverse reactions of the light absorption material is reduced, damage to the light absorption layer 10 is reduced, and the passivation effect is better.
  • the intermediate includes a substrate 40, and the concentration of the passivation material decreases along the direction from the light-absorbing layer 10 toward the substrate 40.
  • TOF-SIMS time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
  • the gas concentration of the passivating material in the gaseous atmosphere is less than or equal to 40 mmol/L.
  • the gas concentration of the passivating material can be 1 mmol/L, 2 mmol/L, 5 mmol/L, 10 mmol/L, 11 mmol/L, 12 mmol/L, 15 mmol/L, 20 mmol/L, 21 mmol/L, 22 mmol/L, 25 mmol/L, 30 mmol/L, 31 mmol/L, 32 mmol/L, 35 mmol/L, 40 mmol/L, or a range of any two of the above values.
  • it can be 1 mmol/L to 10 mmol/L, 5 mmol/L to 15 mmol/L, 15 mmol/L to 25 mmol/L, 20 mmol/L to 30 mmol/L, 25 mmol/L to 35 mmol/L, or 30 mmol/L to 40 mmol/L.
  • the gas concentration of the passivating material refers to the number of moles of passivating material per unit volume, and the unit is mmol/L.
  • the embodiments of this application control the amount of passivation material entering the light absorption intermediate layer within the range of the above-mentioned gas concentration, thereby controlling the concentration of passivation material in the light absorption layer 10 and improving the passivation effect of the light absorption layer 10.
  • the first temperature is less than or equal to 200°C, and the first temperature can be 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, 60°C, 65°C, 70°C, 75°C, 80°C, 85°C, 90°C, 95°C, 100°C, 105°C, 110°C, 115°C, 120°C, 125°C, 130°C, 135°C, or 140°C.
  • the first duration includes 2 min to 10 min.
  • the first duration can be 2 min, 3 min, 4 min, 5 min, 6 min, 7 min, 8 min, 9 min, 10 min, etc., or a range composed of any two of the above values, for example, it can be 2 min to 5 min, 3 min to 6 min, 4 min to 8 min, 6 min to 10 min, etc.
  • the intermediate component includes a substrate 40 and a first electrode layer 50 stacked together, and a light absorption layer 10 is disposed on the side of the first electrode layer 50 away from the substrate 40.
  • the intermediate component includes a substrate 40, a first electrode layer 50, a first carrier transport layer and a passivation layer stacked together, and a light absorption layer 10 is disposed on the side of the passivation layer away from the substrate 40; the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer 20 or an electron transport layer 30.
  • the embodiments of this application through the aforementioned intermediate components, work synergistically with the light absorption layer 10 to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell 100.
  • the step of forming a subsequent film layer on the surface of the light-absorbing layer 10 away from the intermediate is further included.
  • the subsequent film layer includes any one of the following features:
  • the subsequent film layer includes a second electrode layer 60;
  • the embodiments of this application through the aforementioned subsequent film layers, work synergistically with the light absorption layer 10 to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell 100.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electrical equipment provided in the embodiment of this application.
  • the third aspect of this application provides an electrical device 1000, as shown in FIG6, including any solar cell 100 as provided in the first aspect, or a solar cell 100 prepared by the preparation method of any solar cell 100 provided in the second aspect.
  • the solar cell 100 serves as the power source for the electrical device 1000, enabling the normal operation of the electrical device 1000.
  • the electrical device 1000 employs the solar cell 100 provided in this application and possesses at least the same advantages as the solar cell 100, improving the battery performance of the electrical device 1000.
  • the electrical device 1000 may include lighting devices, display devices, or new energy vehicles, etc.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the power generation equipment provided in the embodiment of this application.
  • the fourth aspect of this application provides a power generation device 2000, as shown in FIG7, including any of the solar cells 100 provided in the first aspect, or a solar cell 100 prepared by the preparation method of any of the solar cells 100 provided in the second aspect.
  • the solar cell 100 serves as the energy source for the power generation device 2000, enabling the power generation device 2000 to output electrical energy.
  • the power generation device 2000 utilizes the solar cell 100 provided in this application and possesses at least the same advantages as the solar cell 100, thereby improving the power generation performance of the power generation device 2000.
  • the power generation device 2000 can be applied to fields such as building power supply, wearable device power supply, smartphone power supply, and vehicle battery power supply.
  • a chlorobenzene solution of fullerene derivative PCBM with a concentration of 20 mg/mL was spin-coated onto the light absorption layer 10 in step (3) at a rate of 1500 rpm, annealed at 100 °C for 10 min, and cooled to room temperature to form an electron transport layer 30 with a thickness of 60 nm.
  • step (4) The product obtained in step (4) is placed in a vacuum evaporation machine and metal Cu is deposited on the surface of electron transport layer 30 under a vacuum of 5 ⁇ 10-4 Pa at a evaporation rate of 0.1 ⁇ /s to form a second electrode layer 60 with a thickness of 80 nm.
  • Examples 2 and 3 are similar to Example 1, except that the concentration of phenylethylamine gas in step (3) of Examples 2 and 3 is different from that in Example 1.
  • Examples 4 and 5 are similar to Example 1, except that the intermediate is kept in the gaseous atmosphere of phenylethylamine for a different duration in step (3) of Examples 4 and 5 compared to Example 1.
  • Examples 6 and 7 are similar to Example 1, except that the temperature maintained in step (3) of Examples 6 and 7 is different from that in Example 1.
  • Examples 8 to 13 are similar to Example 1, except that the passivation material used in step (3) of Examples 8 to 13 is different from that in Example 1. In Example 13, two passivation materials are used, and the concentration ratio of the two passivation materials is 1:1.
  • Example 14 is similar to Example 1, except that the steps after forming the intermediate containing the light-absorbing intermediate layer in step (3) of Example 14 are different from those in Example 1.
  • step (3) of Example 14 after forming the intermediate containing the light-absorbing intermediate layer, a 5 mg/mL isopropanol solution of phenethylamine iodine is prepared, and the isopropanol solution of phenethylamine iodine is spin-coated onto the surface of the intermediate at a rate of 5000 rpm for 30 s. After spin-coating, it is transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and annealed at 100°C for 5 min. After cooling to room temperature, a light-absorbing layer 10 with a thickness of 500 nm is obtained.
  • Example 15 is similar to Example 1, except that step (3) of Example 15 involves forming a light-absorbing intermediate layer, which differs from Example 1.
  • step (3) of Example 15 phenylethylamine iodine is added to the precursor of the light-absorbing material, with a concentration of 5 mg/mL. It should be noted that, except for the addition of phenylethylamine iodine, step (3) of Example 15 involves forming a light-absorbing intermediate layer, all other steps are the same as in Example 1. Furthermore, in step (3) of Example 15, after forming the intermediate containing the light-absorbing intermediate layer, the intermediate is not placed in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material, and the light-absorbing layer 10 is obtained directly.
  • Example 16 is similar to Example 1, except that in step (3) of Example 15, the step of forming the light-absorbing intermediate layer is different from that in Example 1.
  • step (3) of Example 15 phenylethylamine iodine is added to the precursor of the light-absorbing material, and the concentration of phenylethylamine iodine is 5 mg/mL.
  • the steps in step (3) of Example 15 for forming the light-absorbing intermediate layer are the same as those in Example 1.
  • the steps after forming the light-absorbing intermediate layer are also the same as those in Example 1.
  • Comparative Example 1 is similar to Example 1, except that in step (3) of Comparative Example 1, after forming the intermediate containing the light-absorbing intermediate layer, the intermediate is not placed in the gaseous atmosphere of the passivation material, and the light-absorbing layer 10 is obtained directly.
  • the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cells 100 in each embodiment and comparative example was tested. Under atmospheric conditions, an AM1.5G standard light source was used as the simulated sunlight source, with an incident light power of 100 mW/ cm2 .
  • the current-voltage characteristic curve of the solar cells 100 under illumination was measured using a four-channel digital source meter (Keithley 2440), and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cells 100 was obtained. The results are shown in Table 1.
