WO2025145296A1 - 电池和用电装置 - Google Patents

电池和用电装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2025145296A1
WO2025145296A1 PCT/CN2024/070185 CN2024070185W WO2025145296A1 WO 2025145296 A1 WO2025145296 A1 WO 2025145296A1 CN 2024070185 W CN2024070185 W CN 2024070185W WO 2025145296 A1 WO2025145296 A1 WO 2025145296A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
battery
battery cell
electrode assembly
buffer
group
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/CN2024/070185
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
林晨辉
郎亚强
何建福
叶永煌
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd filed Critical Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
Priority to PCT/CN2024/070185 priority Critical patent/WO2025145296A1/zh
Priority to CN202480031666.5A priority patent/CN121219875A/zh
Publication of WO2025145296A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025145296A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H01M10/0587—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only wound construction elements, i.e. wound positive electrodes, wound negative electrodes and wound separators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
    • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties

Definitions

  • the buffer in the battery cell, is provided between two adjacent electrode assemblies. Meeting the given conditions is conducive to increasing the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell, and improving the heat dissipation efficiency and effect of the battery.
  • the numerical range "0-5" means that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this document, and "0-5" is just an abbreviation of these numerical combinations.
  • a parameter when a parameter is expressed as an integer ⁇ 2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.
  • the method includes steps S1 and S2, which means that the method may include steps S1 and S2 performed sequentially, or may include steps S2 and S1 performed sequentially.
  • the method may also include step S3, which means that step S3 may be added to the method in any order.
  • the method may include steps S1, S2 and S3, or may include steps S1, S3 and S2, or may include steps S3, S1 and S2, etc.
  • a first aspect of the present application provides a battery, comprising: a battery cell and at least one cooling component, the battery cell comprising a shell, at least one electrode assembly and at least one buffer, the electrode assembly and the buffer are placed in the shell, the buffer is arranged on at least a portion of the surface of the electrode assembly and/or inside the electrode assembly, and the at least one electrode assembly and the at least one buffer are stacked along a first direction; the cooling component is arranged on at least one side of the battery cell along the first direction.
  • the buffer member 13 is disposed next, and the electrode assemblies 12 and the buffer member 13 are alternately stacked in a first direction (refer to FIG. 3 for understanding).
  • the buffer 13 can be arranged inside the electrode assembly. It can be understood that when the electrode assembly 12 is a laminated structure, the buffer 13 can be located in the middle area of the electrode assembly 12, that is, in the first direction, laminated units are distributed on both sides of the buffer 13, and the laminated units include positive electrode sheets, negative electrode sheets and diaphragms; when the electrode assembly 12 is a wound structure, the buffer 13 can be located in the central area of the electrode assembly, that is, the buffer 13 can be used as the winding center, and the positive electrode sheets, negative electrode sheets and diaphragms can be stacked and then wound and formed around the buffer 13.
  • the first direction can be the radial direction of the electrode assembly (refer to Figure 6 for understanding); when the wound electrode assembly is used in a prismatic battery cell, the electrode assembly includes a straight portion and a corner portion after forming.
  • the first direction can be the thickness direction of the straight portion (refer to Figure 4 for understanding) or the length direction, and can be selected as the thickness direction of the straight portion.
  • both sides of the buffer 13 along the thickness direction can be fitted with the electrode assembly 12 , or one side can be fitted with the electrode assembly 12 and the other side can be fitted with the inner wall of the shell 11 .
  • Improving the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell is not only beneficial to shortening the heat conduction path between the electrode assembly and the shell, but also beneficial to increasing the heat dissipation between the electrode assembly and the shell.
  • the contact heat exchange area between the battery body is increased to improve the heat dissipation effect of the battery cell itself, thereby improving the cooling efficiency;
  • the structure of stacking at least one electrode assembly and at least one buffer member along the first direction makes the electrode assembly and the inner wall of the shell have a further improved fit and a further shortened heat conduction path in the first direction.
  • a cooling member on at least one side of the battery cell along the first direction, it is not only beneficial to further shorten the heat conduction path between the electrode assembly and the cooling member in the first direction, but also beneficial to increase the relative heat exchange area between the electrode assembly and the cooling member in the shortened portion of the heat conduction path in the first direction, thereby further improving the cooling efficiency.
  • setting a buffer member in the battery cell is also beneficial to improving the volume change of the battery cell during the charge and discharge cycle and improving the cycle stability.
  • the relative position relationship between the battery cell and the cooling member, as well as the internal structure of the battery cell can be determined by disassembling the battery.
  • the battery of the first aspect of the present application has the following beneficial effects: it is conducive to improving the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell, shortening the heat conduction path, improving the self-heat dissipation of the battery cell and the heat conduction efficiency with the cooling component, and improving the heat dissipation effect of the battery.
  • the battery cell may be cylindrical or prismatic, and may be prismatic; wherein the prismatic battery cell may be a winding structure or a laminated structure.
  • the first direction when the battery cell is cylindrical, the first direction may be the radial direction of the electrode assembly; with reference to FIG7, when the battery cell is prismatic, the first direction may be at least one of the x-direction, the y-direction, and the z-direction, that is, it may be at least one of the length direction, the thickness direction, and the height direction of the shell.
  • the first direction may be understood as the thickness direction of the shell 11.
  • the first direction may be understood as the length direction of the shell 11.
  • the prismatic battery cell may include: at least one first buffer 13a and/or at least one second buffer 13b, and at least one of the first buffer 13a and the second buffer 13b may be stacked with at least one electrode assembly 12 along the first direction.
  • the first direction may be the same as the thickness direction of the electrode assembly 12.
  • a cooling member can be provided between any two battery cells stacked and adjacently arranged in the first direction, thereby facilitating further increasing the total relative heat exchange area between the entire first battery cell group and the cooling member and providing cooling efficiency.
  • a plurality of first battery cell groups A may be stacked along a second direction, and the second direction may intersect the first direction.
  • a cooling member 6 can be provided on one side of a plurality of battery cells 1 along the first direction. This arrangement is advantageous in further increasing the total heat exchange area between the battery cells distributed on both sides of the first direction and the cooling member, shortening the heat conduction path, and improving the heat dissipation efficiency of the battery.
  • a portion of the cooling member 6 can be disposed between two adjacent battery cells 1, and another portion of the cooling member 6 can be disposed on one side of the plurality of battery cells 1 along the first direction.
  • This method is conducive to realizing an arrangement in which both sides of each battery cell distributed along the first direction exchange heat with the cooling member, thereby facilitating further increasing the total heat exchange area between the entire first battery cell group and the cooling member, and improving the heat dissipation efficiency of the battery.
  • the relative position relationship between the cooling component and the battery cell satisfies the given conditions, which is beneficial to increase the total heat exchange area between the entire first battery cell group and the cooling component, shorten the heat conduction path, and improve the heat dissipation efficiency and effect of the battery.
  • the battery includes a second battery cell group B, and in the first direction, the cooling member 6 can be arranged between two adjacent battery cells 1, and/or, the cooling member 6 can be arranged on one side of the plurality of battery cells 1 along the first direction.
  • only one cooling member 6 may be provided, so that the cooling member 6 is located on one side of the second battery cell group B along the first direction, or two cooling members 6 may be provided, so that the two cooling members 6 are respectively provided on both sides of the second battery cell group B along the first direction.
  • each of the cooling members 6 is independently provided on one side of the plurality of battery cells 1 along the first direction.
  • the cooling member 6 when the battery includes a plurality of second battery cell groups B, in the first direction, the cooling member 6 may be disposed between two adjacent battery cells 1.
  • the cooling member 6 in the first direction, the cooling member 6 may be alternately stacked with the plurality of second battery cell groups B, and each cooling member 6 may be independently distributed between two adjacent second battery cell groups B. This facilitates heat exchange between both sides of each cooling member distributed along the first direction and the surfaces of the plurality of battery cells, thereby facilitating an increase in the total heat exchange area between the entire second battery cell group and the cooling member, and also facilitating simplification of the battery structure.
  • a portion of the cooling member 6 can be disposed between two adjacent battery cells 1, and another portion of the cooling member 6 can be disposed on one side of the plurality of battery cells 1 along the first direction.
  • This method is conducive to realizing an arrangement in which both sides of each battery cell distributed along the first direction exchange heat with the cooling member, thereby facilitating further increasing the total heat exchange area between the entire second battery cell group and the cooling member, and improving the heat dissipation efficiency of the battery.
  • the battery cell 1 may include a plurality of surfaces.
  • the area of a single first surface 11a of two first surfaces 11a arranged opposite to each other along a first direction of the battery cell is greater than or equal to the area of a single surface of the other remaining surfaces in the battery cell 1 where it is located, the area of the first surface 11a that can be arranged opposite to or in contact with the cooling member can be maximized compared with the other surfaces, thereby facilitating further increasing the total heat exchange area between the battery cell and the cooling member and improving the heat dissipation efficiency and effect of the battery.
  • the area of the orthographic projection of the buffer member 13 stacked with the electrode assembly 12 along the first direction on the first surface 11 a may be greater than or equal to 80% of the area of the first surface 11 a .
  • the area of the positive projection of the buffer 13 stacked with the electrode assembly 12 along the first direction on the first surface 11a can be 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, etc. of the area of the first surface 11a.
  • the area of the first surface can be understood as the area of the side of the first surface facing the inside of the shell.
  • the area of the first surface and the area of the positive projection of the buffer on the first surface can be measured independently by conventional methods.
  • the area of the first surface can be measured by direct measurement or colorimetry
  • the area of the positive projection of the buffer on the first surface can be measured by direct measurement, segmentation and summation, projection area formula method or three-dimensional modeling software method.
  • the projection area of the buffer on the first surface reflects to a certain extent the area where the electrode assembly can be set relative to or fit with the first surface.
  • the increase in the projection area is conducive to increasing the area where the electrode assembly can be set relative to or fit with the first surface, and improving the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell.
  • the positive projection area of the buffer member on the first surface satisfies the given conditions, which is beneficial to increase the total space between the battery cell and the cooling member.
  • the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell is further improved, which is beneficial to further improve the heat dissipation efficiency of the battery cell.
  • a cooling member 6 may be provided between each of the plurality of battery cells 1.
  • a cooling member 6 may be provided between each of the plurality of battery cells 1.
  • the first group margin of the battery cell 1 can be ⁇ 95%, and can be optionally ⁇ 100%; the second group margin of the battery cell 1 can be ⁇ 90%, and can be optionally ⁇ 95%.
  • the first group margin refers to: in the first direction, the ratio of the sum of the total thickness of the buffer 13 in the free state in the battery cell 1 and the maximum total size of the electrode assembly 12 in the fully charged state to the distance between the inner wall surface of the shell 11;
  • the second group margin refers to: in the first direction, the ratio of the maximum total size of the electrode assembly 12 in the battery cell 1 in the fully charged state to the distance between the inner wall surface of the shell 11.
  • the first group margin of the battery cell 1 can be 95%, 97%, 100%, 102%, 105%, 108%, 110%, etc., or can be a range consisting of any of the above values. Improving the group margin of the battery cell is conducive to further improving the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell, and improving the heat dissipation efficiency and effect. Controlling the first group margin of the battery cell to meet the given range conditions is conducive to further obtaining higher heat dissipation efficiency and effect.
  • the second group margin of the battery cell 1 can be 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, etc., or can be a range consisting of any of the above values.
  • Improving the second group margin of the battery cell is conducive to further improving the energy density of the battery.
  • the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell can be further improved on the basis of taking into account the energy density of the battery, and the heat exchange efficiency and effect can be improved.
  • the free state of the buffer refers to the state in which the buffer is not subjected to any external force.
  • the thickness test of the buffer in the free state can be tested by conventional instruments and conventional methods in the field, such as using a Mitutoyo ID-C112MX micrometer thickness gauge (or an instrument of the same type), and testing under a test force less than or equal to 1.8N, and randomly measuring multiple points (such as 5, 10, etc.) to take the average value.
  • the thickness test of the buffer under stress state can be obtained by using two parallel plates, with the buffer located in the middle of the plates, using the plates to apply a preset pressure to the buffer and measuring the distance between the plates.
  • the instruments used to measure the distance between the plates may include but are not limited to conventional instruments such as vernier calipers.
  • the fully charged state refers to the state of charging at room temperature with a constant current of 0.33C of the rated capacity of the battery cell to the upper limit of the cut-off voltage, and then charging at a constant voltage until the current is 0.05C, or charging under this condition until the SOC of the battery no longer changes.
  • the total thickness of the buffer in the free state in the first direction refers to the cumulative value of the thickness of one or more buffers stacked with the electrode assembly along the first direction;
  • the maximum total size of the electrode assembly in the fully charged state in the first direction refers to the maximum extension distance of all electrode assemblies in the battery cell in the first direction when the battery cell is fully charged at room temperature;
  • the distance between the inner wall surfaces of the shell in the first direction refers to the distance between the inner wall surfaces of the shell in the free state (i.e., the state without any external force) along the first direction, wherein, when the battery unit is a prismatic battery, the distance between the inner wall surfaces of the shell along the first direction can be understood as the average distance, and when the battery cell is cylindrical, the distance between the inner wall surfaces of the shell along the first direction can be understood as the maximum distance, exemplary:
  • the battery cell is a prismatic battery, and the interior of the shell only includes two electrode assemblies and a buffer which are stacked along the first direction.
  • the total thickness of the buffer in the free state in the first direction refers to the thickness d 1 of the single buffer in the free state; the maximum total size of the electrode assembly in the fully charged state in the first direction is the sum d 2 of the distances between the two electrode assemblies in the first direction; the distance between the inner wall surfaces of the shell in the first direction refers to the average distance d 3 between the inner surfaces of the two side walls of the shell which are arranged opposite to each other along the first direction in the free state.
  • the first group margin is (d 1 +d 2 )/d 3 ⁇ 100%
  • the second group margin is d 2 /d 3 ⁇ 100%.
