WO2025034576A1 - Delta-amaurobitoxin pl1c variant polypeptides for pest control - Google Patents

Delta-amaurobitoxin pl1c variant polypeptides for pest control Download PDF

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WO2025034576A1
WO2025034576A1 PCT/US2024/040794 US2024040794W WO2025034576A1 WO 2025034576 A1 WO2025034576 A1 WO 2025034576A1 US 2024040794 W US2024040794 W US 2024040794W WO 2025034576 A1 WO2025034576 A1 WO 2025034576A1
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amino acid
pvp
acid selected
sequence
absent
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PCT/US2024/040794
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French (fr)
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Kyle Douglas SCHNEIDER
Breck DAVIS
Alexandra M. Haase
Nicole Marie DUBS
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Vestaron Corporation
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
    • C12N15/8279—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance
    • C12N15/8286—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for insect resistance
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
    • C07K14/43513—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from arachnidae
    • C07K14/43518—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from arachnidae from spiders

Definitions

  • TECHNICAL FIELD [0003] The present disclosure provides insecticidal proteins, nucleotides, peptides, their expression in plants, methods of producing the peptides, new formulations, and methods for the control of insects are described.
  • BACKGROUND [0004] Deleterious insects represent a worldwide threat to human health and food security. Insects pose a threat to human health because they are a vector for disease. One of the most notorious insect-vectors of disease is the mosquito.
  • Mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles are the principal vectors of Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, and malaria—a disease caused by protozoa in the genus Trypanosoma.
  • Aedes aegypti is the main vector of the viruses that cause Yellow fever and Dengue.
  • Aedes spp. mosquitos are also the vectors for the viruses responsible for various types of encephalitis.
  • Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi parasitic roundworms that cause filariasis, are usually spread by mosquitoes in the genera Culex, Mansonia, and Anopheles.
  • Similar to the mosquito, other members of the Diptera order have likewise plagued humankind since time immemorial.
  • Horseflies and deerflies transmit the bacterial pathogens of tularemia (Pasteurella tularensis) and anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), as well as a parasitic roundworm (Loa loa) that causes loiasis in tropical Africa.
  • Blowflies Chrysomya megacephala
  • houseflies Musca domestica
  • Eye gnats in the genus Hippelates can carry the spirochaete pathogen that causes yaws (Treponema per pneumonia), and may also spread conjunctivitis (pinkeye).
  • Tsetse flies in the genus Glossina transmit the protozoan pathogens that cause African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma gambiense and T. rhodesiense).
  • Sand flies in the genus Phlebotomus are vectors of a bacterium (Bartonella bacilliformis) that causes Carrion's disease (Oroyo fever) in South America. In parts of Asia and North Africa, they spread a viral agent that causes sand fly fever (Pappataci fever) as well as protozoan pathogens (Leishmania spp.) that cause Leishmaniasis. [0008] Human food security is also threatened by insects.
  • Insect pests indiscriminately target food crops earmarked for commercial purposes and personal use alike; indeed, the damage caused by insect pests can run the gamut from mere inconvenience to financial ruin in the former, to extremes such as malnutrition or starvation in the latter. Insect pests also cause stress and disease in domesticated animals. And, insect pests once limited by geographical and climate boundaries have expanded their range due to global travel and climate change.
  • PVP Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polypeptide
  • the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, a peptide having from about 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 or from about 45 amino acids in length, comprising, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S- C-P-G-X 12 -G-K-C-R-C-X 13 -X 14 -X 15 -X 16 , wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acids
  • X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S
  • X2 is the amino acid A
  • X3 is the amino acid E
  • X4 is the amino acid A
  • X5 is the amino acid N, or A
  • X6 is the amino acid D, or E
  • X 7 is the amino acid A
  • X 8 is the amino acid G or D
  • X 9 is the amino acid E, or G
  • X10 is the amino acid M or Y
  • X11 is the amino acid W or Y
  • X12 is the amino acid F
  • X13 is the amino acid K
  • X 14 is the amino acid K
  • X 15 is the amino acid S
  • X 16 is absent.
  • the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to the formula (II): Z-X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 -C-L-X 5 -E-G-X 6 -W-C-A-D-X 7 -X 8 -G-X 9 -S-C-C-X 10 -X 11 -X 12 -X 13 -C-S-C-P-G- X14-G-K-C-R-C-X15-X16-X17-X18, wherein the PVP comprises at least
  • the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • the PVP comprises, or consists of, an amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the present disclosure describes a composition consisting of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or combinations thereof, and an excipient.
  • the present disclosure describes a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, or a PVP containing protein, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 -C-L-X 5 -E-G-X 6 -W-C-A-D-W-X 7 -G-P-S-C-C-X 8 -X 9 -X 10 -X 11 -C-S- C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X
  • a polynucleotide which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, in accordance with Formula (I), wherein, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X 5 is the amino acid N, or A; X 6 is the amino acid D, or E; X 7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X 11 is the amino acid W or Y; X 12 is the amino acid F; X 13 is the amino acid K; X 14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent.
  • Formula (I) wherein, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino
  • a polynucleotide which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the present disclosure describes a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6- W-C-A-D-W-X 7 -G-P-S-C-C-X 8 -X 9 -X 10 -X 11 -C-S-C-P-G-X 12 -G-K-C-R-C-X 13 -X 14 -X 15 -X 16 , wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition,
  • the present disclosure describes a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, the PVP having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X 1 - X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K- C-R-C-X 13 -X 14 -X 15 -X 16 , wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-
  • X 1 is the amino acid T, G, or S
  • X2 is the amino acid A
  • X3 is the amino acid E
  • X4 is the amino acid A
  • X5 is the amino acid N, or A
  • X 6 is the amino acid D, or E
  • X 7 is the amino acid A
  • X 8 is the amino acid G or D
  • X9 is the amino acid E, or G
  • X10 is the amino acid M or Y
  • X11 is the amino acid W or Y
  • X12 is the amino acid F
  • X 13 is the amino acid K
  • X 14 is the amino acid K
  • X 15 is the amino acid S
  • X 16 is absent.
  • the present disclosure describes a method of producing a PVP, the method comprising: preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, and/or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, said the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 -C-L- X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14- 277702-549942 X 15
  • X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S
  • X2 is the amino acid A
  • X3 is the amino acid E
  • X4 is the amino acid A
  • X5 is the amino acid N, or A
  • X6 is the amino acid D, or E
  • X7 is the amino acid A
  • X 8 is the amino acid G or D
  • X 9 is the amino acid E, or G
  • X 10 is the amino acid M or Y
  • X11 is the amino acid W or Y
  • X12 is the amino acid F
  • X13 is the amino acid K
  • X14 is the amino acid K
  • X 15 is the amino acid S
  • X 16 is absent.
  • the present disclosure describes a method for protecting a plant from insects, the method comprising: providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or a polynucleotide encoding the same.
  • the present disclosure describes a method for controlling insects comprising, providing to said insect a transgenic plant that comprises in its genome a stably incorporated expression cassette, wherein said stably incorporated expression cassette comprises a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP.
  • the present disclosure describes a method of combating, controlling, or inhibiting a pest comprising, applying a pesticidally effective amount of the composition consisting of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or combinations thereof, and an excipient, to the locus of the pest, or to a plant or animal susceptible to an attack by the pest.
  • the present disclosure describes a vector comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP comprising an amino acid sequence with at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to a 277702-549942 sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R- C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2).
  • the present disclosure also describes a yeast strain comprising: a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 -C-L-X 5 -E-G-X 6 -W-C-A-D-W- X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to
  • FIG.1 shows an HPLC chromatograms for pure WT PL1c and PVPs 1-3 as produced in the embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG.2 depicts a graph showing representative insecticidal activity of PVPs 1-3 versus wild-type PL1c (SEQ ID NO: 2), using a Corn Earworm Injection assay as described in the various embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG.3 depicts the yield of WT-PL1c (SEQ ID NO: 2) versus those of PVPs 1-3 when recombinantly expressed in a fermentation using Kluyveromyces lactis yeast strain as described in the examples section of the present disclosure.
  • FIG.4 depicts a table of PVP mutants and their resistance to the protease chymotrypsin as indicated by a HPLC chromatogram of non-degraded and degraded peaks of the treated PVP.
  • FIG.5 depicts a HPLC trace for PVP having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 before and after an incubation with chymotrypsin. Blue trace is the sample before incubation with protease and black trace is after. The peaks shifts in retention time to the left post incubation with the enzyme and resulting peaks indicate a cleavage event by the protease.
  • FIG.6 depicts a house fly mortality 24 hours after injection with the PVP of SEQ ID NO: 3 treated with and without chymotrypsin.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0034] DEFINITIONS [0035]
  • the term “5’-end” and “3’-end” refers to the directionality, i.e., the end-to-end orientation of a nucleotide polymer (e.g., DNA).
  • the 5’-end of a polynucleotide is the end of the polynucleotide that has the fifth carbon.
  • “5’- and 3’-homology arms” or “5’ and 3’ arms” or “left and right arms” refers to the polynucleotide sequences in a vector and/or targeting vector that homologously recombine with the target genome sequence and/or endogenous gene of interest in the host organism in order to achieve successful genetic modification of the host organism’s chromosomal locus.
  • “ADN1 promoter” refers to the DNA segment comprised of the promoter sequence derived from the Schizosaccharomyces pombe adhesion defective protein 1 gene.
  • “Affect” refers to how a something influences another thing, e.g., how a peptide, polypeptide, protein, drug, or chemical influences an insect, e.g., a pest.
  • “Alignment” refers to a method of comparing two or more sequences (e.g., nucleotide, polynucleotide, amino acid, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequences) for the purpose of determining their relationship to each other. Alignments are typically performed by computer programs that apply various algorithms, however, it is also possible to perform an alignment by hand.
  • Alignment programs typically iterate through potential alignments of sequences and score the alignments using substitution tables, employing a variety of strategies to reach a potential optimal alignment score.
  • Commonly-used alignment algorithms include, but are not limited to, CLUSTALW (see Thompson J. D., Higgins D. G., Gibson T. J., CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice, Nucleic Acids Research 22: 4673-4680, 1994); CLUSTALV (see Larkin M.
  • an alignment will introduce “phase shifts” and/or “gaps” into one or both of the sequences being compared in order to maximize the similarity between the two sequences, and scoring refers to the process of quantitatively expressing the relatedness of the aligned sequences.
  • Alpha-MF signal or “ ⁇ MF secretion signal” refers to a protein that directs nascent recombinant polypeptides to the secretory pathway.
  • Agent refers to one or more chemical substances, molecules, nucleotides, polynucleotides, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, poisons, insecticides, pesticides, organic compounds, inorganic compounds, prokaryote organisms, or eukaryote organisms, and agents produced therefrom.
  • Agriculturally-acceptable carrier covers all adjuvants, inert components, dispersants, surfactants, tackifiers, binders, etc.
  • Agroinfection means a plant transformation method where DNA is introduced into a plant cell by using Agrobacteria A. tumefaciens or A. rhizogenes.
  • BAAS barley alpha-amylase signal peptide, and is an example of an ERSP.
  • One example of a BAAS is a BAAS having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:87 (NCBI Accession No. AAA32925.1).
  • Biomass refers to any measured plant product.
  • “Binary vector” or “binary expression vector” means an expression vector which can replicate itself in both E.
  • t-DNA region of DNA (often referred to as t-DNA) bracketed by left and right border sequences that is recognized by virulence genes to be copied and delivered into a plant cell by Agrobacterium.
  • t-DNA region of DNA
  • base pair refers to a molecule comprising two chemical bases bonded to one another forming a.
  • a DNA molecule consists of two winding strands, wherein each strand has a backbone made of an alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups.
  • Attached to each deoxyribose is one of four bases, i.e., adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T), wherein adenine forms a base pair with thymine, and cytosine forms a base pair with guanine.
  • A adenine
  • C cytosine
  • G guanine
  • T thymine
  • C-terminal refers to the free carboxyl group (i.e., -COOH) that is positioned on the terminal end of a polypeptide.
  • cDNA or “copy DNA” or “complementary DNA” refers to a molecule that is complementary to a molecule of RNA.
  • cDNA may be either single- stranded or double-stranded.
  • cDNA can be a double-stranded DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA template in a reaction catalyzed by a reverse transcriptase.
  • cDNA refers to all nucleic acids that share the arrangement of sequence elements found in native mature mRNA species, where sequence elements are exons and 3’ and 5’ non-coding regions. Normally mRNA species have contiguous exons, with the intervening introns removed by nuclear RNA splicing, to create a continuous open reading frame encoding the protein.
  • cDNA refers to a DNA that is complementary to and derived from an mRNA template.
  • CEW refers to Corn earworm.
  • “Cleavable Linker” see Linker.
  • “Cloning” refers to the process and/or methods concerning the insertion of a DNA segment (e.g., usually a gene of interest, for example PVP) from one source and recombining it with a DNA segment from another source (e.g., usually a vector, for example, a plasmid) and directing the recombined DNA, or “recombinant DNA” to replicate, usually by transforming the recombined DNA into a bacteria or yeast host.
  • a DNA segment e.g., usually a gene of interest, for example PVP
  • Codon optimization refers to the production of a gene in which one or more endogenous, native, and/or wild-type codons are replaced with codons that ultimately still code for the same amino acid, but that are of preference in the corresponding host.
  • “Complementary” refers to the topological compatibility or matching together of interacting surfaces of two polynucleotides as understood by those of skill in the art. Thus, two sequences are “complementary” to one another if they are capable of hybridizing to one another to form a stable anti-parallel, double-stranded nucleic acid structure.
  • a first polynucleotide is complementary to a second polynucleotide if the nucleotide sequence of the first polynucleotide is substantially identical to the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide binding partner of the second polynucleotide, or if the first polynucleotide can hybridize to the second polynucleotide under stringent hybridization conditions.
  • the polynucleotide whose sequence 5’-TATAC- 3’ is complementary to a polynucleotide whose sequence is 5’-GTATA-3’.
  • Codon number refers to the number of identical copies of a vector, an expression cassette, an amplification unit, a gene or indeed any defined nucleotide sequence, that are present 277702-549942 in a host cell at any time.
  • a gene or another defined chromosomal nucleotide sequence may be present in one, two, or more copies on the chromosome.
  • An autonomously replicating vector may be present in one, or several hundred copies per host cell.
  • “Culture” or “cell culture” refers to the maintenance of cells in an artificial, in vitro environment.
  • “Culturing” refers to the propagation of organisms on or in various kinds of media.
  • culturing can mean growing a population of cells under suitable conditions in a liquid or solid medium.
  • culturing refers to fermentative recombinant production of a heterologous polypeptide of interest and/or other desired end products (typically in a vessel or reactor).
  • Cystine refers to an oxidized cysteine-dimer. Cystines are sulfur-containing amino acids obtained via the oxidation of two cysteine molecules, and are linked with a disulfide bond.
  • Defined medium means a medium that is composed of known chemical components but does not contain crude proteinaceous extracts or by-products such as yeast extract or peptone.
  • “Degeneracy” or “codon degeneracy” refers to the phenomenon that one amino acid can be encoded by different nucleotide codons.
  • the nucleic acid sequence of a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a protein or polypeptide can vary due to degeneracies.
  • many nucleic acid sequences can encode a given polypeptide with a particular activity; such functionally equivalent variants are contemplated herein.
  • “Disulfide bond” or “disulfide bridges” refers to a covalent bond between two cysteine amino acids derived by the coupling of two thiol groups on their side chains.
  • a disulfide bond occurs via the oxidative folding of two different thiol groups (- SH) present in a polypeptide, e.g., a CRIP.
  • a polypeptide can comprise at least six different thiol groups (i.e., six cysteine residues each containing a thiol group); thus, in some embodiments, a polypeptide can form zero, one, two, three, or more intramolecular disulfide bonds.
  • “Disulfide bond connectivity” or “disulfide bond linkage pattern” refers to the linking pattern of disulfide bonds and cysteine residues.
  • a CRIP with the preferred ICK architecture comprises six conserved cysteine residues (numbered I-VI) that form three disulfide bonds with the following disulfide bond connectivities: C I and C IV ; C II and C V ; and C III and C VI .
  • the disulfide bonding connectivity is topologically 277702-549942 constant, meaning the disulfide bonds can only be changed by unlinking one or more disulfides such as using redox conditions.
  • Double expression cassette refers to two PVP expression cassette s contained on the same vector.
  • DNA refers to deoxyribonucleic acid, comprising a polymer of one or more deoxyribonucleotides or nucleotides (i.e., adenine [A], guanine [G], thymine [T], or cytosine [C]), which can be arranged in single-stranded or double-stranded form.
  • deoxyribonucleic acid comprising a polymer of one or more deoxyribonucleotides or nucleotides (i.e., adenine [A], guanine [G], thymine [T], or cytosine [C]), which can be arranged in single-stranded or double-stranded form.
  • nucleotides creates a polynucleotide.
  • dNTPs refers to the nucleoside triphosphates that compose DNA and RNA.
  • PVP or “Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide” or “PL1c variant polynucleotide” or “variant Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide sequence operable to encodes a PVP.
  • Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide when used to describe the Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide sequence contained in a PVP ORF, its inclusion in a vector, and/or when describing the polynucleotides encoding an insecticidal protein, is described as “PVP” and/or “PVP”.
  • PVP or “Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c Variant Polypeptides” refer to peptide, polypeptide, or protein mutants or variants that differ in some way from the wild-type mature Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c (SEQ ID NO:2); for example, in some embodiments, this variance can be an amino acid substitution, amino acid deletion/insertion, and/or a mutation or variance to a polynucleotide operable to encode the wild-type Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c.
  • PVP expression cassette refers to one or more regulatory elements such as promoters; enhancer elements; mRNA stabilizing polyadenylation signal; an internal ribosome entry site (IRES); introns; post-transcriptional regulatory elements; and a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, e.g., a PVP ORF.
  • a PVP expression cassette is one or more segments of DNA that contains a polynucleotide segment operable to express a PVP, a ADH1 promoter, a LAC4 terminator, and an alpha-MF secretory signal.
  • a PVP expression cassette contains all of the nucleic acids necessary to encode a PVP or a PVP- insecticidal protein. 277702-549942 [0071] “PVP ORF” refers to a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, or a PVP- insecticidal protein. [0072] “PVP ORF diagram” refers to the composition of one or more PVP ORFs, as written out in diagram or equation form.
  • a “PVP ORF diagram” can be written out as using acronyms or short-hand references to the DNA segments contained within the expression ORF. Accordingly, in one example, a “PVP ORF diagram” may describe the polynucleotide segments encoding the ERSP, LINKER, STA, and PVP, by diagramming in equation form the DNA segments as “ersp” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the ERSP polypeptide); “linker” or “L” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the LINKER polypeptide); “sta” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the STA polypeptide), and “PVP” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence encoding a PVP), respectively.
  • ersp i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the ERSP polypeptide
  • linker or “L” i.e
  • PVP-insecticidal protein or “PVP-insecticidal polypeptide” or “insecticidal protein” or “insecticidal polypeptide” refers to any protein, peptide, polypeptide, amino acid sequence, configuration, or arrangement, comprising: (1) at least one PVP, or two or more PVPs; and (2) additional peptides, polypeptides, or proteins.
  • these additional peptides, polypeptides, or proteins have the ability to increase the mortality and/or inhibit the growth of insects when the insects are exposed to a PVP-insecticidal protein, relative to a PVP alone; increase the expression of said PVP-insecticidal protein, e.g., in a host cell or an expression system; and/or affect the post-translational processing of the PVP-insecticidal protein.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer comprising two or more PVPs.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer comprising two or more PVPs, wherein the PVPs are operably linked via a linker peptide, e.g., a cleavable and/or non-cleavable linker.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can refer to a one or more PVPs operably linked with one or more proteins such as a stabilizing domain (STA); an endoplasmic reticulum signaling protein (ERSP); an insect cleavable or insect non-cleavable linker (L); and/or any other combination thereof.
  • STA stabilizing domain
  • ERSP endoplasmic reticulum signaling protein
  • L insect non-cleavable linker
  • a PVP- insecticidal protein can be a non-naturally occurring protein comprising (1) a wild-type PL1c protein; and (2) additional peptides, polypeptides, or proteins, e.g., an ERSP; a linker; a STA; a UBI; or a histidine tag or similar marker.
  • PVP construct refers to the three-dimensional arrangement/orientation of peptides, polypeptides, and/or motifs of operably linked polypeptide segments (e.g., a PVP- insecticidal protein).
  • a PVP ORF can include one or more of the following components or motifs: a PVP; an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide (ERSP); a linker peptide 277702-549942 (L); a translational stabilizing protein (STA); or any combination thereof.
  • PVP construct is used to describe the designation and/or orientation of the structural motif. In other words, the PVP construct describes the arrangement and orientation of the components or motifs contained within a given PVP ORF.
  • a PVP construct describes, without limitation, the orientation of one of the following PVP- insecticidal proteins: ERSP-PVP; ERSP-(PVP) N ; ERSP-PVP-L; ERSP-(PVP) N -L; ERSP-(PVP- L)N; ERSP-L-PVP; ERSP-L-(PVP)N; ERSP-(L-PVP)N; ERSP-STA-PVP; ERSP-STA-(PVP)N; ERSP-PVP-STA; ERSP-(PVP) N -STA; ERSP-(STA-PVP) N ; ERSP-(STA-PVP) N ; ERSP-(PVP-STA) N ; ERSP-(PVP-STA) N ; ERSP-(PVP-STA) N ; ERSP-(PVP-STA) N ; ERSP-(PVP-STA) N
  • ELISA or “iELISA” means an assay protocol in which the samples are fixed to the surface of a plate and then detected as follows: a primary antibody is applied followed by a secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme which converts a colorless substrate to colored substrate which can be detected and quantified across samples. During the protocol, antibodies are washed away such that only those that bind to their epitopes remain for detection. The samples, in our hands, are predominantly proteins, and ELISA allows for the quantification of the amount of protein recovered.
  • Endogenous refers to a polynucleotide, peptide, polypeptide, protein, or process that naturally occurs and/or exists in an organism, e.g., a molecule or activity that is already present in the host cell before a particular genetic manipulation.
  • Enhancer element refers to a DNA sequence operably linked to a promoter, which can exert increased transcription activity on the promoter relative to the transcription activity that results from the promoter in the absence of the enhancer element.
  • Engineered or “engineered protein” refers to refers to a non-naturally-occurring peptide, polypeptide, or protein (e.g., engineered CRIP).
  • “Expression cassette” refers to a segment of DNA that contains one or more (1) promoter and/or enhancer elements; (2) an appropriate mRNA stabilizing polyadenylation signal; and/or (3) the DNA sequence of interest, for example, a polynucleotide encoding a PVP. 277702-549942 Additional elements that can included in an expression cassette are cis-acting elements such as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES); introns; and posttranscriptional regulatory elements.
  • IRS internal ribosome entry site
  • ER or “Endoplasmic reticulum” is a subcellular organelle common to all eukaryotes where some post translation modification processes occur.
  • ERSP Endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide
  • PVP protein translation ribosome/mRNA complex
  • erp refers to a polynucleotide encoding the peptide, ERSP.
  • ER trafficking means transportation of a cell expressed protein into ER for post-translational modification, sorting and transportation.
  • FECT means a transient plant expression system using Foxtail mosaic virus with elimination of coating protein gene and triple gene block.
  • GFP means a green fluorescent protein from the jellyfish, Aequorea victoria.
  • Crowth medium refers to a nutrient medium used for growing cells in vitro.
  • “Gut” as used herein can refer to any organ, structure, tissue, cell, extracellular matrix, and/or space comprising the gut, for example: the foregut, e.g., mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, or crop; the midgut, e.g., midgut caecum, ventriculus; the hindgut, e.g., pylorum, ileum, rectum or anus; the peritrophic membrane; microvilli; the basement membrane; the muscle layer; Malpighian tubules; or rectal ampulla.