  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using 600W Al K ⁇ monochromatic X-rays was employed to irradiate the light-absorbing layer 10 sample to be characterized, exciting the inner-shell or valence electrons of atoms or molecules, causing them to be emitted. Electrons excited by photons are called photoelectrons. By measuring the energy of the photoelectrons, and plotting the kinetic energy/binding energy as the x-axis and the relative intensity (pulse/s) as the y-axis, a corresponding photoelectron spectrum can be constructed.
  • XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • the type and valence state of the specific group (phenyl) in the passivation material can be determined.
  • the ratio of the area (spectral line intensity) of the photoelectron peak of the target group in the photoelectron energy spectrum to the relative sensitivity factor of the corresponding element's spectral peak is the atomic percentage of the target group.
  • the molar percentage of the target group is obtained based on the atomic percentage of the target group.
  • the molar percentage of the passivation material is calculated based on the molar percentage of the target group in the light absorption layer and the molar ratio of the target group to the passivation material.

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Abstract

本申请公开一种太阳能电池及制备方法、用电设备、发电设备，该太阳能电池包括光吸收层，光吸收层包括光吸收材料和钝化材料；其中，钝化材料包括有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种。本申请的实施例提供的钝化材料中具有氮元素，氮元素具有孤对电子，孤对电子能够增强钝化材料与光吸收材料的结合能力，提升光吸收材料的晶体结构的稳定性，使得该钝化材料有利于钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。

Description

太阳能电池及制备方法、用电设备、发电设备
本公开要求于2024年06月20日提交的申请号为2024108046308，发明名称为“太阳 能电池及制备方法、用电设备、发电设备”的中国专利申请的优先权，其通过引用方式全 部并入本公开。
技术领域
本发明涉及光伏器件技术领域，尤其涉及一种太阳能电池及制备方法、用电设备、发电设备。
背景技术
本部分提供的仅仅是与本申请相关的背景信息，其并不必然是现有技术。
太阳能电池作为极具潜力的光伏器件，被人们广泛研究，其中光吸收层作为太阳能电池的重要部件，其性能的好坏对太阳能电池的光电转化效率有重要影响。
发明内容
鉴于背景技术中存在的技术问题，本申请提供一种太阳能电池及制备方法、用电设备、发电设备，旨在改善太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
为了实现上述目的，本申请的第一方面提供一种太阳能电池，包括：
光吸收层，光吸收层包括光吸收材料和钝化材料；
其中，钝化材料包括取代或未取代的有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种。
本申请的实施例提供一种太阳能电池，该太阳能电池包括光吸收层，光吸收层引入钝化材料，钝化材料包括取代或未取代的有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种，有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种具有氮元素，氮元素具有孤对电子，孤对电子能够增强钝化材料与光吸收材料的结合能力，提升光吸收材料的晶体结构的稳定性，使得该钝化材料有利于钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，有机胺包括芳香胺和/或烷基胺。
本申请的实施例通过上述钝化材料，调控钝化材料与光吸收材料的结合能力，提升光吸收材料的晶体结构的稳定性，使得该钝化材料有利于钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，钝化材料包括如下特征中的一项或多项：
(1)芳香胺包括苯甲胺、间甲苯胺、邻甲苯胺、苯乙胺、间氟苯乙胺中的一种或几种；
(2)烷基胺包括二甲胺、二乙胺、乙二胺、三乙胺中的一种或几种。
本申请的实施例通过提供的钝化材料，钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，取代的有机胺中取代基团包括卤素基团、烷基、含氧基团、含氮基团、含硫基团、含磷基团中的一种或几种。
本申请的实施例通过钝化材料中的取代基团，提升钝化材料钝化光吸收材料的缺陷的效果，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，钝化材料的相对分子质量的范围满足30～500。
本申请的实施例通过上述相对分子质量的范围内的钝化材料，容易钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，钝化材料在300K的饱和蒸气压的范围满足1.00kPa～1000kPa。
本申请的实施例通过上述饱和蒸气压的范围的钝化材料，容易钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，使用X射线光电子能谱仪向光吸收层发射X射线，获得光吸收层的光电子能谱图；根据光电子能谱图确定形成光吸收层的若干元素和/或基团；从若干元素和/或基团中确定代表钝化材料的目标元素和/或基团；根据目标元素和/或基团在光电子能谱图中的谱峰的面积与相对灵敏度因子的比值，确定目标元素和/或基团的摩尔占比，根据目标元素和/或基团与钝化材料的摩尔比计算得到钝化材料的摩尔占比，钝化材料的摩尔占比的范围满足0.001％～0.2％。
本申请的实施例通过上述摩尔占比的范围内的钝化材料，有利于协调光吸收层的钝化效果以及光吸收效果的平衡，使得包含该光吸收层的太阳能电池在具有良好的光电转化效率的情况下，还具有良好的钝化效果。
在一些实施例中，光吸收层包括如下特征中的任一项：
(1)光吸收层包括第一光吸收复合层，第一光吸收复合层包括光吸收材料和钝化材料；
(2)光吸收层包括层叠设置的光吸收材料层和第二光吸收复合层，光吸收材料层包括光吸收材料，第二光吸收复合层包括光吸收材料和钝化材料；
(3)光吸收层包括层叠设置的光吸收材料层和钝化层，光吸收材料层包括光吸收材料，钝化层包括所述钝化材料；
(4)光吸收层包括层叠设置的第一光吸收复合层和钝化层，第一光吸收复合层包括光吸收材料和钝化材料，钝化层包括钝化材料。
本申请的实施例通过提供的上述光吸收层，改善了膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，光吸收层包括如下特征中的任一项:
(1)第一光吸收复合层的厚度为350nm～700nm；
(2)第二光吸收复合层的厚度为2nm～10nm；
(3)钝化层的厚度为5nm～20nm。
本申请的实施例通过上述厚度范围的光吸收层，协调光吸收层的钝化效果以及光吸收效果的平衡，使得包含该光吸收层的太阳能电池在具有良好的光电转化效率的情况下，还具有良好的钝化效果。
在一些实施例中，光吸收材料包括钙钛矿材料，钙钛矿材料的化学式通式为ABX3或A2CDX6；
其中，A+包括FA+、MA+、Cs+、Rb+、Li+、Na+、K+中的一种或几种；B2+包括Pb2+、Sn2+、Ge2+、Be2+、Mg2+中的一种或几种；C+包括Ag+；D3+包括Bi3+、Sb3+、In3+中的一种或几种；X-包括F-、I-、Br-、Cl-、SCN-中的一种或几种。
本申请的实施例提供上述范围的光吸收材料，包含该光吸收层的太阳能电池具有良好的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，太阳能电池还包括空穴传输层，空穴传输层设置于所述光吸收层的一侧。