  • the battery cell is a prismatic battery
  • the shell includes two electrode assemblies and three buffers, wherein the two electrode assemblies and the two second buffers 13b are stacked along the first direction, and the total thickness of the buffers in the free state in the first direction refers to the sum d1 ′ of the thicknesses of the two second buffers in the free state;
  • the maximum total size of the electrode assemblies in the fully charged state in the first direction is the total projection length d2 ′ of the two electrode assemblies in the first direction (when the projection lengths of the two electrode assemblies in the first direction are the same, d2 ′ can also be regarded as the distance of a single electrode assembly in the first direction), and the distance between the inner wall surfaces of the shell in the first direction refers to the average distance d3 ′ between the inner surfaces of the two side walls of the shell arranged opposite to each other along the first direction in the free state, at this time, the first group margin is ( d1 ′+ d2 ′)/ d3 ′ ⁇
  • the first direction is the radial direction of the electrode assembly
  • the shell along the first direction is The distance between the inner wall surfaces of the shell is the inner cavity diameter of the shell in a free state, and the diameter may be an average value of multiple measurements.
  • the dimensions of the electrode assembly in the first direction under full charge can be measured by conventional methods or conventional instruments in the art.
  • the thickness direction of the electrode assembly when the electrode assembly is a wound structure and includes a straight portion and a corner portion, the thickness of the electrode assembly can be understood as the thickness of the straight portion
  • the distance of a single electrode assembly in the first direction can be tested by the following method: using two parallel flat plates, the electrode assembly is located in the middle of the flat plates, and a pressure of 0.1 MPa is applied to the electrode assembly by the flat plates.
  • the thickness of the electrode assembly is obtained by measuring the distance between the flat plates.
  • the Yinghaoda PPG1200 battery thickness measuring instrument can be used for testing.
  • the distance between the inner wall surfaces of the shell in the first direction can also be tested by conventional instruments and conventional methods in the art.
  • the margin of the first group of battery cells 1 is ⁇ 108%, optionally ⁇ 105%; and/or the margin of the second group of battery cells 1 is ⁇ 100%, optionally ⁇ 98%.
  • the first group margin of battery cell 1 can be 108%, 107%, 106%, 105%, 104%, 103%, 102%, and so on. Reducing the group margin of battery cells is beneficial to improving the volume stability of battery cells during the charge and discharge cycle. Controlling the first group margin to meet the given conditions is beneficial to reducing the expansion force of the electrode assembly during the charge and discharge process, improving the volume stability of the battery during the charge and discharge cycle, and reducing the risk of affecting the battery cycle stability due to excessive expansion force of the electrode assembly during the charge and discharge process.
  • the first group margin can be ⁇ 105%, and further optionally, the first group margin can be 95% to 105%, and further optionally, the first group margin can be 100% to 105%. Meeting the given conditions is beneficial to further taking into account both the heat dissipation efficiency and cycle stability of the battery.
  • the second group margin of the battery cell 1 can be 100%, 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, etc.
  • the second group margin of the battery cell that meets the given conditions is conducive to the battery assembly into the shell and the battery cell assembly.
  • the second group margin can be ⁇ 98%. This is conducive to further taking into account the assembly of the battery cell.
  • a cooling medium flow channel (not shown) may be provided inside the cooling component 6, and the cooling medium flow channel may include an inlet 61 and an outlet 62, and the first group margin of the battery cells 1 located on the side of the outlet 62 is greater than or equal to the first group margin of the battery cells 1 located on the side of the inlet 61.
  • the margin of the first group of battery cells 1 located on the side of the outlet 62 may be greater than the margin of the first group of battery cells 1 located on the side of the inlet 61.
  • the margin of the first group of battery cells 1 located on the side of the outlet 62 is greater than the margin of the first group of battery cells 1 located on the side of the inlet 61, it is beneficial to further increase the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell in the battery cells near the outlet, and then it is beneficial to increase the heat exchange area and contact time between the battery cells near the outlet and the cooling member, and make up for the deficiency of the cooling effect of the cooling member on the battery cells near the outlet 62 caused by the temperature rise of the cooling medium.
  • it is not only beneficial to further improve the heat dissipation effect of the battery but also beneficial to maintain the uniformity of the overall temperature of each battery cell in the battery, and reduce the risk of significantly higher temperature in a local area.
  • the difference between the first group margin of the battery cells 1 located at the outlet 62 side and the first group margin of the battery cells 1 located at the inlet 61 side may be less than or equal to 5%.
  • the difference between the first group margin of the battery cell 1 located on the side of the outlet 62 and the first group margin of the battery cell 1 located on the side of the inlet 61 can be 5%, 4.5%, 4%, 3.5%, 3%, 2.5%, 2%, 1.5%, 1%, 0.5%, and so on. Reducing the difference between the group margins of the battery cells located on the side of the outlet 62 and the side of the inlet 61 is conducive to reducing the risk of uneven stress distribution and decreased volume stability of the battery due to different expansion forces of battery cells at different positions during the charging and discharging process.
  • the difference between the second group margin of the battery cell 1 located on the side of the outlet 62 and the second group margin of the battery cell 1 located on the side of the inlet 61 may be less than or equal to 1%, and may be optionally 0.
  • the difference between the second group margin of the battery cell 1 located on the side of the outlet 62 and the second group margin of the battery cell 1 located on the side of the inlet 61 may be 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0, and so on.
  • the second group margins of each battery cell that meets the given conditions are basically the same, which is conducive to controlling the change of the first group margin of each battery cell distributed along the cooling medium flow channel by adjusting the thickness change of the buffer, and realizing a structural design in which the first group margins of multiple battery cells distributed along the inlet toward the outlet gradually increase or become equal.
  • the margin of the first group of multiple battery cells 1 distributed along the inlet 61 toward the outlet 62 may be The margin of the first group of battery cells 1 located on the side of the outlet 62 can gradually increase, and the difference between the margin of the first group of battery cells 1 and the margin of the second group can be greater than the difference between the margin of the first group of battery cells 1 located on the side of the inlet 61 and the margin of the second group.
  • the margin of the first group of multiple battery cells 1 distributed along the inlet 61 toward the outlet 62 can be gradually increased, and the margin of the second group remains unchanged or basically the same (that is, the difference between the margins of the second group of any two battery cells is ⁇ 1%).
  • the battery may include: a plurality of cooling components 6, and the cooling medium flow channels of the plurality of cooling components 6 may be arranged in parallel and/or in series.
  • the parallel arrangement refers to that the cooling medium channels of the multiple cooling components 6 are independent of each other and are not interconnected;
  • the series arrangement refers to that the inlets and outlets of the cooling medium channels of the multiple cooling components 6 are connected at the end and are directly or indirectly connected to each other.
  • the arrangement of the direct cooling channels of the multiple cooling components can be flexibly adjusted according to the stacking method of the battery cells. For example, taking the first direction and the second direction shown in FIG9 as an example, if the number of battery cells stacked in the second direction is large, it is possible to consider adopting a parallel arrangement of the cooling medium channels of the multiple cooling components.
  • the number of battery cells stacked in the second direction is small, it is possible to consider adopting a series arrangement of the cooling medium channels of the multiple cooling components. In addition, it is also possible to adopt a series arrangement of the cooling medium channels of some cooling components and a parallel arrangement of the cooling medium channels of the remaining cooling components according to the specific arrangement of the battery cells. In this way, it is more conducive to taking into account both the cooling effect of the battery and the reuse of the cooling medium.
  • a plurality of cooling components 6 may be connected via a connector (not shown), and cooling medium channels of two cooling components 6 adjacent and spaced apart in the first direction may be connected via the connector.
  • the connector may be a cooling medium supply end and/or a cooling medium output end, the supply end and the output end may be independently a delivery pipe or a delivery panel, the inlets of the cooling medium flow channels of the multiple cooling components 6 may be independently connected to the cooling medium supply end, and/or the outlets of the cooling medium flow channels of the multiple cooling components 6 may be independently connected to the cooling medium output end; and/or, the connector may be a delivery pipe or a delivery panel for connecting the cooling medium flow channels of two different cooling components end to end.
  • the above arrangement is beneficial to the filling and flow of the cooling medium in different cooling medium flow channels on the one hand, and to further increase the contact area between the battery cell and the cooling medium on the other hand, and to improve the heat dissipation effect.
  • the battery cell 1 may include two second surfaces arranged opposite to each other along a first direction, at least one of the two second surfaces may be in contact with the cooling member 6, and the contact area between the second surface and the cooling member 6 may be greater than or equal to 80% of the area of the second surface, optionally 80% to 100% of the area of the second surface, and further optionally 90% to 100% of the area of the second surface.
  • the second surface may be in contact with the cooling member; alternatively, both second surfaces may be in contact with the cooling member.
  • making the surface of the battery cell directly contact with the cooling member can further shorten the heat conduction path and improve the heat dissipation efficiency and effect of the battery cell.
  • the contact area between the second surface and the cooling member 6 may be 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, and so on, of the area of the second surface.
  • the contact area between the second surface and the cooling member 6 may be measured by conventional methods, such as direct measurement or colorimetry. Increasing the contact area between the battery cell surface and the cooling member may increase the heat exchange area, shorten the heat conduction path, and improve the heat dissipation efficiency and effect.
  • the area of a single second surface may be greater than or equal to the area of a single surface among the other remaining surfaces in the battery cell in which it is located, thereby maximizing the area of the second surface that can be fitted with the cooling member compared to other surfaces, thereby facilitating further increasing the heat exchange area between the battery cell and the cooling member and improving the heat dissipation efficiency and effect of the battery.
  • Controlling the contact area between the second surface and the cooling member to meet a given range is beneficial to further improving the heat dissipation efficiency and effect.
  • the total contact area between a single battery cell 1 and the cooling member 6 may be greater than or equal to 20% of the total surface area of the battery cell, and optionally may be greater than or equal to 25% of the total surface area of the battery cell.
  • the total contact area between a single battery cell 1 and the cooling member 6 can be 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, etc. of the total surface area of the battery cell, or can be a range consisting of any of the above values.
  • the total contact area between a single battery cell 1 and the cooling member 6 refers to the sum of the contact areas between all surfaces of the battery cell and each cooling member. Increasing the total contact area between a single battery cell 1 and the cooling member 6 can increase the heat exchange area, shorten the heat conduction path, and improve the heat dissipation efficiency and effect.
  • Controlling the total contact area between a single battery cell and the cooling member to meet a given range is beneficial to further improving the heat dissipation efficiency and effect.
  • a buffer member 13 may be provided between a portion of the surface of the electrode assembly 12 and the shell 11 .
  • the buffer 13 is arranged between the electrode assembly 12 and the shell 11, so that the surface of the electrode assembly in contact with the buffer 13 can be indirectly in contact with the shell, buffering the expansion force of the electrode assembly during the charge and discharge process, and improving the volume stability of the battery during the charge and discharge cycle. If the electrode assembly is in direct contact with the shell, it is further beneficial to improve the heat dissipation effect of the battery cell.
  • the buffer is arranged only between part of the surface of the electrode assembly and the shell, which is conducive to better fit and contact area between the electrode assembly and the shell, and improves the heat dissipation efficiency and effect.
  • the buffer 13 when there is only one electrode assembly 12 in the battery cell 1, the buffer 13 may be provided on only one of the two sides of the electrode assembly 12 arranged oppositely along the first direction, and the cooling member 6 may be provided on the other side of the battery cell 1 where the buffer 13 is not provided along the first direction; further optionally, referring to FIG. 3, when the battery cell 1 includes multiple electrode assemblies 12, the buffer 13 may be provided only between two electrode assemblies 12 arranged adjacently along the first direction, and no buffer is provided between the electrode assembly 12 and the housing 11 in the first direction, and the cooling member 6 may be provided on at least one of the two sides of the battery cell 1 arranged oppositely along the first direction.
  • the electrode assembly always has a good fit with the housing during the charge and discharge cycle, which is further beneficial to increase the heat dissipation area, shorten the heat conduction path, and improve the heat dissipation efficiency and effect of the battery.
  • the thermal conductivity of the buffer member 13 disposed between the electrode assembly 12 and the shell 11 may be ⁇ 3 W/(m ⁇ ° C.), and may optionally be ⁇ 5 W/(m ⁇ ° C.).
  • the thermal conductivity of the buffer 13 provided between the electrode assembly 12 and the shell 11 may be ⁇ 3W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 5W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 10W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 15W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 20W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 25W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 30W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 35W/(m ⁇ °C), and the like, and may be ⁇ 5W/(m ⁇ °C) optionally.
  • a higher thermal conductivity is conducive to quickly transferring the heat in the battery cell and improving the heat dissipation effect of the battery cell.
  • the thermal conductivity of the buffer may be measured with reference to GB/T 10295. Meeting the given range conditions may improve the thermal conductivity efficiency of the buffer and improve the heat dissipation effect of the battery cell.
  • a buffer 13 may be provided between two adjacent electrode assemblies 12 in the battery cell 1.
  • the buffer 13 may be provided only between two adjacent electrode assemblies 12.
  • the thermal conductivity of the buffer member 13 disposed between two adjacent electrode assemblies 12 may be ⁇ 0.05 W/(m ⁇ ° C.), and may optionally be ⁇ 0.03 W/(m ⁇ ° C.).
  • the thermal conductivity of the buffer 13 disposed between two adjacent electrode assemblies 12 may be ⁇ 0.05W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 0.04W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 0.03W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 0.02W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 0.01W/(m ⁇ °C), ⁇ 0.005W/(m ⁇ °C), and so on, and may be ⁇ 0.03W/(m ⁇ °C).
  • a lower thermal conductivity is conducive to isolating heat conduction between battery assemblies and reducing the risk of failure of a single electrode assembly causing failure of other electrode assemblies. Therefore, the above-mentioned configuration is conducive to reducing the probability of thermal runaway of battery cells.
  • the electrode assembly 12 may further include a separator (not shown), and the thermal conductivity of the separator may be greater than or equal to the thermal conductivity of the buffer 13 .
  • the thermal conductivity of the diaphragm can be greater than the thermal conductivity of the buffer.
  • the outermost layer of the electrode assembly 12 is covered with a diaphragm.