  • the foregut e.g., mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, or crop
  • the midgut e.g., midgut caecum, ventriculus
  • the hindgut e.g., pylorum, ileum, rectum or anus
  • the peritrophic membrane microvilli
  • Homologous refers to Homologous refers to the sequence similarity or sequence identity between two polypeptides or between two nucleic acid molecules. When a position in both of the two compared sequences is occupied by the same base or amino acid monomer subunit, e.g., if a position in each of two DNA molecules is occupied by adenine, then the molecules are homologous at that position. The percent of homology between two sequences is a function of the number of matching or homologous positions shared by the two sequences divided by the number of positions compared ⁇ 100. Homologous refers to the sequence similarity between two polypeptide molecules or between two nucleic acid molecules.
  • the molecules are homologous at that position.
  • the homology between two sequences is a function of the number of matching or homologous positions shared by the two sequences. For example, if 6 of 10 of the positions in two sequences are matched or homologous then the two 277702-549942 sequences are 60% homologous.
  • the DNA sequences ATTGCC and TATGGC share 50% homology.
  • sequence identity refers to a measure of relatedness between two or more nucleic acids, and is given as a percentage with reference to the total comparison length. The identity calculation takes into account those nucleotide residues that are identical and in the same relative positions in their respective larger sequences. [0090] “Identity” refers to a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing said sequences. The term “identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences.
  • methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in publicly available computer programs.
  • methods to determine identity and similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, the GCG program package (Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research 12(1): 387 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA (Altschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec.
  • BLAST X program is publicly available from NCBI and other sources (BLAST Manual, Altschul, S., et al., NCBI NLM NIH Bethesda, Md.20894; Altschul, S., et al., J. Mol. Biol.215: 403-410 (1990), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • “in vivo” refers to the natural environment (e.g., an animal or a cell) and to processes or reactions that occur within a natural environment.
  • “Inactive” refers to a condition wherein something is not in a state of use, e.g., lying dormant and/or not working.
  • inactive when used in the context of a gene or when referring to a gene, the term inactive means said gene is no longer actively synthesizing a gene product, having said gene product translated into a protein, or otherwise having the gene perform 277702-549942 its normal function.
  • the term inactive can refer the failure of a gene to transcribe RNA, a failure of RNA processing (e.g., pre-mRNA processing; RNA splicing; or other post-transcriptional modifications); interference with non-coding RNA maturation; interference with RNA export (e.g., from the nucleus to the cytoplasm); interference with translation; protein folding; translocation; protein transport; and/or inhibition and/or interference with any of the molecules polynucleotides, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, transcription factors, regulators, inhibitors, or other factors that take part in any of the aforementioned processes.
  • RNA processing e.g., pre-mRNA processing; RNA splicing; or other post-transcriptional modifications
  • interference with non-coding RNA maturation e.g., from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  • interference with RNA export e.g., from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  • interference with translation e.g., from the nucleus
  • “Inoperable” refers to the condition of a thing not functioning, malfunctioning, or no longer able to function.
  • inoperable means said gene is no longer able to operate as it normally would, either permanently or transiently.
  • inoperable in some embodiments, means that a gene is no longer able to synthesize a gene product, having said gene product translated into a protein, or is otherwise unable to gene perform its normal function.
  • the term inoperable can refer the failure of a gene to transcribe RNA, a failure of RNA processing (e.g., pre-mRNA processing; RNA splicing; or other post-transcriptional modifications); interference with non-coding RNA maturation; interference with RNA export (e.g., from the nucleus to the cytoplasm); interference with translation; protein folding; translocation; protein transport; and/or inhibition and/or interference with any of the molecules polynucleotides, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, transcription factors, regulators, inhibitors, or other factors that take part in any of the aforementioned processes.
  • RNA processing e.g., pre-mRNA processing; RNA splicing; or other post-transcriptional modifications
  • interference with non-coding RNA maturation e.g., from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  • interference with RNA export e.g., from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  • interference with translation e.g., from the nucle
  • insects includes all organisms in the class “Insecta.”
  • pre-adult insects refers to any form of an organism prior to the adult stage, including, for example, eggs, larvae, and nymphs.
  • insect refers to any arthropod and nematode, including acarids, and insects known to infest all crops, vegetables, and trees and includes insects that are considered pests in the fields of forestry, horticulture and agriculture. Examples of specific crops that might be protected with the methods disclosed herein are soybean, corn, cotton, alfalfa and the vegetable crops. A list of specific crops and insects is enclosed herein.
  • Insect gut environment or “gut environment” means the specific pH and proteinase conditions found within the fore, mid or hind gut of an insect or insect larva.
  • Insect hemolymph environment means the specific pH and proteinase conditions of found within an insect or insect larva.
  • insecticidal is generally used to refer to the ability of a polypeptide or protein used herein, to increase mortality or inhibit growth rate of insects.
  • nonematicidal refers to the ability of a polypeptide or protein used herein, to 277702-549942 increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of nematodes.
  • nematode comprises eggs, larvae, juvenile and mature forms of said organism.
  • “Insecticidal activity” means that upon or after exposing the insect to compounds, agents, or peptides, the insect either dies stops or slows its movement; stops or slows its feeding; stops or slows its growth; becomes confused (e.g., with regard to navigation, locating food, sleeping behaviors, and/or mating); fails to pupate; interferes with reproduction; and/or precludes the insect from producing offspring and/or precluding the insect from producing fertile offspring.
  • “Integrative expression vector” or “integrative vector” means a yeast expression vector which can insert itself into a specific locus of the yeast cell genome and stably becomes a part of the yeast genome.
  • “Intervening linker” refers to a short peptide sequence in the protein separating different parts of the protein, or a short DNA sequence that is placed in the reading frame in the ORF to separate the upstream and downstream DNA sequences. For example, in some embodiments, an intervening linker may be used allowing proteins to achieve their independent secondary and tertiary structure formation during translation.
  • the intervening linker can be either resistant or susceptible to cleavage in plant cellular environments, in the insect and/or lepidopteran gut environment, and in the insect hemolymph and lepidopteran hemolymph environment.
  • isolated refers to separating a thing and/or a component from its natural environment, e.g., a toxin isolated from a given genus or species means that toxin is separated from its natural environment.
  • kb refers to kilobase, i.e., 1000 bases. As used herein, the term “kb” means a length of nucleic acid molecules.
  • 1 kb refers to a nucleic acid molecule that is 1000 nucleotides long.
  • a length of double-stranded DNA that is 1 kb long contains two thousand nucleotides (i.e., one thousand on each strand).
  • a length of single-stranded RNA that is 1 kb long contains one thousand nucleotides.
  • “kDa” refers to kilodalton, a unit equaling 1,000 daltons; a “Dalton” or “dalton” is a unit of molecular weight (MW).
  • “Knock in” or “knock-in” or “knocks-in” or “knocking-in” refers to the replacement of an endogenous gene with an exogenous or heterologous gene, or part thereof,.
  • the term “knock-in” refers to the introduction of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a desired protein to a target gene locus by homologous recombination, thereby causing the expression of the desired protein.
  • a “knock-in” mutation can modify a gene sequence to create a loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutation.
  • knock-in can refer to the procedure by which a exogenous or heterologous 277702-549942 polynucleotide sequence or fragment thereof is introduced into the genome, (e.g., “they performed a knock-in” or “they knocked-in the heterologous gene”), or the resulting cell and/or organism (e.g., “ the cell is a “knock-in” or “the animal is a “knock-in”).
  • “Knock out” or “knockout” or “knock-out” or “knocks-out” or “knocking-out” refers to a partial or complete suppression of the expression gene product (e.g., mRNA) of a protein encoded by an endogenous DNA sequence in a cell.
  • the “knock- out” can be effectuated by targeted deletion of a whole gene, or part of a gene encoding a peptide, polypeptide, or protein. As a result, the deletion may render a gene inactive, partially inactive, inoperable, partly inoperable, or otherwise reduce the expression of the gene or its products in any cell in the whole organism and/or cell in which it is normally expressed.
  • knock-out can refer to the procedure by which an endogenous gene is made completely or partially inactive or inoperable (e.g., “they performed a knock-out” or “they knocked-out the endogenous gene”), or the resulting cell and/or organism (e.g., “ the cell is a “knock-out” or “the animal is a “knock-out”).
  • KD50 “Knockdown dose 50” or “KD50” refers to the median dose required to cause paralysis or cessation of movement in 50% of a population, for example a population of Musca domestica (common housefly) and/or Aedes aegypti (mosquito).
  • “l” or “linker” refers to a nucleotide encoding intervening linker peptide.
  • “L” in the proper context refers to an intervening linker peptide, which links a translational stabilizing protein (STA) with an additional polypeptide, e.g., a PVP, and/or multiple PVPs. When referring to amino acids, “L” can also mean leucine.
  • “LAC4 promoter” or “Lac4 promoter” or “pLac4” refers to a DNA segment comprised of the promoter sequence derived from the K. lactis ⁇ -galactosidase gene.
  • LAC4 terminator or “Lac4 terminator” refers to a DNA segment comprised of the transcriptional terminator sequence derived from the K. lactis ⁇ -galactosidase gene.
  • Lepidopteran gut environment means the specific pH and proteinase conditions of found within the fore, mid or hind gut of a lepidopteran insect or larva.
  • Lepidopteran hemolymph environment means the specific pH and proteinase conditions of found within lepidopteran insect or larva.
  • LD 20 refers to a dose required to kill 20% of a population.
  • Linker refers to a short peptide sequence operable to link two peptides together. Linker can also refer to a short DNA sequence that is placed in the reading frame of an ORF to separate an upstream and downstream DNA sequences. In some embodiments, a linker can be cleavable by an insect protease. In some embodiments, a linker may allow proteins to achieve their independent secondary and tertiary structure formation during translation.
  • the linker can be either resistant or susceptible to cleavage in plant cellular environments, in the insect and/or lepidopteran gut environment, and/or in the insect hemolymph and lepidopteran hemolymph environment.
  • a linker can be cleaved by a protease, e.g., in some embodiments, a linker can be cleaved by a plant protease (e.g., papain, bromelain, ficin, actinidin, zingibain, and/or cardosins), an insect protease, a fungal protease, a vertebrate protease, an invertebrate protease, a bacteria protease, a mammal protease, a reptile protease, or an avian protease.
  • a plant protease e.g., papain, bromelain, ficin, actinidin, zingibain, and
  • a linker can be cleavable or non-cleavable.
  • a linker comprises a binary or tertiary region, wherein each region is cleavable by at least two types of proteases: one of which is an insect and/or nematode protease and the other one of which is a human protease.
  • a linker can have one of (at least) three roles: to cleave in the insect gut environment, to cleave in the plant cell, or to be designed not to intentionally cleave.
  • “Medium” (“plural “media”) refers to a nutritive solution for culturing cells in cell culture.
  • MW refers to the mass or weight of a molecule, and is typically measured in “daltons (Da)” or kilodaltons (kDa).
  • MW can be calculated using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), analytical ultracentrifugation, or light scattering.
  • SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  • the SDS-PAGE method is as follows: the sample of interest is separated on a gel with a set of molecular weight standards. The sample is run, and the gel is then processed with a desired stain, followed by destaining for about 2 to 14 hours.
  • the next step is to determine the relative migration distance (Rf) of the standards and protein of interest.
  • the logarithm of the MW can be determined based on the values obtained for the bands in the standard; e.g., in some embodiments, the logarithm of the molecular weight of an SDS- denatured polypeptide and its relative migration distance (Rf) is plotted into a graph. After plotting the graph, interpolating the value derived will provide the molecular weight of the unknown protein band.
  • Motif refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence that is implicated in having some biological significance and/or exerts some effect or is involved in some biological process.
  • MCS Multiple cloning site
  • MCS Multiple cloning site
  • MCS Multiple cloning site
  • a wild-type Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c polypeptide can be altered resulting in a non-naturally occurring PVP.
  • N-terminal refers to the free amine group (i.e., -NH2) that is positioned on beginning or start of a polypeptide.
  • NCBI refers to the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  • nm refers to nanometers.
  • Non-Polar amino acid is an amino acid that is weakly hydrophobic and includes glycine, alanine, proline, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and methionine.
  • Glycine or gly is the most preferred non-polar amino acid for the dipeptides of this invention.
  • “Normalized peptide yield” means the peptide yield in the conditioned medium divided by the corresponding cell density at the point the peptide yield is measured.
  • the peptide yield can be represented by the mass of the produced peptide in a unit of volume, for example, mg per liter or mg/L, or by the UV absorbance peak area of the produced peptide in the HPLC chromatograph, for example, mAu.sec.
  • the cell density can be represented by visible light absorbance of the culture at wavelength of 600 nm (OD600).
  • “OD” refers to optical density. Typically, OD is measured using a spectrophotometer.
  • OD660nm or “OD660nm” refers to optical densities at 660 nanometers (nm).
  • “Operable” refers to the ability to be used, the ability to do something, and/or the ability to accomplish some function or result.
  • “operable” refers to the ability of a polynucleotide, DNA sequence, RNA sequence, or other nucleotide 277702-549942 sequence or gene to encode a peptide, polypeptide, and/or protein.
  • a polynucleotide may be operable to encode a protein, which means that the polynucleotide contains information that imbues it with the ability to create a protein (e.g., by transcribing mRNA, which is in turn translated to protein).
  • operably linked refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components so described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner.
  • operably linked can refer to two or more DNA, peptide, or polypeptide sequences.
  • operably linked can mean that the two adjacent DNA sequences are placed together such that the transcriptional activation of one DNA sequence can act on the other DNA sequence.
  • operably linked can refer to two or more peptides and/or polypeptides, wherein said two or more peptides and/or polypeptides are connected in such a way as to yield a single polypeptide chain; alternatively, the term operably linked can refer to two or more peptides that are connected in such a way that one peptide exerts some effect on the other. In yet other embodiments, operably linked can refer to two adjacent DNA sequences are placed together such that the transcriptional activation of one can act on the other.
  • ORF or “open reading frame” or “coding sequence” refers to a polynucleotide or nucleic acid sequence that can be transcribed and translated (e.g., in the case of DNA) or translated (e.g., in the case of mRNA) into a polypeptide, when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences.
  • the boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a translation start codon at the 5’ (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3’ (carboxy) terminus.
  • a transcription termination sequence will usually be located 3’ to the coding sequence.
  • a coding sequence may be flanked on the 5’ and/or 3’ ends by untranslated regions.
  • an ORF is a continuous stretch of codons that begins with a start codon (usually AUG) and ends at a stop codon (usually UAA, UAG or UGA).
  • An ATG codon (AUG in terms of RNA).
  • an ORF can be length of RNA or DNA sequence, between a translation start signal (e.g., AUG or ATG) and any one or more of the known termination codons, wherein said length of RNA or DNA sequence encodes one or more polypeptide sequences.
  • an ORF can be a DNA sequence encoding a protein which begins with an ATG start codon and ends with a TGA, TAA or TAG stop codon.
  • ORF can also mean the translated protein that the DNA encodes.
  • “Out-recombined” or “out-recombination” refers to the removal of a gene and/or polynucleotide sequence (e.g., an endogenous gene) that is flanked by two site-specific recombination sites (e.g., the 5’- and 3’- nucleotide sequence of a target gene that is homologous 277702-549942 to the homology arms of a target vector) during in vivo homologous recombination.
  • “Peptide expression cassette” or “expression cassette” means a DNA sequence which is composed of all the DNA elements necessary to complete transcription of an insecticidal protein in a biological expression system. In the described methods herein, it includes a transcription promoter, a DNA sequence to encode an ⁇ -mating factor signal sequence, a cleavage site, an insecticidal protein transgene, a stop codon and a transcription terminator.
  • “Peptide expression vector” means a host organism expression vector which contains a heterologous peptide transgene.
  • “Peptide expression yeast strain”, “peptide expression strain” or “peptide production strain” means a yeast strain which can produce a heterologous peptide.
  • Protein Linker see Linker.
  • Peptide transgene or “insecticidal peptide transgene” or “insecticidal protein transgene” or “Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant transgene” refers to a DNA sequence that encodes an PVP and can be translated in a biological expression system.
  • Peptide yield means the insecticidal peptide concentration in the conditioned medium which is produced from the cells of a peptide expression yeast strain.
  • “Pest” includes, but is not limited to: insects, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mites, ticks, and the like.
  • “Pesticidally-effective amount” refers to an amount of the pesticide that is able to bring about death to at least one pest, or to noticeably reduce pest growth, feeding, or normal physiological development.
  • Agriculturally acceptable salt refers to a compound that is modified by making acid or base salts thereof.
  • Plant shall mean whole plants, plant tissues, plant cells, plant parts, plant organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), seeds, propagules, embryos and progeny of the same.
  • Plant cells 277702-549942 can be differentiated or undifferentiated (e.g. callus, suspension culture cells, protoplasts, leaf cells, root cells, phloem cells, and pollen).
  • Plant transgenic protein means a protein from a heterologous species that is expressed in a plant after the DNA or RNA encoding it was delivered into one or more of the plant cells.
  • Plant-incorporated protectant or “PIP” means an insecticidal protein produced by transgenic plants, and the genetic material necessary for the plant to produce the protein.
  • Plant cleavable linker means a cleavable linker peptide, or a nucleotide encoding a cleavable linker peptide, which contains a plant protease recognition site and can be cleaved during the protein expression process in the plant cell.
  • Plant regeneration media means any media that contains the necessary elements and vitamins for plant growth and plant hormones necessary to promote regeneration of a cell into an embryo which can germinate and generate a plantlet derived from tissue culture. Often the media contains a selectable agent to which the transgenic cells express a selection gene that confers resistance to the agent.
  • Plasmid refers to a DNA segment that acts as a carrier for a gene of interest (e.g., PVP) and, when transformed or transfected into an organism, can replicate and express the DNA sequence contained within the plasmid independently of the host organism. Plasmids are a type of vector, and can be “cloning vectors” (i.e., simple plasmids used to clone a DNA fragment and/or select a host population carrying the plasmid via some selection indicator) or “expression plasmids” (i.e., plasmids used to produce large amounts of polynucleotides and/or polypeptides).
  • cloning vectors i.e., simple plasmids used to clone a DNA fragment and/or select a host population carrying the plasmid via some selection indicator
  • expression plasmids i.e., plasmids used to produce large amounts of polynucleotides and/or polypeptides.
  • “Polar amino acid” is an amino acid that is polar and includes serine, threonine, cysteine, asparagine, glutamine, histidine, tryptophan and tyrosine; preferred polar amino acids are serine, threonine, cysteine, asparagine and glutamine; with serine being most highly preferred.
  • “Polynucleotide” refers to a polymeric-form of nucleotides (e.g., ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, or analogs thereof) of any length; e.g., a sequence of two or more ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides.
  • polynucleotide includes double- and single-stranded DNA, as well as double- and single-stranded RNA; it also includes modified and unmodified forms of a polynucleotide (modifications to and of a polynucleotide, for example, can include methylation, phosphorylation, and/or capping).
  • a polynucleotide can be one of the following: a gene or gene fragment (for example, a probe, primer, EST, or SAGE tag); genomic DNA; genomic DNA fragment; exon; intron; messenger RNA (mRNA); transfer RNA; ribosomal RNA; ribozyme; cDNA; recombinant polynucleotide; 277702-549942 branched polynucleotide; plasmid; vector; isolated DNA of any sequence; isolated RNA of any sequence; nucleic acid probe; primer or amplified copy of any of the foregoing.
  • a gene or gene fragment for example, a probe, primer, EST, or SAGE tag
  • genomic DNA for example, genomic DNA fragment; genomic DNA fragment; exon; intron; messenger RNA (mRNA); transfer RNA; ribosomal RNA; ribozyme; cDNA; recombinant polynucleotide; 277702-549942 branched polynucleot
  • a polynucleotide can refer to a polymeric-form of nucleotides operable to encode the open reading frame of a gene.
  • a polynucleotide can refer to cDNA.
  • polynucleotides can have any three-dimensional structure and may perform any function, known or unknown. The structure of a polynucleotide can also be referenced to by its 5’- or 3’- end or terminus, which indicates the directionality of the polynucleotide.
  • Adjacent nucleotides in a single-strand of polynucleotides are typically joined by a phosphodiester bond between their 3’ and 5’ carbons.
  • different internucleotide linkages could also be used, such as linkages that include a methylene, phosphoramidate linkages, etc. This means that the respective 5’ and 3’ carbons can be exposed at either end of the polynucleotide, which may be called the 5’ and 3’ ends or termini.
  • the 5’ and 3’ ends can also be called the phosphoryl (PO 4 ) and hydroxyl (OH) ends, respectively, because of the chemical groups attached to those ends.
  • PO 4 phosphoryl
  • OH hydroxyl
  • any embodiment that makes or uses a polynucleotide encompasses both the double-stranded form and each of two complementary single-stranded forms known or predicted to make up the double-stranded form.
  • a polynucleotide can include modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and nucleotide analogs (including nucleotides with non-natural bases, nucleotides with modified natural bases such as aza- or deaza-purines, etc.). If present, modifications to the nucleotide structure can be imparted before or after assembly of the polynucleotide.
  • a polynucleotide can also be further modified after polymerization, such as by conjugation with a labeling component. Additionally, the sequence of nucleotides in a polynucleotide can be interrupted by non-nucleotide components. One or more ends of the polynucleotide can be protected or otherwise modified to prevent that end from interacting in a particular way (e.g. forming a covalent bond) with other polynucleotides. [00156] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide can be composed of a specific sequence of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A); cytosine (C); guanine (G); and thymine (T).
  • A adenine
  • C cytosine
  • G guanine
  • T thymine
  • Uracil (U) can also be present, for example, as a natural replacement for thymine when the polynucleotide is RNA. Uracil can also be used in DNA.
  • sequence refers to the alphabetical representation of a polynucleotide or any nucleic acid molecule, including natural and non- natural bases. 277702-549942 [00157]
  • RNA molecule or ribonucleic acid molecule refers to a polynucleotide having a ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose sugar and typically uracil rather than thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases.
  • RNA molecule of the invention is generally single-stranded, but can also be double-stranded.
  • the RNA molecule can include the single-stranded molecules transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus, mitochondrion or chloroplast, which have a linear sequence of nucleotide bases that is complementary to the DNA strand from which it is transcribed.
  • a polynucleotide can further comprise one or more heterologous regulatory elements.
  • the regulatory element is one or more promoters; enhancers; silencers; operators; splicing signals; polyadenylation signals; termination signals; RNA export elements, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES); poly-U sequences; or combinations thereof.
  • Post-transcriptional regulatory elements are DNA segments and/or mechanisms that affect mRNA after it has been transcribed. Mechanisms of post-transcriptional mechanisms include splicing events; capping, splicing, and addition of a Poly (A) tail, and other mechanisms known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • Promoter refers to a region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds and initiates the transcription of a gene.
  • “Protein” has the same meaning as “peptide” and/or “polypeptide” in this document.
  • “Ratio” refers to the quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
  • “Reading frame” refers to one of the six possible reading frames, three in each direction, of the double stranded DNA molecule. The reading frame that is used determines which codons are used to encode amino acids within the coding sequence of a DNA molecule.
  • a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a polynucleotide and/or nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) into a set of consecutive, non- overlapping triplets.
  • “Recombinant DNA” or “rDNA” refers to DNA that is comprised of two or more different DNA segments.
  • “Recombinant vector” means a DNA plasmid vector into which foreign DNA has been inserted.
  • regulatory elements refers to a genetic element that controls some aspect of the expression and/or processing of nucleic acid sequences. For example, in some embodiments, a regulatory element can be found at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level.
  • Regulatory 277702-549942 elements can be cis-regulatory elements (CREs), or trans-regulatory elements (TREs).
  • a regulatory element can be one or more promoters; enhancers; silencers; operators; splicing signals; polyadenylation signals; termination signals; RNA export elements, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES); poly-U sequences; and/or other elements that influence gene expression, for example, in a tissue-specific manner; temporal-dependent manner; to increase or decrease expression; and/or to cause constitutive expression.
  • REstriction enzyme or “restriction endonuclease” refers to an enzyme that cleaves DNA at a specified restriction site.
  • a restriction enzyme can cleave a plasmid at an EcoRI, SacII or BstXI restriction site allowing the plasmid to be linearized, and the DNA of interest to be ligated.