本申请的实施例通过上述提供的空穴传输层，与光吸收层协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，空穴传输层包括空穴传输材料，空穴传输材料包括2,2',7,7'-四(N,N-对甲氧苯胺)-9,9'-螺二芴、2,2',7,7'-四(烷胺基)-9,9'-螺二芴、甲氧基三苯胺、烷胺-氟代甲脒、聚[双(4-苯基)(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)胺]、聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)：聚苯乙烯磺酸、聚3-己基噻吩、三蝶烯为核的三苯胺、3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩-甲氧基三苯胺、N-(4-苯胺)咔唑-螺双芴、N-(4-烷胺)咔唑-螺双芴、聚噻吩、磷酸基单分子、羧酸基单分子、咔唑基单分子、磺酸基单分子、三苯胺单分子、烷胺基单分子、芳香基单分子、金属氧化物、硫氰酸亚铜中的一种或几种。
本申请的实施例通过包括上述空穴传输材料的空穴传输层，与光吸收层协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，太阳能电池还包括电子传输层，电子传输层设置于光吸收层的一侧。
本申请的实施例通过上述提供的电子传输层，与光吸收层协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，电子传输层包括电子传输材料，电子传输材料包括酰基富勒烯及其衍生物、酰亚胺及其衍生物、吡咯烷酮及其衍生物、六氮杂萘及其衍生物、四苯乙烯及其衍生物、PFN-2TNDI、PBDT-PDI、NDP-V、金属氧化物、氧化硅、钛酸锶、钛酸钙、氟化锂和氟化钙中的一种或几种。
本申请的实施例通过包括上述电子传输材料的电子传输层，与光吸收层协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
为了实现上述目的，本申请的第二方面提供一种太阳能电池的制备方法，包括：
提供中间件；
将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层；钝化材料包括取代或未取代的有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种。
本申请的实施例通过上述方法在光吸收层中引入钝化材料，有利于钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层的步骤包括：
将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料混合后得到的产物设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层。
本申请的实施例通过上述方法将钝化材料引入光吸收层，有利于钝化光吸收材料的体相缺陷，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层的步骤包括：
将光吸收材料的前驱体设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收中间层；
将钝化材料设置在光吸收中间层远离中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层。
本申请的实施例通过上述方法将钝化材料引入光吸收层，有利于钝化光吸收材料的表面缺陷，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，将光吸收材料的前驱体设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收材料中间层的步骤包括：
将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料混合后得到的产物设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收中间层。
本申请的实施例通过上述方法将钝化材料引入光吸收层，有利于钝化光吸收材料的体相缺陷和表面缺陷，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，将钝化材料设置在光吸收中间层远离中间件的表面的步骤包括：
将包括光吸收中间层的中间件置于钝化材料的气态氛围中，在光吸收中间层的表面沉积钝化材料，形成光吸收层。
本申请的实施例通过气相形态的钝化材料使之沉积在光吸收中间层的表面，提高了光吸收层的钝化效果，相比于钝化材料以液相形态参与制备光吸收层的方案，减少了液态溶剂的引入，降低了光吸收材料发生不良反应的概率，减少了对光吸收层的损伤，钝化效果更好。
在一些实施例中，中间件包括衬底，钝化材料的浓度沿着光吸收层指向衬底的方向减小。
本申请的实施例通过钝化材料的浓度沿着光吸收层指向衬底的方向减小，有利于协调光吸收层的钝化效果以及光吸收效果的平衡，使得包含该光吸收层的太阳能电池在具有良好的光电转化效率的情况下，还具有良好的钝化效果。
在一些实施例中，钝化材料的气态氛围中，钝化材料的气体浓度小于或等于40mmol/L。
本申请的实施例通过在上述气体浓度的范围内的钝化材料，调控钝化材料进入光吸收中间层的量，进而调控光吸收层中钝化材料的浓度，提高光吸收层的钝化效果。
在一些实施例中，在光吸收中间层的表面沉积钝化材料，形成光吸收层的步骤，包括：
在第一温度下，在光吸收中间层的表面沉积钝化材料第一时长，形成光吸收层；
其中，第一温度小于或等于200℃；和/或，第一时长包括2min～10min。
本申请的实施例通过提供的工艺参数范围，实现钝化材料在光吸收中间层的表面沉积，沉积效果良好，有利于形成性能良好的光吸收层。
在一些实施例中，中间件包括如下特征中的任一项：
(1)中间件包括层叠设置的衬底和第一电极层，光吸收层设置于第一电极层远离衬底的一侧；
(2)中间件包括层叠设置的衬底、第一电极层和第一载流子传输层，光吸收层设置于第一载流子传输层远离衬底的一侧；第一载流子传输层为空穴传输层或电子传输层；
(3)中间件包括层叠设置的衬底、第一电极层、第一载流子传输层和钝化层，光吸收层设置于钝化层远离衬底的一侧；第一载流子传输层为空穴传输层或电子传输层。
本申请的实施例通过上述中间件，与光吸收层协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，形成光吸收层的步骤之后，还包括在光吸收层远离中间件的表面形成后续膜层的步骤。
本申请的实施例上述方法，在光吸收层远离中间件的表面形成后续膜层，所形成的太阳能电池具有性能良好的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，后续膜层包括如下特征中的任一项：
(1)后续膜层包括第二电极层；
(2)后续膜层包括层叠设置的第二电极层和第二载流子传输层，其中，第二载流子传输层设于光吸收层和第二电极层之间；第二载流子传输层为电子传输层或空穴传输层；
(3)中间件包括层叠设置的第二电极层、第二载流子传输层和钝化层，所述钝化层设置于光吸收层和第二载流子传输层之间；第二载流子传输层为电子传输层或空穴传输层。
本申请的实施例通过上述后续膜层，与光吸收层协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
为了实现上述目的，本申请的第三方面提供一种用电设备，包括如第一方面提供的任一太阳能电池，或如第二方面提供的任一太阳能电池的制备方法所制备的太阳能电池。
本申请的实施例中，太阳能电池作为用电设备的电能来源，实现用电设备的正常运行。用电设备采用了本申请所提供的太阳能电池，至少具有与太阳能电池相同的优势，可提高用电设备的电池性能。
为了实现上述目的，本申请的第四方面提供一种发电设备，包括如第一方面提供的任一太阳能电池，或如第二方面提供的任一太阳能电池的制备方法所制备的太阳能电池。
本申请的实施例中，太阳能电池作为发电设备的能量来源，实现发电设备的电能输出。发电设备采用了本申请所提供的太阳能电池，至少具有与太阳能电池相同的优势，可提高发电设备的发电性能。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例中的技术方案，下面将对实施例描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其它的附图。
图1是本申请的实施例提供的太阳能电池的第一结构示意图；
图2是本申请的实施例提供的太阳能电池的第二结构示意图；
图3是本申请的实施例提供的太阳能电池的第三结构示意图；
图4是本申请的实施例提供的太阳能电池的第四结构示意图；
图5是本申请的实施例提供的太阳能电池的第五结构示意图；
图6是本申请的实施例提供的用电设备的结构示意图；
图7是本申请的实施例提供的发电设备的结构示意图。
附图标号说明：
100-太阳能电池、10-光吸收层、20-空穴传输层、30-电子传输层、40-衬底、50-第一电极层、60-第二电极层、1000-用电设备、2000-发电设备。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式，进一步阐述本申请。应理解，这些具体实施方式仅用于说明本申请而不用于限制本申请的范围。
为了简明，本文仅具体地公开了一些数值范围。然而，任意下限可以与任意上限组合形成未明确记载的范围；以及任意下限可以与其它下限组合形成未明确记载的范围，同样任意上限可以与任意其它上限组合形成未明确记载的范围。此外，每个单独公开的点或单个数值自身可以作为下限或上限与任意其它点或单个数值组合或与其它下限或上限组合形成未明确记载的范围。
在本文的描述中，除非另有说明，术语“或(or)”是包括性的。也就是说，短语“A或(or)B”表示“A，B，或A和B两者”。更具体地，以下任一条件均满足条件“A或B”：A为真(或存在)并且B为假(或不存在)；A为假(或不存在)而B为真(或存在)；或A和B都为真(或存在)。
