WO2025189484A1 - 负极极片、电化学装置、电子设备 - Google Patents
负极极片、电化学装置、电子设备Info
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- WO2025189484A1 WO2025189484A1 PCT/CN2024/082060 CN2024082060W WO2025189484A1 WO 2025189484 A1 WO2025189484 A1 WO 2025189484A1 CN 2024082060 W CN2024082060 W CN 2024082060W WO 2025189484 A1 WO2025189484 A1 WO 2025189484A1
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- Prior art keywords
- negative electrode
- film layer
- silicon
- present application
- carbon material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present application relates to a negative electrode sheet, an electrochemical device, and an electronic device.
- Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in mobile phones, miniature cameras, PDAs, notebook computers and other fields due to their high energy density, high operating voltage, good load characteristics and fast charging speed.
- the biggest challenge in the application of Si negative electrodes is the volume expansion and contraction of more than 300% during the process of lithium insertion and extraction of Si particles, which will lead to huge expansion of the battery and ED loss after cycling, limiting the application of Si negative electrodes in lithium batteries.
- the purpose of this application is to provide an electrochemical device and an electronic device; without reducing the energy density of the electrochemical device, the volume expansion of the battery during the cycle is reduced.
- an embodiment of the present application provides a negative electrode plate, comprising a negative electrode current collector, a first film layer, and a second film layer.
- the first film layer comprises a first negative electrode active material, which is graphite.
- the second film layer comprises a second negative electrode active material, which comprises a silicon-carbon material. Relative to the second film layer, the first film layer is close to the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- the mass percentage of the Si element in the second film layer is W1.
- a plurality of strip-shaped grooves are provided along the surface of the second film layer. The ratio of the width of the groove to the width of the groove spacing is K, 0.2 ⁇ K ⁇ 0.6; K and W1 satisfy: 2.4 ⁇ K/W1 ⁇ 4.
- Si When Si is used in lithium-ion batteries, a mixed coating of Si and graphite can be applied to the negative electrode current collector.
- the inventors found that when Si and graphite are completely mixed and directly applied to lithium-ion batteries, the expansion of Si causes the electrode to expand, which immediately feeds back into the battery thickness.
- an embodiment of the present application provides an electrochemical device, which includes: the negative electrode sheet provided in the first aspect.
- an embodiment of the present application provides an electronic device, which includes the electrochemical device provided in the second aspect.
- FIG1 schematically shows a cross-sectional view of a negative electrode sheet
- FIG2 schematically shows a cross-sectional view of another negative electrode sheet
- FIG3 schematically shows a plan view of a second film layer
- FIG4 schematically shows a plan view of another second film layer
- FIG5 schematically shows a plan view of another second film layer.
- Negative electrode sheet 100 Negative electrode sheet 100 ; negative electrode current collector 101 ; first film layer 110 ; second film layer 120 ; slot spacer 121 ; slot 122 .
- orientations or positional relationships indicated by technical terms such as “inside” and “outside” are based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the embodiments of the present application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they cannot be understood as limitations on the embodiments of the present application.
- the mass percentage of Si element in the second film layer 120 is W1;
- a plurality of strip-shaped grooves 122 are formed on the surface of the second film layer 120 .
- the ratio of the width of the groove 122 to the width of the groove gap 121 is K, 0.2 ⁇ K ⁇ 0.6.
- K and W1 satisfy the following: 2.4 ⁇ K/W1 ⁇ 4.
- the expansion of the battery during the cycle can be reduced while not reducing the energy density of the battery.
- the plurality of strip-shaped grooves 122 are evenly spaced along the length of the surface of the second film layer 120. Each groove extends along the width of the negative electrode sheet.
- Each groove 122 has the same shape and is regular, such as a rectangle or a quasi-rectangular shape, where a quasi-rectangular shape is, for example, a U-shape.
- a plurality of strip grooves 122 are evenly arranged, but the cross-section of each groove 122 is an irregular shape (relative to a rectangle), such as a trapezoid (other serrated shapes are equally regular).
- a plurality of strip-shaped grooves 122 are evenly arranged, but each groove 122 is irregular (relative to a rectangle), such as a trapezoid (other irregular shapes are also regular).
- the shapes of the plurality of strip-shaped grooves 122 are not completely identical, the edges of the plurality of grooves 122 are not necessarily completely regular, and the distance between each two adjacent grooves 122 is not completely equal.
- the width of the groove 122 is the average of the widths of the plurality of grooves.
- the width of the groove interval 121 is the average of the widths of the plurality of groove intervals.
- the ratio of the width of the above-mentioned groove to the width of the groove interval is K, 0.42 ⁇ K ⁇ 0.6, and K and W1 satisfy: 2.8 ⁇ K/W1 ⁇ 4.
- the ratio of the width of the above-mentioned groove to the width of the groove interval is K, and K is 0.42, 0.43, 0.45, 0.48, 0.50, 0.52, 0.55, 0.58, 0.6 or the range between any two of the aforementioned values; further optionally, exemplarily, in some embodiments of the present application, the above-mentioned K/W1 is 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4 or the range between any two of the aforementioned values.
- the width of the groove is 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the width of the above-mentioned groove is 5 ⁇ m, 6 ⁇ m, 8 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 15 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m, 25 ⁇ m, 28 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m or a range between any two of the above-mentioned values.
- W1 satisfies: 10% ⁇ W1 ⁇ 25%.
- W1 is: 10%, 12%, 13%, 15%, 18%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25% or a range between any two of the foregoing values.
- D n 10 of the silicon-carbon material is 3.7 ⁇ m to 4.7 ⁇ m.
- Dn10 of the silicon-carbon material is 3.7 ⁇ m, 3.8 ⁇ m, 3.9 ⁇ m, 4.0 ⁇ m, 4.1 ⁇ m, 4.2 ⁇ m, 4.3 ⁇ m, 4.4 ⁇ m, 4.5 ⁇ m, 4.6 ⁇ m, 4.7 ⁇ m or a range between any two of the foregoing values.
- the Dn10 value of silicon-carbon materials reflects the content of small particles (or fine powder) within the material. Generally, a smaller Dn10 value indicates better electronic conductivity of the negative electrode sheet. This also increases the content of small particles (or fine powder) within the negative electrode membrane, leading to a higher probability of pore blockage in the negative electrode porous electrode, hindering ionic conduction and increasing the probability of side reactions. Research has shown that when Dn10 is controlled between 3.7 ⁇ m and 4.7 ⁇ m, both the overall electronic and ionic conductivities of the negative electrode sheet remain excellent, resulting in lower charge exchange resistance and higher electrochemical reaction rates. This results in superior kinetic performance, which helps minimize expansion during battery cycling while maintaining energy density.
- D v 10 of the silicon-carbon material is 5.1 ⁇ m to 6.1 ⁇ m.
- D v 10 of the silicon carbon material is 5.1 ⁇ m, 5.2 ⁇ m, 5.3 ⁇ m, 5.4 ⁇ m, 5.5 ⁇ m, 5.6 ⁇ m, 5.7 ⁇ m, 5.8 ⁇ m, 5.9 ⁇ m, 6.0 ⁇ m, 6.1 ⁇ m or a range between any two of the foregoing values.
- D v 10 represents the particle size at which the cumulative volume distribution percentage of the material reaches 10%. Silicon-carbon materials with too small a particle size increase the side reaction between silicon and carbon and the electrolyte, resulting in increased byproducts and worsening cyclic expansion. Too large a particle size deteriorates material kinetics, leading to lithium deposition and worsening cyclic expansion. Therefore, it is important to control not only Dn10 but also D v 10.