  • “Restriction site” refers to a location on DNA comprising a sequence of 4 to 8 nucleotides, and whose sequence is recognized by a particular restriction enzyme.
  • selection gene means a gene which confers an advantage for a genetically modified organism to grow under the selective pressure.
  • “Serovar” or “serotype” refers to a group of closely related microorganisms distinguished by a characteristic set of antigens.
  • a serovar is an antigenically and serologically distinct variety of microorganism
  • sp.” refers to species.
  • ssp.” or subsp.” refers to subspecies.
  • Subcloning or “subcloned” refers to the process of transferring DNA from one vector to another, usually advantageous vector.
  • polynucleotide encoding a mutant PVP can be subcloned into a pLB102 plasmid subsequent to selection of yeast colonies transformed with pKLAC1 plasmids.
  • SSI is an acronym that is context dependent.
  • site-specific integration refers to a sequence that will permit in vivo homologous recombination to occur at a specific site within a host organism’s genome.
  • site-specific integration refers to the process directing a transgene to a target site in a host-organism’s genome, allowing the integration of genes of interest into pre-selected genome locations of a host-organism.
  • SSI can refer to “surface spraying indoors,” which is a technique of applying a variable volume sprayable volume of an insecticide onto surfaces where vectors rest, such as on walls, windows, floors and ceilings.
  • “STA” or “Translational stabilizing protein” or “stabilizing domain” or “stabilizing protein” means a peptide or protein with sufficient tertiary structure that it can accumulate in a cell without being targeted by the cellular process of 277702-549942 protein degradation.
  • the protein can be between 5 and 50 amino acids long.
  • the translational stabilizing protein is coded by a DNA sequence for a protein that is operably linked with a sequence encoding an insecticidal protein or a PVP in the ORF.
  • the operably-linked STA can either be upstream or downstream of the PVP and can have any intervening sequence between the two sequences (STA and PVP) as long as the intervening sequence does not result in a frame shift of either DNA sequence.
  • the translational stabilizing protein can also have an activity which increases delivery of the PVP across the gut wall and into the hemolymph of the insect.
  • sta means a nucleotide encoding a translational stabilizing protein.
  • Structural motif refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of peptides and/or polypeptides, and/or the arrangement of operably linked polypeptide segments.
  • the polypeptide comprising ERSP-STA-L-PVP has an ERSP motif, an STA motif, a LINKER motif, and a PVP polypeptide motif.
  • “Toxin” refers to a venom and/or a poison, especially a protein or conjugated protein produced by certain animals, higher plants, and pathogenic bacteria.
  • the term “toxin” is reserved natural products, e.g., molecules and peptides found in scorpions, spiders, snakes, poisonous mushrooms, etc.
  • toxicant is reserved for man-made products and/or artificial products e.g., man-made chemical pesticides.
  • Transfection and “transformation” both refer to the process of introducing exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA (e.g., a vector containing a polynucleotide that encodes a PVP) into a host organism (e.g., a prokaryote or a eukaryote).
  • a host organism e.g., a prokaryote or a eukaryote.
  • transformation to describe processes where exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA are introduced into a bacterial cell; and reserve the term “transfection” for processes that describe the introduction of exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells.
  • transformation and “transfection” are used synonymously, regardless of whether a process describes the introduction exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA into a prokaryote (e.g., bacteria) or a eukaryote (e.g., yeast, plants, or animals).
  • Transgene means a heterologous and/or exogenous DNA sequence encoding a protein which is transformed into a plant.
  • Transgenic host cell or “host cell” means a cell which is transformed with a gene and has been selected for its transgenic status via an additional selection gene.
  • Transgenic plant means a plant that has been derived from a single cell that was transformed with foreign DNA such that every cell in the plant contains that transgene. 277702-549942
  • Transient expression system means an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-based system which delivers DNA encoding a disarmed plant virus into a plant cell where it is expressed.
  • TSP TSP-specific protein sequence
  • Triple expression cassette refers to three PVP expression cassette s contained on the same vector.
  • TRBO means a transient plant expression system using Tobacco mosaic virus with removal of the viral coating protein gene.
  • Trpsin cleavage means an in vitro assay that uses the protease enzyme trypsin (which recognizes exposed lysine and arginine amino acid residues) to separate a cleavable linker at that cleavage site. It also means the act of the trypsin enzyme cleaving that site.
  • TSP total soluble protein
  • var.” refers to varietas or variety. The term “var.” is used to indicate a taxonomic category that ranks below the species level and/or subspecies (where present). In some embodiments, the term “var.” represents members differing from others of the same subspecies or species in minor but permanent or heritable characteristics.
  • Variant sequence or “variant peptide” or “variant thereof” refers to an amino acid sequence that possesses one or more amino acid substitutions or modifications (e.g., deletion or addition).
  • the one or more amino acid substitutions or modifications can be conservative; here, such a conservative amino acid substitution and/or modification in a “variant” does not substantially diminish the activity of the variant in relation to its non-varied form.
  • a “variant” possesses one or more conservative amino acid substitutions when compared to a peptide with a disclosed and/or claimed sequence, as indicated by a SEQ ID NO.
  • a PVP or a variant thereof refers to a PVP or a PVP-variant, with one or more amino acid additions, deletions, and/or substitution that does not substantially diminish the activity of the PVP-variant in relation to its non-varied, PVP form
  • Vector refers to the DNA segment that accepts a foreign gene of interest (e.g., PVP).
  • Wild type or “WT” refer to the phenotype and/or genotype (i.e., the appearance or sequence) of an organism, polynucleotide sequence, and/or polypeptide sequence, as it is found and/or observed in its naturally occurring state or condition.
  • Yeast expression vector or “expression vector” or “vector” means a plasmid which can introduce a heterologous gene and/or expression cassette into yeast cells to be transcribed and translated.
  • Yield refers to the production of a peptide, and increased yields can mean increased amounts of production, increased rates of production, and an increased average or median yield and increased frequency at higher yields.
  • yield when used in reference to plant crop growth and/or production, as in “yield of the plant” refers to the quality and/or quantity of biomass produced by the plant.
  • Diguetia canities produces toxins that have been shown to have an insecticidal effect, while having no effect on mammals. See Bende et al., A distinct sodium channel voltage-sensor locus determines insect selectivity of the spider toxin PL1c. Nat Commun.2014 Jul 11;5: 4350. [00199] Four insecticidal toxins have been previously isolated and described from the venom of the spider Paracoelotes luctuosus (Araneae: Amaurobiidae) and formerly named delta- palutoxins 1 to 4 (presently delta-amaurobitoxins, Pl1a-Pl1d).
  • the four toxins are homologous 36-37 amino acid peptides reticulated by four disulfide bridges and three have amidated C- terminal residues.
  • the delta-amaurobitoxins are highly homologous with the previously described mu-agatoxins and curtatoxins (77-97%).
  • An exemplary wild-type mature delta- amaurobitoxin –PL1c polypeptide sequence from the spider Paracoelotes luctuosus (PL1c also known as Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c) is provided herein, having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 (UniProt Accession No. P83258-1).
  • the wild-type PL1c polypeptide exemplified in SEQ ID NO:2 represents the mature wild-type PL1c polypeptide possesses an amino acid sequence of “A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D- W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K (SEQ ID NO:2).
  • PL1c possesses an inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motif, the disulfide bonding pattern found for PL1c is similar to that described for ⁇ -agatoxins I and IV as well as ⁇ -agatoxins IVA and IVB, all of which possess a consensus alignment of their eight cysteine residues.
  • ICK inhibitor cystine knot
  • the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • PVP Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polypeptide
  • the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, a peptide having from about 35 to about 45 amino acids in length, comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, 277702-549942 identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 -C-L-X 5 -E-G-X 6 - W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A)
  • the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin- PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, a peptide having from about 35 to about 45 amino acids in length, comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 - C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13- X 14 -X 15 -X 16 , where
  • the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin- PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, a peptide having from about 35 to about 45 amino acids in length, comprising an amino acid sequence that 277702-549942 is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4- C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13- X14-X15-X16, wherein the
  • a PVP of the present disclosure comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, a peptide having from about 35 to about 45 amino acids in length, comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9- X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-
  • the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or 277702-549942 at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to the formula (II): Z-X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-X7-X8-G-X9-S-C-C-X10-X11-X12-X13-C-S-C-P-G- X14-G-K-C-R-C-X15-X16-X17-X18, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the
  • the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c 277702-549942 variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the present disclosure describes a composition consisting of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or combinations thereof, and an excipient.
  • the present disclosure describes a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, or a PVP containing protein, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S- C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, where
  • a polynucleotide which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X 1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X 2 is the amino acid A; X 3 is the amino acid E; X 4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X 9 is the amino acid E, or G; X 10 is the amino acid M or Y; X 11 is the 277702-549942 amino acid W or Y; X 12 is the amino acid F; X 13 is the amino acid K; X 14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent.
  • Formula (I) wherein X 1 is the amino acid T, G, or S,
  • a polynucleotide which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X 1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X 2 is the amino acid A; X 3 is the amino acid E; X 4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X 9 is the amino acid E, or G; X 10 is the amino acid M or Y; X 11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X 15 is the amino acid S; and X 16 is absent.
  • Formula (I) wherein X 1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X 2 is the amino
  • a polynucleotide which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X 1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X 2 is the amino acid A; X 3 is the amino acid E; X 4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K
  • a polynucleotide which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • a polynucleotide which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the present disclosure describes a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same
  • the PVP 277702-549942 comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6- W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta
  • the present disclosure describes a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 -C-L-X 5 -E-G-X 6 - W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1
  • a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X 1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X 2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X 6 is the amino acid D, or E; X 7 is the amino acid A; X 8 is the amino acid G or D; X 9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F
  • a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X 3 is the amino acid E; X 4 is the amino acid A; X 5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X 10 is the amino acid M or Y; X 11 is the amino acid W or Y; X 12 is the amino acid
  • the present disclosure describes a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, the PVP having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.
  • the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to formula (II): Z- X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 -C-L-X 5 -E-G-X 6 -W-C-A-D-X 7 -X 8 -G-X 9 -S-C-C-X 10 -X 11 -X 12 -X 13 -C-S-C-P-G- X14-G-K-C-R-C-X15-X16-X17-X18, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G
  • the present disclosure describes a method of producing a PVP, the method comprising: preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, and/or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, said the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L- X 5 -E-G-X 6 -W-C-A-D-W-X 7 -G-P-S-C-C-X 8 -X 9 -X 10 -X 11 -C-S-C-P-G-X 12 -G-K-C-R-C-X 13 -X 14 - X 15
  • illustrative methods of producing a PVP comprises: preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, and/or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, said the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X 2 is the amino acid A; X 3 is the amino acid E; X 4 is the amino acid A; X 5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is
  • illustrative methods of producing a PVP comprises: preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, and/or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, said the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X 3 is the amino acid E; X 4 is the amino acid A; X 5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X 10 is the amino acid M or Y
  • the present disclosure describes a method for protecting a plant from insects, the method comprising: providing a plant that expresses a PVP as described herein, or a polynucleotide encoding the same.
  • the present disclosure describes a method for controlling insects comprising, providing to said insect a transgenic plant that comprises in its genome a stably 277702-549942 incorporated expression cassette, wherein said stably incorporated expression cassette comprises a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP.
  • the present disclosure describes a method of combating, controlling, or inhibiting a pest comprising, applying a pesticidally effective amount of the composition consisting of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or combinations thereof, and an excipient, to the locus of the pest, or to a plant or animal susceptible to an attack by the pest.
  • a vector comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP having an amino acid sequence with at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to a sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60.
  • X 1 is the amino acid T, G, or S
  • X2 is the amino acid A
  • X3 is the amino acid E
  • X4 is the amino acid A
  • X5 is the amino acid N, or A
  • X 6 is the amino acid D, or E
  • X 7 is the amino acid A
  • X 8 is the amino acid G or D
  • X9 is the amino acid E, or G
  • X10 is the amino acid M or Y
  • X11 is the amino acid W or Y
  • X 12 is the amino acid F
  • X 13 is the amino acid K
  • X 14 is the amino acid K
  • X 15 is the amino acid S
  • X16 is absent.
  • X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S
  • X2 is the 277702-549942 amino acid A
  • X 3 is the amino acid E
  • X 4 is the amino acid A
  • X 5 is the amino acid N, or A
  • X 6 is the amino acid D, or E
  • X7 is the amino acid A
  • X8 is the amino acid G or D
  • X9 is the amino acid E, or G
  • X10 is the amino acid M or Y
  • X11 is the amino acid W or Y
  • X12 is the amino acid A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V
  • X13 is the amino acid K
  • X14 is the amino acid K
  • X15 is the amino acid S
  • X16 is absent.
  • the vector is a plasmid comprising an alpha-MF signal.
  • the vector is transformed into a yeast strain.
  • the yeast strain is selected from any species of the genera Saccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Hansenula, Yarrowia or Schizosaccharomyces.
  • the yeast strain is selected from the group consisting of Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris.
  • the yeast strain is Kluyveromyces lactis.
  • expression of the PVP provides a yield of: at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 110 mg/L, at least 120 mg/L, at least 130 mg/L, at least 140 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 160 mg/L, at least 170 mg/L, at least 180 mg/L, at least 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least 750 mg/L, at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 1,250 mg/L, at least 1,500 mg/L, at least 1,750 mg/L, at least 2,000 mg/L, at least 2,500 mg/L, at least 3,000 mg/L, at least 3,500 mg/L, at least 4,000 mg/L, at least 4,500 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 5,500 mg/L, at least at least 6,000 mg/L, at least 6,500 mg/L, at least 7,000 mg/L, at
  • expression of the PVP provides a yield of at least 100 mg/L of PVP per liter of medium.
  • expression of the PVP in the medium results in the expression of a single PVP in the medium.
  • expression of the PVP in the medium results in the expression of a PVP polymer comprising two or more PVP polypeptides in the medium.
  • the vector comprises two or three expression cassettes, each expression cassette operable to encode the PVP of the first expression cassette.
  • the vector comprises two or three expression cassettes, each expression cassette operable to encode the PVP of the first expression cassette, or a PVP of a different expression 277702-549942 cassette.
  • the expression cassette is operable to encode a PVP as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
  • a PVP comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, at least 99.6% identical, at least 99.7% identical, at least 99.8% identical, at least 99.9% identical, or 100% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences listed in Table 1, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00232] Table 1.
  • Exemplary Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c Variant Polypeptides including shorthand name, SEQ ID NO, and full amino acid sequence listing.
  • Nucl. Nucleotide. While amino acid sequences are provided here, the nucleic acid sequence of a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a protein or polypeptide (e.g., a PVP) can vary due to degeneracies.
  • a PVP for use in combating one or more insect species described herein, of for use in preparing a composition as described herein can comprise an a PVP in accordance with Formula (I), wherein, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X 4 is the amino acid A; X 5 is the amino acid N, or A; X 6 is the amino acid D, or E; X 7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X 11 is the amino acid W or Y; X 12 is the amino acid A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent, and
  • a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuo
  • a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuos
  • a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 277702-549942 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelote
  • a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuo
  • a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuo
  • a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuo
  • polynucleotides encoding PVPs can be used to transform plant cells, yeast cells, or bacteria cells.
  • the insecticidal PVP transgenic proteins may be formulated into compositions that can be sprayed or otherwise applied in any manner known to those skilled in the art to the surface of plants or parts thereof. Accordingly, DNA constructs are provided herein, operable to encode one or more PVPs under the appropriate conditions in a host cell, for example, a plant cell.
  • Methods for controlling a pest infection by a 277702-549942 parasitic insect of a plant cell comprises administering or introducing a polynucleotide encoding an PVP as described herein to a plant, plant tissue, or a plant cell by recombinant techniques and growing said recombinantly altered plant, plant tissue or plant cell in a field exposed to the pest.
  • PVPs can be formulated into a sprayable composition consisting of a PVP and an excipient, and applied directly to susceptible plants by direct application, such that upon ingestion of the PVP by the infectious insect results in a deleterious effect.
  • the PVP may comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, at least 99.6% identical, at least 99.7% identical, at least 99.8% identical, at least 99.9% identical, or 100% identical to the full length of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
  • a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP is provided herein.
  • the polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP
  • said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6- W-C-A-D-W-X 7 -G-P-S-C-C-X 8 -X 9 -X 10 -X 11 -C-S-C-P-G-X 12 -G-K-C-R-C-X 13 -X 14 -X 15 -X 16 , wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurob
  • X 1 is the amino acid T, G, or S
  • X 2 is the amino acid A
  • X 3 is the amino acid E
  • X4 is the amino acid A
  • X5 is the amino acid N, or A
  • X6 is the amino acid D, or E
  • X7 is 277702-549942 the amino acid A
  • X 8 is the amino acid G or D
  • X 9 is the amino acid E, or G
  • X 10 is the amino acid M or Y
  • X11 is the amino acid W or Y
  • X12 is the amino acid F
  • X13 is the amino acid K
  • X14 is the amino acid K
  • X15 is the amino acid S
  • X16 is absent; or a complementary polynucleotide sequence thereof.
  • a polynucleotide is provided and used in the synthesis of a PVP, the polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP, wherein the polynucleotide may have a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%, or 100% nucleotide sequence identity of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8-12.
  • the polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP may comprise a nucleic acid sequence having at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%, or 100% nucleotide sequence identity to of SEQ ID NOs: 61-63, or complementary nucleic acid sequence thereof.
  • a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP may comprise an nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, at least 99.6% identical, at least 99.7% identical, at least 99.8% identical, at least 99.9% identical, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or complementary nucleic acid sequence thereof.
  • a polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP, wherein the polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP having an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a complementary sequence thereof.
  • a polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP, wherein the polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP having an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a complementary sequence thereof.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can be any protein, peptide, polypeptide, amino acid sequence, configuration, construct or arrangement, comprising: (1) at 277702-549942 least one PVP, or two or more PVPs; and (2) additional peptides, polypeptides, or proteins.
  • these additional peptides, polypeptides, or proteins may have the ability to increase the mortality and/or inhibit the growth of insects exposed to the PVP- insecticidal protein, relative to the PVP alone; increase the expression of the PVP-insecticidal protein, e.g., in a host cell; and/or affect the post-translational processing of the PVP-insecticidal protein.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer comprising two or more PVPs.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer comprising two or more PVPs, wherein the PVPs are operably linked via a linker peptide, e.g., a cleavable and/or non-cleavable linker.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can refer to a one or more PVPs operably linked with one or more proteins such as a stabilizing domain (STA); an endoplasmic reticulum signaling protein (ERSP); an insect cleavable or insect non-cleavable linker (L); and/or any other combination thereof.
  • STA stabilizing domain
  • ERSP endoplasmic reticulum signaling protein
  • L insect non-cleavable linker
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer of amino acids that when properly folded or in its most natural thermodynamic state exerts an insecticidal activity against one or more insects.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer comprising two or more PVPs that are different.
  • an insecticidal protein can be a polymer of two or more PVPs that are the same.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can comprise one or more PVPs, and one or more peptides, polypeptides, or proteins, that may assist in the PVP- insecticidal protein’s folding.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can comprise one or more PVPs, and one or more peptides, polypeptides, or proteins, wherein the one or more peptides, polypeptides, or proteins are protein tags that help stability or solubility.
  • the peptides, polypeptides, or proteins can be protein tags that aid in affinity purification.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can refer to a one or more PVPs operably linked with one or more proteins such as a stabilizing domain (STA); an endoplasmic reticulum signaling protein (ERSP); an insect cleavable or insect non-cleavable linker; one or more heterologous peptides; one or more additional polypeptides; and/or any other combination thereof.
  • an insecticidal protein can comprise a one or more PVPs as disclosed herein.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can comprise a PVP homopolymer, e.g., two or more PVP monomers that are the same PVP.
  • the insecticidal protein can comprise a PVP heteropolymer, e.g., two or more PVP monomers, wherein the PVP monomers are different.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can comprise one or more PVPs having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
  • the PVP-insecticidal protein may comprise a PVP having an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
  • Exemplary methods for the generation of cleavable and non-cleavable linkers can be found in U.S. Patent Application No.15/727,277; and PCT Application No.
  • an PVP can be obtained by creating a mutation in the wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence operable to encode a PL1c polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2; inserting that delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c variant polynucleotide (PVP) sequence into the appropriate vector; transforming a host organism in such a way that the polynucleotide encoding a PVP is expressed; culturing the host organism to generate the desired amount of PVP; and then purifying the PVP from in and/or around host organism.
  • PVP delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c variant polynucleotide
  • Wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c toxins can be isolated from venom, which in turn can be isolated from the venom glands of spiders, e.g., Paracoelotes luctuosus, using any of the techniques known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • venom can be isolated according to the methods described in U.S. Patent No 5,688,764, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence can be obtained by screening a genomic library using primer probes directed to the delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence.
  • wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence and/or PVP polynucleotide sequences can be chemically synthesized.
  • a wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 83): GCCGATTGCTTGAACGAGGGAGACTGGTGTGCTGACTGGTCCGGCCCGTCATGCTGCGGTGAAA TGTGGTGTTCCTGTCCCGGCTTCGGAAAGTGTCGTTGCAAAAAG 277702-549942 and/or PVP polynucleotide sequence can be generated using the oligonucleotide synthesis methods such as the phosphoramidite; triester, phosphite, or H-Phosphonate methods (see Engels, J. W. and Uhlmann, E. (1989), Gene Synthesis [New Synthetic Methods (77)].
  • the polynucleotide sequence encoding the PVP can be chemically synthesized using commercially available polynucleotide synthesis services such as those offered by Genewiz® (e.g., TurboGENE TM ; PriorityGENE; and FragmentGENE), or Sigma-Aldrich® (e.g., Custom DNA and RNA Oligos Design and Order Custom DNA Oligos).
  • Genewiz® e.g., TurboGENE TM ; PriorityGENE; and FragmentGENE
  • Sigma-Aldrich® e.g., Custom DNA and RNA Oligos Design and Order Custom DNA Oligos.
  • Exemplary method for generating DNA and or custom chemically synthesized polynucleotides are well known in the art, and are illustratively provided in U.S. Patent No.5,736,135, Serial No. 08/389,615, filed on Feb.13, 1995, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. See also Agarwal, et al., Chemical synthesis of polynucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl.1972 Jun; 11(6):451-9; Ohtsuka et al., Recent developments in the chemical synthesis of polynucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res.1982 Nov 11; 10(21): 6553–6570; Sondek & Shortle.
  • Producing a mutation in wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence can be achieved by various means that are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • Methods of mutagenesis include Kunkel’s method; cassette mutagenesis; PCR site- directed mutagenesis; the “perfect murder” technique (delitto perfetto); direct gene deletion and site-specific mutagenesis with PCR and one recyclable marker; direct gene deletion and site- specific mutagenesis with PCR and one recyclable marker using long homologous regions; transplacement “pop-in pop-out” method; and CRISPR-Cas 9.
  • Exemplary methods of site- directed mutagenesis can be found in Ruvkun & Ausubel, A general method for site-directed mutagenesis in prokaryotes. Nature.1981 Jan 1; 289(5793):85-8; Wallace et al., Oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis of the human beta-globin gene: a general method for producing specific point mutations in cloned DNA. Nucleic Acids Res.1981 Aug 11; 9(15):3647-56; Dalbadie- McFarland et al., Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis as a general and powerful method for 277702-549942 studies of protein function.
  • Chemically synthesizing polynucleotides allows for a DNA sequence to be generated that is tailored to produce a desired polypeptide based on the arrangement of nucleotides within said sequence (i.e., the arrangement of cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T] molecules); the mRNA sequence that is transcribed from the chemically synthesized DNA polynucleotide can be translated to a sequence of amino acids, each amino acid corresponding to a codon in the mRNA sequence.
  • the amino acid composition of a polypeptide chain that is translated from an mRNA sequence can be altered by changing the underlying codon that determines which of the 20 amino acids will be added to the growing polypeptide; thus, mutations in the DNA such as insertions, substitutions, deletions, and frameshifts may cause amino acid insertions, substitutions, or deletions, depending on the underlying codon.
  • a polynucleotide can be chemically synthesized, wherein said polynucleotide harbors one or more mutations.