  • the use of a diaphragm that meets the given conditions is conducive to further improving the efficiency of heat generation and outward transfer of the electrode assembly.
  • the use of a diaphragm that meets the given conditions is also conducive to improving the thermal conduction of the electrode assembly itself. Therefore, making the thermal conductivity of the diaphragm meet the given conditions is conducive to improving the heat dissipation efficiency and effect of the battery.
  • the battery cell 1 may further include: an insulating film (not shown), the insulating film may wrap at least part of the surface of the electrode assembly, and in the first direction, each electrode assembly 12 is stacked with at least one layer of insulating film, and the thermal conductivity of the insulating film is greater than or equal to the thermal conductivity of the buffer.
  • an insulating film (not shown)
  • the insulating film may wrap at least part of the surface of the electrode assembly, and in the first direction, each electrode assembly 12 is stacked with at least one layer of insulating film, and the thermal conductivity of the insulating film is greater than or equal to the thermal conductivity of the buffer.
  • Providing an insulating film on the outer surface of the electrode assembly can reduce the risk of leakage caused by direct contact between the electrode assembly and the shell (such as a metal shell), and further making the thermal conductivity of the insulating film greater than or equal to the thermal conductivity of the buffer is also conducive to improving the efficiency of heat generation of the electrode assembly to transfer to the outside, and reducing heat conduction between battery components, and improving the heat dissipation efficiency and effect of the battery.
  • the third group margin of the battery cell 1 can be ⁇ 95%, and can be ⁇ 100% optionally.
  • the third group margin refers to: in the first direction, the total thickness of the buffer in the battery cell in the free state, the maximum thickness of the electrode assembly in the fully charged state, The ratio of the sum of the largest total dimension and the total thickness of the insulating film to the distance between the inner wall surface of the shell.
  • the third group margin of the battery cell 1 can be 95%, 97%, 100%, 102%, 105%, 108%, 110%, and so on. Improving the third group margin of the battery cell is conducive to further improving the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell, and improving the heat dissipation efficiency and effect. Controlling the third group margin to meet the given range is conducive to further obtaining higher heat dissipation efficiency and effect on the basis of reducing the risk of battery cell leakage.
  • the total thickness of the insulating film in the first direction can be obtained by determining the number of stacked layers of the insulating film in the first direction and the thickness of the insulating film. The thickness test of the insulating film can be tested using conventional instruments and conventional methods in the field.
  • the third group margin can be greater than or equal to the first group margin, and can be greater than the first group margin.
  • the third group margin can be ⁇ 108%, and can be ⁇ 105%, and can be 100% to 105%. Meeting the given conditions is also conducive to taking into account the volume stability of the battery cell during the charge and discharge cycle.
  • the battery cell 1 may include at least two electrode assemblies 12, and each buffer 13 in the battery cell 1 may be independently disposed between two adjacent electrode assemblies 12, and stacked with the electrode assemblies 12 along a first direction.
  • This arrangement is not only conducive to improving the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell, but also conducive to achieving direct contact between the electrode assembly and the inner wall of the shell, thereby facilitating shortening the heat conduction path and improving the heat dissipation efficiency and effect of the battery.
  • the battery cell 1 may include two third surfaces arranged opposite to each other along the first direction, and the orthographic projection of the buffer 13 stacked and adjacent to the electrode assembly 12 along the first direction on the third surface may be located within the area of the orthographic projection of the electrode assembly 12 on the third surface.
  • the relative position and projection area of the orthographic projection of the buffer 13 on the third surface and the orthographic projection of the electrode assembly 12 on the third surface reflect the overlapping area between the buffer 13 and the electrode assembly, and the orthographic projections of the buffer and the electrode assembly on the third surface satisfying the given conditions can be achieved by controlling the large surface area of the buffer to be less than or equal to the surface area of the electrode assembly stacked therewith.
  • the area of the orthographic projection of the buffer 13 stacked and adjacent to the electrode assembly 12 along the first direction on the third surface is greater than or equal to 80% of the area of the orthographic projection of the electrode assembly 12 on the third surface.
  • the area of the orthographic projection of the buffer 13 stacked and adjacent to the electrode assembly 12 along the first direction on the third surface is greater than or equal to 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, etc. of the area of the orthographic projection of the electrode assembly 12 on the third surface.
  • the relative position and projection area of the orthographic projection of the buffer 13 on the third surface and the orthographic projection of the electrode assembly 12 on the third surface reflect the overlapping area between the buffer 13 and the electrode assembly, and the increase in the overlapping area is conducive to improving the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell.
  • Making the orthographic projections of the buffer and the electrode assembly on the third surface meet the given conditions is not only conducive to improving the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell, but also conducive to improving the uniformity of stress distribution of the battery cell during the charging and discharging process, and thus conducive to further improving the heat dissipation efficiency of the battery cell and the volume stability during the cycle process.
  • the area of a single third surface can be greater than or equal to the area of a single surface among the other remaining surfaces of the battery cell, thereby maximizing the area of the third surface that can be relatively set or fitted with the cooling component compared to the other surfaces, which is not only beneficial for further improving the fit between the electrode assembly and the shell, but also beneficial for further increasing the heat exchange area between the battery cell and the cooling component, thereby improving the heat dissipation efficiency and effect.
  • the structure and material of the buffer 13 are not particularly limited as long as it can undergo elastic deformation.
  • at least one of the material, porosity and pore size of the buffer can be adjusted to obtain buffers with different stress-strain relationships, so as to achieve different compression rates of the buffer along its thickness direction under different stresses.
  • the buffer may be a single-layer structure, and its material may include but is not limited to at least one of foamed polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, silicone rubber, and the like.
  • the buffer may be a multi-layer structure, and may specifically include an elastic buffer layer and a support layer, and the support layer may be provided on at least one of the two sides of the elastic buffer layer along the thickness direction thereof.
  • the elastic modulus of the elastic buffer layer is smaller than the elastic modulus of the support layer, and/or, the compression rate of the elastic buffer layer along the thickness direction thereof under the same pressure is greater than the compression rate of the support layer along the thickness direction thereof, and/or, the porosity of the elastic buffer layer may be greater than the porosity of the support layer, for example, the porosity of the elastic buffer layer may be 40% to 95%, optionally 55% to 90%, and further optionally 70% to 85%, and the porosity of the support layer may be less than or equal to 5%.
  • the elastic buffer layer may include at least one of foamed polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, and silicone rubber
  • the support layer may include but is not limited to at least one of high-density polyethylene, polymethacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the following conditions may also be met.
  • the thickness of the elastic buffer layer can be greater than the thickness of the support layer; in a single buffer, the ratio of the total thickness of the support layer to the free thickness of the elastic buffer layer can be 0.005-0.1, such as 0.02-0.05; the thickness of the elastic buffer layer in the natural state can be 0.2mm-10mm, and the thickness of the single support layer can be 30 ⁇ m-200 ⁇ m; the elastic buffer layer and the support layer can be bonded together.
  • the use of the support layer and the elastic buffer layer to composite can provide support for the elastic buffer layer, which can not only inhibit the thermal shrinkage of the elastic buffer layer (such as thermal shrinkage during vacuum baking), but also can optionally use the support layer to inhibit the thermal shrinkage of the elastic buffer layer in a two-dimensional direction perpendicular to its thickness direction, improve the problem of losing its original function due to thermal shrinkage, and at the same time improve the problem of material damage caused by mechanical stress in the later stage of battery use. Furthermore, placing the buffer inside the battery cell is conducive to further improving the volume stability of the battery during long-term use and improving long-term performance.
  • the electrode assembly 12 may include a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, and a separator, and the positive electrode sheet, the negative electrode sheet, and the separator may be wound to form an electrode assembly.
  • active ions are embedded and removed back and forth between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet.
  • the separator is arranged between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet to play a role of isolation.
  • the specific structure, raw material composition, and thickness of the positive electrode sheet, the negative electrode sheet, and the separator can all be conventional choices in the field, and those skilled in the art can choose according to actual needs.
  • the battery mentioned in the first aspect of the present application may be a secondary battery, for example, the battery may be a lithium-ion secondary battery.
  • the battery of the first aspect of the present application may include a battery cell 1 (refer to Figure 7 for understanding) and a cooling component 6, or may include a battery module 2 composed of battery cells 1 (refer to Figure 13 for understanding) and a cooling component 6, or may include a battery pack 3 composed of battery cells 1 (refer to Figure 14 for understanding) and a cooling component 6.
  • the number of battery cells contained in the battery module may be one or more, and the specific number may be adjusted according to the application and capacity of the battery module.
  • Figure 13 is a battery module 2 as an example. Referring to Figure 13, in the battery module 2, a plurality of battery cells 1 may be arranged in sequence along the length direction of the battery module 2, and the first direction may be one of the length direction, width direction and height direction of the battery module 2. Of course, it may also be arranged in any other manner. The plurality of battery cells 1 may be further fixed by fasteners.
  • the battery module 2 may also include a housing having a accommodating space, and a plurality of battery cells 1 are accommodated in the accommodating space. It is understandable that the cooling member 6 is also accommodated in the accommodating space.
  • the battery modules can also be assembled into a battery pack, and the number of battery modules contained in the battery pack can be adjusted according to the application and capacity of the battery pack.
  • the battery pack 3 may include a battery box and a plurality of battery modules 2 disposed in the battery box.
  • the battery box may include an upper box body 4 and a lower box body 5, and the upper box body 4 can be covered on the lower box body 5 to form a closed space for accommodating the battery modules 2.
  • the plurality of battery modules 2 can be arranged in the battery box in any manner.
  • the present application also provides an electrical device, which includes: the battery of the first aspect of the present application.
  • the battery can be used as a power source for the electrical device, and can also be used as an energy storage unit for the electrical device.
  • the electrical device may include, but is not limited to, mobile devices (such as mobile phones, laptops), electric vehicles (such as pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, and energy storage systems.
  • the electrical device can be a vehicle.
  • the electrical device can select the specific type of battery according to its usage requirements, such as a battery with a battery cell, a battery module, or a battery pack.
  • the electric device may be a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.
  • a battery having a battery pack or a battery module may be used.
  • the electric device may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, or a laptop computer.
  • the electric device is usually required to be thin and light, and a battery cell and a cooling member may be used as a power source.
  • the positive electrode active material LiNi 0.6 Co 0.1 Mn 0.3 O 2 , superconducting carbon black (SuperP) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were mixed in a weight ratio of 96:2:2, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was added, and the mixture was fully stirred and mixed to obtain a positive electrode slurry, which was then coated on both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector aluminum foil with a thickness of 13 ⁇ m.
  • the coating surface density of the positive electrode slurry on one side of the aluminum foil was 20 mg/cm 2 , and then dried and cold pressed to obtain a positive electrode sheet.
  • the negative electrode active material artificial graphite, SuperP, styrene-butadiene rubber, and thickener sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were mixed in a weight ratio of 96:0.5:2:1.5, deionized water was added, and the mixture was fully stirred to obtain a negative electrode slurry, which was then coated on both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector copper foil with a thickness of 6 ⁇ m.
  • the coating surface density of the negative electrode slurry on one side of the copper foil was 11 mg/cm 2 , and then dried and cold pressed to obtain a negative electrode sheet.
  • solvents EC ethylene carbonate
  • EMC ethylene methyl carbonate
  • DMC dimethyl carbonate
  • a polyethylene porous film with a thickness of 7 ⁇ m was used as the separator.
  • Polypropylene with a thickness of 3 mm and a porosity of 94% in a free state is used as the buffer.
  • the positive electrode sheet, the separator, and the negative electrode sheet are stacked in order, so that the separator is placed between the positive and negative electrode sheets to play a role of isolation, and then wound and formed to obtain an electrode assembly.
  • Two electrode assemblies and a buffer are stacked along the thickness direction of the electrode assembly and placed in the battery housing, and the buffer is sandwiched between the two electrode assemblies.
  • the thickness direction of the electrode assembly and the buffer in the electrode monomer is consistent with the y direction.
  • the prepared electrolyte is injected and packaged to obtain a lithium secondary battery as shown in Figure 7.
  • FIG. 7 With the y direction as the first direction and the x direction as the second direction, 16 lithium secondary battery cells are stacked in the manner shown in Figure 9, and a cooling member is sandwiched between two layers of battery cells stacked in the y direction, and the cooling member is attached to the surface of each battery cell and covers the entire large surface of the cooling member (i.e., 11a).
  • the cooling member has a cooling medium inlet and outlet, and the inner cavity of the cooling member is filled with cooling medium.
  • Examples 2 to 13 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 are detailed in Table 1. Compared with Example 1, the remaining Examples and Comparative Examples change the first group margin of the battery cell by changing the thickness of the point buffer; with reference to FIG7 , it can be understood that the remaining Examples and Comparative Examples change the percentage of the contact area between a single surface of the battery cell and the cooling member in the first direction to the area of the single surface by changing the distance of the cooling member in the z direction.
  • a temperature sensing line is set at the center of the top cover of one of the two battery cells located on the outlet side of the cooling member to test the temperature of the battery cell.
  • the cooling medium inlet temperature is controlled to be 25°C and the cooling medium flow rate is 10L/min.
  • the battery temperature is made consistent with the ambient temperature and charged according to the following process: 3C charging for 5min, 2C charging for 10min, 1C charging for 15min, 0.33C charging to the upper limit voltage, and the highest temperature of the process is recorded.
  • the temperature rise of the lithium secondary battery cell the highest temperature - the temperature before charging.
  • a buffer member is provided in a battery cell so that it is stacked with an electrode assembly, and a cooling member is provided on one side of the battery cell along the stacking direction, so as to further exert a better heat dissipation effect; further, the heat dissipation effect of the battery can be further improved by increasing the total relative heat exchange area between the battery cell surface and the cooling member, or increasing the group margin of the cooling member within a suitable range, or gradually increasing the first group margin of multiple battery cells distributed along the flow direction of the cooling medium (from the inlet to the outlet) within a suitable range, or increasing the number of cooling members and adjusting the setting position of the cooling members.