- the ratio of the coating weight of the second film layer to the coating weight of the first film layer is 0.1 to 0.50.
- the ratio of the coating weight of the second film layer to the coating weight of the first film layer is 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50 or a range between any two of the foregoing values.
- the depth of the groove is 95% to 105% of the thickness of the second film layer.
- the depth of the groove is 4.6 ⁇ m to 33.1 ⁇ m. Further optionally, illustratively, in some embodiments of the present application, the depth of the groove is 7.3 ⁇ m to 14.7 ⁇ m.
- the depth of the groove is 4.6 ⁇ m
- the silicon-carbon material satisfies at least one of the following characteristics:
- the D v 50 of silicon carbon material is 8.3 ⁇ m to 10.3 ⁇ m;
- the D v 90 of silicon carbon material is 13.5 ⁇ m to 16.5 ⁇ m;
- the specific surface area of the silicon-carbon material is 1.00 m 2 /g to 3.50 m 2 /g;
- the tap density of silicon-carbon materials is 0.85 g/cm 3 to 1.05 g/cm 3 .
- the D v 50 of the silicon-carbon material is 8.3 ⁇ m, 8.4 ⁇ m, 8.5 ⁇ m, 8.6 ⁇ m, 8.7 ⁇ m, 8.8 ⁇ m, 8.9 ⁇ m, 9.0 ⁇ m, 9.1 ⁇ m, 9.2 ⁇ m, 9.3 ⁇ m, 9.4 ⁇ m, 9.5 ⁇ m, 9.6 ⁇ m, 9.7 ⁇ m, 9.8 ⁇ m, 9.9 ⁇ m, 10.0 ⁇ m, 10.1 ⁇ m, 10.2 ⁇ m, 10.3 ⁇ m or a range between any two of the foregoing values.
- D v 90 of the silicon-carbon material is 13.5 ⁇ m, 13.8 ⁇ m, 14.0 ⁇ m, 14.2 ⁇ m, 14.5 ⁇ m, 15.0 ⁇ m, 15.5 ⁇ m, 16.0 ⁇ m, 16.1 ⁇ m, 16.2 ⁇ m, 16.3 ⁇ m, 16.4 ⁇ m, 16.5 ⁇ m, or a range between any two of the foregoing values.
- D v 99 of the silicon-carbon material is 25.0 ⁇ m, 20.0 ⁇ m, 15.0 ⁇ m, 10.0 ⁇ m, or a range between any two of the foregoing values.
- the tap density of the silicon carbon material is 0.85 g/cm 3 , 0.86 g/cm 3 , 0.87 g/cm 3 , 0.88 g/cm 3 , 0.89 g/cm 3 , 0.90 g/cm 3 , 0.92 g/cm 3 , 0.95 g/cm 3 , 0.98 g/cm 3 , 1.0 g/cm 3 ,
- volume distribution particle sizes D v 10, D v 50, D v 90, and D v 99 of a material are well known in the art and represent the particle sizes corresponding to the cumulative volume distribution percentages of the material reaching 10%, 50%, 90%, and 99%, respectively.
- a material e.g., a silicon-carbon material
- the test instrument can be a Mastersizer 3000 laser particle size analyzer from Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK.
- the number distribution particle size Dn10 of a material is generally known in the art and represents the particle size corresponding to 10% of the cumulative number distribution percentage of the material.
- a material e.g., a silicon-carbon material
- the testing instrument can be a Mastersizer 3000 laser particle size analyzer from Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK.
- the tap density of a material is generally known in the art and can be measured using instruments and methods known in the art. For example, it can be measured using a powder tap density tester in accordance with GB/T 5162-2006.
- the test instrument can be a Dandong Better BT-301, with the following test parameters: vibration frequency 250 ⁇ 15 times/minute, amplitude 3 ⁇ 0.2 mm, vibration count 5000 times, and a 25 mL graduated cylinder.
- the first discharge capacity per gram of the silicon-carbon material is 1500.0 mAh/g, 1550.0 mAh/g, 1600.0 mAh/g, 1650.0 mAh/g, 1700.0 mAh/g, 1750.0 mAh/g, 1800.0 mAh/g or a range between any two of the foregoing values.
- the gram capacity of a material is a well-known term in the art and can be tested using methods known in the art.
- An exemplary test method is as follows: silicon-carbon material sample powder is mixed with conductive agent carbon black (Super P), binder polyvinylidene fluoride, and the like.
- the electrolyte and the above-mentioned solution were then assembled into a CR2430 button cell in an argon-protected glove box.
- the resulting button cell was allowed to stand for 12 hours and then discharged at a constant current of 0.05C to 0.005V at 25°C.
- the cell was allowed to stand for 10 minutes, and then discharged at a constant current of 50 ⁇ A to 0.005V.
- the cell was allowed to stand for 10 minutes, and then discharged at a constant current of 10 ⁇ A to 0.005V.
- the cell was then allowed to stand for 10 minutes, and then discharged at a constant current of 10 ⁇ A to 0.005V.
- the discharge capacity was then recorded.
- the ratio of the discharge capacity to the sample mass is the initial discharge capacity in grams of the corresponding silicon-carbon material.
- the first coulombic efficiency of the aforementioned silicon-carbon material is ⁇ 80.0%.
- the first coulombic efficiency of the aforementioned silicon-carbon material is 80.0%, 81.0%, 82.0%, 83.0%, 84.0%, 85.0% or a range between any two of the aforementioned values.
- the first coulombic efficiency of a material is a well-known meaning in the art and can be tested using methods known in the art.
- An exemplary test method is as follows: silicon-carbon material powder is mixed with conductive agent carbon black (Super P), binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in a mass ratio of 91.6:1.8:6.6 and solvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) to form a slurry; the prepared slurry is applied to the surface of the positive electrode current collector aluminum foil and dried in an oven for later use; ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) are mixed in a volume ratio of 1:1:1 to obtain an organic solvent, and then LiPF 6 is dissolved in the above organic solvent to prepare an electrolyte with a concentration of 1 mol/L; then, a metal sodium sheet is used as a counter electrode, a polyethylene (PE) film is used as an
- the obtained button battery was allowed to stand for 12 hours, it was charged at a constant current of 0.1C to a voltage of 5V at 25°C, and then charged at a constant voltage of 5V to a current of 0.02C. After standing for 5 minutes, the battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.1C to a voltage of 3.0V.
- This is a charge and discharge cycle process; the gram capacity of the first discharge and the first charge were recorded respectively, and the first coulombic efficiency (ICE) first charge capacity/first discharge capacity ⁇ 100%.
- the mass fraction of silicon in the silicon-carbon material is 45% to 55%.
- the mass fraction of silicon in the silicon-carbon material is 45%
- the above-mentioned silicon-carbon material is prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
- the above silicon-carbon material can be prepared by the following method:
- the carbon precursor is placed in a furnace, a certain volume fraction of silane/argon mixed gas is introduced, and the silicon-carbon material is obtained by depositing it at a certain temperature for a period of time.
- the aforementioned “carbon precursor” refers to a substance that can form carbon after being deposited at a certain temperature in the aforementioned preparation method.
- the above-mentioned carbon precursor includes:
- the above-mentioned carbon precursor is selected from: any one of glucose, sucrose, fructose, cellulose, acetylene black, asphalt, carbon nanotubes, starch, citric acid, polyacrylic acid or dopamine; or the above-mentioned carbon precursor is selected from: a mixture of glucose, sucrose and fructose; the two can be mixed in any proportion.