  • an mRNA can be created from the template DNA sequence.
  • the mRNA can be cloned and transformed into a competent cell.
  • Obtaining a PVP from a chemically synthesized DNA polynucleotide sequence and/or a wild-type DNA polynucleotide sequence that has been altered via mutagenesis can be achieved by cloning the DNA sequence into an appropriate vector.
  • the vector can be a plasmid, which can introduce a heterologous gene and/or expression cassette into yeast cells to be transcribed and translated.
  • vector is used to refer to a carrier nucleic acid molecule into which a nucleic acid sequence can be inserted for introduction into a cell where it can be replicated.
  • a vector may contain “vector elements” such as an origin of replication (ORI); a gene that confers antibiotic resistance to allow for selection; multiple cloning sites; a promoter region; a selection marker for non-bacterial transfection; and a primer binding site.
  • ORI origin of replication
  • a nucleic acid sequence can be “exogenous,” which means that it is foreign to the cell into which the vector is being introduced or that the sequence is homologous to a sequence in the cell but in a position within the host cell 277702-549942 nucleic acid in which the sequence is ordinarily not found.
  • Vectors include plasmids, cosmids, viruses (bacteriophage, animal viruses, and plant viruses), and artificial chromosomes (e.g., YACs).
  • viruses bacteriophage, animal viruses, and plant viruses
  • artificial chromosomes e.g., YACs
  • One of skill in the art would be well equipped to construct a vector through standard recombinant techniques, which are described in Sambrook et al., 1989 and Ausubel et al., 1996, both incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • a vector may encode a targeting molecule.
  • a targeting molecule is one that directs the desired nucleic acid to a particular tissue, cell, or other location.
  • a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP or a PVP- insecticidal protein can be transformed into a host cell.
  • a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP or a PVP- insecticidal protein can be cloned into a vector, and transformed into a host cell.
  • a PVP ORF can be transformed into a host cell.
  • additional DNA segments known as regulatory elements can be cloned into a vector that allow for enhanced expression of the foreign DNA or transgene; examples of such additional DNA segments include (1) promoters, terminators, and/or enhancer elements; (2) an appropriate mRNA stabilizing polyadenylation signal; (3) an internal ribosome entry site (IRES); (4) introns; and (5) post-transcriptional regulatory elements.
  • additional DNA segments include (1) promoters, terminators, and/or enhancer elements; (2) an appropriate mRNA stabilizing polyadenylation signal; (3) an internal ribosome entry site (IRES); (4) introns; and (5) post-transcriptional regulatory elements.
  • an expression cassette can contain one or more PVPs, and/or one or more PVP-insecticidal proteins.
  • an expression cassette or PVP expression cassette can contain one or more PVPs, and/or one or more PVP-insecticidal proteins, and one or more additional regulatory elements such as: (1) promoters, terminators, and/or enhancer elements; (2) an appropriate mRNA stabilizing polyadenylation signal; (3) an internal ribosome entry site (IRES); (4) introns; and (5) post-transcriptional regulatory elements.
  • a single expression cassette can contain one or more of the aforementioned regulatory elements, and a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP.
  • a PVP expression cassette can comprise polynucleotide operable to express an PVP, and an ⁇ -MF signal; Kex2 site; LAC4 terminator; ADN1 promoter; and an acetamidase (amdS) selection marker—flanked by LAC4 promoters on the 5’-end and 3’- end.
  • there can be a first expression cassette comprising a 277702-549942 polynucleotide operable to express a PVP.
  • a double expression cassette can be generated by subcloning a second PVP expression cassette into a vector containing a first PVP expression cassette.
  • a triple expression cassette can be generated by subcloning a third PVP expression cassette into a vector containing a first and a second PVP expression cassette.
  • a PVP polynucleotide can be cloned into a vector using a variety of cloning strategies, and commercial cloning kits and materials readily available to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • the PVP polynucleotide can be cloned into a vector using such strategies as the SnapFast; Gateway; TOPO; Gibson; LIC; InFusionHD; or Electra strategies.
  • strategies There are numerous commercially available vectors that can be used to produce PVP.
  • a PVP polynucleotide can be generated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and combined with a pCR TM II-TOPO vector, or a PCR TM 2.1-TOPO® vector (commercially available as the TOPO® TA Cloning ® Kit from Invitrogen) for 5 minutes at room temperature; the TOPO® reaction can then be transformed into competent cells, which can subsequently be selected based on color change (see Janke et al., A versatile toolbox for PCR-based tagging of yeast genes: new fluorescent proteins, more markers and promoter substitution cassettes. Yeast. 2004 Aug; 21(11):947-62; see also, Adams et al. Methods in Yeast Genetics.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be cloned into a vector such as a plasmid, cosmid, virus (bacteriophage, animal viruses, and plant viruses), and/or artificial chromosome (e.g., YACs).
  • a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be inserted into a vector, for example, a plasmid vector using E.
  • coli as a host, by performing the following: digesting about 2 to 5 ⁇ g of vector DNA using the restriction enzymes necessary to allow the DNA segment of interest to be inserted, followed by overnight incubation to accomplish complete digestion (alkaline phosphatase may be used to dephosphorylate the 5’-end in order to avoid self-ligation/recircularization); gel purify the digested vector.
  • amplify the DNA segment of interest for example, a polynucleotide encoding an PVP, via PCR, and remove any excess enzymes, primers, unincorporated dNTPs, short-failed PCR products, and/or salts from the PCR reaction using techniques known to those having ordinary skill in the art (e.g., by using a PCR clean-up kit).
  • Ligate the DNA segment of interest to the vector by creating a mixture 277702-549942 comprising: about 20 ng of vector; about 100 to 1,000 ng or DNA segment of interest; 2 ⁇ L 10x buffer (i.e., 30 mM Tris-HCl 4 mM MgCl2, 26 ⁇ M NAD, 1 mM DTT, 50 ⁇ g/ml BSA, pH 8, stored at 25°C); 1 ⁇ L T4 DNA ligase; all brought to a total volume of 20 ⁇ L by adding H2O.
  • the ligation reaction mixture can then be incubated at room temperature for 2 hours, or at 16°C for an overnight incubation.
  • the ligation reaction (i.e., about 1 ⁇ L) can then be transformed to competent cell, for example, by using electroporation or chemical methods, and a colony PCR can then be performed to identify vectors containing the DNA segment of interest.
  • a polynucleotide encoding a PVP e.g., a PVP ORF
  • a PVP expression cassette can be designed for secretion from host yeast cells.
  • a PVP expression cassette can begin with a signal peptide sequence, followed by a DNA sequence encoding a Kex2 cleavage site (Lysine-Arginine), and subsequently followed by the PVP polynucleotide transgene (PVP ORF), with the addition of glycine-serine codons at the 5’-end, and finally a stop codon at the 3’-end. All these elements will then be expressed to a fusion peptide in yeast cells as a single open reading frame (ORF).
  • ⁇ -mating factor ( ⁇ MF) signal sequence is most frequently used to facilitate metabolic processing of the recombinant insecticidal peptides through the endogenous secretion pathway of the recombinant yeast, i.e. the expressed fusion peptide will typically enter the Endoplasmic Reticulum, wherein the ⁇ -mating factor signal sequence is removed by signal peptidase activity, and then the resulting pro- insecticidal peptide will be trafficked to the Golgi Apparatus, in which the Lysine-Arginine dipeptide mentioned above is completely removed by Kex2 endoprotease, after which the mature, polypeptide (i.e., PVP), is secreted out of the cells.
  • ⁇ MF ⁇ -mating factor
  • polypeptide expression levels in recombinant yeast cells can be enhanced by optimizing the codons based on the specific host yeast species.
  • Naturally occurring frequencies of codons observed in endogenous open reading frames of a given host organism need not necessarily be optimized for high efficiency expression.
  • different yeast species for example, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, etc.
  • codon optimization should be considered for the PVP expression cassette, including the sequence elements encoding the signal sequence, the Kex2 cleavage site and the PVP, because they are initially translated as one fusion peptide in the recombinant yeast cells.
  • a codon-optimized PVP expression cassette can be ligated into a yeast-specific expression vectors for yeast expression.
  • yeast-specific expression vectors for yeast expression There are many expression vectors available for yeast expression, including episomal vectors and integrative vectors, and they are usually designed for specific yeast strains. One should carefully choose the appropriate 277702-549942 expression vector in view of the specific yeast expression system which will be used for the peptide production.
  • integrative vectors can be used, which integrate into chromosomes of the transformed yeast cells and remain stable through cycles of cell division and proliferation.
  • the integrative DNA sequences are homologous to targeted genomic DNA loci in the transformed yeast species, and such integrative sequences include pLAC4, 25S rDNA, pAOX1, and TRP2, etc.
  • the locations of insecticidal peptide transgenes can be adjacent to the integrative DNA sequence (Insertion vectors) or within the integrative DNA sequence (replacement vectors).
  • the expression vectors or cloning vectors can contain E. coli elements for DNA preparation in E. coli, for example, E. coli replication origin, antibiotic selection marker, etc.
  • vectors can contain an array of the sequence elements needed for expression of the transgene of interest, for example, transcriptional promoters, terminators, yeast selection markers, integrative DNA sequences homologous to host yeast DNA, etc.
  • yeast promoters include natural and engineered promoters, for example, yeast promoters such as pLAC4, pAOX1, pUPP, pADH1, pTEF, pGal1, etc., and others, can be used in some embodiments.
  • selection methods such as acetamide prototrophy selection; zeocin-resistance selection; geneticin-resistance selection; nourseothricin-resistance selection; uracil deficiency selection; and/or other selection methods may be used.
  • the Aspergillus nidulans amdS gene can be used as selectable marker. Exemplary methods for the use of selectable markers can be found in U.S. Patent Nos.6,548,285 (filed Apr.3, 1997); 6,165,715 (filed June 22, 1998); and 6,110,707 (filed Jan.17, 1997), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be inserted into a pKLAC1 vector.
  • the pKLAC1 is commercially available from New England Biolabs® Inc., (item no. (NEB #E1000).
  • the pKLAC1 is designed to accomplish high-level expression of recombinant protein (e.g., PVP) in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis.
  • the pKLAC1 plasmid can be ordered alone, or as part of a K. lactis Protein Expression Kit.
  • the pKLAC1 plasmid can be linearized using the SacII or BstXI restriction enzymes, and possesses a MCS downstream of an ⁇ MF secretion signal.
  • the ⁇ MF secretion signal directs recombinant proteins to the secretory pathway, which is then subsequently cleaved via Kex2 resulting in peptide of interest, for example, a PVP.
  • Kex2 is a calcium-dependent serine protease, which is involved in activating proproteins of the secretory pathway, and is commercially available (PeproTech®; item no.450- 45).
  • a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be inserted into a pLB102 plasmid, or subcloned into a pLB102 plasmid subsequent to selection of yeast colonies transformed with pKLAC1 plasmids ligated with polynucleotide encoding a PVP.
  • Yeast for example K. lactis
  • transformed with a pKLAC1 plasmids ligated with polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be selected based on acetamidase (amdS), which allows transformed yeast cells to grow in YCB medium containing acetamide as its only nitrogen source.
  • amdS acetamidase
  • a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be inserted into other commercially available plasmids and/or vectors that are readily available to those having skill in the art, e.g., plasmids are available from Addgene (a non-profit plasmid repository); GenScript®; Takara®; Qiagen®; and Promega TM .
  • a yeast cell transformed with one or more PVP expression cassettes can produce PVP in a yeast culture with a yield of: at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 110 mg/L, at least 120 mg/L, at least 130 mg/L, at least 140 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 160 mg/L, at least 170 mg/L, at least 180 mg/L, at least 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least 750 mg/L, at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 1,250 mg/L, at least 1,500 mg/L, at least 1,750 mg/L, at least 2,000 mg/L, at least 2,500 mg/L, at least 3,000 mg/L, at least 3,500 mg/L, at least 4,000 mg/L, at least 4,500 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 5,500 mg/L, at least at least 6,000 mg/L
  • a culture of K. lactis transformed with one or more PVP expressions cassettes can produce PVP in a yeast culture with a yield of: at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 110 mg/L, at least 120 mg/L, at least 130 mg/L, at least 140 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 160 mg/L, at least 170 mg/L, at least 180 mg/L, at least 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least 750 mg/L, at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 1,250 mg/L, at least 1,500 mg/L, at least 1,750 mg/L, at least 2,000 mg/L, at least 2,500 mg/L, at least 3,000 mg/L, at least 3,500 mg/L, at least 4,000 mg/L, at least 4,500 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 5,500 mg/L, at least
  • PTM1 trace salts solution Cupric sulfate-5H2O 6.0 g; Sodium iodide 0.08 g; Manganese sulfate- H2O 3.0 g; Sodium molybdate-2H2O 0.2 g; Boric Acid 0.02 g; Cobalt chloride 0.5 g; Zinc chloride 20.0 g; Ferrous sulfate-7H 2 O 65.0 g; Biotin 0.2 g; Sulfuric Acid 5.0 ml; add Water to a final volume of 1 liter.
  • An illustrative composition for K An illustrative composition for K.
  • lactis defined medium is as follows: 11.83 g/L KH2PO4, 2.299 g/L K2HPO4, 20 g/L of a fermentable sugar, e.g., galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or a sugar alcohol, for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol, 1 g/L MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, 10 g/L (NH 4 )SO 4 , 0.33 g/L CaCl 2 .2H 2 O, 1 g/L NaCl, 1 g/L KCl, 5 mg/L CuSO4.5H2O, 30 mg/L MnSO4.H2O, 10 mg/L, ZnCl2, 1 mg/L KI, 2 mg/L CoCl2.6H2
  • one or more expression cassettes comprising a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP can be inserted into a vector, resulting in a yield of about 100 mg/L of PVP (supernatant of yeast fermentation broth).
  • two expression cassettes comprising a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP can be inserted into a vector, for example a pKS022 plasmid, resulting in a yield of about 2 g/L of PVP (supernatant of yeast fermentation broth).
  • three expression cassettes comprising a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP can be inserted into a vector, for example a pLB103bT plasmid.
  • multiple PVP expression cassettes can be transfected into yeast in order to enable integration of one or more copies of the optimized PVP transgene into the K. lactis genome.
  • lactis genome is as follows: a PVP expression cassette DNA sequence is synthesized, 277702-549942 comprising an intact LAC4 promoter element, a codon-optimized PVP ORF element and a pLAC4 terminator element; the intact expression cassette is ligated into the pLB103b vector between Sal I and Kpn I restriction sites, downstream of the pLAC4 terminator of pLB10V5, resulting in the double transgene PVP expression vector, pKS022; the double transgene vectors, pKS022, are then linearized using Sac II restriction endonuclease and transformed into YCT306 strain of K. lactis by electroporation.
  • the resulting yeast colonies are then grown on YCB agar plate supplemented with 5 mM acetamide, which only the acetamidase-expressing cells could use efficiently as a metabolic source of nitrogen.
  • agar plate supplemented with 5 mM acetamide, which only the acetamidase-expressing cells could use efficiently as a metabolic source of nitrogen.
  • about 100 to 400 colonies can be picked from the pKS022 yeast plates. Inoculates from the colonies are each cultured in 2.2 mL of the defined K. lactis media with 2% sugar alcohol added as a carbon source. Cultures are incubated at 23.5°C, with shaking at 280 rpm, for six days, at which point cell densities in the cultures will reach their maximum levels as indicated by light absorbance at 600 nm (OD600).
  • Peptide synthesis or the chemical synthesis or peptides and/or polypeptides can be used to generate PVPs: these methods can be performed by those having ordinary skill in the art, and/or through the use of commercial vendors (e.g., GenScript®; Piscataway, New Jersey).
  • chemical peptide synthesis can be achieved using Liquid phase peptide synthesis (LPPS), or solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS).
  • peptide synthesis can generally be achieved by using a strategy wherein the coupling the carboxyl group of a subsequent amino acid to the N-terminus of a preceding amino acid generates the nascent polypeptide chain—a process that is opposite to the type of polypeptide synthesis that occurs in nature.
  • Peptide deprotection is an important first step in the chemical synthesis of polypeptides. Peptide deprotection is the process in which the reactive groups of amino acids are blocked through the use of chemicals in order to prevent said amino acid’s functional group from taking part in an unwanted or non-specific reaction or side reaction; in other words, the amino acids are “protected” from taking part in these undesirable reactions.
  • the amino acids Prior to synthesizing the peptide chain, the amino acids must be “deprotected” to allow the chain to form (i.e., amino acids to bind).
  • Chemicals used to protect the N-termini include 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), and tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), each of which can be removed via the use of a mild base (e.g., piperidine) and a moderately strong acid (e.g., trifluoracetic acid (TFA)), respectively.
  • a mild base e.g., piperidine
  • a moderately strong acid e.g., trifluoracetic acid (TFA)
  • the C-terminus protectant required is dependent on the type of chemical peptide synthesis strategy used: e.g., LPPS requires protection of the C-terminal amino acid, whereas SPPS does not owing to the solid support which acts as the protecting group.
  • Side chain amino acids require the use of several different protecting groups that vary based on the individual peptide sequence and N-terminal protection strategy; typically, however, the protecting group used for side chain amino acids are based on the tert-butyl (tBu) or benzyl (Bzl) protecting groups.
  • Amino acid coupling is the next step in a peptide synthesis procedure.
  • the incoming amino acid’s C-terminal carboxylic acid must be activated: this can be accomplished using carbodiimides such as diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), which react with the incoming amino acid’s carboxyl group to form an O-acylisourea intermediate.
  • the O-acylisourea intermediate is subsequently displaced via nucleophilic attack via the primary amino group on the N-terminus of the growing peptide chain.
  • the reactive intermediate generated by carbodiimides can result in the racemization of amino acids.
  • reagents such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) are added in order to react with the O-acylisourea intermediate.
  • HOBt 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
  • Other couple agents include 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), and benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP), with the additional activating bases.
  • HBTU 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
  • BOP benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
  • Determining which reagent is required for peptide cleavage is a function of the protection scheme used and overall synthesis method. For example, in some embodiments, hydrogen bromide (HBr); hydrogen fluoride (HF); or trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (TFMSA) can be used to cleave Bzl and Boc groups. Alternatively, in other embodiments, a less strong acid such as TFA can effectuate acidolysis of tBut and Fmoc groups. Finally, peptides can be purified based on the peptide’s physiochemical characteristics (e.g., charge, size, hydrophobicity, etc.).
  • Purification techniques include Reverse-phase chromatography (RPC); Size-exclusion chromatography; Partition chromatography; High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); and Ion exchange chromatography (IEC).
  • RPC Reverse-phase chromatography
  • HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
  • IEC Ion exchange chromatography
  • transformation to describe processes where exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA are introduced into a bacterial cell; and reserve the term “transfection” for processes that describe the introduction of exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells.
  • transformation and “transfection” are used synonymously, regardless of whether a process describes the introduction exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA into a prokaryote (e.g., bacteria) or a eukaryote (e.g., yeast, plants, or animals).
  • a host cell can be transformed with a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP.
  • a vector containing a PVP expression cassette can be cloned into an expression plasmid and transformed into a host cell.
  • the yeast cell can any one of those yeast cells described herein.
  • a host cell can be transformed using the following methods: electroporation; cell squeezing; microinjection; impalefection; the use of hydrostatic pressure; sonoporation; optical transfection; continuous infusion; lipofection; through the use of viruses such as adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, herpes simplex virus, and retrovirus; the chemical phosphate method; endocytosis via DEAE-dextran or polyethylenimine (PEI); protoplast fusion; hydrodynamic deliver; magnetofection; nucleoinfection; and/or others.
  • viruses such as adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, herpes simplex virus, and retrovirus
  • viruses such as adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, herpes simplex virus, and retrovirus
  • viruses such as adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, herpes simplex virus, and retrovirus
  • viruses
  • electroporation can be used transform a cell with one or more PVP expression cassettes, which can produce PVP in a yeast culture with a yield of: at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 110 mg/L, at least 120 mg/L, at least 130 mg/L, at least 140 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 160 mg/L, at least 170 mg/L, at least 180 mg/L, at least 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least 750 mg/L, at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 1,250 mg/L, at least 1,500 mg/L, at least 1,750 mg/L, at least 2,000 mg/L, at least 2,500 mg/L, at least 3,000 mg/L, at least 3,500 mg/L, at least 4,000 mg/L, at least 4,500 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 5,500 mg/L, at
  • Electroporation is a technique in which electricity is applied to cells causing the cell membrane to become permeable; this in turn allows exogenous DNA to be introduced into the cells. Electroporation is readily known to those having ordinary skill in the art, and the tools and devices required to achieve electroporation are commercially available (e.g., Gene Pulser XcellTM Electroporation Systems, Bio-Rad®; Neon® Transfection System for Electroporation, Thermo-Fisher Scientific; and other tools and/or devices). Exemplary methods of electroporation are illustrated in Potter & Heller, Transfection by Electroporation.
  • electroporation can be used to introduce a vector containing a polynucleotide encoding a PVP into yeast, for example, in some embodiments, a PVP expression cassette cloned into a plasmid, and transformed into yeast cells via electroporation.
  • a PVP expression cassette cloned into a plasmid, and transformed a yeast cell via electroporation can be accomplished by inoculating about 10-200 277702-549942 mL of yeast extract peptone dextrose (YEPD) with a suitable yeast species, for example, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, etc., and incubate on a shaker at 30°C until the early exponential phase of yeast culture (e.g.
  • galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or sugar alcohol for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol, followed by spinning down at 3,000 rpm for 5 minutes; resuspending the cells with proper volume of ice cold 1M fermentable sugar, e.g.
  • electroporation can be used to introduce a vector containing a polynucleotide encoding a PVP into yeast, for example, a PVP cloned into a plasmid, and transformed into K.
  • lactis cells via electroporation can be accomplished by inoculating about 10-200 mL of yeast extract peptone dextrose (YEPD) incubating on a shaker at 30°C until the early exponential phase of yeast culture (e.g. about 0.6 to 2 x 10 8 cells/mL); harvesting the yeast in sterile centrifuge tube and centrifuging at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4°C (note: keep cells chilled during the procedure) washing cells with 40 mL of ice cold, sterile deionized water, and pelleting the cells a 23,000 rpm for 5 minutes; repeating the wash step, and the resuspending the cells in 20 mL of 1M fermentable sugar, e.g.
  • YEPD yeast extract peptone dextrose
  • galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or sugar alcohol for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol, followed by spinning down at 3,000 rpm for 5 minutes; resuspending the cells with proper volume of ice cold 1M fermentable sugar, e.g.
  • galactose maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or a sugar alcohol, for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol mixture, and then spreading onto selective plates.
  • a sugar alcohol for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol mixture, and then spreading onto selective plates.
  • using the illustrated methods described herein, i.e., vectors of the present invention utilizing yeast, and methods transformation and fermentation, may result in production of PVP in amounts of: at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 110 mg/L, at least 120 mg/L, at least 130 mg/L, at least 140 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 160 mg/L, at least 170 mg/L, at least 180 mg/L, at least 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least 750 mg/L, at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 1,250 mg/L, at least 1,500 mg/L, at least 1,750 mg/L, at least 2,000 mg/L, at least 2,500 mg/L, at least 3,000 mg/L, at least 3,500 mg/L, at least 4,000 mg/L, at least 4,500 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 5,500 mg
  • electroporation can be used to introduce a vector containing a polynucleotide encoding a PVP into plant protoplasts by incubating sterile plant material in a protoplast solution (e.g., around 8 mL of 10 mM 2-[N-morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid (MES), pH 5.5; 0.01% (w/v) pectylase; 1% (w/v) macerozyme; 40 mM CaCl2; and 0.4 M mannitol) and adding the mixture to a rotary shaker for about 3 to 6 hours at 30°C to produce protoplasts; removing debris via 80- ⁇ m-mesh nylon screen filtration; rinsing the screen with about 4 ml plant electroporation buffer (e.g., 5 mM CaCl 2 ; 0.4 M mannitol; and PBS); combining the protoplasts in a sterile 15 mL conical centr
  • Host cells The methods, compositions, PVPs, and PVP-insecticidal proteins of the present invention may be implemented in any cell type, e.g., a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein is a prokaryote.