在本文的描述中，需要说明的是，除非另有说明，“以上”、“以下”为包括本数，“一种或几种”中“几种”的含义是两种及两种以上。
除非另有说明，本申请中使用的术语具有本领域技术人员通常所理解的公知含义。除非另有说明，本申请中提到的各参数的数值可以用本领域常用的各种测量方法进行测量(例如，可以按照在本申请的实施例中给出的方法进行测试)。
在一些方案中，光吸收层的缺陷是由于形成光吸收层的光吸收材料容易发生缺陷而引起的。在一些方案中，光吸收材料晶体容易出现例如空位、位错、晶界缺陷等缺陷，从而容易影响光吸收层的稳定性，导致太阳能电池的光电转化效率的下降。
为解决上述技术问题，本申请的实施例提供一种太阳能电池及制备方法、用电设备、发电设备。
本申请实施例描述的技术方案适用于太阳能电池及制备方法、用电设备、发电设备。本申请公开的可用于钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池组件，还可用于硅-钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池组件，本申请不做限制。
请参阅图1，图1是本申请的实施例提供的太阳能电池的第一结构示意图。
为了实现上述目的，参见图1，本申请的第一方面提供一种太阳能电池100，该太阳能电池100包括光吸收层10。光吸收层10包括光吸收材料和钝化材料。其中，钝化材料包括取代或未取代的有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种。
其中，太阳能电池100是指通过光生伏特效应直接将光能转化为电能的器件。一般来说，太阳能电池100包括以晶硅太阳能电池为代表的第一代太阳能电池，以铜铟硒化镓(CIGS)、砷化镓(GaAs)和碲化镉(CdTe)等直接带隙半导体制备的薄膜太阳能电池为代表的第二代太阳能电池，以及以染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)、有机光伏电池(OPVs)和钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)为代表的第三代太阳能电池。在一些实施例中，本申请提供的太阳能电池100是指利用钙钛矿型半导体作为光吸收材料的钙钛矿太阳能电池。
光吸收层10是太阳能电池100的核心部件，用于吸收太阳光的光子能量，产生电子-空穴对，并在内建电场作用下使电子-空穴对分离成自由的电子和空穴，空穴和电子分别被两个不同的电极收集，两个电极连接成电路产生光电流。
光吸收材料是指形成光吸收层10的主体材料。钝化材料是指能够钝化太阳能电池100的缺陷的材料。钝化材料的添加有利于钝化光吸收层10的缺陷，提高太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种具有含氮基团，氮元素具有未成键的孤对电子，孤对电子可以与光吸收材料的离子和/或游离出的质子作用，降低光吸收材料的缺陷和/或稳固光吸收材料的晶体框架，从而提高光吸收材料的晶体质量。
本申请的实施例提供一种太阳能电池100，该太阳能电池100包括光吸收层10，光吸收层10引入钝化材料，钝化材料包括有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种，有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种具有氮元素，氮元素具有孤对电子，孤对电子能够增强钝化材料与光吸收材料的结合能力，提升光吸收材料的晶体结构的稳定性，使得该钝化材料有利于钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层10的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，有机胺包括芳香胺和/或烷基胺。
其中，芳香胺是指具有芳香性取代基的有机胺化合物，即氨基(-NH2)、亚氨基(-NH-)或含氮基团连接到芳香烃上的化合物。芳香胺的衍生物是指由芳香胺经过化学反应生成的含有该芳香胺或其部分结构的新化合物，芳香胺的衍生物保留了芳香胺的基本结构特征，但其整体化学性质可能因结构变化而有所差异。
烷基胺是指具有饱和烃取代基的有机胺化合物，即氨基(-NH2)、亚氨基(-NH-)或含氮基团连接到饱和烃上的化合物。烷基胺的衍生物是指由烷基胺经过化学反应生成的含有该烷基胺或其部分结构的新化合物，烷基胺的衍生物保留了烷基胺的基本结构特征，但其整体化学性质可能因结构变化而有所差异。
本申请的实施例通过上述钝化材料，调控钝化材料与光吸收材料的结合能力，提升光吸收材料的晶体结构的稳定性，使得该钝化材料有利于钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，钝化材料包括如下特征中的一项或多项：
(1)芳香胺包括苯甲胺间甲苯胺邻甲苯胺苯乙胺间氟苯乙胺中的一种或几种；
(2)烷基胺包括二甲胺二乙胺乙二胺三乙胺中的一种或几种。
本申请的实施例通过提供的钝化材料，钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层10的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，取代的有机胺中取代基团包括卤素基团、烷基、含氧基团、含氮基团、含硫基团、含磷基团中的一种或几种。
本申请的实施例通过钝化材料中的取代基团，提升钝化材料钝化光吸收材料的缺陷的效果，改善光吸收层10的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，钝化材料的相对分子质量的范围满足30～500。钝化材料的相对分子质量可以为30、50、80、100、120、150、170、200、220、250、270、300、320、350、370、400、420、450、470、500等，或是上述任意两个数值组成的范围，例如，可以为30～100、50～150、100～200、150～250、200～300、250～300、350～400、400～500等。
在一些方案中，在上述相对分子质量范围内的钝化材料，容易部分或全部进入光吸收材料的晶格之中，占据光吸收材料的空位等缺陷，以稳固光吸收材料的晶体结构，抑制晶体相变，同时阻隔离子迁移的通道，抑制离子迁移，提升太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
本申请的实施例通过上述相对分子质量的范围内的钝化材料，容易钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层10的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，钝化材料在300K的饱和蒸气压的范围满足1.00kPa～1000kPa。
在一些实施例中，钝化材料在300K的饱和蒸气压可以为1.00kPa、10kPa、20kPa、50kPa、80kPa、100kPa、120kPa、150kPa、180kPa、200kPa、250kPa、300kPa、350kPa、400kPa、450kPa、500kPa、550kPa、600kPa、650kPa、700kPa、750kPa、800kPa、850kPa、900kPa、950kPa、1000kPa等，或是上述任意两个数值组成的范围，例如，可以为1.00kPa～100kPa、100kPa～300kPa、200kPa～400kPa、300kPa～500kPa、400kPa～600kPa、500kPa～700kPa、600kPa～800kPa、700kPa～900kPa、800kPa～1000kPa等。
其中，饱和蒸气压是指在密闭条件中，在一定温度下，与固体或液体处于相平衡的蒸气所具有的压强。饱和蒸气压越大，表示物质越容易气化。
本申请的实施例通过上述饱和蒸气压的范围的钝化材料，容易钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层10的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，使用X射线光电子能谱仪向光吸收层10发射X射线，获得光吸收层10的光电子能谱图；根据光电子能谱图确定形成光吸收层10的若干元素和/或基团；从若干元素和/或基团中确定代表钝化材料的目标元素和/或基团；根据目标元素和/或基团在光电子能谱图中的谱峰的面积与相对灵敏度因子的比值，确定目标元素和/或基团的摩尔占比，根据目标元素和/或基团与钝化材料的摩尔比计算得到钝化材料的摩尔占比，钝化材料的摩尔占比的范围满足0.001％～0.2％。钝化材料的摩尔占比可以为0.001％、0.002％、0.003％、0.004％、0.005％、0.006％、0.007％、0.008％、0.009％、0.01％、0.02％、0.03％、0.04％、0.05％、0.06％、0.07％、0.08％、0.09％、0.1％、0.11％、0.12％、0.13％、0.14％、0.15％、0.16％、0.17％、0.18％、0.19％、0.2％等，或是上述任意两个数值组成的范围，例如，可以为0.001％～0.01％、0.005％～0.05％、0.003％～0.1％、0.005％～0.15％、0.1％～0.2％等。
其中，利用X射线光电子能谱XPS的X射线去辐射待表征的光吸收层10样品，使原子或分子的内层电子或价电子受到激发进而发射出来。被光子激发出来的电子称为光电子。通过测量光电子的能量，以光电子的动能/束缚能(bindingenergy)为横坐标、相对强度(脉冲/s)为纵坐标，进而可以做出相应的光电子能谱图。根据光电子能谱图中的特征谱线的位置，以及通过对内层电子结合能的化学位移测量提供化学键和电荷分布等信息，确定钝化分子中特有元素和/或基团的种类和其价态。光电子能谱图中的目标元素和/或基团的光电子的谱峰的面积(谱线强度)与对应元素谱峰的相对灵敏度因子的比值，即为该目标元素和/或基团对应的原子百分比，根据目标元素和/或基团对应的原子百分比得到该元素和/或基团对应的摩尔占比，根据目标元素和/或基团在光吸收层10中的摩尔占比以及该目标元素和/或基团与钝化材料的摩尔比，计算得到钝化材料的摩尔占比。