- the aforementioned “silicon-carbon material” may also be prepared by other methods known in the art; or the aforementioned “silicon-carbon material” may also be purchased commercially.
- the aforementioned “graphite” includes at least one of natural graphite, artificial graphite, or mesophase carbon microbeads.
- the above-mentioned “graphite” is selected from any one of natural graphite, artificial graphite or mesophase carbon microbeads; or in some embodiments of the present application, the above-mentioned “graphite” is selected from a mixture of natural graphite and artificial graphite, and the two can be mixed in any proportion; or in some embodiments of the present application, the above-mentioned “graphite” is selected from a mixture of natural graphite, artificial graphite and mesophase carbon microbeads, and the three can be mixed in any proportion.
- the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector includes: copper foil, aluminum foil, nickel foil, stainless steel foil, titanium foil, nickel foam, copper foam, a polymer substrate coated with a conductive metal, or any combination thereof.
- the first film layer and the second film layer further include a binder and a thickener
- the binder including, but not limited to: polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylate, polyimide, polyamide, polyamideimide, styrene-butadiene rubber, sodium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile
- the thickener includes, but not limited to: at least one of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, potassium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium hydroxymethyl cellulose, and potassium hydroxymethyl cellulose.
- the second film layer further comprises a conductive agent, including, but not limited to, carbon-based materials, metal-based materials, conductive polymers, and mixtures thereof.
- the carbon-based material is selected from carbon nanotubes, natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, or carbon fibers, and any combination thereof.
- the metal-based material is selected from metal powder, metal fiber, copper, nickel, aluminum, or silver.
- the conductive polymer is a polyphenylene derivative.
- the first film layer includes: 97% to 98% graphite; 1.8% to 2.4% adhesive; and 0.2% to 0.6% thickener.
- the first film layer includes, by weight percentage, 97% to 98% graphite, 1.8% to 2.4% polyvinylidene fluoride, and 0.2% to 0.6% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
- the second film layer includes, by mass percentage: 85% to 97.5% silicon-carbon material, 1.5% to 10% binder, 0.5% to 2.5% conductive agent, and 0.5% to 2.5% thickener.
- the second film layer includes, by mass percentage: 85% to 97.5% silicon-carbon material, 1.5% to 10% polyacrylate, 0.5% to 2.5% carbon nanotubes, and 0.5% to 2.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
- the above-mentioned silicon-carbon material includes, by mass percentage, 20%, 21%, 22%, 25%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 35%, 38%, 40%, 42%, 45%, 48%, 50% or a content of Si element in a range between any two of the foregoing values.
- the negative electrode sheet of the present application can be prepared using methods known in the art.
- the negative electrode active material e.g., graphite or silicon-carbon material in the present application
- optional conductive agent e.g., carbon black or other carbon materials and metal particles
- binder e.g., SBR
- other optional additives e.g., PTC thermistor material
- a solvent e.g., deionized water
- the preparation of the negative electrode sheet the negative electrode active materials (silicon particles and graphite particles) are mixed uniformly in a certain mass ratio, and then a binder, a conductive agent, water, a dispersant, etc. are added, dispersed and stirred evenly, and then the obtained negative electrode slurry is coated on the current collector and dried, and then cold pressed to obtain the negative electrode sheet.
- the negative electrode active materials silicon particles and graphite particles
- Some embodiments of the present application provide an electrochemical device, which includes the negative electrode sheet provided by any of the aforementioned embodiments.
- the electrochemical device includes, but is not limited to: all types of primary batteries, secondary batteries or capacitors.
- the electrochemical device is a lithium secondary battery.
- the binder includes, but is not limited to: polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, carboxylated polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polymers containing ethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylic (ester) styrene-butadiene rubber, epoxy resin or nylon, etc.
- the aforementioned electrochemical device further includes an isolation membrane.
- the binder is selected from at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylate, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid salt, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene alkoxy, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyhexafluoropropylene.
- the polymer layer includes a polymer, and the polymer material is selected from at least one of polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, an acrylate polymer, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid salt, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene alkoxy, polyvinylidene fluoride, and poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene).
- the preparation of a lithium-ion battery includes: stacking a positive electrode sheet, a separator, and a negative electrode sheet in order, with the separator positioned between the positive and negative electrodes to provide isolation, and winding the sheets to obtain a bare cell.
- the bare cell is placed in an outer package, injected with a prepared electrolyte, and then packaged.
- the lithium-ion battery (lithium secondary battery) is obtained through a process including formation, degassing, and trimming.
- Some embodiments of the present application provide an electrical device, which includes the electrochemical device provided by any of the aforementioned embodiments.
- a lithium-ion battery is prepared according to the following steps:
- Graphite is mixed with polyvinylidene fluoride and sodium carboxycellulose to prepare a first film layer slurry; in terms of mass percentage, the ratio of graphite: polyvinylidene fluoride: sodium carboxycellulose is 97%: 2.4%: 0.6%.
- the active material in the first film layer is graphite.
- a silicon-carbon material is mixed with polyacrylate, carbon nanotubes, and sodium carboxycellulose to prepare a second film layer slurry.
- the weight percentage ratio of silicon-carbon material: graphite: polyacrylate: carbon nanotubes: sodium carboxycellulose is 20.0%: 74.0%: 5%: 0.5%: 0.5%.
- the active materials in the second film layer are the silicon-carbon material and graphite.
- Coating is performed on the surface of 6 ⁇ m thick copper foil.
- the coating method is:
- the first film layer slurry was applied to the surface of the copper foil at a coating weight of 4.9 mg/ cm3 and dried to obtain the first film layer.
- the second film layer slurry was then applied to the first film layer at a coating weight of 1.6 mg/ cm3 and dried to obtain the second film layer.
- the above process was repeated on the other surface of the copper foil, followed by cold pressing to an overall compaction density of 1.74 g/ cm3 .
- Laser grooves were then created in the second film layer (as shown in Figure 1), with a groove width of 15 ⁇ m, a groove spacing of 47 ⁇ m, and a groove depth of 10 ⁇ m, to obtain the negative electrode sheet.
- ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and ethyl propionate (EP) were mixed in a mass ratio of 3:1:3:3 to prepare a mixed solvent component, and then lithium salt LiPF 6 was added to prepare an electrolyte with a lithium salt concentration of 1 mol/L.
- the positive electrode active material lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), conductive carbon black (Super P), and binder, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), were mixed in a weight ratio of 90:7:3.
- An appropriate amount of solvent, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was added and stirred evenly to obtain a positive electrode slurry.
- the slurry was coated on both surfaces of aluminum foil and dried in a vacuum oven at 100°C for 12 hours to obtain a positive electrode sheet.
- the coating weight of the positive electrode active material per unit area on the positive electrode sheet was 19.61 mg/ cm2 .
- the negative and positive electrodes prepared above are used; a PE porous polymer film is used as a separator.
- the positive electrode, separator, and negative electrode are stacked in order, with the separator positioned between the cathode and anode to provide isolation.
- the cells are then wound to form a bare cell.
- the bare cell is then placed in an outer packaging, injected with the aforementioned electrolyte, and packaged.
- the lithium-ion battery is then produced through a series of processes, including formation, degassing, and trimming.
- Example 1 The difference from Example 1 is that the parameters of the silicon-carbon material and the negative electrode plate are detailed in Table 1.
- Example 1 The difference from Example 1 is that when preparing the negative electrode sheet, the second film layer is not grooved. Specific parameters are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 The difference between Example 1 and Example 1 is that the parameters are set differently when preparing the negative electrode sheet, as shown in Table 1.