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Abstract

本申请公开了电池和用电装置。电池包括电池单体和至少一个冷却构件，电池单体包括壳体、至少一个电极组件和至少一个缓冲件，所述电极组件和所述缓冲件置于所述壳体内，所述缓冲件设在所述电极组件的至少部分表面和/或所述电极组件内部，至少一个所述电极组件和至少一个所述缓冲件沿第一方向层叠设置；冷却构件设在所述电池单体沿所述第一方向的至少一侧。

Description

电池和用电装置 技术领域
本申请属于电池技术领域，具体而言，涉及电池和用电装置。
背景技术
电池作为储能装置，广泛应用于各个领域。以锂离子电池为例，其具有绿色、环保、高能、低碳等特点，不仅被应用于水力、火力、风力和太阳能电站等储能电源系统，还被广泛应用于电动自行车、电动摩托车、电动汽车、船舶等电动交通工具，以及军事装备和航空航天等多个领域。随着当前社会的发展，人们对于电池的要求也越来越高。
公开内容
鉴于背景技术中存在的技术问题，本申请提供一种电池，旨在缩短导热路径，提高电池的冷却效率。
为了实现上述目的，本申请的第一方面提供一种电池，其包括：
电池单体，包括：壳体、至少一个电极组件和至少一个缓冲件，所述电极组件和所述缓冲件置于所述壳体内，所述缓冲件设在所述电极组件的至少部分表面和/或所述电极组件内部，至少一个所述电极组件和至少一个所述缓冲件沿第一方向层叠设置；
至少一个冷却构件，设在所述电池单体沿所述第一方向的至少一侧。
本申请第一方面的电池具有以下有益效果：一方面，设置缓冲件可以提高电极组件与壳体之间的贴合度，即便缓冲件在未被过度压缩的状态下也有利于实现电极组件与壳体内壁的直接贴合、或通过缓冲件或绝缘膜与壳体内壁贴合，进而不仅有利于缩短电极组件与壳体之间的导热路径，还有利于增大电极组件与壳体之间的接触换热面积，改善电池单体自身散热效果，从而提高冷却效率；进一步地，至少一个电极组件和至少一个缓冲件沿第一方向层叠设置的结构，使得电极组件和壳体内壁在第一方向上具有进一步改善的贴合度和进一步缩短的导热路径，在此基础上通过使电池单体沿第一方向至少一侧设置冷却构件，不仅有利于在第一方向上进一步缩短电极组件与冷却构件之间的导热路径，还有利于增大在第一方向上导热路径缩短部分的电极组件与冷却构件之间的相对换热面积，由此有利于进一步提高冷却效率。综上，采用上述结构有利于提高电极组件与壳体的贴合度，缩短导热路径，改善电池单体的自散热以及与冷却构件的导热效率，提高电池的散热效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池包括：至少一个第一电池单体组，所述第一电池单体组包括多个沿所述第一方向层叠设置的所述电池单体。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，多个所述第一电池单体组沿第二方向层叠设置，所述第二方向与所述第一方向相交。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池包括第一电池单体组，在所述第一方向上，所述冷却构件设于相邻的两个所述电池单体之间，和/或，所述冷却构件设于多个所述电池单体沿所述第一方向的一侧。由此，有利于提高电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池包括：至少一个第二电池单体组，所述第二电池单体组包括多个沿第二方向层叠设置的所述电池单体，所述第二方向与所述第一方向相交。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池包括第二电池单体组，在所述第一方向上，所述冷却构件设于相邻的两个所述电池单体之间，和/或，所述冷却构件设于多个所述电池单体沿所述第一方向的一侧。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池单体包括沿所述第一方向相对设置的两个第一表面，所述第一表面的面积大于或等于所述电池单体的其它表面中单个表面的面积。满足所给条件有利于进一步增大电池单体与冷却构件之间的总换热面积，提高电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，与所述电极组件沿所述第一方向层叠设置的所述缓冲件在所述第一表面上的正投影的面积大于或等于所述第一表面的面积的80％。由此有利于在增大电池单体与冷却构件之间的总换热面积的基础上进一步提高电极组件与壳体的贴合度，进而有利于进一步改善电池单体的散热效率。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，在所述第一方向上，多个所述电池单体两两之间均设置有所述冷却构件。满足所给条件有利于进一步增大整个电池中所有电池单体与冷却构件之间的总换热面积，提高电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池单体的第一群裕度≥95％，可选≥100％；所述电池单体的第二群裕度≥90％，可选≥95％，所述第一群裕度指的是：在所述第一方向上，所述电池单体中所述缓冲件在自由状态下的总厚度、所述电极组件在满充电状态下的最大总尺寸的加和与所述壳体内壁面之间的距离的比值；所述第二群裕度指的是：在所述第一方向上，所述电池单体中所述电极组件在满充电状态下的最大总尺寸与所述壳体内壁面之间的距离的比值。满足所给条件既有利于改善电极组件与壳体之间的贴合度，改善换热效率及效果，还能兼顾电池的能量密度。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池单体的第一群裕度≤108％，可选≤105；和/或，所述第二群裕度≤100％，可选≤98％％。满足所给条件还有利于兼顾电池在充放电循环过程中的体积稳定性。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述冷却构件内部设有冷却介质流道，所述冷却介质流道包括进口和出口，位于所述出口一侧的所述电池单体的第一群裕度大于或等于位于所述进口一侧的所述电池单体的第一群裕度。满足所给条件有利于弥补因冷却介质温升引起的对靠近冷却介质流道出口一侧的电池单体的冷却效果下降的不足，进而有利于维持电池中各电池单体整体温度的均匀性。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，位于所述出口一侧的所述电池单体的所述第一群裕度与位于所述进口一侧的所述电池单体的所述第一群裕度的差值小于或等于5％。满足所给条件既有利于维持电池中各电池单体整体温度的均匀性，还能兼顾电池整体的体积稳定性。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，位于所述出口一侧的所述电池单体的所述第二群裕度与位于所述进口一侧的所述电池单体的所述第二群裕度的差值小于或等于1％，可选为0；
在本申请的一些实施方式中，沿所述进口朝向所述出口方向分布的多个所述电池单体的所述第一群裕度逐渐变大，且位于所述出口一侧的所述电池单体的所述第一群裕度与所述第二群裕度的差值大于位于所述进口一侧的所述电池单体的所述第一群裕度与所述第二群裕度的差值。满足所给条件有利于进一步改善电池的整体散热效果，并维持电池中各电池单体整体温度的均匀性。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，包括：多个所述冷却构件，多个所述冷却构件的冷却介质流道并联设置和/或串联设置。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，多个所述冷却构件通过连接件相连，在所述第一方向上相邻且间隔分布的两个所述冷却构件的所述冷却介质流道通过所述连接件可连通设置。满足所给条件方面既有利于实现冷却介质在不同冷却介质流道中的填充和流动，还有利于进一步增加电池单体与冷却介质的接触面积，改善散热效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池单体包括沿所述第一方向相对设置的两个第二表面，两个所述第二表面中的至少之一与所述冷却构件接触。满足所给条件可以进一步缩短导热路径，改善散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池单体中，所述第二表面与所述冷却构件的接触面积大于或等于该第二表面面积的80％，可选为该第二表面面积的80％～100％，再可选为该第二表面面积的90％～100％。满足所给条件有利于进一步改善散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，单个所述电池单体与所述冷却构件的总接触面积大于或等于该电池 单体总表面面积的20％，可选大于或等于该电池单体总表面面积的25％。满足所给条件有利于进一步改善散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池单体中，所述电极组件的部分表面与所述壳体之间设有所述缓冲件。满足所给条件既有利于增加电极组件与壳体的贴合度和抵接面积，改善电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，设在所述电极组件和所述壳体之间的所述缓冲件的导热系数≥3W/(m·℃)，可选≥5W/(m·℃)。满足所给条件可以提高缓冲件导热效率，提高电池单体的散热效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池单体中，相邻两个所述电极组件之间设有所述缓冲件。满足所给条件有利于增加电极组件与壳体的贴合度，改善电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，设在相邻两个所述电极组件之间的所述缓冲件的导热系数≤0.05W/(m·℃)，可选≤0.03W/(m·℃)。满足所给条件有利于隔绝电池组件之间的热传导，降低单个电极组件失效引发其它电极组件失效的风险。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电极组件包括隔膜，所述隔膜的导热系数大于或等于所述缓冲件的导热系数。满足所给条件有利于改善电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池单体还包括：绝缘膜，所述绝缘膜包裹所述电极组件的至少部分表面，且在所述第一方向上，每个所述电极组件与至少一层所述绝缘膜层叠分布，所述绝缘膜的导热系数大于或等于所述缓冲件的导热系数。满足所给条件既有利于降低漏电风险，还有利于改善电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池单体的第三群裕度≥95％，可选≥100％，所述第三群裕度指的是：在所述第一方向上，所述电池单体中所述缓冲件在自由状态下的总厚度、所述电极组件在满充电状态下的最大总尺寸、所述绝缘膜的总厚度的加和与所述壳体内壁面之间的距离的比值。满足所给条件有利于进一步改善电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池单体包括至少两个所述电极组件，所述电池单体中每个所述缓冲件分别独立地设在相邻的两个所述电极组件之间，并与所述电极组件沿所述第一方向层叠设置。满足所给条件有利于改善电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池单体包括沿所述第一方向相对设置的两个第三表面，与所述电极组件沿所述第一方向层叠且相邻设置的所述缓冲件在所述第三表面上的正投影位于该所述电极组件在所述第三表面上的正投影的区域内。满足所给条件不仅有利于改善电池散热效率及效果，还有利于兼顾电池单体的能量密度。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，与所述电极组件沿所述第一方向层叠且相邻设置的所述缓冲件在所述第三表面上的正投影的面积大于或等于该所述电极组件在所述第三表面上的正投影的面积的80％。满足所给条件有利于改善电池单体的散热效率及在循环过程中的体积稳定性。
本申请的第二方面提供了一种用电装置，其包括：本申请第一方面所述的电池。
附图说明
本申请的上述和/或附加的方面和优点从结合下面附图对实施例的描述中将变得明显和容易理解，其中：
图1是根据本申请一个实施方式的电池的截面结构示意图。
图2是根据本申请一个实施方式的棱柱状电池单体的截面结构示意图。
图3是根据本申请再一个实施方式的棱柱状电池单体的截面结构示意图。
图4是根据本申请又一个实施方式的棱柱状电池单体的截面结构示意图。
图5是根据本申请又一个实施方式的棱柱状电池单体的截面结构示意图。
图6是根据本申请一个实施方式的圆柱状电池单体的截面结构示意图。
图7是根据本申请一个实施方式的棱柱状电池单体的结构示意图。
图8是根据本申请再一个实施方式的电池的截面结构示意图。
图9是根据本申请又一个实施方式的电池的截面结构示意图。
图10是根据本申请又一个实施方式的电池的截面结构示意图。
图11是根据本申请又一个实施方式的电池的截面结构示意图。
图12是根据本申请又一个实施方式的电池的截面结构示意图。
图13是根据本申请一个实施方式的电池模块的结构示意图。
图14是根据本申请一个实施方式的电池包的结构示意图。
图15是根据本申请一个实施方式的电池包的爆炸图。
图16是根据本申请一个实施方式的电池用作电源的用电装置的示意图。
附图标记：
11：壳体；12：电极组件；13：缓冲件；13a：第一缓冲件；13b：第二缓冲件；1：电池单体；2：电池模块；3：电池包；4：上箱体；5：下箱体；6：冷却构件；61：冷却介质流道进口；62：冷却介质流道出口；A：第一电池单体组；B：第二电池单体组。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式，进一步阐述本申请。应理解，这些具体实施方式仅用于说明本申请而不用于限制本申请的范围。
以下，适当地参照附图详细说明具体公开了本申请的正极活性材料及其制备方法、正极极片、电池和用电装置的实施方式。但是会有省略不必要的详细说明的情况。例如，有省略对已众所周知的事项的详细说明、实际相同结构的重复说明的情况。这是为了避免以下的说明不必要地变得冗长，便于本领域技术人员的理解。此外，附图及以下说明是为了本领域技术人员充分理解本申请而提供的，并不旨在限定权利要求书所记载的主题。