本申请的实施例通过上述摩尔占比的范围内的钝化材料，有利于协调光吸收层10的钝化效果以及光吸收效果的平衡，使得包含该光吸收层10的太阳能电池100在具有良好的光电转化效率的情况下，还具有良好的钝化效果。
在一些实施例中，光吸收层10包括如下特征中的任一项：
(1)光吸收层10包括第一光吸收复合层，第一光吸收复合层包括光吸收材料和钝化材料；
(2)光吸收层10包括层叠设置的光吸收材料层和第二光吸收复合层，光吸收材料层包括光吸收材料，第二光吸收复合层包括光吸收材料和钝化材料；
(3)光吸收层10包括层叠设置的第一光吸收材料层和钝化层，第一光吸收材料层包括光吸收材料，钝化层包括所述钝化材料；
(4)光吸收层10包括层叠设置的光吸收复合层和钝化层，光吸收复合层包括光吸收材料和钝化材料，钝化层包括钝化材料。
本申请的实施例通过提供的上述光吸收层10，改善了膜层质量，提升太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，光吸收层10包括如下特征中的任一项:
(1)第一光吸收复合层的厚度为350nm～700nm；
(2)第二光吸收复合层的厚度为2nm～10nm；
(3)钝化层的厚度为5nm～20nm。
第一光吸收复合层的厚度可以为350nm、400nm、450nm、500nm、550nm、600nm、650nm、700nm等，或是上述任意两个数值组成的范围，例如，可以为350nm～600nm、400nm～500nm、500nm～700nm等。
第二光吸收复合层的厚度可以为2nm、2.5nm、3nm、3.5nm、4nm、4.5nm、5nm、5.5nm、6nm、6.5nm、7nm、7.5nm、8nm、8.5nm、9nm、9.5nm、10nm等，或是上述任意两个数值组成的范围，例如，可以为2nm～3nm、2.5nm～4nm、3.5nm～5nm、5nm～8nm、7.5nm～10nm等。
钝化层的厚度可以为5nm、5.5nm、6nm、6.5nm、7nm、7.5nm、8nm、8.5nm、9nm、9.5nm、10nm、10.5nm、11nm、11.5nm、12nm、12.5nm、13nm、13.5nm、14nm、14.5nm、15nm、15.5nm、16nm、16.5nm、17nm、17.5nm、18nm、18.5nm、19nm、19.5nm、20nm等，或是上述任意两个数值组成的范围，例如，可以为5nm～10nm、7.5nm～15nm、10nm～15nm、15nm～20nm等。
光吸收层10以及其各叠层的厚度可以采用多种现有的表征手段进行测试。在一些实施例中，可以采用微观结构识别设备对光吸收层10沿厚度方向的剖面进行识别，然后可以采用设备自带的标尺对光吸收层10的厚度进行表征。在一些实施例中，微观结构识别设备可以是扫描电子显微镜或者透射电子显微镜。
本申请的实施例通过上述厚度范围的光吸收层10，协调光吸收层10的钝化效果以及光吸收效果的平衡，使得包含该光吸收层10的太阳能电池100在具有良好的光电转化效率的情况下，还具有良好的钝化效果。
在一些实施例中，光吸收材料包括钙钛矿材料，钙钛矿材料的化学式通式为ABX3或A2CDX6。
其中，在一些方案中，钙钛矿材料是指由BX6八面体通过共用顶点相互连接形成三维网络结构，A位阳离子则位于相互连接八面体的空隙中，整个结构可看成BX6八面体的排列。
A+包括FA+、MA+、Cs+、Rb+、Li+、Na+、K+中的一种或几种；B2+包括Pb2+、Sn2+、Ge2+、Be2+、Mg2+中的一种或几种；C+包括Ag+；D3+包括Bi3+、Sb3+、In3+中的一种或几种；X-包括F-、I-、Br-、Cl-、SCN-中的一种或几种。
本申请的实施例提供上述范围的光吸收材料，包含该光吸收层10的太阳能电池100具有良好的光电转化效率。
请参阅图2，图2是本申请的实施例提供的太阳能电池的第二结构示意图。
在一些实施例中，参见图2，太阳能电池100还包括空穴传输层20，空穴传输层20设置于所述光吸收层10的一侧。
本申请的实施例通过上述提供的空穴传输层20，与光吸收层10协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，空穴传输层20包括空穴传输材料，空穴传输材料包括2,2',7,7'-四(N,N-对甲氧苯胺)-9,9'-螺二芴、2,2',7,7'-四(烷胺基)-9,9'-螺二芴、甲氧基三苯胺、烷胺-氟代甲脒、聚[双(4-苯基)(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)胺]、聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)：聚苯乙烯磺酸、聚3-己基噻吩、三蝶烯为核的三苯胺、3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩-甲氧基三苯胺、N-(4-苯胺)咔唑-螺双芴、N-(4-烷胺)咔唑-螺双芴、聚噻吩、磷酸基单分子、羧酸基单分子、咔唑基单分子、磺酸基单分子、三苯胺单分子、烷胺基单分子、芳香基单分子、金属氧化物、硫氰酸亚铜中的一种或几种。
本申请的实施例通过包括上述空穴传输材料的空穴传输层20，与光吸收层协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
请参阅图3，图3是本申请的实施例提供的太阳能电池的第三结构示意图。
在一些实施例中，参见图3，太阳能电池100还包括电子传输层30，电子传输层30设置于光吸收层10的一侧，电子传输层30包括电子传输材料，电子传输材料包括酰基富勒烯及其衍生物、酰亚胺及其衍生物、吡咯烷酮及其衍生物、六氮杂萘及其衍生物、四苯乙烯及其衍生物、PFN-2TNDI、PBDT-PDI、NDP-V、金属氧化物、氧化硅、钛酸锶、钛酸钙、氟化锂和氟化钙中的一种或几种。
本申请的实施例通过上述提供的电子传输层30，与光吸收层10协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，电子传输层30包括电子传输材料，电子传输材料包括酰基富勒烯及其衍生物、酰亚胺及其衍生物、吡咯烷酮及其衍生物、六氮杂萘及其衍生物、四苯乙烯及其衍生物、PFN-2TNDI、PBDT-PDI、NDP-V、金属氧化物、氧化硅、钛酸锶、钛酸钙、氟化锂和氟化钙中的一种或几种。
本申请的实施例通过包括上述电子传输材料的电子传输层30，与光吸收层协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池的光电转化效率。
请参阅图4和图5，图4是本申请的实施例提供的第四结构示意图，图5是本申请的实施例提供的第五结构示意图。
参见图4，本申请的实施例提供一种反式的太阳能电池100，该太阳能电池100包括衬底40、第一电极层50、空穴传输层20、光吸收层10、电子传输层30、第二电极层60。
参见图5，本申请的实施例提供一种正式的太阳能电池100，该太阳能电池100包括衬底40、第一电极层50、电子传输层30、光吸收层10、空穴传输层20、第二电极层60。
为了实现上述目的，本申请的第二方面提供一种太阳能电池100的制备方法，包括：
S1，提供中间件；
S2，将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层10；钝化材料包括取代或未取代的有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种。
其中，光吸收材料的前驱体是指形成光吸收材料的前体组分。前体组分根据光吸收材料的具体成分确定。
将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料设置在中间件的表面的方法可以包括多种。示例的，可以采用化学浴沉积法、电化学沉积法、化学气相沉积法、物理外延生长法、热蒸镀共蒸法、原子层沉积法、磁控溅射法、前驱液旋涂法、前驱液狭缝涂布法、前驱液刮涂法、机械压合法等方法将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料设置在中间件的表面。
本申请的实施例通过上述方法在光吸收层10中引入钝化材料，有利于钝化光吸收材料的缺陷，改善光吸收层10的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，S2中，将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层10的步骤包括：
S21，将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料混合后得到的产物设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层10。
本申请的实施例通过上述方法将钝化材料引入光吸收层10，有利于钝化光吸收材料的体相缺陷，改善光吸收层10的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，S2中，将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层10的步骤包括：
S22，将光吸收材料的前驱体设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收中间层；
S23，将钝化材料设置在光吸收中间层远离中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层10。