- the groove width refers to the distance between the groove walls at 1/2 groove depth in a cross section perpendicular to the groove extension direction.
- the groove spacing width refers to the distance between the film layers sandwiched between two grooves at 1/2 groove depth in a cross section perpendicular to the groove extension direction. Measure three grooves separately, take the average value of the obtained data, and you can get the groove width and groove spacing width respectively.
- the thickness ratios of the first and second film layers are distinguished by the SEM+ element distribution of the electrode cross section in (1).
- the Si element mass percentage of the second film layer (upper layer) can be calculated by the comprehensive Si element mass percentage in (3) (the Si element mass percentage of the second film layer W1 in Table 1).
- the thickness of the fresh lithium-ion battery prepared in each embodiment or comparative example was measured as H0.
- Thickness test method Measured by 600g pressure parallel plate.
- the discharge capacity and discharge plateau are measured by the following method: fully charge the battery to the rated full charge voltage, then discharge it at 0.2C to 3.0V, recorded as C1. Then fully charge it to the rated full charge voltage at 0.2C1, and discharge it to 3.0V.
- the volume of a battery can be calculated by measuring the battery thickness, battery length, and battery width using the common size measurement method in the battery field.
- the lithium-ion batteries prepared in Examples 1-4 effectively reduced the expansion rate during battery cycling, and the energy densities of Examples 1-4 were comparable to those of the aforementioned comparative examples.
- the lithium-ion batteries prepared in Examples 4-12 effectively reduced the expansion rate during battery cycling, and the energy densities of Examples 5-13 were comparable to those of the aforementioned comparative examples.
- the solution of the embodiment of the present application can reduce the expansion of the battery during the cycle while not reducing the energy density of the battery.
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Abstract
一种负极极片、电化学装置、电子设备。负极极片(100)包括:负极集流体(101)、第一膜层(110)以及第二膜层(120)。第一膜层(110)包括第一负极活性材料,第一负极活性材料为石墨;第二膜层(120)包括第二负极活性材料,第二负极活性材料包括硅碳材料;相对于第二膜层(120),第一膜层(110)靠近负极集流体(101)表面。第二膜层(120)中Si元素的质量百分含量为W1;沿第二膜层(120)的表面开设有多个条状的槽(122);槽(122)的宽度与槽间隔(121)的宽度的比值为K,0.2≤K≤0.6;K与W1满足:2.4≤K/W1≤4。
Description
本申请涉及一种负极极片、电化学装置、电子设备。
锂离子电池由于其能量密度高、工作电压高、负载特性好、充电速度快等优点,迅速在移动电话、微型相机、掌上电脑、笔记本电脑等领域得到了广泛的应用。
然而,随着下游应用对电池能量和功率性能的需求不断提升,对锂离子电池循环性能也提出了更高的要求。
发明内容
传统锂电池的石墨负极能量密度已经接近理论极限,而Si作为最有希望替换石墨的材料,具有低成本、原料易得、高能量密度等优点。
同时Si负极应用最大的挑战是Si颗粒脱嵌锂过程300%以上的体积膨胀和收缩,会导致电池的巨大膨胀,造成循环后ED损失,限制了Si负极在锂电池中的应用。
基于以上考虑,本申请的目的在于提供一种电化学装置、电子设备;在不降低电化学装置能量密度的前提下,降低循环过程中电池的体积膨胀。
本申请的实施例是这样实现的:
第一方面,本申请实施例提供一种负极极片,负极极片包括负极集流体、第一膜层和第二膜层。第一膜层包括第一负极活性材料,第一负极活性材料为石墨。第二膜层包括第二负极活性材料,第二负极活性材料包括硅碳材料。相对于第二膜层,第一膜层靠近负极集流体表面。第二膜层中Si元素的质量百分含量为W1。沿第二膜层的表面开设有多个条状的槽。槽的宽度与槽间隔的宽度的比值为K,0.2≤K≤0.6;K与W1满足:2.4≤K/W1≤4。
将Si应用于锂离子电池时,可以通过在负极集流体表面涂覆Si和石墨的混合涂层。然而,发明人发现,将Si和石墨完全混合后直接应用于锂离子电池,Si膨胀会造成极片膨胀增大立即反馈到电池厚度增长。
经过研究,将石墨层和含Si层分层涂布在负极集流体表面,并在含Si层开槽,可以预留膨胀空间,降低极片的厚度膨胀,同时开槽可以增加离子传统通道,改善动力学。进一步研究,通过设置槽的宽度与槽间隔的宽度的比值K与第二膜层(含硅层)中Si元素的质量百分含量W1的比值在上述的范围内,可以在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾不降低电池的体积能量密度。
第二方面,本申请实施例提供一种电化学装置,该电化学装置包括:前述第一方面提供的负极极片。
第三方面,本申请实施例提供一种电子设备,该电子设备包含前述第二方面提供的电化学装置。
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例的技术方案,下面将对实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,应当理解,以下附图仅示出了本申请的某些实施例,因此不应被看作是对范围的限定,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他相关的附图。
图1示意性地示出了一种负极极片的截面图;
图2示意性地示出了另一种负极极片的截面图;
图3示意性地示出了一种第二膜层的平面图;
图4示意性地示出了另一种第二膜层的平面图;
图5示意性地示出了另一种第二膜层的平面图。
图标:
负极极片100;负极集流体101;第一膜层110;第二膜层120;槽间隔121;槽122。
负极极片100;负极集流体101;第一膜层110;第二膜层120;槽间隔121;槽122。
下面将结合附图对本申请技术方案的实施例进行详细的描述。以下实施例仅用于更加清楚地说明本申请的技术方案,因此只作为示例,而不能以此来限制本申请的保护范围。
除非另有定义,本文所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本申请的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同;本文中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的,不是旨在于限制本申请;本申请的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图说明中的术语“包括”和“具有”以及它们的任何变形,意图在于覆盖不排他的包含。
在本申请实施例的描述中,技术术语“第一”、“第二”等仅用于区别不同对象,而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量、特定顺序或主次关系。
在本申请实施例的描述中,技术术语“内”、“外”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系,仅是为了便于描述本申请实施例和简化描述,而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作,因此不能理解为对本申请实施例的限制。