  • the host cell may be an Archaebacteria or Eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms. Examples of useful bacteria include Escherichia (e.g., E. coli), Bacilli (e.g., B.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a unicellular cell.
  • the host cell may be bacterial cells such as gram positive bacteria.
  • the host cell may be a bacteria selected from the following genera consisting of: Candidatus Chloracidobacterium, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Frankia, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Propionibacterium, Streptomyces, Aquifex Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Flavobacterium, Chlamydia, Prosthecobacter, Verrucomicrobium, Chloroflexus, Chroococcus, Merismopedia, Synechococcus, Anabaena, Nostoc, Spirulina, Trichodesmium, Pleurocapsa, Prochlorococcus, Prochloron, Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Dehalobacter, Epulopiscium, Ruminococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Erysipel
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be selected from one of the following bacteria species: Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces murinus, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces albicans, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces plicatosporus, Escherichia albertii, Escherichia blattae, Escherichia coli, Escherichia fergusonii, Escherichia hermannii, Escherichia
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein can be eukaryote.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a cell belonging to the clades: Opisthokonta; Viridiplantae (e.g., algae and plant); Amebozoa; Cercozoa; Alveolata; Marine flagellates; Heterokonta; Discicristata; or Excavata.
  • the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished using a host cell that is, e.g., a Metazoan, a Choanoflagellata, or a fungi.
  • the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished using a host cell that is a fungi.
  • the host cell may be a cell belonging to the eukaryote phyla: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Microsporidia, or Zygomycota
  • the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished using a host cell that is a fungi belonging to one of the following genera: Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Magnaporthe, Morchella, Neurospora, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Cryptococcus, or Ustilago.
  • the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished using a host cell that is a fungi belonging to one of the following species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardi, Saccharomyces uvarum; Aspergillus flavus, A. terreus, A.
  • the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished using a host cell that is a Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Pichia pastoris.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a fungi belonging to one of the following genera: Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Magnaporthe, Morchella, Neurospora, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Cryptococcus, or Ustilago.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a member of the Saccharomycetaceae family.
  • the host cell may be one of the following genera within the Saccharomycetaceae family: Brettanomyces, Candida, Citeromyces, Cyniclomyces, Debaryomyces, Issatchenkia, Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, Komagataella, Kuraishia, Lachancea, Lodderomyces, Nakaseomyces, Pachysolen, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Spathaspora, Tetrapisispora, Vanderwaltozyma, Torulaspora, Williopsis, Zygosaccharomyces, or Zygotorulaspora.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be one of the following: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus awamori, Cladosporium elatum, Cladosporium Herbarum, Cladosporium Sphaerospermum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Magnaporthe grisea, Magnaporthe oryzae, Magnaporthe rhizophila, Morchella deliciosa, Morchella esculenta, Morchella conica, Neurospora crassa, Neurospora intermedia, Neurospora tetrasperma, Penicillium notatum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium roquefortii, or Penicillium simplicissimum.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a species within the Candida genus.
  • the host cell may be one of the following: Candida albicans, Candida ascalaphidarum, Candida amphixiae, Candida antarctica, Candida argentea, Candida atlantica, Candida atmosphaerica, Candida auris, Candida blankii, Candida blattae, Candida bracarensis, Candida bromeliacearum, Candida carpophila, Candida carvajalis, Candida cerambycidarum, Candida chauliodes, Candida corydalis, Candida dosseyi, Candida dubliniensis, Candida ergatensis, Candida fructus, Candida glabrata, Candida fermentati, Candida guilliermondii, Candida haemulonii, Candida humilis, Candida insectamens, Candida insectorum, Candida intermedia, Candida jeffresii, or Candida kef
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a species within the Kluyveromyces genus.
  • the host cell may be one 277702-549942 of the following: Kluyveromyces aestuarii, Kluyveromyces dobzhanskii, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kluyveromyces nonfermentans, or Kluyveromyces wickerhamii.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a species within the Pichia genus.
  • the host cell may be one of the following: Pichia farinose, Pichia anomala, Pichia heedii, Pichia guilliermondii, Pichia kluyveri, Pichia membranifaciens, Pichia norvegensis, Pichia ohmeri, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, or Pichia subpelliculosa.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a species within the Saccharomyces genus.
  • the host cell may be one of the following: Saccharomyces arboricolus, Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces bulderi, Saccharomyces cariocanus, Saccharomyces cariocus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii, Saccharomyces chevalieri, Saccharomyces dairenensis, Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, Saccharomyces eubayanus, Saccharomyces exiguous, Saccharomyces florentinus, Saccharomyces fragilis, Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, Saccharomyces martiniae, Saccharomyces mikatae, Saccharomyces monacensis, Saccharomyces norbensis, Saccharomyces paradoxus, Saccharomyces pastorianus, Saccharomyces spencerorum, Saccharomyces arbor
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be one of the following: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, or Hansenula anomala.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pichia pastoris
  • Pichia methanolica Pichia methanolica
  • Schizosaccharomyces pombe or Hansenula anomala.
  • the use of yeast cells as a host organism to generate recombinant PVP is an exceptional method, well known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • the methods and compositions described herein can be performed with any species of yeast, including but not limited to any species of the genus Saccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Hansenula, Yarrowia or Schizosaccharomyces and the species Saccharomyces includes any species of Saccharomyces, for example Saccharomyces cerevisiae species selected from following strains: INVSc1, YNN27, S150-2B, W303-1B, CG25, W3124, JRY188, BJ5464, AH22, GRF18, W303-1A and BJ3505.
  • members of the Pichia species including any species of Pichia for example the Pichia species, Pichia pastoris, for example, the Pichia pastoris is selected from following strains: Bg08, Y-11430, X-33, GS115, GS190, JC220, JC254, GS200, JC227, JC300, JC301, JC302, JC303, JC304, JC305, JC306, JC307, JC308, YJN165, KM71, MC100-3, SMD1163, SMD1165, SMD1168, GS241, MS105, any pep4 knock- out strain and any prb1 knock-out strain, as well as Pichia pastoris selected from following strains: Bg08, X-33, SMD1168 and KM71.
  • any Kluyveromyces species 277702-549942 can be used to accomplish the methods described here, including any species of Kluyveromyces, for example, Kluyveromyces lactis, and we teach that the stain of Kluyveromyces lactis can be but is not required to be selected from following strains: GG799, YCT306, YCT284, YCT389, YCT390, YCT569, YCT598, NRRL Y-1140, MW98-8C, MS1, CBS293.91, Y721, MD2/1, PM6-7A, WM37, K6, K7, 22AR1, 22A295-1, SD11, MG1/2, MSK110, JA6, CMK5, HP101, HP108 and PM6-3C, in addition to Kluyveromyces lactis species is selected from GG799, YCT306 and NRRL Y-1140.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be an Aspergillus oryzae. [00339] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be an Aspergillus japonicas. [00340] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be an Aspergillus niger. [00341] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a Bacillus licheniformis.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a Bacillus subtilis.
  • the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a Trichoderma reesei.
  • the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished with any species of yeast, including but not limited to any species of Hansenula species including any species of Hansenula and preferably Hansenula polymorpha.
  • the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished with any species of yeast, including but not limited to any species of Yarrowia species for example, Yarrowia lipolytica. In some embodiments, the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished with any species of yeast, including but not limited to any species of Schizosaccharomyces species including any species of Schizosaccharomyces and preferably Schizosaccharomyces pombe. [00345] In some embodiments, yeast species such as Kluyveromyces lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, and others, can be used as a host organism. Yeast cell culture techniques are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • Exemplary methods of yeast cell culture can be found in Evans, Yeast Protocols. Springer (1996); Bill, Recombinant Protein Production in Yeast. Springer (2012); Hagan et al., Fission Yeast: A Laboratory Manual, CSH Press (2016); Konishi et al., Improvement of the transformation efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by altering carbon sources in pre-culture. Biosci 277702-549942 Biotechnol Biochem.2014; 78(6):1090-3; Dymond, Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth media. Methods Enzymol.2013; 533:191-204; Looke et al., Extraction of genomic DNA from yeasts for PCR-based applications.
  • MSM media recipe 2 g/L sodium citrate dihydrate; 1 g/L calcium sulfate dihydrate (0.79 g/L anhydrous calcium sulfate); 42.9g/L potassium phosphate monobasic; 5.17g/L ammonium sulfate; 14.33 g/L potassium sulfate; 11.7 g/L magnesium sulfate heptahydrate; 2 mL/L PTM1trace salt solution; 0.4 ppm biotin (from 500X, 200 ppm stock); 1-2% pure glycerol or other carbon source.
  • PTM1 trace salts solution Cupric sulfate-5H2O 6.0 g; Sodium iodide 0.08 g; Manganese sulfate-H2O 3.0 g; Sodium molybdate-2H 2 O 0.2 g; Boric Acid 0.02 g; Cobalt chloride 0.5 g; Zinc chloride 20.0 g; Ferrous sulfate-7H2O 65.0 g; Biotin 0.2 g; Sulfuric Acid 5.0 ml; add Water to a final volume of 1 liter.
  • An illustrative composition for K An illustrative composition for K.
  • lactis defined medium is as follows: 11.83 g/L KH2PO4, 2.299 g/L K2HPO4, 20 g/L of a fermentable sugar, e.g., galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or a sugar alcohol, for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol, 1 g/L MgSO4.7H2O, 10 g/L (NH4)SO4, 0.33 g/L CaCl2.2H2O, 1 g/L NaCl, 1 g/L KCl, 5 mg/L CuSO 4 .5H 2 O, 30 mg/L MnSO 4 .H 2 O, 10 mg/L, ZnCl 2 , 1 mg/L KI, 2 mg/L CoCl 2 .6H 2
  • Yeast cells can be cultured in 48-well Deep-well plates, sealed after inoculation with sterile, air-permeable cover. Colonies of yeast, for example, K. lactis cultured on plates can be picked and inoculated the deep-well plates with 2.2 mL media per well, composed of DMSor. Inoculated deep-well plates can be grown for 6 days at 23.5 ⁇ C with 280 rpm shaking in a refrigerated incubator-shaker. On day 6 post-inoculation, conditioned media should be harvested by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, followed by filtration using filter plate with 0.22 ⁇ M membrane, with filtered media are subject to HPLC analyses.
  • a yeast strain can be produced by (a) preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP or complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9- 277702-549942 X 10 -X 11 -C-S-C-P-G-X 12 -G-K-C-R-C-X 13 -X 14 -X 15 -X 16 , wherein the PVP comprises at
  • X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S
  • X2 is the amino acid A
  • X3 is the amino acid E
  • X4 is the amino acid A
  • X5 is the amino acid N, or A
  • X6 is the amino acid D, or E
  • X 7 is the amino acid A
  • X 8 is the amino acid G or D
  • X 9 is the amino acid E, or G
  • X10 is the amino acid M or Y
  • X11 is the amino acid W or Y
  • X12 is the amino acid F
  • X13 is the amino acid K
  • X 14 is the amino acid K
  • X 15 is the amino acid S
  • X 16 is absent, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
  • a yeast strain can be produced by (a) preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP or complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 -C-L-X 5 -E-G-X 6 -W-C-A-D-W-X 7 -G-P-S-C-C-X 8 -X 9 -X 10 -X 11 -C- S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid sequence according to Formula (I):
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the PVP comprises an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the PVP is a homopolymer or heteropolymer of two or more PVPs, wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP is the same or different.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the PVP is a fused protein comprising two or more PVPs separated by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, and wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP may be the same or different.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the linker is cleavable inside the gut or hemolymph of an insect.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the vector is a plasmid comprising an alpha-MF signal.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the vector is transformed into a yeast strain.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the yeast strain is selected from any species of the genera Saccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Hansenula, Yarrowia or Schizosaccharomyces.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the yeast strain is selected from the group consisting of Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the yeast strain is Kluyveromyces lactis.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein expression of the PVP provides a yield of at least: 70 mg/L, 80 mg/L, 90 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 110 mg/L, 120 mg/L, 130 mg/L, 140 mg/L, 150 mg/L, 160 mg/L, 170 mg/L, 180 mg/L, 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 750 mg/L, 1,000 mg/L, 1,250 mg/L, 1,500 mg/L, 1,750 mg/L or at least 20,000 mg/L of PVP per liter of medium.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein expression of the PVP provides a yield of at least 100 mg/L of PVP per liter of medium.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein expression of the PVP in the medium results in the expression of a single PVP in the medium.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein expression of the PVP in the medium results in the expression of a PVP polymer comprising two or more PVP polypeptides in the medium.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the vector comprises two or three expression cassettes, each expression cassette operable to encode the PVP of the first expression cassette.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the vector comprises two or three expression cassettes, each expression cassette operable to encode the PVP of the first expression cassette, or a PVP of a different expression cassette.
  • a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the expression cassette is operable to encode a PVP as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
  • Any of the aforementioned methods, and/or any of the methods described herein, can be used to produce one or more of the PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins as described herein.
  • any of the methods described herein can be used to produce one or more of the PVPs described in the present disclosure, e.g., PVPs having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-5, which are likewise described herein.
  • yeast transformation PVP purification, and analysis
  • An exemplary method of yeast transformation is as follows: the expression vectors carrying a PVP ORF are transformed into yeast cells. First, the expression vectors are usually linearized by specific restriction enzyme cleavage to facilitate chromosomal integration via homologous recombination. The linear expression vector is then transformed into yeast cells by a chemical or electroporation method of transformation and integrated into the targeted locus 277702-549942 of the yeast genome by homologous recombination. The integration can happen at the same chromosomal locus multiple times; therefore, the genome of a transformed yeast cell can contain multiple copies of PVP expression cassettes.
  • the successfully transformed yeast cells can be identified using growth conditions that favor a selective marker engineered into the expression vector and co-integrated into yeast chromosomes with the PVP ORF; examples of such markers include, but are not limited to, acetamide prototrophy, zeocin resistance, geneticin resistance, nourseothricin resistance, and uracil prototrophy.
  • markers include, but are not limited to, acetamide prototrophy, zeocin resistance, geneticin resistance, nourseothricin resistance, and uracil prototrophy.
  • the transgenic yeast cultures can be performed using 14 mL round bottom polypropylene culture tubes with 5 to 10 mL defined medium added to each tube, or in 48-well deep well culture plates with 2.2 mL defined medium added to each well.
  • the defined medium not containing crude proteinaceous extracts or by-products such as yeast extract or peptone, is used for the cultures to reduce the protein background in the conditioned media harvested for the later screening steps.
  • the cultures are performed at the optimal temperature, for example, 23.5°C for K.
  • PVPs will now be produced by the transformed yeast cells and secreted out of cells to the growth medium.
  • cells are removed from the cultures by centrifugation and the supernatants are collected as the conditioned media, which are then cleaned by filtration through 0.22 ⁇ m filter membrane and then made ready for strain screening.
  • positive yeast colonies transformed with PVP can be screened via reverse-phase HPLC (rpHPLC) screening of putative yeast colonies.
  • rpHPLC reverse-phase HPLC
  • Acetonitrile and water are used as mobile phase solvents, and a UV absorbance detector set at 220 nm is used for the peptide detection.
  • Appropriate amounts of the conditioned medium samples are loaded into the rpHPLC system and eluted with a linear gradient of mobile phase solvents. The corresponding peak area of the insecticidal peptide in the HPLC chromatograph is used to quantify the PVP concentrations in the conditioned media.
  • Known amounts of pure PVP are run 277702-549942 through the same rpHPLC column with the same HPLC protocol to confirm the retention time of the peptide and to produce a standard peptide HPLC curve for the quantification.
  • lactis cells is as follows: a PVP ORF can be inserted into the expression vector, pKLAC1, and transformed into the K. lactis strain, YCT306, from New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA.
  • pKLAC1 vector is an integrative expression vector. Once the PVP transgenes were cloned into pKLAC1 and transformed into YCT306, their expression was controlled by the LAC4 promoter. The resulting transformed colonies produced pre-propeptides comprising an ⁇ -mating factor signal peptide, a Kex2 cleavage site and mature PVPs.
  • codon optimization for PVP expression can be performed in two rounds, for example, in the first round, based on some common features of high expression DNA sequences, multiple variants of the PVP ORF, expressing an ⁇ -Mating factor signal peptide, a Kex2 cleavage site and the PVP, are designed and their expression levels are evaluated in the YCT306 strain of K. lactis, resulting in an initial K. lactis expression algorithm; in a second round of optimization, additional variant PVP ORFs can be designed based on the initial K.
  • the resulting DNA sequence from the foregoing optimization can have an open reading frame encoding an ⁇ -MF signal peptide, a Kex2 cleavage site and a PVP, which can be cloned into the pKLAC1 vector using Hind III and Not I restriction sites, resulting in PVP expression vectors.
  • the yeast, Pichia pastoris can be transformed with a PVP expression cassette.
  • An exemplary method for transforming P. pastoris is as follows: yeast vectors can be used to transform a PVP expression cassette into P. pastoris.
  • the vectors can be obtained from commercial vendors known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • the vectors can be integrative vectors, and may use the uracil phosphoribosyltransferase promoter (pUPP) to enhance the heterologous transgene expression.
  • the vectors may offer different selection strategies; e.g., in some embodiments, the only difference between the vectors can be that one vector may provide G418 resistance to the host yeast, while the other vector may provide Zeocin resistance.
  • pairs of complementary oligonucleotides, encoding the PVP may be designed and synthesized for subcloning into the two yeast expression vectors.
  • Hybridization reactions can be performed by mixing the corresponding complementary oligonucleotides to a final concentration of 20 ⁇ M in 30 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-Cl (all final concentrations), pH 8, and then incubating at 277702-549942 95°C for 20 min, followed by a 9-hour incubation starting at 92°C and ending at 17°C, with 3 °C drops in temperature every 20 min.
  • the hybridization reactions will result in DNA fragments encoding PVP.
  • the two P. pastoris vectors can be digested with BsaI-HF restriction enzymes, and the double stranded DNA products of the reactions are then subcloned into the linearized P. pastoris vectors using standard procedures.
  • plasmid aliquots can be transfected by electroporation into a P. pastoris strain (e.g., Bg08).
  • the resulting transformed yeast can be selected based on resistance (e.g., in this example, to Zeocin or G418) conferred by elements engineered into the vectors.
  • Yeast peptide yield screening and evaluation [00376] In some embodiments, PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein yield can be evaluated using an Agilent 1100 HPLC system equipped with an Onyx monolithic 4.5 x 100 mm, C18 reverse-phase analytical HPLC column and an auto-injector.
  • lactis cells are analyzed using Agilent 1100 HPLC system equipped with an Onyx monolithic 4.5 x 100 mm, C18 reverse-phase analytical HPLC column and an auto-injector by analyzing HPLC grade water and acetonitrile containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, constituting the two mobile phase solvents used for the HPLC analyses; the peak areas of both the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein are analyzed using HPLC chromatographs, and then used to calculate the peptide concentration in the conditioned media, which can be further normalized to the corresponding final cell densities (as determined by OD600 measurements) as normalized peptide yield.
  • positive yeast colonies transformed with PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein can be screened using a housefly injection assay.
  • PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein can paralyze/kill houseflies when injected in measured doses through the body wall of the dorsal thorax.
  • the efficacy of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein can be defined by the median paralysis/lethal dose of the peptide (PD 50 /LD 50 ), which causes 50% knock-down ratio or mortality of the injected houseflies respectively.
  • the pure PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein is normally used in the housefly injection assay to generate a standard dose-response curve, from which a PD 50 /LD 50 value can be determined.
  • a PD 50 /LD 50 value from the analysis of a standard dose-response curve of the pure PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein
  • quantification of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein produced by the transformed yeast can be achieved using a housefly injection assay performed with serial dilutions of the corresponding conditioned media.
  • An exemplary housefly injection bioassay is as follows: conditioned media is serially diluted to generate full dose-response curves from the housefly injection bioassay. 277702-549942 Before injection, adult houseflies (Musca domestica) are immobilized with CO 2 , and 12-18 mg houseflies are selected for injection. A microapplicator, loaded with a 1 cc syringe and 30-gauge needle, is used to inject 0.5 ⁇ L per fly, doses of serially diluted conditioned media samples into houseflies through the body wall of the dorsal thorax.
  • Peptide yield means the peptide concentration in the conditioned media in units of mg/L.
  • peptide yields are not always sufficient to accurately compare the strain production rate. Individual strains may have different growth rates, hence when a culture is harvested, different cultures may vary in cell density. A culture with a high cell density may produce a higher concentration of the peptide in the media, even though the peptide production rate of the strain is lower than another strain which has a higher production rate.
  • the term “normalized yield” is created by dividing the peptide yield with the cell density in the corresponding culture and this allows a better comparison of the peptide production rate between strains.
  • the cell density is represented by the light absorbance at 600 nm with a unit of “A” (Absorbance unit).
  • Screening yeast colonies that have undergone a transformation with PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein can identify the high yield yeast strains from hundreds of potential colonies. These strains can be fermented in bioreactor to achieve at least up to 4 g/L or at least up to 3 g/L or at least up to 2 g/L yield of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein when using optimized fermentation media and fermentation conditions described herein.
  • the higher rates of production can be anywhere from about 100 mg/L to about 100,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 90, 000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 80,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 70,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 60,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 50,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 40,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 30,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 20,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 17,500 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 15,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 12,500 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 10,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 9,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 8,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 7,000 mg/L; or
  • Agriculturally acceptable salts [00381] In some embodiments, agriculturally acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, crystal forms and individual isomers, enantiomers, tautomers, diastereomers and prodrugs of the PVP described herein can be utilized. [00382] In some embodiments, a agriculturally acceptable salt of the present invention possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound.
  • Such salts include: acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids; acid addition salts formed with organic acids; or salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, and the like.
  • agriculturally acceptable salts include conventional toxic or non-toxic salts.
  • convention non-toxic salts include those such as fumarate, phosphate, citrate, chlorydrate, and the like.
  • the agriculturally acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from a parent compound by conventional chemical methods.
  • such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two.
  • non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., 277702-549942 Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p.1418, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • a agriculturally acceptable salt can be one of the following: hydrochloride; sodium; sulfate; acetate; phosphate or diphosphate; chloride; potassium; maleate; calcium; citrate; mesylate; nitrate; tartrate; aluminum; or gluconate.
  • a list of agriculturally acceptable acids that can be used to form salts can be: glycolic acid; hippuric acid; hydrobromic acid; hydrochloric acid; isobutyric acid; lactic acid (DL); lactobionic acid; lauric acid; maleic acid; malic acid (- L); malonic acid; mandelic acid (DL); methanesulfonic acid ; naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid; naphthalene-2- sulfonic acid; nicotinic acid; nitric acid; oleic acid; oxalic acid; palmitic acid; pamoic acid; phosphoric acid; proprionic acid; pyroglutamic acid (- L); salicylic acid; sebacic acid; stearic acid; succinic acid; sulfuric acid; tartaric acid (+ L); thiocyanic acid; toluenesulfonic acid (p); undecylenic acid;
  • agriculturally acceptable salt can be any organic or inorganic addition salt.
  • the salt may use an inorganic acid and an organic acid as a free acid.
  • the inorganic acid may be hydrochloric acid, bromic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, etc.
  • the organic acid may be citric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, methane sulfonic acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, galacturonic acid, embonic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, oxalic acid, (D) or (L) malic acid, maleic acid, methane sulfonic acid, ethane sulfonic acid, 4-toluene sulfonic acid, salicylic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, malonic acid, etc.
  • the salts include alkali metal salts (sodium salts, potassium salts, etc.) and alkaline earth metal salts (calcium salts, magnesium salts, etc.).
  • the acid addition salt may include acetate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulfate/sulfate, borate, camsylate, citrate, edisilate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate, hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, 277702-549942 mesylate, methyl sulfate, naphthalate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, ox
  • the agriculturally acceptable salt can be a salt with an acid such as acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, ethylsuccinic acid, lactobionic acid, gluconic acid, glucoheptonic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, laurylsulfuric acid, malic acid, aspartic acid, glutaminic acid, adipic acid, cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydroiodic acid, nicotinic acid, oxalic acid, picric
  • an acid such as acetic acid
  • the agriculturally acceptable salt can be prepared from either inorganic or organic bases.
  • Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, ferrous, zinc, copper, manganous, aluminum, ferric, manganic salts, and the like.
  • Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts.
  • Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally-occurring substituted amines, and cyclic amines, including isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2- dimethylaminoethanol, tromethamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, N-alkylglucamines, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, and the like.
  • agriculturally acceptable salt refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • Agriculturally acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge, et al. describe agriculturally acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66: 1–19 (1977), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the salts of the present invention can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid.
  • suitable organic acid examples include agriculturally 277702-549942 acceptable , nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
  • Other agriculturally acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
  • Further agriculturally acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.
  • Exemplary descriptions of agriculturally acceptable salts is provided in P. H. Stahl and C. G. Wermuth, (editors), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use, John Wiley & Sons, Aug 23, (2002), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • PVP INCORPORATION INTO PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF The PVPs described herein, and/or an insecticidal protein comprising at least one PVP as described herein, can be incorporated into plants, plant tissues, plant cells, plant seeds, and/or plant parts thereof, for either the stable, or transient expression of a PVP or a PVP- insecticidal protein, and/or a polynucleotide sequence encoding the same.
  • the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein can be incorporated into a plant using recombinant techniques known in the art.
  • the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be in the form of an insecticidal protein which may comprise one or more PVP monomers.
  • PVP also encompasses a PVP-insecticidal protein
  • PVP polynucleotide is similarly also used to encompass a polynucleotide or group of polynucleotides operable to express and/or encode an insecticidal protein comprising one or more PVPs.
  • the goal of incorporating a PVP into plants is to deliver PVPs and/or PVP- insecticidal proteins to the pest via the insect’s consumption of the transgenic PVP expressed in a plant tissue consumed by the insect.
  • the consumed PVP may have the ability to inhibit the growth, impair the movement, or even kill an insect.
  • transgenic plants expressing a PVP polynucleotide and/or a PVP polypeptide may express said PVP polynucleotide/polypeptide in a variety of plant tissues, including but not limited to: the epidermis (e.g., mesophyll); periderm; phloem; xylem; parenchyma; collenchyma; sclerenchyma; and primary and secondary meristematic tissues.
  • a polynucleotide sequence encoding a PVP can be operably linked to a regulatory region containing a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promoter, resulting in the expression of a PVP in a plant’s mesophyll tissue.
  • Transgenic plants expressing a PVP and/or a polynucleotide operable to express PVP can be generated by any one of the various methods and protocols well known to those having ordinary skill in the art; such methods of the invention do not require that a particular method for introducing a nucleotide construct to a plant be used, only that the nucleotide construct gains access to the interior of at least one cell of the plant.
  • Transgenic plants or “transformed plants” or “stably transformed” plants or cells or tissues refers to plants that have incorporated or integrated exogenous nucleic acid sequences or DNA fragments into the plant cell. These nucleic acid sequences include those that are exogenous, or not present in the untransformed plant cell, as well as those that may be endogenous, or present in the untransformed plant cell.
  • Heterologous generally refers to the nucleic acid sequences that are not endogenous to the cell or part of the native genome in which they are present, and have been added to the cell by infection, transfection, microinjection, electroporation, microprojection, or the like.
  • Transformation of plant cells can be accomplished by one of several techniques known in the art. Typically, a construct that expresses an exogenous or heterologous peptide or polypeptide of interest (e.g., a PVP), would contain a promoter to drive transcription of the gene, as well as a 3’ untranslated region to allow transcription termination and polyadenylation. The design and organization of such constructs is well known in the art.
  • a gene can be engineered such that the resulting peptide is secreted, or otherwise targeted within the plant cell to a specific region and/or organelle.
  • the gene can be engineered to contain a signal peptide to facilitate transfer of the peptide to the endoplasmic reticulum. It may 277702-549942 also be preferable to engineer the plant expression cassette to contain an intron, such that mRNA processing of the intron is required for expression.
  • a plant expression cassette can be inserted into a plant transformation vector. This plant transformation vector may be comprised of one or more DNA vectors needed for achieving plant transformation.
  • Binary vectors typically contain a plasmid vector that contains the cis-acting sequences required for T-DNA transfer (such as left border and right border), a selectable marker that is engineered to be capable of expression in a plant cell, and a “gene of interest” (a gene engineered to be capable of expression in a plant cell for which generation of transgenic plants is desired). Also present on this plasmid vector are sequences required for bacterial replication. The cis-acting sequences are arranged in a fashion to allow efficient transfer into plant cells and expression therein. For example, the selectable marker gene and the PVP are located between the left and right borders.
  • a second plasmid vector contains the trans-acting factors that mediate T-DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to plant cells.
  • This plasmid often contains the virulence functions (Vir genes) that allow infection of plant cells by Agrobacterium, and transfer of DNA by cleavage at border sequences and vir-mediated DNA transfer, as is understood in the art (Hellens and Mullineaux (2000) Trends in Plant Science 5:446-451).
  • Several types of Agrobacterium strains e.g. LBA4404, GV3101, EHA101, EHA105, etc.
  • the second plasmid vector is not necessary for transforming the plants by other methods such as microprojection, microinjection, electroporation, polyethylene glycol, etc.
  • plant transformation methods involve transferring heterologous DNA into target plant cells (e.g. immature or mature embryos, suspension cultures, undifferentiated callus, protoplasts, etc.), followed by applying a maximum threshold level of appropriate selection (depending on the selectable marker gene) to recover the transformed plant cells from a group of untransformed cell mass.
  • target plant cells e.g. immature or mature embryos, suspension cultures, undifferentiated callus, protoplasts, etc.
  • a maximum threshold level of appropriate selection depending on the selectable marker gene
  • Explants are typically transferred to a fresh supply of the same medium and cultured routinely.
  • the transformed cells are differentiated into shoots after placing on regeneration medium supplemented with a maximum threshold level of selecting agent.
  • the shoots are then transferred to a selective rooting medium for recovering rooted shoot or plantlet.
  • the transgenic plantlet then grows into a mature plant and produces fertile seeds (e.g.
  • Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing nucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation.
  • Generation of transgenic plants may be performed by one of several methods, including, but not limited to, microinjection, electroporation, direct gene transfer, introduction of heterologous DNA by Agrobacterium into plant cells (Agrobacterium- mediated transformation), bombardment of plant cells with heterologous foreign DNA adhered to particles, ballistic particle acceleration, aerosol beam transformation, Lec1 transformation, and various other non-particle direct-mediated methods to transfer DNA.
  • Chloroplasts can also be readily transformed, and methods concerning the transformation of chloroplasts are known in the art. See, for example, Svab et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:8526-8530; Svab and Maliga (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • the method of chloroplast transformation relies on particle gun delivery of DNA containing a selectable marker and targeting of the DNA to the plastid genome through homologous recombination. Additionally, plastid transformation can be accomplished by transactivation of a silent plastid-borne transgene by tissue-preferred expression of a nuclear-encoded and plastid-directed RNA polymerase. Such a system has been reported in McBride et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7301-7305.
  • heterologous foreign DNA Following integration of heterologous foreign DNA into plant cells, one having ordinary skill may then apply a maximum threshold level of appropriate selection chemical/reagent (e.g., an antibiotic) in the medium to kill the untransformed cells, and separate and grow the putatively transformed cells that survive from this selection treatment by transferring said surviving cells regularly to a fresh medium.
  • appropriate selection chemical/reagent e.g., an antibiotic
  • an artisan identifies and proliferates the cells that are transformed with the plasmid vector.
  • Molecular and biochemical methods can then be used to confirm the presence of the integrated heterologous gene of interest into the genome of the transgenic plant.
  • the cells that have been transformed may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional methods known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • transformed seed also referred to as “transgenic seed” having a nucleotide construct of the invention, for example, an expression cassette of the invention, stably incorporated into their genome.
  • the present disclosure provides a PVP-insecticidal protein, that act as substrates for insect proteinases, proteases and peptidases (collectively referred to herein as “proteases”) as described above.
  • transgenic plants or parts thereof, that may be receptive to the expression of PVPs can include: alfalfa, banana, barley, bean, broccoli, cabbage, canola, carrot, cassava, castor, cauliflower, celery, chickpea, Chinese cabbage, citrus, coconut, coffee, corn, clover, cotton, a cucurbit, cucumber, Douglas fir, eggplant, eucalyptus, flax, garlic, grape, hops, leek, lettuce, Loblolly pine, millets, melons, nut, oat, olive, onion, ornamental, palm, pasture grass, pea, peanut, pepper, pigeonpea, pine, potato, poplar, pumpkin, Radiata pine, radish, rapeseed, rice, rootstocks, rye, safflower, shrub, sorghum, Southern pine, soybean, spinach, squash, strawberry, sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, sweet corn, sweet gum, sweet potato, switchgrass, tea,
  • the transgenic plant may be grown from cells that were initially transformed with the DNA constructs described herein.
  • the transgenic plant may express the encoded PVP in a specific tissue, or plant part, for example, a leaf, a stem a flower, a sepal, a fruit, a root, a seed, or combinations thereof.
  • the plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof can be transformed with a PVP or a polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, 277702-549942 identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 -C-L-X 5 -E-G-X 6 - W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one
  • X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S
  • X2 is the amino acid A
  • X3 is the amino acid E
  • X4 is the amino acid A
  • X5 is the amino acid N, or A
  • X6 is the amino acid D, or E
  • X7 is the amino acid A
  • X8 is the amino acid G or D
  • X9 is the amino acid E, or G
  • X 10 is the amino acid M or Y
  • X 11 is the amino acid W or Y
  • X 12 is the amino acid F
  • X13 is the amino acid K
  • X14 is the amino acid K
  • X15 is the amino acid S
  • X16 is absent.
  • the plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or plant seed can be transformed with a PVP wherein the PVP has an amino acid sequence of any of the aforementioned PVPs (e.g., one or more the PVPs enumerated in Table 1), or a polynucleotide encoding the same.
  • the plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or plant seed can be transformed with a PVP having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ NOs: 3-60, or a polynucleotide encoding the same.
  • the plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or plant seed can be transformed with a PVP wherein the PVP is a homopolymer or heteropolymer of two or more PVP polypeptides, wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP is the same or different, or a polynucleotide encoding the same.
  • a PVP is a homopolymer or heteropolymer of two or more PVP polypeptides, wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP is the same or different, or a polynucleotide encoding the same.
  • Any of the aforementioned methods, and/or any of the methods described herein, can be used to incorporate one or more of the PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins as described herein, into plants or plant parts thereof.
  • any of the methods described herein can 277702-549942 be used to incorporate into plants one or more of the PVPs described in the present disclosure, e.g., PVPs having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, which are likewise described herein.
  • Polynucleotide incorporation into plants, the proteins expressed therefrom [00416] A challenge regarding the expression of heterogeneous polypeptides in transgenic plants is maintaining the desired effect (e.g., insecticidal activity) of the introduced polypeptide upon expression in the host organism; one way to maintain such an effect is to increase the chance of proper protein folding through the use of an operably linked Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide (ERSP).
  • ESP Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide
  • Plants can be transiently or stably transfected with the DNA sequence that encodes a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein comprising one or more PVPs, using any of the transfection methods described above.
  • plants can be transfected with a polynucleotide that encodes a PVP, wherein said PVP is operably linked to a polynucleotide operable to encode an Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide (ERSP); linker, Translational Stabilizing Protein (STA); or combination thereof.
  • EMP Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide
  • STA Translational Stabilizing Protein
  • a transgenic plant or plant genome can be transformed with a polynucleotide sequence that encodes the Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide (ERSP); PVP; and/or intervening linker peptide (LINKER or L), thus causing mRNA transcribed from the heterogeneous DNA to be expressed in the transformed plant, and subsequently, said mRNA to be translated into a peptide.
  • ESP Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide
  • PVP Polypeptide
  • LINKER or L intervening linker peptide
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide [00418]
  • the subcellular targeting of a recombinant protein to the ER can be achieved through the use of an ERSP operably linked to said recombinant protein; this allows for the correct assembly and/or folding of such proteins, and the high level accumulation of these recombinant proteins in plants.
  • Exemplary methods concerning the compartmentalization of host proteins into intracellular storage are disclosed in McCormick et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96(2):703-6008, 1999; Staub et al., Nature Biotechnology 18:333-338, 2000; Conrad et al., Plant Mol.
  • an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide (ERSP)
  • a peptide comprising an Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide can be operably linked to a PVP (designated as ERSP-PVP), wherein said ERSP is the N-terminal of said peptide.
  • the ERSP peptide is between 3 to 60 277702-549942 amino acids in length, between 5 to 50 amino acids in length, between 20 to 30 amino acids in length.
  • PVP ORF starts with an ersp at its 5’-end.
  • the PVP For the PVP to be properly folded and functional when it is expressed from a transgenic plant, it must have an ersp nucleotide fused in frame with the polynucleotide encoding a PVP.
  • translated ERSP can direct the PVP being translated to insert into the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) of the plant cell by binding with a cellular component called a signal-recognition particle.
  • ER Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • the ERSP peptide is cleaved by signal peptidase and the PVP is released into the ER, where the PVP is properly folded during the post-translation modification process, for example, the formation of disulfide bonds. Without any additional retention protein signals, the protein is transported through the ER to the Golgi apparatus, where it is finally secreted outside the plasma membrane and into the apoplastic space. PVP can accumulate at apoplastic space efficiently to reach the insecticidal dose in plants. [00422]
  • the ERSP peptide is at the N-terminal region of the plant-translated PVP complex and the ERSP portion is composed of about 3 to 60 amino acids. In some embodiments it is 5 to 50 amino acids.
  • the ERSP is a signal peptide so called because it directs the transportation of a protein.
  • Signal peptides may also be called targeting signals, signal sequences, transit peptides, or localization signals.
  • the signal peptides for ER trafficking are often 15 to 30 amino acid residues in length and have a tripartite organization, comprised of a core of hydrophobic residues flanked by a positively charged amino terminal and a polar, but uncharged carboxyterminal region.
  • ERSPs are known. It is NOT required that the ERSP be derived from a plant ERSP, non-plant ERSPs will work with the procedures described herein. Many plant ERSPs are however well known and we describe some plant derived ERSPs here.
  • the ERSP can be a barley alpha-amylase signal peptide (BAAS), which is derived from the plant, Hordeum vulgare, and has an amino acid sequence as follows: “MANKHLSLSLFLVLLGLSASLASG” (SEQ ID NO:87) [00424]
  • BAAS barley alpha-amylase signal peptide
  • Plant ERSPs which are selected from the genomic sequence for proteins that are known to be expressed and released into the apoplastic space of plants, include examples such as BAAS, carrot extensin, and tobacco PR1.
  • the following references provide further descriptions, and are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety: De Loose, M. et al.
  • the ERSP can include, but is not limited to, one of the following: a BAAS; a tobacco extensin signal peptide; a modified tobacco extensin signal peptide; or a Jun a 3 signal peptide from Juniperus ashei.
  • a plant can be transformed with a nucleotide that encodes any of the peptides that are described herein as Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptides (ERSP), and a PVP.
  • the tobacco extensin signal peptide motif is another exemplary type of ERSP. See Memelink et al, the Plant Journal, 1993, V4: 1011-1022; Pogue GP et al, Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2010, V8: 638-654, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • a PVP ORF can have a nucleotide sequence operable to encode a tobacco extensin signal peptide motif.
  • the PVP ORF can encode an extensin motif according to SEQ ID NO: 96. In another embodiment, the PVP ORF can encode an extensin motif according to SEQ ID NO:97.
  • An illustrative example of how to generate an embodiment with an extensin signal motif is as follows: A DNA sequence encoding an extensin motif is designed (for example, the DNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:98 or SEQ ID NO:99) using oligo extension PCR with four synthetic DNA primers; ends sites such as a restriction site, for example, a Pac I restriction site at the 5’-end, and a 5’-end of a GFP sequence at the 3’-end, can be added using PCR with the extensin DNA sequence serving as a template, and resulting in a fragment; the fragment is used as the forward PCR primer to amplify the DNA sequence encoding a PVP ORF , for example “gfp-l-PVP” contained in a pFECT vector, thus producing a PVP OR
  • an illustrative expression system can include the FECT expression vectors containing PVP ORF is transformed into Agrobacterium, GV3101, and the transformed GV3101 is injected into tobacco leaves for transient expression of PVP ORF. 277702-549942 [00430] Translational stabilizing protein (STA) [00431] A Translational stabilizing protein (STA) can increase the amount of PVP in plant tissues.
  • One of the PVP ORFs is sufficient to express a properly folded PVP in the transfected plant, but in some embodiments, effective protection of a plant from pest damage may require that the plant expressed PVP accumulate.
  • a transgenic plant With transfection of a properly constructed PVP ORF, a transgenic plant can express and accumulate greater amounts of the correctly folded PVP. When a plant accumulates greater amounts of properly folded PVP, it can more easily resist, inhibit, and/or kill the pests that attack and eat the plants.
  • One method of increasing the accumulation of a polypeptide in transgenic tissues is through the use of a translational stabilizing protein (STA).
  • STA translational stabilizing protein
  • the translational stabilizing protein can be used to significantly increase the accumulation of PVP in plant tissue, and thus increase the efficacy of a plant transfected with PVP with regard to pest resistance.
  • the translational stabilizing protein is a protein with sufficient tertiary structure that it can accumulate in a cell without being targeted by the cellular process of protein degradation.
  • the translational stabilizing protein can be a domain of another protein, or it can comprise an entire protein sequence.
  • the translational stabilizing protein can be between 5 and 50 amino acids, 50 to 250 amino acids (e.g., GNA), 250 to 750 amino acids (e.g., chitinase) and 750 to 1500 amino acids (e.g., enhancin).
  • One embodiment of the translational stabilizing protein can be a polymer of fusion proteins comprising at least one PVP.
  • a specific example of a translational stabilizing protein is provided here to illustrate the use of a translational stabilizing protein. The example is not intended to limit the disclosure or claims in any way.
  • Useful translational stabilizing proteins are well known in the art, and any proteins of this type could be used as disclosed herein. Procedures for evaluating and testing production of peptides are both known in the art and described herein.
  • One example of one translational stabilizing protein is Green-Fluorescent Protein (GFP) (SEQ ID NO:94; NCBI Accession No. P42212.1).
  • a protein comprising an Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide can be operably linked to a PVP, which is in turn operably linked to a Translational Stabilizing Protein (STA).
  • STA Translational Stabilizing Protein
  • this configuration is designated as ERSP-STA- PVP or ERSP-PVP-STA, wherein said ERSP is the N-terminal of said protein and said STA may be either on the N-terminal side (upstream) of the PVP, or of the C-terminal side (downstream) of the PVP.
  • a protein designated as ERSP-STA-PVP or ERSP-PVP-STA comprising any of the ERSPs or PVPs described herein, can be operably linked to a STA, for example, any of the translational stabilizing proteins described, or taught by this document 277702-549942 including GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein; SEQ ID NO: 94; NCBI Accession No. P42212), or Jun a 3, (Juniperus ashei; SEQ ID NO: 95; NCBI Accession No. P81295.1).
  • GFP Green Fluorescent Protein
  • SEQ ID NO: 94 NCBI Accession No. P42212
  • Jun a 3 Jun a 3
  • Additional examples of translational stabilizing proteins can be found in the following references, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety: Kramer, K.J. et al.
  • a PVP ORF can be transformed into a plant, for example, in the tobacco plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, using a PVP ORF that contains a STA.
  • the STA can be Jun a 3.
  • the mature Jun a 3 is a ⁇ 30 kDa plant defending protein that is also an allergen for some people.
  • Jun a 3 is produced by Juniperus ashei trees and can be used in some embodiments as a translational stabilizing protein (STA).
  • the Jun a 3 amino acid sequence can be the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 37.
  • LINKERS [00438] Linker proteins assist in the proper folding of the different motifs composing a PVP ORF.
  • the PVP ORF described in this invention also incorporates polynucleotide sequences encoding intervening linker peptides between the polynucleotide sequences encoding the PVP (PVP) and the translational stabilizing protein (sta), or between polynucleotide sequence encoding multiple polynucleotide sequences encoding PVP, i.e., (l-PVP)N or (PVP-l)N, if the expression ORF involves multiple PVP domain expression.
  • the intervening linker peptides separate the different parts of the expressed PVP construct, and help proper folding of the different parts of the complex during the expression process.
  • different intervening linker peptides can be involved to separate different functional domains.
  • the intervening linker peptide can be between 1 and 30 amino acids in length. However, it is not necessarily an essential component in the expressed PVP in plants.
  • the PVP-insecticidal protein comprises at least one PVP operably linked to a cleavable peptide. In other embodiments, the PVP-insecticidal protein comprises at least one PVP operably linked to a non-cleavable peptide.
  • a cleavable linker peptide can be designed to the PVP ORF to release the properly PVP from the expressed PVP complex in the transformed plant to improve the protection the PVP affords the plant with regard to pest damage.
  • One type of the intervening linker peptide is the plant cleavable linker peptide. This type of linker peptides can be completely removed from the expressed PVP ORF complex during plant post-translational modification.
  • the properly folded PVP linked by this type of intervening linker peptides can be released in the plant cells from the expressed PVP ORF complex during post-translational modification in the plant.
  • Another type of the cleavable intervening linker peptide is not cleavable during the expression process in plants. However, it has a protease cleavage site specific to serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartate proteases or metalloproteases.
  • the type of cleavable linker peptide can be digested by proteases found in the insect and lepidopteran gut environment and/or the insect hemolymph and lepidopteran hemolymph environment to release the PVP in the insect gut or hemolymph.
  • proteases found in the insect and lepidopteran gut environment and/or the insect hemolymph and lepidopteran hemolymph environment to release the PVP in the insect gut or hemolymph.
  • the PVP ORF can contain a cleavable type of intervening linker, for example, the type listed in SEQ ID NO: 90 having the amino acid code of “IGER” (SEQ ID NO: 90).
  • the molecular weight of this intervening linker or LINKER is 473.53 Daltons.
  • the intervening linker peptide can also be one without any type of protease cleavage site, i.e., an uncleavable intervening linker peptide, for example, the linker “ETMFKHGL” (SEQ ID NO: 101).
  • the PVP-insecticidal protein can have two or more cleavable peptides, wherein the insecticidal protein comprises an insect cleavable linker (L), the insect cleavable linker being fused in frame with a construct comprising (PVP-L)n, wherein “n” is an integer ranging from 1 to 200, or from 1 to 100, or from 1 to 10.
  • the PVP-insecticidal protein comprises an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide (ERSP) operably linked with a PVP, which is operably linked with an insect cleavable 277702-549942 linker (L) and/or a repeat construct (L-PVP) n or (PVP-L) n , wherein n is an integer ranging from 1 to 200, or from 1 to 100, or from 1 to 10.
  • a protein comprising an Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide can be operably linked to a PVP and an intervening linker peptide (L or Linker); such a construct is designated as ERSP-L-PVP, or ERSP-PVP-L, wherein said ERSP is the N- terminal of said protein, and said L or Linker may be either on the N-terminal side (upstream) of the PVP, or the C-terminal side (downstream) of the PVP.
  • L or Linker may be either on the N-terminal side (upstream) of the PVP, or the C-terminal side (downstream) of the PVP.
  • a protein designated as ERSP-L-PVP, or ERSP-PVP-L, comprising any of the ERSPs or PVPs described herein, can have a Linker “L” that can be an uncleavable linker peptide, or a cleavable linker peptide, and which may be cleavable in a plant cells during protein expression process, or may be cleavable in an insect gut environment and/or hemolymph environment.
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein can comprise any of the intervening linker peptides (LINKER or L) described herein, or taught by this document, including but not limited to following sequences: IGER (SEQ ID NO:90), EEKKN, (SEQ ID NO:100), and ETMFKHGL (SEQ ID NO:101), or combinations thereof.