本申请所公开的“范围”以下限和/或上限的形式来限定，给定范围是通过选定一个下限和/或一个上限进行限定的，选定的下限和/或上限限定了特别范围的边界。这种方式进行限定的范围可以是包括端值或不包括端值的，并且可以进行任意地组合，即任意下限可以与任意上限组合形成未明确记载的范围，以及任意下限可以与其它下限组合形成未明确记载的范围，同样任意上限可以与任意其它上限组合形成未明确记载的范围。此外，每个单独公开的点或单个数值自身可以作为下限或上限与任意其它点或单个数值组合或与其它下限或上限组合形成未明确记载的范围。例如，如果针对特定参数列出了60～120和80～110的范围，理解为60～110和80～120的范围也是预料到的。此外，如果列出的最小范围值1和2，和如果列出了最大范围值3，4和5，则下面的范围可全部预料到：1～3、1～4、1～5、2～3、2～4和2～5。在本申请中，除非有其它说明，数值范围“a～b”表示a到b之间的任意实数组合的缩略表示，其中a和b都是实数。例如数值范围“0～5”表示本文中已经全部列出了“0～5”之间的全部实数，“0～5”只是这些数值组合的缩略表示。另外，当表述某个参数为≥2的整数，则相当于公开了该参数为例如整数2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12等。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请的所有实施方式以及可选实施方式可以相互组合形成新的技术方案，并且这样的技术方案应被认为包含在本申请的公开内容中。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请的所有技术特征以及可选技术特征可以相互组合形成新的技术方案，并且这样的技术方案应被认为包含在本申请的公开内容中。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请的所有步骤可以顺序进行，也可以随机进行，优选是顺序进行的。例如，所述方法包括步骤S1和S2，表示所述方法可包括顺序进行的步骤S1和S2，也可以包括顺序进行的步骤S2和S1。例如，所述提到所述方法还可包括步骤S3，表示步骤S3可以任意顺序加入到所述方法，例如，所述方法可以包括步骤S1、S2和S3，也可包括步骤S1、S3和S2，也可以包括步骤S3、S1和S2等。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请所提到的“包括”和“包含”表示开放式，也可以是封闭式。例如， 所述“包括”和“包含”可以表示还可以包括或包含没有列出的其它组分，也可以仅包括或包含列出的组分。
如果没有特别的说明，在本申请中，术语“或”是包括性的。举例来说，短语“A或B”表示“A，B，或A和B两者”。更具体地，以下任一条件均满足条件“A或B”：A为真(或存在)并且B为假(或不存在)；A为假(或不存在)而B为真(或存在)；或A和B都为真(或存在)。
如果没有特别的说明，在本申请中，术语“和/或”仅仅是一种描述关联对象的关联关系，表示可以存在三种关系，例如A和/或B，可以表示：单独存在A，同时存在A和B，单独存在B这三种情况。另外，本文中字符“/”，一般表示前后关联对象是一种“或”的关系。
在本申请中，术语“多个”、“多种”是指两个或两种以上。
除非另有定义，本申请所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本申请的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同；本申请中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的，不是旨在于限制本申请；本申请的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图说明中的术语“包括”和“具有”以及它们的任何变形，意图在于覆盖不排他的包含。除非另有说明，本申请中使用的术语具有本领域技术人员通常所理解的公知含义。除非另有说明，本申请中提到的各参数的数值可以用本领域常用的各种测量方法进行测量(例如，可以按照在本申请的实施例中给出的方法进行测试)。
随着绿色环保主题的不断推进，电池的应用已经深入到了生活的方方面面，包括车辆、电子设备、储能装置等。但随着电池应用的不断推广，人们对于电池的要求也越来越高。其中，电池在充放电循环过程中会伴随着发热现象，但长时间过度发热一方面易导致电池容量的快速衰减，另一方面会增加电池鼓包、热失控的风险，影响电池的使用寿命和用电装置的正常工作。
本申请中，通过在电池单体内设置缓冲件，并使位于电池单体壳体内的至少一个电极组件和至少一个缓冲件沿第一方向层叠设置，同时在电池单体沿第一方向的至少一侧设置冷却构件，有利于提高电极组件与壳体的贴合度，改善电池单体与冷却构件的导热效率，提高电池的散热效果。
本申请实施例公开的电池可以用于使用电池作为电源的用电装置或者使用电池作为储能元件的各种储能系统。用电装置可以包括但不限于手机、平板、笔记本电脑、电动玩具、电动工具、电瓶车、电动汽车、轮船、航天器等等。其中，电动玩具可以包括固定式或移动式的电动玩具，例如，游戏机、电动汽车玩具、电动轮船玩具和电动飞机玩具等等，航天器可以包括飞机、火箭、航天飞机和宇宙飞船等等。
本申请的第一方面提供一种电池，其包括：电池单体和至少一个冷却构件，电池单体包括壳体、至少一个电极组件和至少一个缓冲件，电极组件和缓冲件置于壳体内，缓冲件设在电极组件的至少部分表面和/或电极组件内部，至少一个电极组件和至少一个缓冲件沿第一方向层叠设置；冷却构件设在电池单体沿第一方向的至少一侧。
例如，参考图1～6理解，本申请的第一方面的电池包括电池单体1和至少一个冷却构件6，电池单体1包括壳体11、至少一个电极组件12和至少一个缓冲件13，电极组件12和缓冲件13置于壳体11内，缓冲件13可以设在电极组件12的至少部分表面和/或电极组件12内部，至少一个电极组件12和至少一个缓冲件13沿第一方向层叠设置，冷却构件6设在电池单体1沿第一方向的至少一侧(参考图1理解)。示例性的，缓冲件13可以设在电极组件12与壳体11之间(参考图2理解)，和/或可以设在相邻两个电极组件12之间(参考图3理解)，和/或可以设在电极组件内部(参考图4理解)。其中，缓冲件13可以设在电极组件12与壳体11之间，可以理解为，可以设在电极组件12与壳体11侧壁之间、电极组件12和壳体11底壁之间、电极组件12和壳体11顶壁之间中的至少之一的区域内，可选地，参考图5理解，可以在电极组件12与壳体11之间和相邻两个电极组件12之间同时设置缓冲件13；再可选地，参考图2、图3理解，缓冲件13可以设在电极组件12的部分表面，例如，可以仅在电极组件12沿第一方向的其中一侧设置缓冲件13，作为一些具体示例，当电池单体1中仅包括一个电极组件12时，可选在第一方向上仅于电极组件12的其中一侧设置缓冲件13(参考图2理解)；作为又一些具体示例，当电池单体1中包括多个电极组件12时，可选在第一方向上，仅于相邻的两个电极组件12直 接设置缓冲件13，并使电极组件12和缓冲件13在第一方向上交替层叠设置(参考图3理解)。缓冲件13可以设在电极组件内部，可以理解为，当电极组件12为叠片式结构时，缓冲件13可以位于电极组件12的中部区域，即在第一方向上，缓冲件13的两侧均分布有叠片单元，叠片单元包括正极极片、负极极片和隔膜；当电极组件12为卷绕式结构时，缓冲件13可以位于电极组件的中心区域，即可以以缓冲件13为卷绕中心，使正极极片、负极极片和隔膜叠放后围绕该缓冲件13进行卷绕、成型，此时，当卷绕式电极组件用于圆柱电池单体中时，所述第一方向可以为电极组件的径向方向(参考图6理解)，当卷绕式电极组件用于棱柱状电池单体中时，电极组件在成型后包括平直部和拐角部，所述第一方向可以为所述平直部的厚度方向(参考图4理解)或长度方向，可选为所述平直部的厚度方向。在实际操作过程中，缓冲件13沿其厚度方向的两侧可以均与电极组件12可贴合设置，也可以一侧与电极组件12可贴合设置，另一侧与壳体11内壁可贴合设置。
可选地，至少一个电极组件12的厚度方向与第一方向相同(参考图2～5理解)，再可选地，至少一个缓冲件13的厚度方向与电极组件12的厚度方向相同(参考图2～5理解)。
另外，可以理解的是，冷却构件设在电池单体沿第一方向的至少一侧时，冷却构件可以与电池单体沿第一方向的至少一侧接触设置或间隔设置，所述接触设置既可以包括二者紧贴(有力的作用)的情况，也可以包括只是挨着的情况。示例性的，所述冷却构件既可以设置于电池单体沿第一方向的表面上，也可以与电池单体间隔设置，即冷却构件与电池单体之间既可以设置有其它部件，也可以设置有电池单体，所述其它部件可以包括但不限于固定胶(冷却构件与电池单体之间可以通过胶粘固定)等部件。另外，缓冲件指的是可以发生弹性变形的结构件。
本申请的电池单体中，至少一个电极组件和至少一个缓冲件沿第一方向层叠设置，冷却构件设在电池单体沿第一方向的至少一侧，其中，设置缓冲件可以提高电极组件与壳体之间的贴合度，即便缓冲件在未被过度压缩的状态下也有利于实现电极组件与壳体内壁的直接贴合、或通过缓冲件或绝缘膜与壳体内壁贴合，进而有利于使电极组件在充放电循环过程中始终与壳体内壁具有较高的贴合度，而提高电极组件与壳体之间的贴合度不仅有利于缩短电极组件与壳体之间的导热路径，还有利于增大电极组件与壳体之间的接触换热面积，改善电池单体自身散热效果，从而提高冷却效率；进一步地，至少一个电极组件和至少一个缓冲件沿第一方向层叠设置的结构，使得电极组件和壳体内壁在第一方向上具有进一步改善的贴合度和进一步缩短的导热路径，在此基础上通过使电池单体沿第一方向至少一侧设置冷却构件，不仅有利于在第一方向上进一步缩短电极组件与冷却构件之间的导热路径，还有利于增大在第一方向上导热路径缩短部分的电极组件与冷却构件之间的相对换热面积，由此有利于进一步提高冷却效率。可以理解的是，在电池单体中设置缓冲件，还有利于改善电池单体在充放电循环过程中的体积变化，提高循环稳定性。其中，电池单体和冷却构件的相对位置关系，以及电池单体的内部结构，可以通过对电池进行拆解确定。
本申请第一方面的电池具有以下有益效果：有利于提高电极组件与壳体的贴合度，缩短导热路径，改善电池单体的自散热以及与冷却构件的导热效率，提高电池的散热效果。
可以理解的是，在本申请的实施例中，电池单体包括但不限于壳体、电极组件和缓冲件，例如，电池单体还可以包括电解液；在本申请的实施例中，电池单体包括但不限于二次电池单体、一次电池单体等；在本申请的实施例中，电池单体包括但不限于锂离子电池单体、钠离子电池单体、镁离子电池单体等；在本申请的实施例中，电池单体包括但不限于硬质电池单体、软包电池单体等，硬质电池单体包括但不限于金属电池壳体单体等。
进一步地，本申请的第一方面的电池在满足上述条件的基础上，还可以进一步改进冷却构件与电池单体的相对位置关系、电池单体的群裕度、电池单体之间的群裕度差异、电池单体与冷却构件的接触面积、缓冲件的导热系数及其与其它结构件的大小关系、缓冲件的设置区域等来进一步改善电池单体的散热效果。即，在满足上述条件的基础上，还可选地满足下述条件中的一个或多个。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，冷却构件6包括但不限于常用的冷却结构部件，例如，冷却构件可以包括但不限于冷却板、散热器等。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池单体可以为圆柱状，也可以为棱柱状，可选为棱柱状；其中，棱柱状的电池单体可以为卷绕式结构，也可以为叠片式结构，参考图6理解，当电池单体为圆柱状时，所述第一方向可以为电极组件的径向；参考图7理解，当电池单体为棱柱状时，所述第一方向可选为x向、y向、z向中的至少之一，即可以为壳体的长度方向、厚度方向、高度方向中的至少之一，以图2～4为例，所述第一方向可以理解为壳体11的厚度方向，以图5为例，所述第一方向可以理解为壳体11的长度方向。另外，以图5为例，可以理解的是，棱柱状电池单体可以包括：至少一个第一缓冲件13a和/或至少一个第二缓冲件13b，第一缓冲件13a和第二缓冲件13b中的至少之一可以与至少一个电极组件12沿第一方向层叠设置，可选地，所述第一方向可以与电极组件12的厚度方向相同。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池可以包括：至少一个第一电池单体组A，第一电池单体组A包括多个沿第一方向层叠设置的电池单体1。
参考图8理解，电池单体中，电极组件和壳体内壁在第一方向上具有进一步改善的贴合度和进一步缩短的导热路径，电池单体在第一方向上的冷却效率及散热效果相对较好，而通过将多个电池单体沿第一方向层叠设置，可以将多个电池单体冷却效率及散热效果相对较好的表面集中在第一方向上，进而，结合在电池单体沿第一方向的至少一侧设置冷却构件的设计，如可以在每个电池单体沿第一方向的至少一侧均设置冷却构件，不仅有利于在第一方向上进一步缩短电极组件与冷却构件之间的导热路径，并增大在第一方向上导热路径缩短部分的电极组件与冷却构件之间的相对换热面积，还有利于通过优化冷却构件的个数和冷却构件在第一方向上与电池单体的相对位置关系的方式来进一步增大整个第一电池单体组与冷却构件的总的相对换热面积，并兼顾电池单体和冷却构件的整体集成度。可选地，在第一方向上，任意两个沿第一方向层叠且相邻设置的两个电池单体之间可以设置有冷却构件，由此有利于进一步增大整个第一电池单体组与冷却构件的总的相对换热面积，提供冷却效率。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，多个第一电池单体组A可以沿第二方向层叠设置，第二方向可以与第一方向相交。
参考图9或图10理解，采用多个第一电池单体组沿第二方向层叠设置的方式，还有利于实现单个冷却构件同时与多个电池单体沿第一方向层叠设置的布置方式，进而既有利于提高单个冷却构件与电池单体之间的总换热面积，以及整个电池中所有电池单体与冷却构件之间的总换热面积，还有利于兼顾电池单体和冷却构件的整体集成度。可选地，第二方向与第一方向可以垂直或基本垂直，所述基本垂直指的是第二方向与第一方向的夹角可以为80度～100度，可选为85度～95度，再可选为88度～92度。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池包括第一电池单体组A，在第一方向上，冷却构件6可以设于相邻的两个电池单体1之间，和/或冷却构件6可以设于多个电池单体1沿第一方向的一侧。
示例性的，参考图8或图9理解，针对具有第一电池单体组A的电池结构，在第一方向上，冷却构件6可以设于相邻的两个电池单体1之间，由此有利于使每个冷却构件沿其第一方向分布的两侧均与电池单体表面进行换热，从而有利于增大整个第一电池单体组与冷却构件之间的总换热面积。可选地，在第一方向上，冷却构件6和多个电池单体1可以交替层叠设置，且每个冷却构件6可以分布独立的位于相邻的两个电池单体1之间，采用该方式既有利于增大整个第一电池单体组与冷却构件之间的总换热面积，缩短导热路径，提高电池的散热效率，还有利于简化电池结构。
示例性的，参考图10理解，针对具有第一电池单体组A的电池结构，在第一方向上，冷却构件6可以设于多个电池单体1沿第一方向的一侧，采用该布置方式有利于进一步提高分布于第一方向两侧的电池单体与冷却构件之间的总换热面积，缩短导热路径，提高电池的散热效率。