在本申请实施例的描述中,除非另有明确的规定和限定,技术术语“安装”“相连”“连接”“固定”等术语应做广义理解,例如,可以是固定连接,也可以是可拆卸连接,或成一体;可以是直接相连,也可以通过中间媒介间接相连。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本申请实施例中的具体含义。
在本文中提及“实施例”意味着,结合实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特性可以包含在本申请的至少一个实施例中。在说明书中的各个位置出现该短语并不一定均是指相同的实施例,也不是与其它实施例互斥的独立的或备选的实施例。本领域技术人员显式地和隐式地理解的是,本文所描述的实施例可以与其它实施例相结合。
在本申请的实施例中,相同的附图标记表示相同的部件,并且为了简洁,在不同实施例中,省略对相同部件的详细说明。应理解,附图示出的本申请实施例中的各种部件的高度、长宽等尺寸,以及集成装置的整体高度、长宽等尺寸仅为示例性说明,而不应对本申请构成任何限定。
将Si应用于锂离子电池时,可以通过在负极集流体表面涂覆Si和石墨的混合涂层。然而,发明人发现,将Si和石墨完全混合后直接应用于锂离子电池,Si膨胀会造成极片膨胀增大立即反馈到电池厚度增长。
经过研究,将石墨层和含Si层分层涂布在负极集流体表面,并在含Si层开槽,可以预留膨胀空间,降低极片的厚度膨胀,同时开槽可以增加离子传统通道,改善动力学。进一步研究,通过控制槽的宽度与槽间隔的宽度的比值K与含Si层中Si元素的质量百分含量的比值在一定范围内,可以在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾不降低电池的能量密度。
参照图1,本申请一些实施方式提供一种负极极片100,负极极片100包括:
负极集流体101;
第一膜层110,第一膜层110包括第一负极活性材料,第一负极活性材料为石墨;以及
第二膜层120,第二膜层包括第二负极活性材料,第二负极活性材料包括硅碳材料;相对于第二膜层,第一膜层靠近负极集流体表面;
第二膜层120中Si元素的质量百分含量为W1;
第二膜层120的表面开设有多个条状的槽122;槽122的宽度与槽间隔121的宽度的比值为K,0.2≤K≤0.6;K与W1满足:2.4≤K/W1≤4。
上述技术方案中,通过设置槽的宽度与槽间隔的宽度的比值K与含Si层中Si元素的质量百分含量W1的比值在上述的范围内,可以在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾不降低电池的能量密度。
需要说明的是,上述的槽的具体的开设方式是不限定的。
在图1示出的实施方式中,上述的多个条形槽122在第二膜层120的表面沿长度方向均匀地间隔排布;每个槽的延伸方向均沿负极极片的宽度方向。每个槽122的形状相同,并且每个槽122形状规整,例如矩形或者类矩形,类矩形是指如U形等。
在本申请其他实施方式中,也可以选择其他的设置方式。
在本申请其他一些可选的实施方式中,参照图2,多个条形槽122均匀设置,但是每个槽122的截面为非规整形状(相对于矩形),如梯形(其他锯齿状等形状相同规则)。
在本申请其他一些可选的实施方式中,参照图3,多个条形槽122均匀设置,但是每个槽122的边缘呈不规则状,如波浪线(折线、其他形状曲线相同规则)。
在本申请其他一些可选的实施方式中,参照图4,多个条形槽122均匀设置,但是每个槽122为不规整(相对于矩形),如梯形(其他不规整形状相同规则)。
在本申请其他可选的一些实施方式中,参照图5,多个条形槽122的形状不完全相同,多个槽122的边缘也不一定完全规整;每相邻的两个槽122之间的距离不完全相等;此时槽122的宽度取多个槽宽度的平均值。槽间隔121的宽度取多个槽间隔的平均值。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的槽的宽度与槽间隔的宽度的比值为K,0.42≤K≤0.6,K与W1满足:2.8≤K/W1≤4。
上述技术方案中,通过将槽的宽度与槽间隔的宽度的比值K设置在上述的范围内,可以进一步地有利于降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾不降低电池的能量密度。
进一步可选地,示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的槽的宽度与槽间隔的宽度的比值为K,K为0.42、0.43、0.45、0.48、0.50、0.52、0.55、0.58、0.6或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围;进一步可选地,示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的K/W1为2.8、2.9、3.0、3.1、3.2、3.3、3.4、3.5、3.6、3.7、3.8、3.9、4或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,槽的宽度为5μm~30μm。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,示例性地,上述的槽的宽度为5μm、6μm、8μm、10μm、15μm、20μm、25μm、28μm、30μm或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
上述技术方案中,通过控制槽的宽度在上述的范围内,进一步有利于在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾不降低电池的能量密度。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,W1满足:10%≤W1≤25%。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,示例性地,W1为:10%、12%、13%、15%、18%、20%、21%、22%、23%、24%、25%或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
上述技术方案中,通过控制Si元素的质量百分含量W1满足在上述的范围内,进一步有利于在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾不降低电池的能量密度。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,硅碳材料的Dn10为3.7μm~4.7μm。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,示例性地,硅碳材料的Dn10为3.7μm、3.8μm、3.9μm、4.0μm、4.1μm、4.2μm、4.3μm、4.4μm、4.5μm、4.6μm、4.7μm或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
硅碳材料的Dn10其可以反映材料颗粒中小颗粒(或细粉)部分的含量。通常,Dn10越小,负极极片的电子电导越好,负极膜片中小颗粒(或细粉)部分含量也越高,负极多孔电极孔道被堵塞的概率也越高,不利于负极极片的离子传导;副反应概率也会增加。经过研究,当控制Dn10为3.7μm~4.7μm时,负极极片整体的电子电导和离子电导均可保持较优,负极极片具有较小的电荷交换电阻以及较高的电化学反应速度,负极极片可具有优异的动力学性能,有利于在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾不降低电池的能量密度。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,硅碳材料的Dv10为5.1μm~6.1μm。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,示例性地,硅碳材料的Dv10为5.1μm、5.2μm、5.3μm、5.4μm、5.5μm、5.6μm、5.7μm、5.8μm、5.9μm、6.0μm、6.1μm或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
Dv10表示材料累计体积分布百分数达到10%时所对应的粒径。太小粒径的硅碳材料会增加硅碳与电解液的副反应,副产物的增加恶化循环膨胀;太大的粒径会恶化材料动力学,循环析锂导致循环膨胀恶化。因此不仅需要管控Dn10,还需要管控Dv10。
上述技术方案中,通过进一步控制硅碳材料的Dv10在上述的范围内,可以与硅碳材料的Dn10为3.7μm~4.7μm协同配合;进一步有利于在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾不降低电池的能量密度。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,第二膜层的涂布重量与第一膜层的涂布重量之比为0.1~0.50。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,示例性地,第二膜层的涂布重量与第一膜层的涂布重量之比为0.10、0.20、0.30、0.40、0.50或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
上述技术方案中,通过控制第二膜层的涂布重量与第一膜层的涂布重量之比在上述的范围内,进一步有利于在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾不降低电池的能量密度。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的槽的深度为第二膜层的厚度的95%~105%。
进一步地,示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的槽的深度为4.6μm~33.1μm。进一步可选地,示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的槽的深度为7.3μm~14.7μm。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,示例性地,上述的槽的深度为4.6μm、