  • an exemplary insecticidal protein can include a protein construct comprising: (ERSP)-(PVP-L)n; (ERSP)-(L)-(PVP-L)n; (ERSP)-(L-PVP)n; (ERSP)-(L- PVP)n-(L); wherein n is an integer ranging from 1 to 200 or from 1 to 100, or from 1 to 10.
  • a PVP is the aforementioned Mu- diguetoxin- PL1c Variant Polypeptides
  • L is a non-cleavable or cleavable peptide
  • n is an integer ranging from 1 to 200, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 100, and more preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 10.
  • the PVP-insecticidal protein may contain PVP peptides that are the same or different, and insect cleavable peptides that are the same or different.
  • the C-terminal PVP is operably linked at its C-terminus with a cleavable peptide that is operable to be cleaved in an insect gut environment.
  • the N-terminal PVP is operably linked at its N-terminus with a cleavable peptide that is operable to be cleaved in an insect gut environment.
  • a cleavable peptide that is operable to be cleaved in an insect gut environment.
  • Some of the available proteases and peptidases found in the insect gut environment are dependent on the life-stage of the insect, as these enzymes are often spatially and temporally expressed.
  • the digestive system of the insect is composed of the alimentary canal and associated glands. Food enters the mouth and is mixed with secretions that may or may not contain digestive proteases and peptidases.
  • the foregut and the hind gut are ectodermal in origin.
  • the foregut serves generally as a storage depot for raw food.
  • the midgut is the site of digestion and absorption of food nutrients.
  • Certain proteases and peptidases in the human gastrointestinal system may include: pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase.
  • proteases and peptidases found in insect gut environments may include: (1) serine proteases; (2) cysteine proteases; (3) aspartic proteases, and (4) metalloproteases.
  • the two predominant protease classes in the digestive systems of phytophagous insects are the serine and cysteine proteases.
  • Murdock et al. (1987) carried out an elaborate study of the midgut enzymes of various pests belonging to Coleoptera, while Srinivasan et al. (2008) have reported on the midgut enzymes of various pests belonging to Lepidoptera.
  • Serine proteases are known to dominate the larval gut environment and contribute to about 95% of the total digestive activity in Lepidoptera, whereas the Coleopteran species have a wider range of dominant gut proteases, including cysteine proteases.
  • the papain family contains peptidases with a wide variety of activities, including endopeptidases with broad specificity (such as papain), endopeptidases with very narrow specificity (such as glycyl endopeptidases), aminopeptidases, dipeptidyl-peptidase, and peptidases with both endopeptidase and exopeptidase activities (such as cathepsins B and H).
  • proteases found in the midgut of various insects include trypsin-like enzymes, e.g. trypsin and chymotrypsin, pepsin, carboxypeptidase-B and aminotripeptidases.
  • trypsin-like enzymes e.g. trypsin and chymotrypsin
  • pepsin e.g. trypsin and chymotrypsin
  • carboxypeptidase-B e.g., al.
  • aminotripeptidases e.g., aminotripeptidases.
  • Serine proteases are widely distributed in nearly all animals and microorganisms (Joanitti et al., 2006). In higher organisms, nearly 2% of genes code for these enzymes (Barrette- Ng et al., 2003). Being essentially indispensable to the maintenance and survival of their host organism, serine proteases play key roles in many biological processes.
  • Serine proteases are classically categorized by their substrate specificity, notably by whether the residue at P1: trypsin-like (Lys/Arg preferred at P1), chymotrypsin-like (large hydrophobic residues such as Phe/Tyr/Leu at P1), or elastase-like (small hydrophobic residues such as Ala/Val at P1) (revised by Tyndall et. al.., 2005).
  • Serine proteases are a class of proteolytic enzymes whose central catalytic machinery is composed of three invariant residues, an aspartic acid, a histidine and a uniquely reactive serine, the latter giving rise to their name, the “catalytic triad”.
  • the Asp-His- Ser triad can be found in at least four different structural contexts (Hedstrom, 2002). These four clans of serine proteases are typified by chymotrypsin, subtilisin, carboxypeptidase Y, and Clp protease. The three serine proteases of the chymotrypsin-like clan that have been studied in greatest detail are chymotrypsin, trypsin, and elastase.
  • cysteine proteases One class of well-studied digestive enzymes found in the gut environment of insects is the class of cysteine proteases.
  • cysteine proteases One class of well-studied digestive enzymes found in the gut environment of insects is the class of cysteine proteases.
  • cysteine proteases One class of well-studied digestive enzymes found in the gut environment of insects is the class of cysteine proteases.
  • cysteine proteases is intended to describe a protease that possesses a highly reactive thiol group of a cysteine residue at the catalytic site of the enzyme.
  • Aspartic proteases Another class of digestive enzymes is the aspartic proteases.
  • the term “aspartic protease” is intended to describe a protease that possesses two highly reactive aspartic acid residues at the catalytic site of the enzyme and which is most often characterized by its specific inhibition with pepstatin, a low molecular weight inhibitor of nearly all known aspartic proteases.
  • TMV tobacco mosaic virus
  • TMOF trypsin-modulating oostatic factor
  • a “PVP ORF” refers to a nucleotide encoding a PVP, and/or one or more stabilizing proteins, secretory signals, or target directing signals, for example, ERSP or STA, and is defined as the nucleotides in the ORF that has the ability to be translated.
  • a “PVP ORF diagram” refers to the composition of one or more PVP ORFs, as written out in diagram or equation form.
  • a “PVP ORF diagram” can be written out as using acronyms or short-hand references to the DNA segments contained within the expression ORF. Accordingly, in one example, a “PVP ORF diagram” may describe the polynucleotide segments encoding the ERSP, LINKER, STA, and PVP, by diagramming in equation form the DNA segments as “ersp” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the ERSP polypeptide); “linker” or “L” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the LINKER polypeptide); “sta” (i.e., the polynucleotide 277702-549942 sequence that encodes the STA polypeptide), and “PVP” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence encoding a PVP), respectively.
  • ersp i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the ERSP polypeptide
  • PVP ORF diagram An example of a PVP ORF diagram is “ersp-sta-(linkeri-PVPj)N,” or “ersp-(PVPj-linkeri)N-sta” and/or any combination of the DNA segments thereof.
  • the following equations describe two examples of a PVP ORF that encodes an ERSP, a STA, a linker, and a PVP: ersp-sta-l-PVP or ersp-PVP-l-sta
  • the PVP expression open reading frame (ORF) described herein is a polynucleotide sequence that will enable the plant to express mRNA, which in turn will be translated into peptides be expressed, folded properly, and/or accumulated to such an extent that said proteins provide a dose sufficient to inhibit and/or kill one or more pests.
  • an example of a protein PVP ORF can be a Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide (PVP), an “ersp” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the ERSP polypeptide) a “linker” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the LINKER polypeptide), (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the STA polypeptide), or any combination thereof, and can be described in the following equation format: ersp-sta-(linker i -PVP j ) n , or ersp-(PVP j -linker i ) n -sta [00460]
  • the foregoing illustrative embodiment of a polynucleotide equation would result in the following protein complex being expressed: ERSP-STA-(LINKERI-PVPJ)N, containing four possible peptide components with dash
  • the nucleotide component of ersp is a polynucleotide segment encoding a plant endoplasmic reticulum trafficking signal peptide (ERSP).
  • the component of sta is a polynucleotide segment encoding a translation stabilizing protein (STA), which helps the accumulation of the PVP expressed in plants, however, in some embodiments, the inclusion of sta may not be necessary in the PVP ORF.
  • the component of linker i is a polynucleotide segment encoding an intervening linker peptide (L OR LINKER) to separate the PVP from other components contained in ORF, and from the translation stabilizing protein.
  • the subscript letter “i” indicates that in some embodiments, different types of linker peptides can be used in the PVP ORF.
  • the component “PVP” indicates the polynucleotide segment encoding the PVP (also known as the Delta- amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide sequence).
  • the subscript “j” indicates different Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotides may be included in the PVP ORF.
  • the Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide sequence can encode a PVP with an amino acid substitution, or an amino acid deletion.
  • n indicates that the structure of the nucleotide encoding an intervening linker peptide and a PVP can be repeated “n” times in the same open reading frame 277702-549942 in the same PVP ORF , where “n” can be any integrate number from 1 to 10; “n” can be from 1 to 10, specifically “n” can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and in some embodiments “n” is 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.
  • the repeats may contain polynucleotide segments encoding different intervening linkers (LINKER) and different PVPs. The different polynucleotide segments including the repeats within the same PVP ORF are all within the same translation frame.
  • the inclusion of a sta polynucleotide in the PVP ORF may not be required.
  • an ersp polynucleotide sequence can be directly be linked to the polynucleotide encoding a PVP variant polynucleotide without a linker.
  • the polynucleotide “PVP” encoding the polypeptide “PVP” can be the polynucleotide sequence that encodes any PVP as described herein, e.g., a PVP comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs
  • the PVP polynucleotide, or polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 -C-L- X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14- X 15 -X 16 , wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence
  • the PVP polynucleotide, or polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP is operably to encode a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein having a PVP with an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
  • a polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP-insecticidal protein having the following PVP construct orientation and/or arrangement: ERSP-PVP; ERSP- (PVP)N; ERSP-PVP-L; ERSP-(PVP)N-L; ERSP-(PVP-L)N; ERSP-L-PVP; ERSP-L-(PVP)N; ERSP-(L-PVP) N ; ERSP-STA-PVP; ERSP-STA-(PVP) N ; ERSP-PVP-STA; ERSP-(PVP) N -STA; ERSP-(STA-PVP)N; ERSP-(PVP-STA)N; ERSP-(PVP-STA)N; ERSP-L-PVP-STA; ERSP-L- (PVP-STA) N ; ERSP-L-(STA) N ; ERSP-
  • any of the aforementioned methods, and/or any of the methods described herein, can be used to incorporate into a plant or a plant part thereof, one or more polynucleotides operable to express any one or more of the PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins as described herein; e.g., one or more PVPs or PVP-insecticidal protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, which are likewise described herein.
  • the present disclosure may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots.
  • Crops for which a transgenic approach or PEP would be an especially useful approach include, but are not limited to: alfalfa, cotton, tomato, maize, wheat, corn, sweet corn, lucerne, soybean, sorghum, field pea, linseed, safflower, rapeseed, oil seed rape, rice, soybean, barley, sunflower, trees (including coniferous and deciduous), flowers (including those grown commercially and in greenhouses), field lupins, switchgrass, sugarcane, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, crucifers, peppers, sugarbeet, barley, and oilseed rape, Brassica sp., rye, millet, peanuts, sweet potato, cassaya, coffee, coconut, pineapple, citrus trees, cocoa, tea, banana, avocado, fig, guava, mango, olive, papaya, cashew, macadamia, almond, oats, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers.
  • the PVP ORFs and PVP constructs described above and herein can be cloned into any plant expression vector for PVP to be expressed in plants, either transiently or stably.
  • Transient plant expression systems can be used to promptly optimize the structure of the PVP ORF for some specific PVP expression in plants, including the necessity of some components, codon optimization of some components, optimization of the order of each component, etc.
  • a transient plant expression vector is often derived from a plant virus genome. Plant virus vectors provide advantages in quick and high level of foreign gene expression in plant due to the infection nature of plant viruses.
  • the full length of the plant viral genome can be used as a vector, but often a viral component is deleted, for example the coat protein, and transgenic ORFs are subcloned in that place.
  • the PVP ORF can be subcloned into such a site to create a viral vector.
  • These viral vectors can be introduced into plant mechanically since they are infectious themselves, for example through plant wound, spray-on etc. They can also be transfected into plants via agroinfection, by cloning the virus vector into the T-DNA of the crown gall bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, or the hairy root bacterium, Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
  • the expression of the PVP in this vector is controlled by the replication of the RNA virus, and the virus translation to mRNA for replication is controlled by a strong viral promoter, for example, 35S promoter from Cauliflower mosaic virus.
  • Viral vectors with PVP ORF are usually cloned into T-DNA region in a binary vector that can replicate itself in both E. coli strains and Agrobacterium strains.
  • the transient transfection of a plant can be done by infiltration of the plant leaves with the Agrobacterium cells which contain the viral vector for PVP expression. In the transient transformed plant, it is common for the foreign protein expression to be ceased in a short period of time due to the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS).
  • PTGS post-transcriptional gene silencing
  • transient transfection of plants can be achieved by recombining a polynucleotide encoding a PVP with any one of the readily available vectors (see above and described herein), and confirmed, using a marker or signal (e.g., GFP emission).
  • a marker or signal e.g., GFP emission
  • a transiently transfected plant can be created by recombining a polynucleotide encoding a PVP with a DNA encoding a GFP-Hybrid fusion protein in a vector, and transfection said vector into a plant (e.g., tobacco) using different FECT vectors designed for targeted expression.
  • a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be recombined 277702-549942 with a pFECT vector for APO (apoplast localization) accumulation; a pFECT vector for CYTO (cytoplasm localization) accumulation; or pFECT with ersp vector for ER (endoplasm reticulum localization) accumulation.
  • An exemplary transient plant transformation strategy is agroinfection using a plant viral vector due to its high efficiency, ease, and low cost.
  • a tobacco mosaic virus overexpression system can be used to transiently transform plants with PVP. See TRBO, Lindbo JA, Plant Physiology, 2007, V145: 1232-1240, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the TRBO DNA vector has a T-DNA region for agroinfection, which contains a CaMV 35S promoter that drives expression of the tobacco mosaic virus RNA without the gene encoding the viral coating protein.
  • this system uses the “disarmed” virus genome, therefore viral plant to plant transmission can be effectively prevented.
  • the FECT viral transient plant expression system can be used to transiently transform plants with PVP. See Liu Z & Kearney CM, BMC Biotechnology, 2010, 10:88, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the FECT vector contains a T-DNA region for agroinfection, which contains a CaMV 35S promoter that drives the expression of the foxtail mosaic virus RNA without the genes encoding the viral coating protein and the triple gene block.
  • this system uses the “disarmed” virus genome, therefore viral plant to plant transmission can be effectively prevented.
  • the FECT expression system additionally needs to co- express P19, a RNA silencing suppressor protein from tomato bushy stunt virus, to prevent the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of the introduced T-DNA (the TRBO expression system does not need co-expression of P19).
  • P19 a RNA silencing suppressor protein from tomato bushy stunt virus
  • the PVP ORF can be designed to encode a series of translationally fused structural motifs that can be described as follows: N’-ERSP-STA-L-PVP-C’ wherein the “N’” and “C’” indicating the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids, respectively, and the ERSP motif can be the Barley Alpha-Amylase Signal peptide (BAAS) (SEQ ID NO: 87); the stabilizing protein (STA) can be GFP (SEQ ID NO: 94); the linker peptide “L” can be IGER (SEQ ID NO: 90)
  • the ersp-sta-l-PVP ORF can chemically synthesized to include restrictions sites, for example a Pac I restriction site at its 5’-end, and an Avr II restriction site at its 3’-end.
  • the PVP ORF can be cloned into the Pac I and Avr II restriction sites of a FECT expression vector (pFECT) to create a Delta- amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant expression vector for the FECT transient plant expression system (pFECT-PVP).
  • pFECT FECT expression vector
  • pFECT-P19 Delta- amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant expression vector for the FECT transient plant expression system
  • a Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant expression vector can be recombined for use in a TRBO transient plant expression system, for example, by performing a routine PCR procedure and adding a Not I restriction site to the 3’-end of the PVP ORF described above, and then cloning the PVP ORF into Pac I and Not I restriction sites of the TRBO expression vector (pTRBO-PVP).
  • an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain for example, commercially available GV3101 cells, can be used for the transient expression of a PVP ORF in a plant tissue (e.g., tobacco leaves) using one or more transient expression systems, for example, the FECT and TRBO expression systems.
  • An exemplary illustration of such a transient transfection protocol includes the following: an overnight culture of GV3101 can be used to inoculate 200 mL Luria-Bertani (LB) medium; the cells can be allowed to grow to log phase with OD600 between 0.5 and 0.8; the cells can then be pelleted by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4°C; cells can then be washed once with 10 mL prechilled TE buffer (Tris-HCl 10 mM, EDTA 1mM, pH8.0), and then resuspended into 20 mL LB medium; GV3101 cell resuspension can then be aliquoted in 250 ⁇ L fractions into 1.5 mL microtubes; aliquots can then be snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C freezer for future transformation.
  • LB Luria-Bertani
  • the pFECT-PVP and pTRBO-PVP vectors can then transformed into the competent GV3101 cells using a freeze-thaw method as follows: the stored competent GV3101 cells are thawed on ice and mixed with 1 to 5 ⁇ g pure DNA (pFECT-PVP or pTRBO-PVP vector). The cell-DNA mixture is kept on ice for 5 minutes, transferred to -80°C for 5 minutes, and incubated in a 37°C water bath for 5 minutes. The freeze-thaw treated cells are then diluted into 1 mL LB medium and shaken on a rocking table for 2 to 4 hours at room temperature.
  • a 200 ⁇ L aliquot of the cell- DNA mixture is then spread onto LB agar plates with the appropriate antibiotics (10 ⁇ g/mL rifampicin, 25 ⁇ g/mL gentamycin, and 50 ⁇ g/mL kanamycin can be used for both pFECT-PVP transformation and pTRBO-PVP transformation) and incubated at 28°C for two days. Resulting transformed colonies are then picked and cultured in 6 mL aliquots of LB medium with the appropriate antibiotics for transformed DNA analysis and making glycerol stocks of the transformed GV3101 cells.
  • the appropriate antibiotics 10 ⁇ g/mL rifampicin, 25 ⁇ g/mL gentamycin, and 50 ⁇ g/mL kanamycin can be used for both pFECT-PVP transformation and pTRBO-PVP transformation
  • the transient transformation of plant tissues can be performed using leaf injection with a 3-mL syringe without needle.
  • the transformed GV3101 cells are streaked onto an LB plate with the appropriate antibiotics (as described above) and incubated at 28°C for two days.
  • a colony of transformed GV3101 cells are inoculated to 5 ml of LB-MESA medium (LB media 277702-549942 supplemented with 10 mM MES, and 20 ⁇ M acetosyringone) and the same antibiotics described above, and grown overnight at 28°C.
  • the cells of the overnight culture are collected by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes and resuspended in the induction medium (10 mM MES, 10 mM MgCl2, 100 ⁇ M acetosyringone) at a final OD600 of 1.0.
  • the cells are then incubated in the induction medium for 2 hours to overnight at room temperature and are then ready for transient transformation of tobacco leaves.
  • the treated cells can be infiltrated into the underside of attached leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plants by injection, using a 3-mL syringe without a needle attached.
  • the transient transformation can be accomplished by transfecting one population of GV3101 cells with pFECT-PVP or pTRBO-PVP and another population with pFECT-P19, mixing the two cell populations together in equal amounts for infiltration of tobacco leaves by injection with a 3-mL syringe.
  • Stable integration of polynucleotide operable to encode PVP is also possible with the present disclosure, for example, the PVP ORF can also be integrated into plant genome using stable plant transformation technology, and therefore PVPs can be stably expressed in plants and protect the transformed plants from generation to generation.
  • the PVP expression vector can be circular or linear.
  • the PVP ORF, the PVP expression cassette, and/or the vector with polynucleotide encoding an PVP for stable plant transformation should be carefully designed for optimal expression in plants based on what is known to those having ordinary skill in the art, and/or by using predictive vector design tools such as Gene Designer 2.0 (Atum Bio); VectorBuilder (Cyagen); SnapGene® viewer; GeneArtTM Plasmid Construction Service (Thermo-Fisher Scientific); and/or other commercially available plasmid design services. See Tolmachov, Designing plasmid vectors. Methods Mol Biol.2009; 542:117- 29.
  • the expression of PVP is usually controlled by a promoter that promotes transcription in some, or all the cells of the transgenic plant.
  • the promoter can be a strong plant viral promoter, for example, the constitutive 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV); it also can be a strong plant promoter, for example, the hydroperoxide lyase promoter (pHPL) from Arabidopsis thaliana; the Glycine max polyubiquitin (Gmubi) promoter from soybean; the ubiquitin promoters from different plant species (rice, corn, potato, etc.), etc.
  • a plant transcriptional terminator often occurs after the stop codon of the ORF to halt the RNA polymerase and transcription of the mRNA.
  • a reporter gene can be included in the PVP expression vector, for example, beta-glucuronidase gene (GUS) for GUS straining assay, green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene for green fluorescence detection under UV light, etc.
  • GUS beta-glucuronidase gene
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • a selection marker gene is usually included in the PVP expression vector.
  • the marker gene expression 277702-549942 product can provide the transformed plant with resistance to specific antibiotics, for example, kanamycin, hygromycin, etc., or specific herbicide, for example, glyphosate etc. If agroinfection technology is adopted for plant transformation, T-DNA left border and right border sequences are also included in the PVP expression vector to transport the T-DNA portion into the plant.
  • the constructed PVP expression vector can be transfected into plant cells or tissues using many transfection technologies.
  • Agroinfection is a very popular way to transform a plant using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain or an Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain.
  • Particle bombardment also called Gene Gun, or Biolistics
  • Other less common transfection methods include tissue electroporation, silicon carbide whiskers, direct injection of DNA, etc.
  • Evaluation of a transformed plant can be accomplished at the DNA level, RNA level and protein level.
  • a stably transformed plant can be evaluated at all of these levels and a transiently transformed plant is usually only evaluated at protein level.
  • the genomic DNA can be extracted from the stably transformed plant tissues for and analyzed using PCR or Southern blot.
  • the expression of the PVP in the stably transformed plant can be evaluated at the RNA level, for example, by analyzing total mRNA extracted from the transformed plant tissues using northern blot or RT-PCR.
  • the expression of the PVP in the transformed plant can also be evaluated in protein level directly. There are many ways to evaluate expression of PVP in a transformed plant.
  • a reporter gene assay can be performed, for example, in some embodiments a GUS straining assay for GUS reporter gene expression, a green fluorescence detection assay for GFP reporter gene expression, a luciferase assay for luciferase reporter gene expression, and/or other reporter techniques may be employed.
  • total protein can be extracted from the transformed plant tissues for the direct evaluation of the expression of the PVP using a Bradford assay to evaluate the total protein level in the sample.
  • analytical HPLC chromatography technology Western blot technique, or iELISA assay can be adopted to qualitatively or quantitatively evaluate the PVP in the extracted total protein sample from the transformed plant tissues.
  • PVP expression can also be evaluated by using the extracted total protein sample from the transformed plant tissues in an insect bioassay, for example, in some embodiments, the transformed plant tissue or the whole transformed plant itself can be used in insect bioassays to evaluate PVP expression and its ability to provide protection for the plant.
  • a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof of the present invention can comprise one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, said PVP comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least [00485] Confirming successful transformation [00486] Following introduction of heterologous foreign DNA into plant cells, the transformation or integration of heterologous gene in the plant genome is confirmed by various methods such as analysis of nucleic acids, proteins and metabolites associated with the integrated gene.
  • PCR analysis is a rapid method to screen transformed cells, tissue or shoots for the presence of incorporated gene at the earlier stage before transplanting into the soil (Sambrook and Russell (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). PCR is carried out using oligonucleotide primers specific to the gene of interest or Agrobacterium vector background, etc.
  • Plant transformation may be confirmed by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA (Sambrook and Russell, 2001, supra). In general, total DNA is extracted from the transformed plant, digested with appropriate restriction enzymes, fractionated in an agarose gel and transferred to a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane.
  • RNA is isolated from specific tissues of transformed plant, fractionated in a formaldehyde agarose gel, and blotted onto a nylon filter according to standard procedures that are routinely used in the art (Sambrook and Russell, 2001, supra). Expression of RNA encoded by the polynucleotide encoding a PVP is then tested by hybridizing the filter to a radioactive probe derived from a PVP, by methods known in the art (Sambrook and Russell, 2001, supra).
  • genes 277702-549942 have been reported (Stalker et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem.263:6310-6314 (bromoxynil resistance nitrilase gene); and Sathasivan et al. (1990) Nucl. Acids Res.18:2188 (AHAS imidazolinone resistance gene). Additionally, the genes disclosed herein are useful as markers to assess transformation of bacterial, yeast, or plant cells. Methods for detecting the presence of a transgene in a plant, plant organ (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), seed, plant cell, propagule, embryo or progeny of the same are well known in the art.