示例性的，结合图8～10理解，针对具有第一电池单体组A的电池结构，在第一方向上，可以使一部分的冷却构件6设于相邻的两个电池单体1之间，并使再一部分的冷却构件6设于多个电池单体1沿第一方向的一侧。采用该方式有利于实现每个电池单体沿第一方向分布的两侧均与冷却构件进行换热的布置方式，从而有利于进一步增大整个第一电池单体组与冷却构件之间的总换热面积，提高电池的散热效率。
针对电池包括一个第一电池单体组A的结构，以及包括沿第二方向层叠设置的多个第一电池单体组A结构，使冷却构件与电池单体的相对位置关系满足所给条件，有利于增大整个第一电池单体组与冷却构件之间的总换热面积，并缩短导热路径，提高电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池可以包括：至少一个第二电池单体组B，第二电池单体组B可以包括多个沿第二方向层叠设置的电池单体1，第二方向与第一方向相交。示例性的，参考图11理解，所述电池可以仅包括一个第二电池单体组B。示例性的，参考图12理解，所述电池可以包括多个第二电池单体组B，可选地，多个第二电池单体组B可以沿第一方向层叠设置。具有一个或多个第二电池单体组的电池结构设计，也有利于同时兼顾电池单体的散热效率和电池单体的集成度。可选地，所述电池可以同时包括多个第一电池单体组A和多个第二电池单体组B。再可选地，如前所述，所述第二方向与所述第一方向可以垂直或基本垂直。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，所述电池包括第二电池单体组B，在第一方向上，冷却构件6可以设于相邻的两个电池单体1之间，和/或，冷却构件6可以设于多个电池单体1沿第一方向的一侧。
示例性的，参考图11理解，当电池仅包括一个第二电池单体组B时，可以仅设置一个冷却构件6，使冷却构件6位于第二电池单体组B沿第一方向的一侧，或者，可以设置两个冷却构件6，使两个冷却构件6分设于第二电池单体组B沿第一方向的两侧。上述设置中，每个所述冷却构件6均分别独立地设于多个电池单体1沿第一方向的一侧。
示例性的，参考图12理解，当电池包括多个第二电池单体组B时，在第一方向上，冷却构件6可以设于相邻的两个电池单体1之间，例如，在第一方向上，冷却构件6可以与多个第二电池单体组B交替层叠设置，且每个冷却构件6可以分布独立的位于相邻的两个第二电池单体组B之间，由此有利于使每个冷却构件沿其第一方向分布的两侧均与多个电池单体表面进行换热，从而既有利于增大整个第二电池单体组与冷却构件之间的总换热面积，还有利于简化电池结构。
示例性的，结合图11和图12理解，当电池包括多个第二电池单体组B时，在第一方向上，可以使一部分的冷却构件6设于相邻的两个电池单体1之间，并使再一部分的冷却构件6设于多个电池单体1沿第一方向的一侧。采用该方式有利于实现每个电池单体沿第一方向分布的两侧均与冷却构件进行换热的布置方式，从而有利于进一步增大整个第二电池单体组与冷却构件之间的总换热面积，提高电池的散热效率。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池单体1可以包括沿第一方向相对设置的两个第一表面11a，第一表面11a的面积可以大于或等于电池单体1的其它表面中单个表面的面积。
结合图1和图7理解，以棱柱状的电池单体1为例，电池单体1可以包括多个表面，当电池单体沿第一方向相对设置的两个第一表面11a中，单个第一表面11a的面积大于或等于其所在的电池单体1中剩余的其它表面中单个表面的面积时，可以使第一表面11a与其它表面相比，能与冷却构件相对设置或可贴合设置的面积最大，从而有利于进一步增大电池单体与冷却构件之间的总换热面积，提高电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，与电极组件12沿第一方向层叠设置的缓冲件13在第一表面11a上的正投影的面积可以大于或等于第一表面11a的面积的80％。
示例性的，结合图1和图7理解，与电极组件12沿第一方向层叠设置的缓冲件13在第一表面11a上的正投影的面积可以为第一表面11a的面积的80％、85％、90％、95％、98％，等等。本申请中，所述第一表面的面积可以理解为第一表面朝向壳体内的一侧的面积。其中，第一表面的面积和缓冲件在第一表面上的正投影的面积可以分布独立地采用常规方法测得，例如，第一表面的面积可以采用直接测量法或比色法等方法测得，缓冲件在第一表面上的正投影的面积可以采用直接测量法、分割求和法、投影面积公式法或三维建模软件法等方法测得。缓冲件在第一表面上的投影面积在一定程度上反映了电极组件与第一表面可相对设置或可贴合设置的面积，该投影面积增加有利于增大电极组件与第一表面可相对设置或可贴合设置的面积，改善电极组件与壳体之间的贴合度。
使缓冲件在第一表面上的正投影面积满足所给条件，有利于在增大电池单体与冷却构件之间的总 换热面积的基础上进一步提高电极组件与壳体的贴合度，进而有利于进一步改善电池单体的散热效率。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，在第一方向上，多个电池单体1两两之间可以均设置有冷却构件6。参考图8或图12理解，采用该设置有利于进一步增大整个电池中所有电池单体与冷却构件之间的总换热面积，提高电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池单体1的第一群裕度可以≥95％，可选可以≥100％；电池单体1的第二群裕度可以≥90％，可选≥95％，第一群裕度指的是：在第一方向上，电池单体1中缓冲件13在自由状态下的总厚度、电极组件12在满充电状态下的最大总尺寸的加和与壳体11内壁面之间的距离的比值；第二群裕度指的是：在第一方向上，电池单体1中电极组件12在满充电状态下的最大总尺寸与壳体11内壁面之间的距离的比值。
示例性的，电池单体1的第一群裕度可以为95％、97％、100％、102％、105％、108％、110％，等等，或者可以为以上任何数值所组成的范围。提高电池单体的群裕度有利于进一步改善电极组件与壳体之间的贴合度，提高散热效率及效果。控制电池单体的第一群裕度满足所给范围条件，有利于进一步获得较高的散热效率及效果。示例性的，电池单体1的第二群裕度可以为90％、91％、92％、93％、94％、95％、96％、97％、98％、99％、100％，等等，或者可以为以上任何数值所组成的范围。提高电池单体的第二群裕度有利于进一步改善电池的能量密度。此外，通过综合控制电池单体的第一群裕度和第二群裕度满足所给范围，可以在兼顾电池的能量密度的基础上进一步改善电极组件与壳体之间的贴合度，改善换热效率及效果。
其中，缓冲件的自由状态是指缓冲件没有受到任何外力的作用的状态，缓冲件在自由状态下的厚度测试可以采用本领域的常规仪器和常规方法进行测试，如可以采用MitutoyoID-C112MX千分尺测厚仪(或同类型仪器)，在测试力小于或等于1.8N的状态下进行测试，随机测量多个点(如5、10个等)取平均值。缓冲件在应力状态下的厚度测试可以采用两块平行的平板，使缓冲件位于平板中间，利用平板向缓冲件施加预设压力并测量平板间距得到，测量平板间距时采用的仪器可以包括但不限于游标卡尺等常规仪器。满充电状态指室温下以电池单体额定容量的0.33C恒流充电至截止电压上限，再恒压充电直至电流为0.05C的状态，或在该条件下充电至电池的SOC不再变化的状态。
电池单体中，在第一方向上缓冲件在自由状态下的总厚度指的是，与电极组件沿第一方向层叠设置的一个或多个缓冲件的厚度累加值；在第一方向上电极组件在满充电状态下的最大总尺寸指的是电池单体在室温满充电状态下，电池单体中所有的电极组件在第一方向上的最大延伸距离；在第一方向上壳体内壁面之间的距离指的是壳体在自由状态(即没有受到任何外力的作用的状态)下沿第一方向的内壁面之间的距离，其中，当电池单位为棱柱状电池时，壳体沿第一方向的内壁面之间的距离可以理解为平均距离，当电池单体为圆柱状时，壳体沿第一方向的内壁面之间的距离可以理解为最大距离，示例性的：
以图3为例，电池单体为棱柱状电池，壳体内部仅包括两个电极组件与一个缓冲件沿第一方向层叠设置，在第一方向上缓冲件在自由状态下的总厚度指的是单个缓冲件在自由状态下的厚度d1；在第一方向上电极组件在满充电状态下的最大总尺寸为两个电极组件在第一方向上的距离的加和d2，在第一方向上壳体内壁面之间的距离指的是壳体在自由状态下沿第一方向相对设置的两个侧壁的内表面之间的平均距离d3，此时第一群裕度为(d1+d2)/d3×100％，第二群裕度为d2/d3×100％。
以图5为例，电池单体为棱柱状电池，壳体内部包括两个电极组件与三个缓冲件，其中两个电极组件与两个第二缓冲件13b沿第一方向层叠设置，在第一方向上缓冲件在自由状态下的总厚度指的是两个第二缓冲件在自由状态下的厚度的加和d1′；在第一方向上电极组件在满充电状态下的最大总尺寸为两个电极组件在第一方向上的总投影长度d2′(当该两个电极组件在第一方向上的投影长度相同时，d2′也可以视为单个电极组件在第一方向上的距离)，在第一方向上壳体内壁面之间的距离指的是壳体在自由状态下沿第一方向相对设置的两个侧壁的内表面之间的平均距离d3′，此时第一群裕度为(d1′+d2′)/d3′×100％，第二群裕度为d2′/d3′×100％。
以图6为例，当电池单体为圆柱状时，所述第一方向为电极组件的径向方向，壳体沿第一方向的 壳体内壁面之间的距离即壳体在自由状态下的内腔直径，所述直径可以为多次测量的平均值。
满充电状态下的电极组件在第一方向上的尺寸可以采用本领域的常规方法或常规仪器进行，例如以电极组件的厚度方向(当电极组件为卷绕式结构且包括平直部和拐角部时，电极组件的厚度可以理解为所述平直部的厚度)与所述第一方向相同为例，单个电极组件在第一方向上的距离可以采用如下方法测试：采用两块平行的平板，使电极组件位于平板中间，利用平板向电极组件施加0.1MPa的压力，测量平板间距即得到电极组件的厚度，可选采用英昊达PPG1200电池厚度测量仪进行测试。壳体在第一方向上内壁面之间的距离也可以采用本领域的常规仪器和常规方法进行测试。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池单体1的第一群裕度≤108％，可选≤105％；和/或，电池单体1的第二群裕度≤100％，可选≤98％％。
示例性的，电池单体1的第一群裕度可以为108％、107％、106％、105％、104％、103％、102％，等等。降低电池单体的群裕度有利于改善电池单体在充放电循环过程中的体积稳定性。控制第一群裕度满足所给条件，有利于降低电极组件在充放电过程中的膨胀力，改善电池在充放电循环过程中的体积稳定性，降低因电极组件在充放电过程中膨胀力过大而影响电池循环稳定性的风险。可选地，第一群裕度可以≤105％，再可选地，第一群裕度可以为95％～105％，又可选地，第一群裕度可以为100％～105％，满足所给条件有利于进一步同时兼顾电池的散热效率和循环稳定性。
示例性的，电池单体1的第二群裕度可以为100％、99％、98％、97％、96％、95％，等等。电池单体的第二群裕度满足所给条件有利于电池组件入壳，便于电池单体装配。可选地，第二群裕度可以≤98％。由此，既有利于进一步兼顾电池单体的装配。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，冷却构件6内部可以设有冷却介质流道(未示出)，冷却介质流道可以包括进口61和出口62，位于出口62一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度大于或等于位于进口61一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度。
可选地，位于出口62一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度可以大于位于进口61一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度。参考图9理解，在冷却介质的流动方向上，随冷却介质的不断流动和持续换热，冷却介质的温度逐渐升高，在冷却介质在从进口61到出口62的方向上，对电池单体的冷却效果会有一定程度下降，而通过使位于出口62一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度大于位于进口61一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度，有利于进一步增加靠近出口一侧的电池单体中电极组件与壳体的贴合度，进而有利于增加靠近出口一侧的电池单体与冷却构件之间的换热面积和接触时间，弥补冷却构件因冷却介质温升引起的对靠近出口62一侧的电池单体的冷却效果下降的不足。由此，不仅有利于进一步改善电池的散热效果，还有利于维持电池中各电池单体整体温度的均匀性，降低出现局部区域温度明显较高的风险。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，位于出口62一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度与位于进口61一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度的差值可以小于或等于5％。
示例性的，参考图9理解，位于出口62一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度与位于进口61一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度的差值可以为5％、4.5％、4％、3.5％、3％、2.5％、2％、1.5％、1％、0.5％，等等。降低位于出口62一侧和进口61一侧的电池单体的群裕度的差值，有利于降低因不同位置处的电池单体在充放电过程中的膨胀力不同而导致电池应力分布不均匀和体积稳定性下降的风险。通过控制电池单体的第一群裕度分布满足所给条件，不仅有利于改善电池的整体散热效果，并维持电池中各电池单体整体温度的均匀性，还能兼顾电池整体的体积稳定性。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，位于出口62一侧的电池单体1的第二群裕度与位于进口61一侧的电池单体1的第二群裕度的差值可以小于或等于1％，可选为0。示例性的，参考图9理解，位于出口62一侧的电池单体1的第二群裕度与位于进口61一侧的电池单体1的第二群裕度的差值可以为1％、0.5％、0.1％、0，等等。满足所给条件的各电池单体的第二群裕度基本一致，有利于通过调节缓冲件的厚度变化控制沿冷却介质流道方向分布的各电池单体的第一群裕度变化，实现沿进口朝向出口方向分布的多个电池单体的第一群裕度逐渐变大或相等的结构设计。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，沿进口61朝向出口62方向分布的多个电池单体1的第一群裕度可 以逐渐变大，且位于出口62一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度与第二群裕度的差值可以大于位于进口61一侧的电池单体1的第一群裕度与第二群裕度的差值。参考图9理解，满足所给条件有利于进一步改善电池的整体散热效果，并维持电池中各电池单体整体温度的均匀性。可选地，可以使沿进口61朝向出口62方向分布的多个电池单体1的第一群裕度逐渐变大，且第二群裕度保持不变或基本一致(即任意两个电池单体的第二群裕度的差值≤1％)。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池可以包括：多个冷却构件6，多个冷却构件6的冷却介质流道可以并联设置和/或串联设置。