5.7μm、7.0μm、7.3μm、8μm、10μm、14.7μm、15μm、15.5μm、19μm、20μm、21μm、22μm、
23μm、24μm、25μm、28μm、30μm、3.1μm或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
上述技术方案中,通过控制槽的深度在上述的范围内,进一步有利于在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾不降低电池的能量密度。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,硅碳材料满足以下特征中的至少一者:
(1)硅碳材料的Dv50为8.3μm~10.3μm;
(2)硅碳材料的Dv90为13.5μm~16.5μm;
(3)所述硅碳材料的Dv99小于等于25.0μm;
(4)硅碳材料的比表面积为1.00m2/g~3.50m2/g;
(5)硅碳材料的振实密度为0.85g/cm3~1.05g/cm3。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,硅碳材料的Dv50为8.3μm、8.4μm、8.5μm、8.6μm、8.7μm、8.8μm、8.9μm、9.0μm、9.1μm、9.2μm、9.3μm、9.4μm、9.5μm、9.6μm、9.7μm、9.8μm、9.9μm、10.0μm、10.1μm、10.2μm、10.3μm或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,硅碳材料的Dv90为13.5μm、13.8μm、14.0μm、14.2μm、14.5μm、15.0μm、15.5μm、16.0μm、16.1μm、16.2μm、16.3μm、16.4μm、16.5μm或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,硅碳材料的Dv99为25.0μm、20.0μm、15.0μm、10.0μm或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,硅碳材料的比表面积为1.00m2/g、1.05m2/g、1.10m2/g、1.20m2/g、1.30m2/g、1.40m2/g、1.50m2/g、2.50m2/g、2.80m2/g、3.00m2/g、3.50m2/g或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,硅碳材料的振实密度为0.85g/cm3、0.86g/cm3、0.87g/cm3、0.88g/cm3、0.89g/cm3、0.90g/cm3、0.92g/cm3、0.95g/cm3、0.98g/cm3、1.0g/cm3、
1.01g/cm3、1.02g/cm3、1.03g/cm3、1.04g/cm3、1.05g/cm3或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
在本申请中,材料(例如硅碳材料)的体积分布粒径Dv10、Dv50、Dv90、Dv99为本领域公知的含义,其分别表示材料累计体积分布百分数达到10%、50%、90%、99%时所对应的粒径,可以用本领域已知的仪器及方法进行测定。例如可以参照GB/T 19077-2016,采用激光粒度分析仪进行测定。测试仪器可以为英国马尔文仪器有限公司的Mastersizer 3000型激光粒度分析仪。
在本申请中,材料(例如硅碳材料)的数量分布粒径Dn10为本领域公知的含义,其表示材料累计数量分布百分数达到10%时所对应的粒径,可以用本领域已知的仪器及方法进行测定。例如可以参照GB/T 19077-2016,采用激光粒度分析仪进行测定。测试仪器可以为英国马尔文仪器有限公司的Mastersizer 3000型激光粒度分析仪。
在本申请中,材料(例如硅碳材料)的比表面积为本领域公知的含义,可以用本领域已知的仪器及方法进行测定。例如可以参照GB/T 19587-2017,采用氮气吸附比表面积分析测试方法测试,并用BET(Brunauer Emmett Teller)法计算得出。测试仪器可以为美国Micromeritics公司的Tri-Star 3020型比表面积孔径分析测试仪。
在本申请中,材料(例如硅碳材料)的振实密度为本领域公知的含义,可以用本领域已知的仪器及方法进行测定。例如可参照GB/T 5162-2006,使用粉体振实密度测试仪进行测定。测试仪器可以采用丹东百特BT-301,测试参数如下:振动频率250±15次/分钟,振幅3±0.2mm,振动次数5000次,量筒25mL。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的硅碳材料的首次放电克容量为1500.0mAh/g~1800.0mAh/g。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的硅碳材料的首次放电克容量为1500.0mAh/g、1550.0mAh/g、1600.0mAh/g、1650.0mAh/g、1700.0mAh/g、1750.0mAh/g、1800.0mAh/g或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
在本申请中,材料(例如硅碳材料)的克容量为本领域公知的含义,可以采用本领域已知的方法测试。示例性测试方法如下:将硅碳材料样品粉末与导电剂炭黑(Super P)、粘结剂聚偏氟
乙烯(PVDF)按质量比91.6:1.8:6.6与溶剂N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)混合均匀,制成浆料;将制备好的浆料涂布于负极集流体铜箔的表面上,于烘箱中干燥后备用;将碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)按照体积比1:1:1进行混合得到有机溶剂,然后将LiPF6溶解于上述有机溶剂中,配制成浓度为1mol/L的电解液;然后以金属锂片为对电极,聚乙烯(PE)薄膜作为隔离膜,与上述电解液在氩气保护的手套箱组装成CR2430型扣式电池;将所得扣式电池静置12h后,在25℃下,以0.05C恒流放电至0.005V,静置10分钟,以50μA的电流再恒流放电至0.005V,静置10分钟,以10μA再恒流放电至0.005V,记录放电容量。放电容量与样品质量的比值即为对应硅碳材料的首次放电克容量。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的硅碳材料的首次库伦效率≥80.0%。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的硅碳材料的首次库伦效率为80.0%、81.0%、82.0%、83.0%、84.0%、85.0%或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
在本申请中,材料(例如硅碳材料)的首次库伦效率为本领域公知的含义,可以采用本领域已知的方法测试。示例性测试方法如下:将硅碳材料粉末与导电剂炭黑(Super P)、粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比91.6:1.8:6.6与溶剂N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)混合均匀,制成浆料;将制备好的浆料涂布于正极集流体铝箔的表面上,于烘箱中干燥后备用;将碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)按照体积比1:1:1进行混合得到有机溶剂,然后将LiPF6溶解于上述有机溶剂中,配制成浓度为1mol/L的电解液;然后以金属钠片为对电极,聚乙烯(PE)薄膜作为隔离膜,与上述电解液在氩气保护的手套箱组装成CR2430型扣式电池。将所得扣式电池静置12h后,在25℃下,将电池以0.1C恒流充电至电压为5V,然后以5V恒压充电至电流为0.02C,静置5min之后,将电池以0.1C恒流放电至电压为3.0V,此为一个充放电循环过程;分别记录首次放电和首次充电的克容量,首次库伦效率(ICE)=首次充电容量/首次放电容量×100%。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的硅碳材料中硅元素的质量分数为45%~55%。示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的硅碳材料中硅元素的质量分数为45%、
46%、47%、48%、50%、51%、52%、53%、54%、55%或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的硅碳材料采用化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的硅碳材料可以采用以下方法制备:
将碳前驱体放入炉内,通入一定体积分数的硅烷/氩气混合气,在一定温度下下沉积一段时间,便可得到硅碳材料。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的“碳前驱体”是指在上述的制备方法中经过一定温度沉积后,可以形成碳的物质。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的碳前驱体包括:
葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、纤维素、乙炔黑、沥青、碳纳米管、淀粉、柠檬酸、聚丙烯酸或者多巴胺中的至少一种。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的碳前驱体选择:葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、纤维素、乙炔黑、沥青、碳纳米管、淀粉、柠檬酸、聚丙烯酸或者多巴胺中的任意一种;或者上述的碳前驱体选择:葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖的混合物;二者可以以任意比例混合。