本申请的实施例通过上述方法将钝化材料引入光吸收层10，有利于钝化光吸收材料的表面缺陷，改善光吸收层10的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，S22中，将光吸收材料的前驱体设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收材料中间层的步骤包括：
S221，将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料混合后得到的产物设置在中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收中间层。
本申请的实施例通过上述方法将钝化材料引入光吸收层10，有利于钝化光吸收材料的体相缺陷和表面缺陷，改善光吸收层10的膜层质量，提升太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，S23中，将钝化材料设置在光吸收中间层远离中间件的表面的步骤包括：
S231，将包括光吸收中间层的中间件置于钝化材料的气态氛围中，在光吸收中间层的表面沉积钝化材料，形成光吸收层10。
其中，将包括光吸收中间层的中间件置于钝化材料的气态氛围中的一种可实现的方式为：先将中间件置于密闭空间内，再通过输气设置使得气态的钝化材料输入至该密闭空间内，以实现将中间件置于钝化材料的气态氛围中。另一种可实现的方式为：可以先使得气相的钝化材料分布在密闭空间内，再将中间件转移至该密闭空间内，以实现将中间件置于钝化材料的气态氛围中。
在光吸收中间层的表面沉积钝化材料，形成光吸收层10的过程中，可以采用一定的处理温度和处理时间来形成质量良好的光吸收层10。在一些实施例中，在光吸收中间层的表面沉积钝化材料，形成光吸收层10的过程中，除了采用一定的处理温度和处理时间来形成质量良好的光吸收层10之外，还可以采用一定的压强以提高钝化材料的沉积效率。
在一些实施例中，可以对中间件进行预先遮掩的处理，以使得中间件中仅光吸收中间层的表面暴露在钝化材料的气态氛围中，以使得钝化材料仅沉积在光吸收中间层的表面以及光吸收中间层靠近该表面的浅层内。
本申请的实施例通过气相形态的钝化材料使之沉积在光吸收中间层的表面，提高了光吸收层10的钝化效果，相比于钝化材料以液相形态参与制备光吸收层10的方案，减少了液态溶剂的引入，降低了光吸收材料发生不良反应的概率，减少了对光吸收层10的损伤，钝化效果更好。
在一些实施例中，S231中，中间件包括衬底40，钝化材料的浓度沿着光吸收层10指向衬底40的方向减小。
其中，钝化材料的浓度沿着光吸收层10指向衬底40的方向减小，与光吸收层10的缺陷浓度沿着光吸收层10指向衬底40的方向减小的分布趋势相匹配，钝化材料能够更好的钝化光吸收层10的表面缺陷和浅层缺陷，从而改善光吸收层10的膜层质量，提高器件的光电转化效率。此外，还有利于使光吸收层10与其它膜层之间的能级更加匹配，从而有利于提高光吸收层10的电荷输运能力，进而提高器件的光电转化效率。
钝化材料的浓度在光吸收层10内的分布情况可以通过飞行时间二次离子质谱技术(Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry，TOF-SIMS)表征。飞行时间二次离子质谱技术是本领域常用的表征手段，本申请不再对表征细节赘述。
本申请的实施例通过钝化材料的浓度沿着光吸收层10指向衬底40的方向减小，有利于协调光吸收层10的钝化效果以及光吸收效果的平衡，使得包含该光吸收层10的太阳能电池100在具有良好的光电转化效率的情况下，还具有良好的钝化效果。
在一些实施例中，S231中，钝化材料的气态氛围中，钝化材料的气体浓度小于或等于40mmol/L。钝化材料的气体浓度可以为1mmol/L、2mmol/L、5mmol/L、10mmol/L、11mmol/L、12mmol/L、15mmol/L、20mmol/L、21mmol/L、22mmol/L、25mmol/L、30mmol/L、31mmol/L、32mmol/L、35mmol/L、40mmol/L等，或是上述任意两个数值组成的范围，例如，可以为1mmol/L～10mmol/L、5mmol/L～15mmol/L、15mmol/L～25mmol/L、20mmol/L～30mmol/L、25mmol/L～35mmol/L、30mmol/L～40mmol/L。
其中，钝化材料的气体浓度是指在单体体积内钝化材料的摩尔数，单位是mmol/L。
本申请的实施例通过在上述气体浓度的范围内的钝化材料，调控钝化材料进入光吸收中间层的量，进而调控光吸收层10中钝化材料的浓度，提高光吸收层10的钝化效果。
在一些实施例中，S231中，在光吸收中间层的表面沉积钝化材料，形成光吸收层10的步骤，包括：
S2311，在第一温度下，在光吸收中间层的表面沉积钝化材料第一时长，形成光吸收层10；
其中，在一些实施例中，第一温度小于或等于200℃，第一温度可以为20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃、40℃、45℃、50℃、55℃、60℃、65℃、70℃、75℃、80℃、85℃、90℃、95℃、100℃、105℃、110℃、115℃、120℃、125℃、130℃、135℃、140℃、145℃、150℃、155℃、160℃、165℃、170℃、175℃、180℃、185℃、190℃、195℃、200℃等，或是上述任意两个数值组成的范围，例如，可以为20℃～100℃、40℃～90℃、80℃～150℃、100℃～200℃、110℃～150℃、130℃～180℃等。
在一些实施例中，第一时长包括2min～10min。第一时长可以为2min、3min、4min、5min、6min、7min、8min、9min、10min等，或是上述任意两个数值组成的范围，例如，可以为2min～5min、3min～6min、4min～8min、6min～10min等。
本申请的实施例通过提供的工艺参数范围，实现钝化材料在光吸收中间层的表面沉积，沉积效果良好，有利于形成性能良好的光吸收层10。
在一些实施例中，中间件包括如下特征中的任一项：
(1)中间件包括层叠设置的衬底40和第一电极层50，光吸收层10设置于第一电极层50远离衬底40的一侧；
(2)中间件包括层叠设置的衬底40、第一电极层50和第一载流子传输层，光吸收层10设置于第一载流子传输层远离衬底40的一侧；第一载流子传输层为空穴传输层20或电子传输层30；
(3)中间件包括层叠设置的衬底40、第一电极层50、第一载流子传输层和钝化层，光吸收层10设置于钝化层远离衬底40的一侧；第一载流子传输层为空穴传输层20或电子传输层30。
本申请的实施例通过上述中间件，与光吸收层10协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，形成光吸收层10的步骤之后，还包括在光吸收层10远离中间件的表面形成后续膜层的步骤。
本申请的实施例上述方法，在光吸收层10远离中间件的表面形成后续膜层，所形成的太阳能电池100具有性能良好的光电转化效率。
在一些实施例中，后续膜层包括如下特征中的任一项：
(1)后续膜层包括第二电极层60；
(2)后续膜层包括层叠设置的第二电极层60和第二载流子传输层，其中，第二载流子传输层设于光吸收层10和第二电极层60之间；第二载流子传输层为电子传输层30或空穴传输层20；
(3)中间件包括层叠设置的第二电极层60、第二载流子传输层和钝化层，所述钝化层设置于光吸收层10和第二载流子传输层之间；第二载流子传输层为电子传输层30或空穴传输层20。
本申请的实施例通过上述后续膜层，与光吸收层10协同作用，共同提升相应的太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
请参阅图6，图6是本申请的实施例提供的用电设备的结构示意图。
本申请的第三方面提供了一种用电设备1000，参见图6，包括如第一方面提供的任一太阳能电池100，或如第二方面提供的任一太阳能电池100的制备方法所制备的太阳能电池100。
本申请的实施例中，太阳能电池100作为用电设备1000的电能来源，实现用电设备1000的正常运行。用电设备1000采用了本申请所提供的太阳能电池100，至少具有与太阳能电池100相同的优势，可提高用电设备1000的电池性能。作为示例性地，用电设备1000可以包括照明器件、显示器件或者新能源汽车等。
请参阅图7，图7是本申请的实施例提供的发电设备的结构示意图。
本申请的第四方面提供了一种发电设备2000，参见图7，包括如第一方面提供的任一太阳能电池100，或如第二方面提供的任一太阳能电池100的制备方法所制备的太阳能电池100。
本申请的实施例中，太阳能电池100作为发电设备2000的能量来源，实现发电设备2000的电能输出。发电设备2000采用了本申请所提供的太阳能电池100，至少具有与太阳能电池100相同的优势，可提高发电设备2000的发电性能。作为示例性地，发电设备2000可以应用于建筑用电、可穿戴设备用电、智能手机用电、车载电池用电等领域。
以下结合实施例进一步说明本申请的有益效果。
为了使本申请实施例所解决的技术问题、技术方案及有益效果更加清楚，以下将结合实施例和附图进行进一步详细说明。显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本申请一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。以下对至少一个示例性实施例的描述实际上仅仅是说明性的，决不作为对本申请及其应用的任何限制。基于本申请中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有付出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例都属于本申请保护的范围。
实施例1
太阳能电池100的制备：
(1)取规格为2.0cm×2.0cm的FTO(氟掺杂二氧化锡)导电玻璃，依次用丙酮和异丙醇各清洗一次，将清洗后的FTO导电玻璃浸入至去离子水中超声处理10min，取出后再在鼓风干燥箱中进行干燥处理，干燥完成后放置于手套箱中(N2氛围)备用。