需要说明的是，所述并联设置指的是多个冷却构件6的冷却介质流道相互独立且互不连通；所述串联设置指的是多个冷却构件6的冷却介质流道的进口和出口收尾相连、相互之间直接或间接连通。多个冷却构件直接冷却流道的设置方式可以根据电池单体的堆叠方式灵活调整，例如，以图9中所示的第一方向和第二方向为例，若在第二方向上层叠设置的电池单体的个数较多，可以考虑采用多个冷却构件的冷却介质流道并联设置的方式，若在第二方向上层叠设置的电池单体的个数较少，可以考虑采用多个冷却构件的冷却介质流道串联设置的方式，此外，也可以根据电池单体的具体排布方式采用部分冷却构件的冷却介质流道串联设置且剩余冷却构件的冷却介质流道并联设置的方式。由此，更有利于兼顾对电池的冷却效果和冷却介质的重复利用。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，多个冷却构件6可以通过连接件(未示出)相连，在第一方向上相邻且间隔分布的两个冷却构件6的冷却介质流道通过连接件可连通设置。
示例性的，所述连接件可以为冷却介质供给端和/或冷却介质输出端，所述供给端和所述输出端可以分别独立地为输送管道或输送面板，多个冷却构件6的冷却介质流道的进口可以分别独立地与所述冷却介质供给端相连，和/或多个冷却构件6的冷却介质流道的出口可以分别独立地与所述冷却介质输出端相连；和/或，所述连接件可以为用于实现两个不同冷却构件的冷却介质流道首尾相连的输送管道或输送面板。采用上述布置方式，一方面有利于实现冷却介质在不同冷却介质流道中的填充和流动，另一方面还有利于进一步增加电池单体与冷却介质的接触面积，改善散热效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池单体1可以包括沿第一方向相对设置的两个第二表面，两个第二表面中的至少之一可以与冷却构件6接触，第二表面与冷却构件6的接触面积可以大于或等于该第二表面面积的80％，可选可以为该第二表面面积的80％～100％，再可选可以为该第二表面面积的90％～100％。
示例性的，参考图7和图8理解，所述第二表面可以与冷却构件贴合；可选地，两个所述第二表面可以均与所述冷却构件接触。相对于辐射散热，使电池单体的表面与冷却构件直接接触可以进一步缩短导热路径，改善电池单体的散热效率及效果。
示例性的，第二表面与冷却构件6的接触面积可以为第二表面面积的80％、85％、90％、95％、100％，等等。第二表面与冷却构件6的接触面积可以通过常规方法测得，如可以采用直接测量法或比色法等方法测得。提高电池单体表面与冷却构件的接触面积可以增大换热面积，缩短导热路径，改善散热效率及效果。可选地，单个第二表面的面积可以大于或等于其所在的电池单体中其它剩余表面中单个表面的面积，由此可以使第二表面与其它表面相比，能与冷却构件可贴合设置的面积最大，从而有利于进一步增大电池单体与冷却构件之间的换热面积，提高电池的散热效率及效果。
控制第二表面与冷却构件的接触面积满足所给范围，有利于进一步改善散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，单个电池单体1与冷却构件6的总接触面积可以大于或等于该电池单体总表面面积的20％，可选可以大于或等于该电池单体总表面面积的25％。
示例性的，单个电池单体1与冷却构件6的总接触面积可以为电池单体总表面面积的20％、25％、30％、35％、40％，等等，或者可以为以上任何数值所组成的范围。单个电池单体1与冷却构件6的总接触面积指的是电池单体所有表面与各个冷却构件的接触面积之和。提高单个电池单体1与冷却构件6的总接触面积能增大换热面积，缩短导热路径，改善散热效率及效果。
控制单个电池单体与冷却构件的总接触面积满足所给范围，有利于进一步改善散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池单体1中，电极组件12的部分表面与壳体11之间可以设有缓冲件13。
其中，在电极组件12与壳体11之间设置缓冲件13，可以使与缓冲件13接触的电极组件表面与壳体间接接触，缓冲电极组件在充放电过程中的膨胀力，改善电池在充放电循环过程中的体积稳定性，而若电极组件与壳体直接接触，进一步有利于改善电池单体的散热效果。而仅在电极组件的部分表面与壳体之间设置缓冲件有利于使电极组件与壳体具有较好的贴合度和抵接面积，改善散热效率及效果。可选地，参考图2理解，当电池单体1中仅有一个电极组件12时，可以仅在电极组件12沿第一方向相对布置的两侧中的其中一侧设置缓冲件13，此时冷却构件6可以设在电池单体1沿第一方向上不设缓冲件13的另一侧；再可选地，参考图3理解，当电池单体1中包括多个电极组件12时，可以仅在沿第一方向相邻设置的两个电极组件12之间设置缓冲件13，而在第一方向上电极组件12与壳体11之间不设缓冲件，此时可以在电池单体1沿第一方向相对布置两侧中的至少之一设置冷却构件6。由此，有利于使电极组件在充放电循环过程中始终与壳体具有较好的贴合度，从而进一步有利于增大散热面积、缩短导热路径，改善电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，设在电极组件12和壳体11之间的缓冲件13的导热系数可以≥3W/(m·℃)，可选可以≥5W/(m·℃)。
示例性的，设在电极组件12和壳体11之间的缓冲件13的导热系数可以≥3W/(m·℃)、≥5W/(m·℃)、≥10W/(m·℃)、≥15W/(m·℃)、≥20W/(m·℃)、≥25W/(m·℃)、≥30W/(m·℃)、≥35W/(m·℃)，等等，可选可以≥5W/(m·℃)。较高的导热系数有利于将电池单体内的热量快速传递出去，提高电池单体的散热效果。缓冲件导热系数可以参照GB/T 10295测得。满足所给范围条件可以提高缓冲件导热效率，提高电池单体的散热效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池单体1中，相邻两个电极组件12之间可以设有缓冲件13。可选地，当电池单体1中包括多个电极组件12时，可以仅在相邻的两个电极组件12之间设置缓冲件13，参考图3理解，采用该设置进一步有利于使电极组件在充放电循环过程中始终与壳体具有较好的贴合度，从而不仅有利于缩短电极组件与壳体之间的导热路径，还能提高导热路径缩短部分的电极组件与壳体之间的相对散热面积，进而改善电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，设在相邻两个电极组件12之间的缓冲件13的导热系数可以≤0.05W/(m·℃)，可选可以≤0.03W/(m·℃)。
示例性的，设在相邻两个电极组件12之间的缓冲件13的导热系数可以≤0.05W/(m·℃)、≤0.04W/(m·℃)、≤0.03W/(m·℃)、≤0.02W/(m·℃)、≤0.01W/(m·℃)、≤0.005W/(m·℃)，等等，可选可以≤0.03W/(m·℃)。较低的导热系数有利于隔绝电池组件之间的热传导，降低单个电极组件失效引发其它电极组件失效的风险。由此，采用上述设置有利于降低电池单体发生热失控的概率。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电极组件12还可以包括隔膜(未示出)，隔膜的导热系数可以大于或等于缓冲件13的导热系数。
可选地，隔膜的导热系数可以大于缓冲件的导热系数。电极组件12的最外层是覆盖有隔膜的，当电极组件与壳体之间不设缓冲件时，采用满足所给条件的隔膜有利于进一步改善电极组件产热向外传递的效率，况且，即便电极组件与壳体之间设置缓冲件，采用满足所给条件的隔膜也有利于改善电极组件本身的热传导。由此，使隔膜的导热系数满足所给条件，有利于改善电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池单体1还可以包括：绝缘膜(未示出)，绝缘膜可以包裹电极组件的至少部分表面，且在第一方向上，每个电极组件12与至少一层绝缘膜层叠分布，绝缘膜的导热系数大于或等于缓冲件的导热系数。在电极组件外表面设置绝缘膜，可以降低电极组件与壳体(如金属壳体)直接接触产生漏电的风险，而进一步使绝缘膜的导热系数大于或等于缓冲件的导热系数，也有利于改善电极组件产热向外传递的效率，并降低电池组件之间的热传导，改善电池的散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池单体1的第三群裕度可以≥95％，可选可以≥100％，第三群裕度指的是：在第一方向上，电池单体中缓冲件在自由状态下的总厚度、电极组件在满充电状态下的最 大总尺寸、绝缘膜的总厚度的加和与壳体内壁面之间的距离的比值。
示例性的，电池单体1的第三群裕度可以为95％、97％、100％、102％、105％、108％、110％，等等。提高电池单体的第三群裕度有利于进一步改善电极组件与壳体之间的贴合度，提高散热效率及效果。控制第三群裕度满足所给范围，有利于在降低电池单体漏电风险的基础上进一步获得较高的散热效率及效果。其中，绝缘膜在第一方向上的总厚度可以通过确定绝缘膜在第一方向上的层叠布置层数及绝缘膜的厚度得到，绝缘膜的厚度测试可以采用本领域的常规仪器和常规方法进行测试。可选地，第三群裕度可以大于或等于第一群裕度，再可选大于第一群裕度。可选地，第三群裕度可以≤108％，再可选可以≤105％，又可选为100％～105％，满足所给条件还有利于兼顾电池单体在充放电循环过程中的体积稳定性。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池单体1可以包括至少两个电极组件12，电池单体1中每个缓冲件13可以分别独立地设在相邻的两个电极组件12之间，并与电极组件12沿第一方向层叠设置。采用该设置不仅有利于改善电极组件与壳体的贴合度，还有利于实现电极组件与壳体内壁的直接接触，进而有利于缩短导热路径，改善电池散热效率及效果。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，电池单体1可以包括沿第一方向相对设置的两个第三表面，与电极组件12沿第一方向层叠且相邻设置的缓冲件13在第三表面上的正投影可以位于该电极组件12在第三表面上的正投影的区域内。缓冲件13在第三表面上的正投影和电极组件12在第三表面上的正投影的相对位置及投影面积反应了缓冲件13与电极组件之间的重叠面积，使缓冲件和电极组件在第三表面上的正投影满足所给条件可以通过控制缓冲件的大面面积小于或等于与其贴合层叠设置的电极组件的表面的面积实现。由此，不仅有利于改善电极组件与壳体之间的贴合度，缩短导热路径，改善电池散热效率及效果，还有利于兼顾电池单体的能量密度。
在本申请的一些实施方式中，与电极组件12沿第一方向层叠且相邻设置的缓冲件13在第三表面上的正投影的面积大于或等于该电极组件12在第三表面上的正投影的面积的80％。示例性的，与电极组件12沿第一方向层叠且相邻设置的缓冲件13在第三表面上的正投影的面积大于或等于该电极组件12在第三表面上的正投影的面积的80％、85％、90％、95％、100％，等等。缓冲件13在第三表面上的正投影和电极组件12在第三表面上的正投影的相对位置及投影面积反应了缓冲件13与电极组件之间的重叠面积，该重叠面积增加有利于改善电极组件与壳体之间的贴合度。使缓冲件和电极组件在第三表面上的正投影满足所给条件，不仅有利于提高电极组件与壳体的贴合度，还有利于改善电池单体在充放电过程中应力分布均匀性，进而有利于进一步改善电池单体的散热效率及在循环过程中的体积稳定性。可选地，单个第三表面的面积可以大于或等于电池单体的其它剩余表面中单个表面的面积，由此可以使第三表面与其它表面相比，能与冷却构件可相对设置或可贴合设置的面积最大，从而不仅有利于进一步改善电极组件与壳体之间的贴合度，还有利于进一步增大电池单体与冷却构件的换热面积，改善散热效率及效果。
可以理解的是，本申请第一方面的电池单体中，缓冲件13的结构及材质并不受特别限制，只要其能发生弹性变形即可，示例性的，可以调控缓冲件的材质、孔隙率和孔径等中的至少之一来获得不同应力应变关系的缓冲件，实现缓冲件在不同应力下沿其厚度方向的压缩率不同。
示例性的，缓冲件可以为单层结构，其材质可以包括但不限于发泡聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氨酯、硅橡胶等中的至少之一。
示例性的，缓冲件可以为多层结构，具体可以包括弹性缓冲层和支撑层，支撑层可以设在弹性缓冲层沿其厚度方向的两侧中的至少一侧上。可选地，弹性缓冲层的弹性模量小于支撑层的弹性模量，和/或，在相同的压力下弹性缓冲层沿其厚度方向的压缩率大于支撑层沿其厚度方向的压缩率，和/或，弹性缓冲层的孔隙率可以大于支撑层的孔隙率，例如，弹性缓冲层的孔隙率可以为40％～95％，可选为55％～90％，再可选为70％～85％，支撑层的孔隙率可以小于或等于5％。再可选地，弹性缓冲层可以包括发泡聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氨酯、硅橡胶中的至少之一，支撑层可以包括但不限于高密度聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚四氟乙烯中的至少之一。又可选地，还可以满足以下条件 中的至少之一：弹性缓冲层的厚度可以大于支撑层的厚度；单个缓冲件中，支撑层的总厚度与弹性缓冲层的自由厚度的比值可以为0.005～0.1，如可以为0.02～0.05；弹性缓冲层在自然状态下的厚度可以为0.2mm～10mm，单层支撑层的厚度可以为30μm～200μm；弹性缓冲层与支撑层可以粘结相连。其中，利用支撑层与弹性缓冲层复合可以给予弹性缓冲层支撑，不仅可以抑制弹性缓冲层的热收缩(如在真空烘烤过程中的热收缩)，可选利用支撑层抑制弹性缓冲层在与其厚度方向垂直的二维方向上的热收缩，改善其因热收缩而失去原有作用的问题，同时还能改善缓冲件在电池使用后期因机械应力导致的材料破损问题。进而，将该缓冲件置于电池单体内部有利于进一步改善电池在长期使用过程中的体积稳定性，提高长期使用性能。