在本申请其他可选的实施方式中,上述的“硅碳材料”也可以通过本领域其他公知方法制备;或者上述的“硅碳材料”也可以通过市售购买获得。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的“石墨”包括天然石墨、人造石墨或者中间相碳微球中的至少一种。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的“石墨”选择天然石墨、人造石墨或者中间相碳微球中的任意一种;或者在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的“石墨”选择天然石墨和人造石墨的混合物,二者可以以任意比例混合;或者在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的“石墨”选择天然石墨、人造石墨、中间相碳微球的混合物,三者可以以任意比例混合。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述的负极极片包括负极集流体。在一些实施例中,负极集流体包括:铜箔、铝箔、镍箔、不锈钢箔、钛箔、泡沫镍、泡沫铜、覆有导电金属的聚合物基底或其任意组合。
在一些实施例中,第一膜层和第二膜层还包括粘结剂和增稠剂,粘结剂包括,但不限于:聚偏氟乙烯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚酰亚胺、聚酰胺、聚酰胺酰亚胺、丁苯橡胶、海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇、聚四氟乙烯、聚丙烯腈;增稠剂包括但不限于:羧甲基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素钾、羟甲基纤维素钠、羟甲基纤维素钾中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中,第二膜层还包括导电剂,导电剂包括,但不限于:基于碳的材料、基于金属的材料、导电聚合物和它们的混合物。在一些实施例中,基于碳的材料选自碳纳米管、天然石墨、人造石墨、碳黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、或碳纤维其任意组合。在一些实施例中,基于金属的材料选自金属粉、金属纤维、铜、镍、铝或银。在一些实施例中,导电聚合物为聚亚苯基衍生物。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,示例性地,按照质量百分比计,第一膜层包括:石墨97%~98%;粘接剂1.8%~2.4%;增稠剂0.2%~0.6%。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,按照质量百分比计,第一膜层包括:石墨97%~98%、聚偏氟乙烯1.8%~2.4%、羧甲基纤维素钠0.2%~0.6%。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,按照质量百分比计,第二膜层包括:85%~97.5%硅碳材料、1.5%~10%粘结剂、0.5%~2.5%导电剂、0.5%~2.5%增稠剂。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,按照质量百分比计,第二膜层包括:85%~97.5%硅碳材料、1.5%~10%聚丙烯酸酯、0.5%~2.5%碳纳米管、0.5%~2.5%羧甲基纤维素钠。
进一步可选地,在本申请一些实施方式中,按照质量百分比计,上述的硅碳材料中,包括:20%~50%的Si元素。进一步可选地,按照质量百分比计,上述的硅碳材料中,包括:20%~40%的Si元素。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,按照质量百分比计,上述的硅碳材料中,包括:20%、21%、22%、25%、28%、30%、32%、35%、38%、40%、42%、45%、48%、50%或者前述任意两个数值之间的范围的含量的Si元素。
进一步地,本申请的负极极片可以采用本领域的公知方法进行制备。通常,将负极活性材料(本申请中例如石墨、硅碳材料)以及可选的导电剂(例如碳黑等碳素材料和金属颗粒等)、粘结剂(例如SBR)、其他可选添加剂(例如PTC热敏电阻材料)等材料混合在一起分散于溶剂(例如去离子水)中,搅拌均匀后均匀涂覆在负极集流体上,烘干后即得到负极极片。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,示例性地,负极极片的制备:将负极活性材料(硅颗粒和石墨颗粒)以一定的质量比混合均匀,然后加入粘接剂、导电剂、水、分散剂等,分散搅匀,然后将得到的负极浆料涂布在集流体上干燥,然后冷压,则得到了负极极片。
本申请一些实施方式提供一种电化学装置,该电化学装置包括前述任一实施方式提供的负极极片。
在本申请一些实施方式中,上述电化学装置包括,但不限于:所有种类的一次电池、二次电池或电容器。
示例性地,在本申请一些实施方式中,上述电化学装置是锂二次电池。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,前述的电化学装置还包括正极极片。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,正极极片包括正极集流体和位于该正极集流体上的正极活性材料层。在本申请一些实施方式中,正极活性材料包括能够吸收和释放锂的正极材料。释放锂的正极材料包括但不限于钴酸锂、镍钴锰酸锂、镍钴铝酸锂、锰酸锂、磷酸锰铁锂、磷酸钒锂、磷酸钒氧锂、磷酸铁锂、钛酸锂和富锂锰基材料。在本申请一些实施方式中,集流体可以包括,但不限于:铝箔。
在本申请一些实施方式中,正极活性材料层还包括粘合剂,并且可选地包括导电材料。粘合剂提高正极活性材料颗粒彼此间的结合,并且还提高正极活性材料与集流体的结合。
在本申请一些实施方式中,粘合剂包括,但不限于:聚乙烯醇、羟丙基纤维素、二乙酰基纤维素、聚氯乙烯、羧化的聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、含亚乙基氧的聚合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚氨酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏1,1二氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、丁苯橡胶、丙烯酸(酯)化的丁苯橡胶、环氧树脂或尼龙等。
在本申请一些实施方式中,导电材料包括,但不限于:基于碳的材料、基于金属的材料、导电聚合物和它们的混合物。在一些实施例中,基于碳的材料选自天然石墨、人造石墨、碳黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、碳纤维或其任意组合。在一些实施例中,基于金属的材料选自金属粉、金属纤维、铜、镍、铝或银。在一些实施例中,导电聚合物为聚亚苯基衍生物。
正极极片可以通过本领域公知的制备方法制备。例如,正极极片可以通过如下方法获得:在溶剂中将活性材料、导电材料和粘合剂混合,以制备活性材料组合物,并将该活性材料组合物涂
覆在集流体上。在一些实施例中,溶剂可以包括,但不限于:N甲基吡咯烷酮。本申请的电化学装置具有更高的能量密度、循环性能,能够满足应用要求。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,前述的电化学装置还包括隔离膜。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,隔离膜可包括基材层和表面处理层。基材层为具有多孔结构的无纺布、膜或复合膜,基材层的材料选自聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚酰亚胺中的至少一种。具体的,可选用聚丙烯多孔膜、聚乙烯多孔膜、聚丙烯无纺布、聚乙烯无纺布或聚丙烯-聚乙烯-聚丙烯多孔复合膜。
基材层的至少一个表面上设置有表面处理层,表面处理层可以是聚合物层或无机物层,也可以是混合聚合物与无机物所形成的层。无机物层包括无机颗粒和粘结剂,无机颗粒选自氧化铝、氧化硅、氧化镁、氧化钛、二氧化铪、氧化锡、二氧化铈、氧化镍、氧化锌、氧化钙、氧化锆、氧化钇、碳化硅、勃姆石、氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁、氢氧化钙和硫酸钡中的至少一种。粘结剂选自聚偏氟乙烯、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯的共聚物、聚酰胺、聚丙烯腈、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸盐、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯烷氧、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚四氟乙烯和聚六氟丙烯中的至少一种。聚合物层中包含聚合物,聚合物的材料选自聚酰胺、聚丙烯腈、丙烯酸酯聚合物、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸盐、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯烷氧、聚偏氟乙烯和聚(偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯)中的至少一种。
进一步地,在本申请一些实施方式中,锂离子电池的制备包括:将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序叠好,使隔离膜处于正负极中间起到隔离的作用,并卷绕得到裸电芯。将裸电芯置于外包装中,注入配好的电解液后进行封装,经过化成,脱气,切边等工艺流程得到锂离子电池(锂二次电池)。
本申请一些实施方式提供一种用电设备,该用电设备包括前述任一实施方式提供的电化学装置。
下面列举了一些具体实施例以更好地对本申请进行说明。
实施例1
提供一种锂离子电池,按照以下步骤制备:
【负极极片的制备】