(2)以磁控溅射方法在经过步骤(1)处理的FTO导电玻璃上沉积氧化镍颗粒，形成厚度为15nm的空穴传输层20。
(3)称取商购的FAPbI3，将其溶解在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺DMF的溶剂中，配制形成浓度为1.5mol/L的光吸收材料的前驱体。在(2)得到的空穴传输层20上以4000rpm的速率旋涂配制形成的光吸收材料前驱体，旋涂60s，之后转移至恒温热台上，在100℃下退火30min，冷却至室温，得到光吸收中间层。依次层叠的FTO导电玻璃、空穴传输层20和光吸收中间层，形成包含光吸收中间层的中间件。将中间件置于苯乙胺的气态氛围中，苯乙胺的气体浓度为20mmol/L，在120℃、常压的条件下保持5min，得到厚度为500nm的光吸收层10。
(4)在步骤(3)的光吸收层10上以1500rpm的速率旋涂浓度为20mg/mL的富勒烯衍生物PCBM的氯苯溶液，在100℃下退火10min，冷却至室温后，形成厚度为60nm的电子传输层30。
(5)将步骤(4)获得的制品放入真空蒸镀机中，在5×10-4Pa的真空条件下，在电子传输层30的表面蒸镀金属Cu，蒸镀速率为0.1埃/秒，形成厚度为80nm的第二电极层60。
实施例2～实施例3与实施例1相似，不同点在于实施例2～3的步骤(3)中苯乙胺的气体浓度与实施例1不同。
实施例4～实施例5与实施例1相似，不同点在于实施例4～5的步骤(3)中中间件置于苯乙胺的气态氛围中保持的时长与实施例1不同。
实施例6～实施例7与实施例1相似，不同点在于实施例6～7的步骤(3)中保持的温度与实施例1不同。
实施例8～实施例13与实施例1相似，不同点在于实施例8～13的步骤(3)中采用的钝化材料与实施例1不同。其中，实施例13中采用两种钝化材料，两种钝化材料的浓度比是1:1。
实施例14与实施例1相似，不同点在于实施例14的步骤(3)中，形成包含光吸收中间层的中间件之后的步骤与实施例1不同。实施例14的步骤(3)中，形成包含光吸收中间层的中间件之后，配置浓度为5mg/mL的苯乙胺碘的异丙醇溶液，将苯乙胺碘的异丙醇溶液以5000rpm的速率旋涂在中间体的表面，旋涂30s，之后转移至恒温热台上，在100℃下退火5min，冷却至室温，得到厚度为500nm的光吸收层10。
实施例15与实施例1相似，不同点在于实施例15的步骤(3)中，形成光吸收中间层的步骤与实施例1不同。实施例15的步骤(3)形成光吸收中间层的步骤中，在配置形成的光吸收材料的前驱体中添加苯乙胺碘，苯乙胺碘的添加浓度为5mg/mL。需要说明的是，实施例15的步骤(3)中，形成光吸收中间层的步骤中除了添加了苯乙胺碘之外，其它方案均与实施例1相同。此外，实施例15的步骤(3)中形成包含光吸收中间层的中间件之后，不将中间件置于钝化材料的气态氛围中，直接得到光吸收层10。
实施例16与实施例1相似，不同点在于实施例15的步骤(3)中，形成光吸收中间层的步骤与实施例1不同。实施例15的步骤(3)形成光吸收中间层的步骤中，在配置形成的光吸收材料的前驱体中添加苯乙胺碘，苯乙胺碘的添加浓度为5mg/mL。需要说明的是，实施例15的步骤(3)中，形成光吸收中间层的步骤中除了添加了苯乙胺碘之外，其它方案均与实施例1相同，此外，形成光吸收中间层之后的步骤也与实施例1相同。
对比例1与实施例1相似，不同点在于对比例1的步骤(3)中形成包含光吸收中间层的中间件之后，不将中间件置于钝化材料的气态氛围中，直接得到光吸收层10。
对各实施例和对比例的太阳能电池100进行性能测试：
测试各实施例和对比例的太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。大气环境下，太阳光模拟光源使用AM1.5G标准光源，入射光功率为100mW/cm2，使用四通道数字源表(Keithley2440)测量光源照射下太阳能电池100的伏安特性曲线，得到太阳能电池100的光电转化效率，所得结果请参见表1。
对实施例1～13中光吸收层10的钝化材料的摩尔占比进行测试：
利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS，具体型号为Axis Supra)的X射线(600W的Al Kα单色X射线)去辐射待表征的光吸收层10样品，使原子或分子的内层电子或价电子受到激发进而发射出来。被光子激发出来的电子称为光电子。通过测量光电子的能量，以光电子的动能/束缚能(bindingenergy)为横坐标、相对强度(脉冲/s)为纵坐标，进而可以做出相应的光电子能谱图。根据光电子能谱图中的特征谱线的位置，以及通过对内层电子结合能的化学位移测量提供化学键和电荷分布等信息，确定钝化材料中特有基团(苯基)的种类和其价态。光电子能谱图中的目标基团的光电子的谱峰的面积(谱线强度)与对应元素谱峰的相对灵敏度因子的比值，即为该目标基团对应的原子百分比，根据目标基团对应的原子百分比得到该基团对应的摩尔占比，根据目标基团在光吸收层中的摩尔占比以及该目标基团与钝化材料的摩尔比，计算得到钝化材料的摩尔占比。
表1实施例1～16和对比例1的太阳能电池的性能测试结果

分析实施例1～16与对比例1的测试数据，相较于未引入钝化材料的太阳能电池100，引入钝化材料的太阳能电池100的光电转化效率均有所提升，这说明本申请提供的钝化材料有利于提升太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
分析实施例1～实施例7的测试数据，调控钝化材料引入太阳能电池100的工艺参数，有利于调控太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
分析实施例1、实施例8～实施例13的测试数据，调控钝化材料的具体成分，有利于调控太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
分析实施例1与实施例14～16的测试数据，调控钝化材料在光吸收层的引入形式，有利于调控太阳能电池100的光电转化效率。
在本申请所提供的几个实施例中，应该理解到，所揭露的系统，装置和方法，可以通过其它的方式实现。例如，以上所描述的装置实施例仅仅是示意性的，例如，单元的划分，仅仅为一种逻辑功能划分，实际实现时可以有另外的划分方式，例如多个单元或组件可以结合或者可以集成到另一个系统，或一些特征可以忽略，或不执行。另一点，所显示或讨论的相互之间的耦合或直接耦合或通信连接可以是通过一些接口，装置或单元的间接耦合或通信连接，可以是电性，机械或其它的形式。
另外，在本申请各个实施例中的各功能单元可以集成在一个处理单元中，也可以是各个单元单独物理存在，也可以两个或两个以上单元集成在一个单元中。上述集成的单元既可以采用硬件的形式实现，也可以采用软件功能单元的形式实现。
以上所述仅为本申请的实施方式，并非因此限制本申请的专利范围，凡是利用本申请说明书及附图内容所作的等效结构或等效流程变换，或直接或间接运用在其他相关的技术领域，均同理包括在本申请的专利保护范围内。

Claims (37)

  1. 一种太阳能电池，其中，包括：
    光吸收层，所述光吸收层包括光吸收材料和钝化材料；
    其中，所述钝化材料包括取代或未取代的有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述有机胺包括芳香胺和/或烷基胺。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述芳香胺包括苯甲胺、间甲苯胺、邻甲苯胺、苯乙胺、间氟苯乙胺中的一种或几种。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述烷基胺包括二甲胺、二乙胺、乙二胺、三乙胺中的一种或几种。
  5. 根据权利要求1～4中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述取代的有机胺或其衍生物中取代基团包括卤素基团、烷基、含氧基团、含氮基团、含硫基团、含磷基团中的一种或几种。
  6. 根据权利要求1～5中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述钝化材料的相对分子质量的范围满足30～500。
  7. 根据权利要求1～6中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述钝化材料在300K的饱和蒸气压的范围满足1.00kPa～1000kPa。
  8. 根据权利要求1～7中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，使用X射线光电子能谱仪向所述光吸收层发射X射线，获得所述光吸收层的光电子能谱图；根据所述光电子能谱图确定形成所述光吸收层的若干元素和/或基团；从若干元素和/或基团中确定代表所述钝化材料的目标元素和/或基团；根据目标元素和/或基团在所述光电子能谱图中的谱峰的面积与相对灵敏度因子的比值，确定所述目标元素和/或基团的摩尔占比，根据目标元素和/或基团与所述钝化材料的摩尔比计算得到所述钝化材料的摩尔占比，所述钝化材料的摩尔占比的范围满足0.001％～0.2％。
  9. 根据权利要求1～8中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述光吸收层包括第一光吸收复合层，所述第一光吸收复合层包括所述光吸收材料和所述钝化材料。
  10. 根据权利要求1～8中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述光吸收层包括层叠设置的光吸收材料层和第二光吸收复合层，所述光吸收材料层包括所述光吸收材料，所述第二光吸收复合层包括所述光吸收材料和所述钝化材料。