在本申请的一些实施例中，电极组件12可以包括正极极片、负极极片、隔膜，正极极片、负极极片和隔膜可以经卷绕工艺形成电极组件。在电池充放电过程中，活性离子在正极极片和负极极片之间往返嵌入和脱出。隔膜设置在正极极片和负极极片之间，起到隔离的作用。其中，正极极片、负极极片、隔膜的具体结构、原料组成及厚度等均可以为本领域的常规选择，本领域技术人员可以根据实际需求进行选择。
本申请第一方面提的电池可选为二次电池，例如该电池可以是锂离子二次电池等。
本申请第一方面的电池既可以包括电池单体1(参考图7理解)和冷却构件6，也可以包括由电池单体1组成的电池模块2(参考图13理解)和冷却构件6，或可以包括由电池单体1组成的电池包3(参考图14理解)和冷却构件6。
在一些实施方式中，电池模块所含的电池单体的数量可以为一个或多个，具体数量可根据电池模块的应用和容量来调节。如图13是作为一个示例的电池模块2。参照图13，在电池模块2中，多个电池单体1可以是沿电池模块2的长度方向依次排列设置，所述第一方向可以为电池模块2的长度方向、宽度方向和高度方向中的其中之一。当然，也可以按照其他任意的方式进行排布。进一步可以通过紧固件对该多个电池单体1进行固定。可选地，电池模块2还可以包括具有容纳空间的外壳，多个电池单体1容纳于该容纳空间，可以理解的是，冷却构件6也容纳于该容纳空间内。
在一些实施方式中，上述电池模块还可以组装成电池包，电池包所含的电池模块的数量可以根据电池包的应用和容量进行调节。参照图14或图15(图14和图15为作为一个示例的电池包3)，在电池包3中可以包括电池箱和设置于电池箱中的多个电池模块2。电池箱可以包括上箱体4和下箱体5，上箱体4能够盖设于下箱体5，并形成用于容纳电池模块2的封闭空间。多个电池模块2可以按照任意的方式排布于电池箱中。
另外，本申请还提供了一种用电装置，其包括：本申请第一方面的电池。所述电池既可以作为该用电装置的电源，也可以作为该用电装置的能量存储单元。该用电装置可以包括但不限于是移动设备(例如手机、笔记本电脑)、电动车辆(例如纯电动车、混合动力电动车、插电式混合动力电动车、电动自行车、电动踏板车、电动高尔夫球车、电动卡车等)、电气列车、船舶及卫星、储能系统。参考图15理解，作为一个具体示例，该用电装置可以为车辆。用电装置可以根据其使用需求来选择电池的具体种类，如可以选择具有电池单体、电池模块或电池包的电池。
作为一个示例，该用电装置可以为纯电动车、混合动力电动车、或插电式混合动力电动车。为了满足该用电装置对电池的高功率和高能量密度的需求，可以采用具有电池包或电池模块的电池。
作为另一个示例，该用电装置可以是手机、平板电脑、笔记本电脑。该用电装置通常要求轻薄化，可以采用电池单体与冷却构件配合作为电源。
以下，说明本申请的实施例。下面描述的实施例是示例性的，仅用于解释本申请，而不能理解为对本申请的限制。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件的，按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者，均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。
实施例1
(一)锂二次电池的制备
(1)正极极片制备
将正极活性物质LiNi0.6Co0.1Mn0.3O2、超导炭黑(SuperP)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)按重量比96：2：2进行混合，加入N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)，充分搅拌混合均匀得到正极浆料，然后涂覆于厚度为13μm的正极集流体铝箔的两个表面上，正极浆料在铝箔单侧上的涂布面密度为20mg/cm2，然后烘干、冷压，得到正极极片。
(2)负极极片制备
将负极活性物质人造石墨、SuperP、丁苯橡胶、增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠按照重量比96：0.5：2：1.5进行混合，加入去离子水，充分搅拌混合均匀得到负极浆料，然后涂覆于厚度为6μm的负极集流体铜箔的两个表面上，负极浆料的在铜箔单侧上的涂布面密度为11mg/cm2，然后烘干、冷压，得到负极极片。
(3)电解液的制备
在含水量<10ppm的氩气气氛手套箱中，将溶剂EC(碳酸乙烯酯)、EMC(碳酸甲乙烯酯)、DMC(碳酸二甲酯)按照体积比1：1：1混合后再将充分干燥的锂盐LiPF6溶解于上述混合有机溶剂中，搅拌均匀后得到电解液，其中锂盐的浓度为1mol/L。
(4)隔膜的制备
以厚度为7μm的聚乙烯多孔膜作为隔膜。
(5)缓冲件的制备
以自由状态下厚度为3mm、孔隙率为94％的聚丙烯作为缓冲件。
(6)锂二次电池单体的制备
将正极极片、隔膜、负极极片按顺序叠好，使隔膜处于正负极极片中间起到隔离的作用，并卷绕、成型得到电极组件。将两个电极组件和一个缓冲件沿电极组件的厚度方向层叠设置后置于电池壳体中，缓冲件夹设在两个电极组件之间，位于电极单体中的电极组件和缓冲件厚度方向与y方向一致，注入配好的电解液并封装，获得如图7所示的锂二次电池。
参考图7和图10，以y向为第一方向，以x向为第二方向，将16个锂二次电池单体按照图9所示的方式层叠布置，并在沿y向层叠布置的两层电池单体之间夹设冷却构件，并使冷却构件与个电池单体的表面贴合并覆盖冷却构件的整个大面(即11a)。其中，冷却构件具有冷却介质进口和出口，冷却构件内腔填充冷却介质。
实施例2～13及对比例1～3
实施例2～13及对比例1～3的区别详见表1。其中，与实施例1相比，剩余实施例及对比例通过改变点缓冲件的厚度改变电池单体的第一群裕度；参考图7理解，剩余实施例及对比例通过改变冷却构件在z向上的距离改变在第一方向上电池单体单个表面与冷却构件的接触面积占该单个表面面积的百分比。
(二)电池温升测试方法
以锂二次电池单体的z向为高度方向，使电池单体的顶盖朝上，参考图9，在位于冷却构件出口侧的两个电池单体中的其中之一的顶盖中心位置设置感温线来测试电池单体的温度，控制冷却介质进口温度为25℃，冷却介质流量为10L/min。在25℃下，0.33C放电至2.5V后，使电池温度与环境温度一致按如下流程充电：3C充电5min、2C充电10min、1C充电15min、0.33C充电至上限电压，记录该过程的最高温度，锂二次电池单体的温升＝最高温度-充电前温度。
对实施例1～13和对比例1～3进行相关测试，测试结果详见表1。
结果与结论：
综合实施例1～13、对比例1～3和表1可知，相对于未设置冷却构件和未设置缓冲件的电池，在电池单体中设置缓冲件使其与电极组件层叠设置，并在电池单体沿该层叠方向的一侧设置冷却构件，可以进一步发挥较好的散热效果；进一步地，还可以通过提高电池单体表面与冷却构件之间的总的相对换热面积、或在适宜范围内增大冷却构件的群裕度、或在适宜范围内使沿冷却介质流动方向(从进口到出口方向)分布的多个电池单体的第一群裕度逐渐变大、或增加冷却构件的个数及调整冷却构件的设置位置等方式中的一种或多种，来进一步改善电池的散热效果。
最后应说明的是：以上各实施例仅用以说明本申请的技术方案，而非对其限制；尽管参照前述各实施例对本申请进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本申请各实施例技术方案的范围，其均应涵盖在本申请的权利要求和说明书的范围当中。尤其是，只要不存在结构冲突，各个实施例中所提到的各项技术特征均可以任意方式组合起来。本申请并不局限于文中公开的特定实施例，而是包括落入权利要求的范围内的所有技术方案。

Claims (26)

  1. 一种电池，其中，包括：
    电池单体，包括：壳体、至少一个电极组件和至少一个缓冲件，所述电极组件和所述缓冲件置于所述壳体内，所述缓冲件设在所述电极组件的至少部分表面和/或所述电极组件内部，至少一个所述电极组件和至少一个所述缓冲件沿第一方向层叠设置；
    至少一个冷却构件，设在所述电池单体沿所述第一方向的至少一侧。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的电池，其中，包括：至少一个第一电池单体组，所述第一电池单体组包括多个沿所述第一方向层叠设置的所述电池单体。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的电池，其中，多个所述第一电池单体组沿第二方向层叠设置，所述第二方向与所述第一方向相交。
  4. 根据权利要求2或3所述的电池，其中，在所述第一方向上，所述冷却构件设于相邻的两个所述电池单体之间，和/或，所述冷却构件设于多个所述电池单体沿所述第一方向的一侧。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的电池，其中，包括：至少一个第二电池单体组，所述第二电池单体组包括多个沿第二方向层叠设置的所述电池单体，所述第二方向与所述第一方向相交。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的电池，其中，在所述第一方向上，所述冷却构件设于相邻的两个所述电池单体之间，和/或，所述冷却构件设于多个所述电池单体沿所述第一方向的一侧。
  7. 根据权利要求1～6中任一项所述的电池，其中，所述电池单体包括沿所述第一方向相对设置的两个第一表面，所述第一表面的面积大于或等于所述电池单体的其它表面中单个表面的面积。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的电池，其中，与所述电极组件沿所述第一方向层叠设置的所述缓冲件在所述第一表面上的正投影的面积大于或等于所述第一表面的面积的80％。
  9. 根据权利要求2～8中任一项所述的电池，其中，在所述第一方向上，多个所述电池单体两两之间均设置有所述冷却构件。
  10. 根据权利要求1～9中任一项所述的电池，其中，所述电池单体的第一群裕度≥95％，可选≥100％；所述电池单体的第二群裕度≥90％，可选≥95％，
    所述第一群裕度指的是：在所述第一方向上，所述电池单体中所述缓冲件在自由状态下的总厚度、所述电极组件在满充电状态下的最大总尺寸的加和与所述壳体内壁面之间的距离的比值；
    所述第二群裕度指的是：在所述第一方向上，所述电池单体中所述电极组件在满充电状态下的最大总尺寸与所述壳体内壁面之间的距离的比值。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的电池，其中，所述电池单体的第一群裕度≤108％，可选≤105％；和/或，所述第二群裕度≤100％，可选≤98％。
  12. 根据权利要求1～11中任一项所述的电池，其中，所述冷却构件内部设有冷却介质流道，所述冷却介质流道包括进口和出口，位于所述出口一侧的所述电池单体的第一群裕度大于或等于位于所述进口一侧的所述电池单体的第一群裕度。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的电池，其中，满足以下条件中的至少之一：
    位于所述出口一侧的所述电池单体的所述第一群裕度与位于所述进口一侧的所述电池单体的所述第一群裕度的差值小于或等于5％；
    位于所述出口一侧的所述电池单体的第二群裕度与位于所述进口一侧的所述电池单体的所述第二群裕度的差值小于或等于1％，可选为0；
    沿所述进口朝向所述出口方向分布的多个所述电池单体的所述第一群裕度逐渐变大，且位于所述出口一侧的所述电池单体的所述第一群裕度与所述第二群裕度的差值大于位于所述进口一侧的所述电池单体的所述第一群裕度与所述第二群裕度的差值。
  14. 根据权利要求12或13所述的电池，其中，包括：多个所述冷却构件，多个所述冷却构件的冷却介质流道并联设置和/或串联设置；和/或，
    多个所述冷却构件通过连接件相连，在所述第一方向上相邻且间隔分布的两个所述冷却构件的所述冷却介质流道通过所述连接件可连通设置。
  15. 根据权利要求1～14中任一项所述的电池，其中，所述电池单体包括沿所述第一方向相对设置的两个第二表面，两个所述第二表面中的至少之一与所述冷却构件接触，所述第二表面与所述冷却构件的接触面积大于或等于该第二表面面积的80％，可选为该第二表面面积的80％～100％，再可选为该第二表面面积的90％～100％。
  16. 根据权利要求1～15中任一项所述的电池，其中，单个所述电池单体与所述冷却构件的总接触面积大于或等于该电池单体总表面面积的20％，可选大于或等于该电池单体总表面面积的25％。
  17. 根据权利要求1～16中任一项所述的电池，其中，所述电池单体中，所述电极组件的部分表面与所述壳体之间设有所述缓冲件。
  18. 根据权利要求17所述的电池，其中，设在所述电极组件和所述壳体之间的所述缓冲件的导热系数≥3W/(m·℃)，可选≥5W/(m·℃)。
  19. 根据权利要求1～18中任一项所述的电池，其中，所述电池单体中，相邻两个所述电极组件之间设有所述缓冲件。
  20. 根据权利要求19所述的电池，其中，设在相邻两个所述电极组件之间的所述缓冲件的导热系数≤0.05W/(m·℃)，可选≤0.03W/(m·℃)。
  21. 根据权利要求1～20中任一项所述的电池，其中，所述电极组件包括隔膜，所述隔膜的导热系数大于或等于所述缓冲件的导热系数；和/或，
    所述电池单体还包括：绝缘膜，所述绝缘膜包裹所述电极组件的至少部分表面，且在所述第一方向上，每个所述电极组件与至少一层所述绝缘膜层叠分布，所述绝缘膜的导热系数大于或等于所述缓冲件的导热系数。
  22. 根据权利要求21所述的电池，其中，所述电池单体的第三群裕度≥95％，可选≥100％，所述第三群裕度指的是：在所述第一方向上，所述电池单体中所述缓冲件在自由状态下的总厚度、所述电极组件在满充电状态下的最大总尺寸、所述绝缘膜的总厚度的加和与所述壳体内壁面之间的距离的比值。
  23. 根据权利要求1～22中任一项所述的电池，其中，所述电池单体包括至少两个所述电极组件，所述电池单体中每个所述缓冲件分别独立地设在相邻的两个所述电极组件之间，并与所述电极组件沿所述第一方向层叠设置。
  24. 根据权利要求1～23中任一项所述的电池，其中，所述电池单体包括沿所述第一方向相对设置的两个第三表面，与所述电极组件沿所述第一方向层叠且相邻设置的所述缓冲件在所述第三表面上的正投影位于该所述电极组件在所述第三表面上的正投影的区域内。
  25. 根据权利要求24所述的电池，其中，与所述电极组件沿所述第一方向层叠且相邻设置的所述缓冲件在所述第三表面上的正投影的面积大于或等于该所述电极组件在所述第三表面上的正投影的面积的80％。
  26. 一种用电装置，其中，包括权利要求1～25中任一项所述的电池。
PCT/CN2024/070185 2024-01-02 2024-01-02 电池和用电装置 Pending WO2025145296A1 (zh)

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