将石墨与聚偏氟乙烯、羧基纤维素钠混合,制得第一膜层浆料;按照质量百分比计,石墨:聚偏氟乙烯:羧基纤维素钠为97%:2.4%:0.6%。第一膜层中活性物质为石墨。
将硅碳材料与聚丙烯酸酯、碳纳米管、羧基纤维素钠混合,制得第二膜层浆料;按照质量百分比计,硅碳材料:石墨:聚丙烯酸酯:碳纳米管:羧基纤维素钠为20.0%:74.0%:5%:0.5%:0.5%。第二膜层中,活性物质为硅碳材料和石墨。
第二膜层Si材料质量百分含量(wt%)=第二膜层硅碳材料质量/第二膜层的质量=20%。
硅碳材料具体的性能参数见表1。
在6μm厚的铜箔表面进行涂布。涂布方法为:
在铜箔表面涂布第一膜层浆料,涂布质量4.9mg/cm3,烘干后,得到第一膜层;然后在第一膜层上涂布第二膜层浆料,涂布质量1.6mg/cm3,烘干,得到第二膜层。在铜箔的另一个表面重复上述工序,然后冷压至整体压实密度为1.74g/cm3。然后在第二膜层激光开槽(如图1所示),槽宽15μm,槽间隔宽度47μm,槽深10μm;得到了负极极片。
综合Si材料质量百分含量(wt%)=第二膜层中硅碳材料质量/(第一膜层的质量+第二膜层的质量)=5%。
【电解液】
在干燥氩气气氛手套箱中,将有机溶剂碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、丙酸乙酯(EP)按照质量比3:1:3:3混合得到混合溶剂组分,然后加入锂盐LiPF6,配制成锂盐浓度为1mol/L的电解液。
【正极极片的制备】
将正极活性材料钴酸锂(LCO)、导电碳黑(Super P)、粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按重量比90:7:3混合。加入适量溶剂N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP),搅拌均匀,获得正极浆料。将正极浆料涂布在铝箔的两个表面上,并在真空烘箱中100℃干燥12小时。获得正极极片。正极活性材料在正极极片上单位面积涂布量19.61mg/cm2。
【锂离子电池的制备】
采用前述制得的负极极片、正极极片;以PE多孔聚合薄膜作为隔离膜。将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序叠好,使隔离膜处于阴阳极中间起到隔离的作用,并卷绕得到裸电芯。将裸电芯置于外包装中,注入前述配置的电解液后进行封装,经过化成,脱气,切边等工艺流程得到锂离子电池。
实施例2-13
与实施例1不同之处在于:硅碳材料、负极极片的各个参数,详见表1。
对比例1
与实施例1不同之处在于:制备负极极片时,第二膜层未开槽。具体参数详见表1。
对比例2-对比例6
实施例1不同之处在于:制备负极极片时,参数设置不同,具体见表1。
【性能测试】
1、负极极片性能测试
(1)将各个实施例或对比例制得的新鲜锂离子电池放电到3.0V,拆解得到正负极片,泡DMC(碳酸二甲酯)溶液15min后干燥备用;
(2)取(1)中负极极片使用光学显微镜扫描测量得到槽宽、槽间隔的宽度、槽深,槽的宽度是指垂直与槽的延伸方向的截面中,1/2槽深度处的槽壁之间的距离,所述槽的间隔的宽度是指垂直于槽的延伸方向的截面中,沿两个槽之间夹的膜层在1/2槽深度处的距离;分别测3个槽,将得到的数据取平均值,即可分别得到槽宽和槽间隔的宽度。
(3)取(1)中负极极片使用煅烧后测量灰分含量,扣除集流体,换算得到综合Si元素质量百分含量(表1中综合Si元素质量百分含量W2)。
(4)通过(1)中极片截面SEM+元素分布区分第一膜层和第二膜层(特征元素Si)厚度占比,由(3)中综合Si元素质量百分含量可推算出第二膜层(上层)的Si元素质量百分含量(表1中第二膜层Si元素质量百分含量W1)。
各个实施例、对比例的测试结果见表1。
2、锂离子电池性能测试
(1)2C/0.5C循环500周电池膨胀率
测量各个实施例或对比例制得的新鲜锂离子电池的厚度为H0。
在25℃,以2C电流恒流充电至4.5V,再以4.5V恒压充电至0.02C,静置5分钟,然后以0.5C放电至3.0V,此为一次充放电循环过程;之后,按照上述循环过程循环500圈。试此时锂离子电池的厚度为H1。500圈循环膨胀率=(H1-H0)/H0×100%。
厚度测试方法通过600g压力平行平板测量。
各个实施例和对比例的测试结果见表1。
(2)能量密度
能量密度=放电容量*放电平台/电池的体积。
放电容量和放电平台通过以下方法测得:将电池满充到额定满充电压,然后以0.2C进行放电到3.0V,记为C1。再以0.2C1电流满充到额定满充电压,再放电到3.0V。
电池的体积可可通过电池领域通用的尺寸测量方式进行测量电池厚度、电池长、和电池宽度计算得到。
各个实施例和对比例的测试结果见表1。
表1
从上述表格可以看出:
实施例1-4与对比例1-3、对比例5相比,可以看出,在综合Si材料质量百分含量以及综合Si元素质量百分含量W2相同的前提下:
实施例1-4制备的锂离子电池有效地降低了电池循环过程中的膨胀率,并且实施例1-4的能量密度与上述各对比例的能量密度相当。
由此可以说明,实施例1-4制备的锂离子电池可以在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾电池的能量密度。
进一步地,实施例5-13与对比例4、对比例6相比,可以看出,在综合Si材料质量百分含量以及综合Si元素质量百分含量W2相同的前提下:
实施例4-12制备的锂离子电池有效地降低了电池循环过程中的膨胀率,并且实施例5-13的能量密度与上述各对比例的能量密度相当。
由此可以说明,实施例5-13制备的锂离子电池可以在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾电池的能量密度。
综上,本申请实施例的方案可以在降低电池循环过程膨胀的同时兼顾不降低电池的能量密度。
以上所描述的实施例是本申请一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。本申请的实施例的详细描述并非旨在限制要求保护的本申请的范围,而是仅仅表示本申请的选定实施例。基于本申请中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本申请保护的范围。
Claims (11)
- 一种负极极片,其特征在于,所述负极极片包括:负极集流体;第一膜层,所述第一膜层包括第一负极活性材料,所述第一负极活性材料为石墨;以及第二膜层,所述第二膜层包括第二负极活性材料,所述第二负极活性材料包括硅碳材料;相对于所述第二膜层,所述第一膜层靠近所述负极集流体表面;所述第二膜层中Si元素的质量百分含量为W1;沿所述第二膜层的表面开设有多个条状的槽;所述槽的宽度与槽间隔的宽度的比值为K,0.2≤K≤0.6;所述K与所述W1满足:2.4≤K/W1≤4。
- 根据权利要求1所述的负极极片,其特征在于,所述槽的宽度与槽间隔的宽度的比值为K,0.42≤K≤0.6,所述K与所述W1满足:2.8≤K/W1≤4。
- 根据权利要求1所述的负极极片,其特征在于,所述槽的宽度为5μm~30μm。
- 根据权利要求1所述的负极极片,其特征在于,所述W1满足:10%≤W1≤25%。
- 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的负极极片,其特征在于,所述硅碳材料的Dn10为3.7μm~4.7μm。
- 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的负极极片,其特征在于,所述硅碳材料的Dv10为5.1μm~6.1μm。
- 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的负极极片,其特征在于,所述第二膜层的涂布重量与所述第一膜层的涂布重量之比为0.1~0.50。
- 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的负极极片,其特征在于,所述槽的深度为所述第二膜层的厚度的95%~105%。
- 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的负极极片,其特征在于,所述硅碳材料满足以下特征中的至少一者:(1)所述硅碳材料的Dv50为8.3μm~10.3μm;(2)所述硅碳材料的Dv90为13.5μm~16.5μm;(3)所述硅碳材料的Dv99小于等于25.0μm;(4)所述硅碳材料的比表面积为1.00m2/g~3.50m2/g;(5)所述硅碳材料的振实密度为0.85g/cm3~1.05g/cm3。
- 一种电化学装置,其特征在于,所述电化学装置包括:权利要求1-9任一项所述的负极极片。
- 一种电子设备,其特征在于,所述电子设备包含权利要求10所述的电化学装置。
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| US20220052314A1 (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2022-02-17 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery and nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| CN115148960A (zh) * | 2021-03-31 | 2022-10-04 | 宁德新能源科技有限公司 | 负极极片及包含该负极极片的电化学装置、电子装置 |
| CN117352654A (zh) * | 2023-11-23 | 2024-01-05 | 宁德新能源科技有限公司 | 负极极片、电化学装置和电子装置 |
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| US20220052314A1 (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2022-02-17 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery and nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
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