  11. 根据权利要求1～8中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述光吸收层包括层叠设置的光吸收材料层和钝化层，所述光吸收材料层包括所述光吸收材料，所述钝化层包括所述钝化材料。
  12. 根据权利要求1～8中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述光吸收层包括层叠设置的第一光吸收复合层和钝化层，所述第一光吸收复合层包括所述光吸收材料和所述钝化材料，所述钝化层包括所述钝化材料。
  13. 根据权利要求9或12所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述第一光吸收复合层的厚度为350nm～700nm。
  14. 根据权利要求10所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述第二光吸收复合层的厚度为2nm～10nm。
  15. 根据权利要求11或12所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述钝化层的厚度为5nm～20nm。
  16. 根据权利要求1～15中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述光吸收材料包括钙钛矿材料，所述钙钛矿材料的化学式通式为ABX3或A2CDX6；
    其中，A+包括FA+、MA+、Cs+、Rb+、Li+、Na+、K+中的一种或几种；B2+包括Pb2+、Sn2+、Ge2+、Be2+、Mg2+中的一种或几种；C+包括Ag+；D3+包括Bi3+、Sb3+、In3+中的一种或几种；X-包括F-、I-、Br-、Cl-、SCN-中的一种或几种。
  17. 根据权利要求1～16中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述太阳能电池还包括空穴传输层，所述空穴传输层设置于所述光吸收层的一侧。
  18. 根据权利要求17所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述空穴传输层包括空穴传输材料，所述空穴传输材料包括2,2',7,7'-四(N,N-对甲氧苯胺)-9,9'-螺二芴、2,2',7,7'-四(烷胺基)-9,9'-螺二芴、甲氧基三苯胺、烷胺-氟代甲脒、聚[双(4-苯基)(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)胺]、聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)：聚苯乙烯磺酸、聚3-己基噻吩、三蝶烯为核的三苯胺、3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩-甲氧基三苯胺、N-(4-苯胺)咔唑-螺双芴、N-(4-烷胺)咔唑-螺双芴、聚噻吩、磷酸基单分子、羧酸基单分子、咔唑基单分子、磺酸基单分子、三苯胺单分子、烷胺基单分子、芳香基单分子、金属氧化物、硫氰酸亚铜中的一种或几种。
  19. 根据权利要求1～18中任一项所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述太阳能电池还包括电子传输层，所述电子传输层设置于所述光吸收层的一侧。
  20. 根据权利要求19所述的太阳能电池，其中，所述电子传输层包括电子传输材料，所述电子传输材料包括酰基富勒烯及其衍生物、酰亚胺及其衍生物、吡咯烷酮及其衍生物、六氮杂萘及其衍生物、四苯乙烯及其衍生物、PFN-2TNDI、PBDT-PDI、NDP-V、金属氧化物、氧化硅、钛酸锶、钛酸钙、氟化锂和氟化钙中的一种或几种。
  21. 一种太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，包括：
    提供中间件；
    将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料设置在所述中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层；所述钝化材料包括取代或未取代的有机胺或其衍生物中的至少一种。
  22. 根据权利要求21所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料设置在所述中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层的步骤包括：
    将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料混合后得到的产物设置在所述中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层。
  23. 根据权利要求21所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料设置在所述中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层的步骤包括：
    将光吸收材料的前驱体设置在所述中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收中间层；
    将钝化材料设置在所述光吸收中间层远离所述中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收层。
  24. 根据权利要求23所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，将光吸收材料的前驱体设置在所述中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收材料中间层的步骤包括：
    将光吸收材料的前驱体与钝化材料混合后得到的产物设置在所述中间件的表面，经固化处理得到光吸收中间层。
  25. 根据权利要求23或24所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述将钝化材料设置在所述光吸收中间层远离所述中间件的表面的步骤包括：
    将包括光吸收中间层的中间件置于钝化材料的气态氛围中，在所述光吸收中间层的表面沉积钝化材料，形成光吸收层。
  26. 根据权利要求25所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述中间件包括衬底，所述钝化材料的浓度沿着所述光吸收层指向所述衬底的方向减小。
  27. 根据权利要求25或26所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述钝化材料的气态氛围中，所述钝化材料的气体浓度小于或等于40mmol/L。
  28. 根据权利要求25～27中任一项所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述在所述光吸收中间层的表面沉积钝化材料，形成光吸收层的步骤，包括：
    在第一温度下，在所述光吸收中间层的表面沉积钝化材料第一时长，形成光吸收层；
    其中，所述第一温度小于或等于200℃；和/或，所述第一时长包括2min～10min。
  29. 根据权利要求21～28中任一项所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述中间件包括层叠设置的衬底和第一电极层，所述光吸收层设置于所述第一电极层远离所述衬底的一侧。
  30. 根据权利要求21～28中任一项所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述中间件包括层叠设置的衬底、第一电极层和第一载流子传输层，所述光吸收层设置于所述第一载流子传输层远离所述衬底的一侧；所述第一载流子传输层为空穴传输层或电子传输层。
  31. 根据权利要求21～28中任一项所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述中间件包括层叠设置的衬底、第一电极层、第一载流子传输层和钝化层，所述光吸收层设置于所述钝化层远离所述衬底的一侧；所述第一载流子传输层为空穴传输层或电子传输层。
  32. 根据权利要求23所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，形成所述光吸收层的步骤之后，还包括在所述光吸收层远离所述中间件的表面形成后续膜层的步骤。
  33. 根据权利要求32所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述后续膜层包括第二电极层。
  34. 根据权利要求32所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述后续膜层包括层叠设置的第二电极层和第二载流子传输层，其中，所述第二载流子传输层设于所述光吸收层和所述第二电极层之间；所述第二载流子传输层为电子传输层或空穴传输层。
  35. 根据权利要求32所述的太阳能电池的制备方法，其中，所述中间件包括层叠设置的第二电极层、第二载流子传输层和钝化层，所述钝化层设置于所述光吸收层和所述第二载流子传输层之间；所述第二载流子传输层为电子传输层或空穴传输层。
  36. 一种用电设备，其中，包括如权利要求1～20中任一项所述的太阳能电池，或如权利要求21～35中任一项所述的太阳能电池的制备方法所制备的太阳能电池。
  37. 一种发电设备，其中，包括如权利要求1～20中任一项所述的太阳能电池，或如权利要求21～35中任一项所述的太阳能电池的制备方法所制备的太阳能电池。
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