  • plant organ e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.
  • the presence of the transgene is detected by testing for pesticidal activity.
  • Fertile plants expressing a PVP and/or Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide may be tested for pesticidal activity, and the plants showing optimal activity selected for further breeding. Methods are available in the art to assay for pest activity. Generally, the protein is mixed and used in feeding assays. See, for example Marrone et al. (1985) J. of Economic Entomology 78:290-293.
  • evaluating the success of a transient transfection procedure can be determined based on the expression of a reporter gene, for example, GFP.
  • GFP can be detected under U.V. light in tobacco leaves transformed with the FECT and/or TRBO vectors.
  • PVP expression can be quantitatively evaluated in a plant (e.g., tobacco).
  • An exemplary procedure that illustrates PVP quantification in a tobacco plant is as follows: 100 mg disks of transformed leaf tissue is collected by punching leaves with the large opening of a 1000 ⁇ L pipette tip. The collected leaf tissue is place into a 2 mL microtube with 5/32” diameter stainless steel grinding balls, and frozen in -80°C for 1 hour, and then homogenized using a Troemner-Talboys High Throughput Homogenizer.
  • TSP-SE1 extraction solutions sodium phosphate solution 50 mM, 1:100 diluted protease inhibitor cocktail, EDTA 1mM, DIECA 10mM, PVPP 8%, pH 7.0
  • the microtube is then left still at room temperature for 15 minutes and then centrifuged at 16,000 g for 15 minutes at 4°C; 100 ⁇ L of the resulting supernatant is taken and loaded into pre-Sephadex G-50-packed column in 0.45 ⁇ m Millipore MultiScreen filter microtiter plate with empty receiving Costar microtiter plate on bottom.
  • the microtiter plates are then centrifuged at 800 g for 2 minutes at 4°C.
  • the resulting filtrate solution herein called total soluble protein extract (TSP extract) of the tobacco leaves, is then ready for the quantitative analysis.
  • TSP extract total soluble protein extract
  • the total soluble protein concentration of the TSP extract can be estimated using Pierce Coomassie Plus protein assay.
  • BSA protein standards with known concentrations can be used to generate a protein quantification standard curve. For example, 2 ⁇ L of each TSP extract can be mixed into 200 ⁇ L of the chromogenic reagent (CPPA reagent) of 277702-549942 the Coomassie Plus protein assay kits and incubated for 10 minutes.
  • CPPA reagent chromogenic reagent
  • the chromogenic reaction can then be evaluated by reading OD595 using a SpectroMax-M2 plate reader using SoftMax Pro as control software.
  • concentrations of total soluble proteins can be about 0.788 ⁇ 0.20 ⁇ g/ ⁇ L or about 0.533 ⁇ 0.03 ⁇ g/ ⁇ L in the TSP extract from plants transformed via FECT and TRBO, respectively, and the results can be used to calculate the percentage of the expressed Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c Variant peptide in the TSP (%TSP) for the iELISA assay [00496]
  • an indirect ELISA (iELISA) assay can be used to quantitatively evaluate the PVP content in the tobacco leaves transiently transformed with the FECT and/or TRBO expression systems.
  • the expressed PVP can be detected by iELISA at about 3.09 ⁇ 1.83 ng/ ⁇ L in the leaf TSP extracts from the FECT transformed tobacco; and about 3.56 ⁇ 0.74 ng/ ⁇ L in the leaf TSP extract from the TRBO transformed tobacco. 277702-549942 Alternatively, the expressed PVP can be about 0.40% total soluble protein (%TSP) for FECT transformed plants and about 0.67% TSP in TRBO transformed plants.
  • %TSP total soluble protein
  • v/v can be used when both components of a solution are liquids.
  • ingredient X when 50 mL of ingredient X is diluted with 50 mL of water, there will be 50 mL of ingredient X in a total volume of 100 mL; therefore, this can be expressed as “ingredient X 50% v/v.”
  • w/w or “% w/w” or “weight per weight” refers to the weight concentration of a solution, i.e., percent weight in weight (“w/w” stands for weight per weight).
  • w/w expresses the number of grams (g) of a constituent in 100 g of solution or mixture.
  • a mixture consisting of 30 g of ingredient X, and 70 g of water would be expressed as “ingredient X 30% w/w.”
  • Percent weight per weight (% w/w) is calculated as follows: (weight of solute (g)/ weight of solution (g)) x 100; or (mass of solute (g)/ mass of solution (g)) x 100.
  • w/v or “% w/v” or “weight per volume” refers to the mass concentration of a solution, i.e., percent weight in volume (“w/v” stands for weight per volume).
  • w/v expresses the number of grams (g) of a constituent in 100 mL of solution. For example, if 1 g of ingredient X is used to make up a total volume of 100 mL, then a “1% w/v solution of ingredient X” has been made. Percent weight per volume (% w/v) is calculated as follows: (Mass of solute (g)/ Volume of solution (mL)) x 100.
  • any of the PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins described herein can be used to create a mixture and/or composition, wherein said mixture and/or composition consists of at least one PVP.
  • a PVP having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof can be used to create a mixture and/or composition, wherein said mixture and/or composition consists of at least one PVP.
  • Any of the compositions, products, polypeptides and/or plants transformed with polynucleotides operable to express a PVP, and described herein can be used to control pests, their growth, and/or the damage caused by their actions, especially their damage to plants.
  • compositions comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, for example, agrochemical compositions, can include, but are not limited to, aerosols and/or aerosolized products, e.g., sprays, fumigants, powders, dusts, and/or gases; seed dressings; oral preparations (e.g., insect food, etc.); transgenic organisms expressing and/or producing a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, and/or a PVP ORF (either transiently and/or stably), e.g., a plant or an animal.
  • aerosols and/or aerosolized products e.g., sprays, fumigants, powders, dusts, and/or gases
  • seed dressings e.g., insect food, etc.
  • transgenic organisms expressing and/or producing a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, and/or
  • the composition may be formulated as a powder, dust, pellet, granule, spray, emulsion, colloid, solution, or such like, and may be prepared by such conventional means as desiccation, lyophilization, homogenization, extraction, filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, or concentration of a culture of cells comprising the polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide may be present in a concentration of from about 1% to about 99% by weight.
  • the pesticide compositions described herein may be made by formulating either the PVP, PVP-insecticidal protein, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, with the desired agriculturally-acceptable carrier.
  • the compositions may be formulated prior to administration in an appropriate means such as lyophilized, freeze-dried, desiccated, or in an aqueous carrier, medium or suitable diluent, such as saline and/or other buffer.
  • the formulated compositions may be in the form of a dust or granular material, or a suspension in oil (vegetable or mineral), or water or oil/water emulsions, or as a wettable powder, or in combination with any other carrier material suitable for agricultural application.
  • Suitable agricultural carriers can be solid or liquid and are well known in the art.
  • the formulations may be mixed with one or more solid or liquid adjuvants and prepared by various means, e.g., by homogeneously mixing, blending and/or grinding the pesticidal composition with suitable adjuvants using conventional formulation techniques. Suitable formulations and application methods are described in U.S. Pat. No.6,468,523, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • a composition can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, a PVP and an excipient.
  • a composition can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, a PVP-insecticidal protein and an excipient.
  • a composition can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, PVP, PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient.
  • Sprayable Compositions [00510] Examples of spray products of the present invention can include field sprayable formulations for agricultural usage and indoor sprays for use in interior spaces in a residential or commercial space.
  • residual sprays or space sprays comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof can be used to reduce or eliminate insect pests in an interior space.
  • SSI Surface spraying indoors
  • the primary goal of variable volume sprayable volume is to reduce the lifespan of the insect pest, (for example, a fly, a flea, a tick, or a mosquito vector) and thereby reduce or interrupt disease transmission.
  • the secondary impact is to reduce the density of insect pests within the treatment area.
  • SSI can be used as a method for the control of insect pest vector diseases, such as Lyme disease, Salmonella, Chikungunya virus, Zika virus, and malaria, and can also be used in the management of parasites carried by insect vectors, such as Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.
  • insect pest vector diseases such as Lyme disease, Salmonella, Chikungunya virus, Zika virus, and malaria
  • Many mosquito vectors that harbor Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, and malaria include endophilic mosquito vectors, resting inside houses after taking a blood meal. These mosquitoes are particularly susceptible to control through surface spraying indoors (SSI) with a sprayable composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient.
  • SSI involves applying the composition onto the walls and other surfaces of a house with a residual insecticide.
  • the composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient will knock down insect pests that come in contact with these surfaces.
  • SSI does not directly prevent people from being bitten by mosquitoes. Rather, it usually controls insect pests after they have blood fed, if they come to rest on the sprayed surface. SSI thus prevents transmission of infection to other persons.
  • SSI must be applied to a very high proportion of households in an area (usually greater than 40-80 percent).
  • sprays in accordance with the invention having good residual efficacy and acceptable odor are particularly suited as a component of integrated insect pest vector management or control solutions.
  • SSI which requires that the active PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein be bound to surfaces of dwellings, such as walls or ceilings, as with a paint
  • space spray products of the invention rely on the production of a large number of small insecticidal droplets intended to be distributed through a volume of air over a given period of time. When these droplets impact on a target insect pest, they deliver a knockdown effective dose of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein effective to control the insect pest.
  • the traditional methods for generating a space-spray include thermal fogging (whereby a dense cloud of a composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof is produced giving the appearance of a thick fog) and Ultra Low Volume (ULV), whereby droplets are produced by a cold, mechanical aerosol-generating machine. Ready-to-use aerosols such as aerosol cans may also be used.
  • thermal fogging whereby a dense cloud of a composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof is produced giving the appearance of a thick fog
  • UUV Ultra Low Volume
  • Ready-to-use aerosols such as aerosol cans may also be used.
  • Effective space-spraying is generally dependent upon the following specific principles. Target insects are usually flying through the spray cloud (or are sometimes impacted whilst resting on exposed surfaces). The efficiency of contact between the spray droplets and target insects is therefore crucial. This is achieved by ensuring that spray droplets remain airborne for the optimum period of time and that they contain the right dose of insecticide. These two issues are largely addressed through optimizing the droplet size. If droplets are too big they drop to the ground too quickly and don't penetrate vegetation or other obstacles encountered during application (limiting the effective area of application).
  • Aerosolized foams [00517]
  • the active compositions of the present invention comprising a PVP, a PVP- insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, may be made available in a spray product as an aerosol-based application, including aerosolized foam applications.
  • Pressurized cans are the typical vehicle for the formation of aerosols.
  • a liquefied-gas type propellant is used.
  • Suitable propellants include compressed air, carbon dioxide, butane and nitrogen.
  • the concentration of the propellant in the active compound composition is from about 5 percent to about 40 percent by weight of the pyridine composition, preferably from about 15 percent to about 30 percent by weight of the comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient.
  • formulations comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof can also include one or more foaming agents.
  • Foaming agents that can be used include sodium laureth sulfate, cocamide DEA, and cocamidopropyl betaine.
  • the sodium laureth sulfate, cocamide DEA and cocamidopropyl are used in combination.
  • the concentration of the foaming agent(s) in the active compound composition is from about 10 percent to about 25 percent by weight, more preferably 15 percent to 20 percent by weight of the composition.
  • a dwelling area may also be treated with an active PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein composition by using a burning formulation, such as a candle, a smoke coil or a piece of incense containing the composition.
  • the composition may be formulated into household products such as “heated” air fresheners in which insecticidal compositions are released upon heating, e.g., electrically, or by burning.
  • the active compound compositions of the present invention comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof may be made available in a spray product as an aerosol, a mosquito coil, and/or a vaporizer or fogger.
  • Fabric treatments [00524] In some embodiments, fabrics and garments may be made containing a pesticidal effective composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient.
  • the concentration of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein in the polymeric material, fiber, yarn, weave, net, or substrate described herein can be varied within a relatively wide concentration range from, for example, 0.05 to 15 percent by weight, preferably 0.2 to 10 percent by weight, more preferably 0.4 to 8 percent by weight, especially 0.5 to 5, such as 1 to 3, percent by weight.
  • the concentration of the composition comprising a PVP, a PVP- insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient (whether for treating surfaces or for coating a fiber, yarn, net, weave) can be varied within a relatively wide concentration range from, for example 0.1 to 70 percent by weight, such as 0.5 to 50 percent by weight, preferably 1 to 40 percent by weight, more preferably 5 to 30 percent by weight, especially 10 to 20 percent by weight.
  • the concentration of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be chosen according to the field of application such that the requirements concerning knockdown efficacy, durability and toxicity are met.
  • an effective amount of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof can depend on the specific use pattern, the insect pest 277702-549942 against which control is most desired and the environment in which the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein will be used. Therefore, an effective amount of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof is sufficient that control of an insect pest is achieved.
  • compositions or formulations comprising a PVP and an excipient, or comprising a PVP-insecticidal protein and an excipient, for coating walls, floors and ceilings inside of buildings, and for coating a substrate or non-living material.
  • inventive compositions comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, can be prepared using known techniques for the purpose in mind. Preparations of compositions comprising a PVP- insecticidal protein and an excipient, could be so formulated to also contain a binder to facilitate the binding of the compound to the surface or other substrate.
  • Agents useful for binding are known in the art and tend to be polymeric in form.
  • the type of binder suitable for a compositions to be applied to a wall surface having particular porosities and/or binding characteristics would be different compared to a fiber, yarn, weave or net—thus, a skilled person, based on known teachings, would select a suitable binder based on the desired surface and/or substrate.
  • Typical binders are poly vinyl alcohol, modified starch, poly vinyl acrylate, polyacrylic, polyvinyl acetate co polymer, polyurethane, and modified vegetable oils.
  • Suitable binders can include latex dispersions derived from a wide variety of polymers and co-polymers and combinations thereof.
  • Suitable latexes for use as binders in the inventive compositions comprise polymers and copolymers of styrene, alkyl styrenes, isoprene, butadiene, acrylonitrile lower alkyl acrylates, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl esters of lower carboxylic acids and alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, including polymers containing three or more different monomer species copolymerized therein, as well as post-dispersed suspensions of silicones or polyurethanes. Also suitable may be a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer for binding the active ingredient to other surfaces.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • an insecticidal formulation according to the present disclosure may consist of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, diluent or carrier (e.g., such as water), a polymeric binder, and/or additional components such as a dispersing agent, a polymerizing agent, an emulsifying agent, a thickener, an alcohol, a fragrance, or any other inert excipients used in the preparation of sprayable insecticides known in the art.
  • an excipient, diluent or carrier e.g., such as water
  • a polymeric binder e.g., such as water
  • additional components such as a dispersing agent, a polymerizing agent, an emulsifying agent, a thickener, an alcohol, a fragrance, or any other inert excipients used in the preparation of sprayable insecticides known in the art.
  • a composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, can be prepared in a number 277702-549942 of different forms or formulation types, such as suspensions or capsules suspensions.
  • a person skilled in the art can prepare the relevant composition based on the properties of the particular PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein, its uses, and also its application type.
  • the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein used in the methods, embodiments, and other aspects of the present disclosure may be encapsulated in a suspension or capsule suspension formulation.
  • Microencapsulated PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein can provide improved wash-fastness, and also a longer period of activity.
  • the formulation can be organic based or aqueous based, preferably aqueous based.
  • Microencapsulation [00535] Microencapsulated PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein suitable for use in the compositions and methods according to the present disclosure may be prepared with any suitable technique known in the art. For example, various processes for microencapsulating material have been previously developed. These processes can be divided into three categories: physical methods, phase separation, and interfacial reaction. In the physical methods category, microcapsule wall material and core particles are physically brought together and the wall material flows around the core particle to form the microcapsule.
  • microcapsules are formed by emulsifying or dispersing the core material in an immiscible continuous phase in which the wall material is dissolved and caused to physically separate from the continuous phase, such as by coacervation, and deposit around the core particles.
  • microcapsules are formed by emulsifying or dispersing the core material in an immiscible continuous phase and then an interfacial polymerization reaction is caused to take place at the surface of the core particles.
  • concentration of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein present in the microcapsules can vary from 0.1 to 60% by weight of the microcapsule.
  • compositions comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient
  • methods, embodiments and other aspects according to the present disclosure may be formed by mixing all ingredients together with water, and optionally using suitable mixing and/or dispersing aggregates.
  • such a formulation is formed at a temperature of from 10 to 70°C, preferably 15 to 50°C, more preferably 20 to 40°C.
  • a formulation comprising one or more of (A), (B), (C), and/or (D) is possible, wherein it is possible to use: a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof (as pesticide) (A); solid polymer (B); optional additional additives (D); and to disperse them in the aqueous component (C).
  • a binder is present in a composition of the present invention (comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a 277702-549942 agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient)
  • dispersions of the polymeric binder (B) in water as well as aqueous formulations of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein (A) in water which have been separately prepared before.
  • Such separate formulations may contain additional additives for stabilizing (A) and/or (B) in the respective formulations and are commercially available.
  • additional water component (C)) are added.
  • combinations of the abovementioned ingredients based on the foregoing scheme are likewise possible, e.g., using a pre-formed dispersion of (A) and/or (B) and mixing it with solid (A) and/or (B).
  • a dispersion of the polymeric binder (B) may be a pre-manufactured dispersion already made by a chemicals manufacturer.
  • Such dispersions may be made by providing a mixture of about 20 percent of the binder (B) in water, heating the mixture to temperature of 90°C to 100°C and intensively stirring the mixture for several hours. It is possible to manufacture the formulation as a final product so that it can be readily used by the end-user for the process according to the present invention. And, it is of course similarly possible to manufacture a concentrate, which may be diluted by the end-user with additional water (C) to the desired concentration for use.
  • a composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient
  • a coating formulation comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient
  • an exemplary solid formulation of a PVP, a PVP- insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof is generally milled to a desired particle size, such as the particle size distribution d(0.5) is generally from 3 to 20, preferably 5 to 15, especially 7 to 12, ⁇ m.
  • a kit comprising at least a first component comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof (A); and a second component comprising at least one polymeric binder (B).
  • kits may be a third separate component of the kit, or may be already mixed with components (A) and/or (B).
  • the end-user may prepare the formulation for use by just adding water (C) to the components of the kit and mixing.
  • the components of the kit may also be formulations in water.
  • the kit can consist of one formulation of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof (A) and optionally water (C); and a second, separate formulation of at least one polymeric binder (B), water as component (C) and optionally components (D).
  • concentrations of the components (A), (B), (C) and optionally (D) will be selected by the skilled artisan depending of the technique to be used for coating/treating.
  • the amount of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof (A) may be up to 50, preferably 1 to 50, such as 10 to 40, especially 15 to 30, percent by weight, based on weight of the composition.
  • the amount of polymeric binder (B) may be in the range of 0.01 to 30, preferably 0.5 to 15, more preferably 1 to 10, especially 1 to 5, percent by weight, based on weight of the composition.
  • the amount of additional components (D) is from 0.1 to 20, preferably 0.5 to 15, percent by weight, based on weight of the composition.
  • suitable amounts of pigments and/or dyestuffs and/or fragrances are in general 0.01 to 5, preferably 0.1 to 3, more preferably 0.2 to 2, percent by weight, based on weight of the composition.
  • a typical formulation ready for use comprises 0.1 to 40, preferably 1 to 30, percent of components (A), (B), and optionally (D), the residual amount being water (C).
  • a typical concentration of a concentrate to be diluted by the end-user may comprise 5 to 70, preferably 10 to 60, percent of components (A), (B), and optionally (D), the residual amount being water (C).
  • the present disclosure contemplates mixtures, compositions, products, and transgenic organisms that contain—or, in the case of transgenic organisms, express or otherwise produce—one or more PVPs, or one or more PVP-insecticidal proteins.
  • the illustrative mixtures consists of: (1) a PVP, or a PVP- insecticidal proteins; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) an excipient (e.g., any of the excipients described herein).
  • the mixtures of the present invention consist of: (1) one or more PVPs, or one or more PVP-insecticidal proteins, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) one or more excipients (e.g., any of the excipients described herein).
  • the mixtures of the present invention consist of: (1) one or more PVPs, or one or more PVP-insecticidal proteins, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) one or more excipients (e.g., any of the excipients described herein); wherein either of the foregoing (1) or (2) can be used concomitantly, or sequentially.
  • compositions comprising a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, can include agrochemical compositions.
  • agrochemical compositions can include, but is not limited to, aerosols and/or aerosolized products (e.g., sprays, fumigants, powders, dusts, and/or gases); seed dressings; oral preparations (e.g., insect food, etc.); or a transgenic organisms (e.g., a cell, a plant, or an animal) expressing and/or producing a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein, either transiently and/or stably.
  • the active ingredients of the present disclosure can be applied in the form of compositions and can be applied to the crop area or plant to be treated, simultaneously or in succession, with other non-active compounds.
  • These compounds can be fertilizers, weed killers, cryoprotectants, surfactants, detergents, soaps, dormant oils, polymers, and/or time-release or biodegradable carrier formulations that permit long-term dosing of a target area following a single application of the formulation.
  • One or more of these non-active compounds can be prepared, if desired, together with further agriculturally acceptable carriers, surfactants or application-promoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation.
  • Suitable carriers and adjuvants can be solid or liquid and correspond to the substances ordinarily employed in formulation technology, e.g. natural or regenerated mineral substances, solvents, dispersants, wetting agents, tackifiers, binders or fertilizers.
  • the formulations may be prepared into edible “baits” or fashioned into pest “traps” to permit feeding or ingestion by a target pest of the pesticidal formulation.
  • Methods of applying an active ingredient of the present disclosure or an agrochemical composition of the present disclosure that consists of a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, as produced by the methods described herein of the present disclosure include leaf application, seed coating and soil application. In some embodiments, the number of applications and the rate of application depend on the intensity of infestation by the corresponding pest.
  • composition comprising a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof and an excipient
  • a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof and an excipient may be formulated as a powder, dust, pellet, granule, spray, emulsion, colloid, solution, or such like, and may be prepared by such conventional means as desiccation, lyophilization, homogenization, extraction, filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, or concentration of a culture of cells comprising the polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide may be present in a concentration of from about 1% to about 99% by weight.
  • compositions containing PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins may be prophylactically applied to an environmental area to prevent infestation by a susceptible pest, for example, a lepidopteran and/or coleopteran pest, which may be killed or reduced in numbers in a given area by the methods of the invention.
  • a susceptible pest for example, a lepidopteran and/or coleopteran pest, which may be killed or reduced in numbers in a given area by the methods of the invention.
  • the pest ingests, or comes into contact with, a pesticidally-effective amount of the polypeptide.
  • the pesticide compositions described herein may be made by formulating either the PVP or PVP-insecticidal-protein or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof transformed bacterial, yeast, or other cell, crystal and/or spore suspension, or isolated protein component with the desired agriculturally-acceptable carrier.
  • the compositions may be formulated prior to administration in an appropriate means such as lyophilized, freeze-dried, desiccated, or in an aqueous carrier, medium or suitable diluent, such as saline and/or other buffer.
  • the formulated compositions may be in the form of a dust or granular material, or a suspension in oil (vegetable or mineral), or water or oil/water emulsions, or as a wettable powder, or in combination with any other carrier material suitable for agricultural application.
  • Suitable agricultural carriers can be solid or liquid and are well known in the art.
  • the formulations may be mixed with one or more solid or liquid adjuvants and prepared by various means, e.g., by homogeneously mixing, blending and/or grinding the pesticidal composition with suitable adjuvants using conventional formulation techniques. Suitable formulations and application methods are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,523, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for controlling an invertebrate pest in agronomic and/or nonagronomic applications, comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment, a solid surface, including a plant surface or part thereof, with a biologically effective amount of one or more of the PVPs of the invention, or with a PVP- insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for controlling an invertebrate pest in agronomic and/or nonagronomic applications, comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment, a solid surface, including a plant surface or part thereof, with a biologically effective amount of a composition comprising at least one PVP of the invention and an excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for controlling an invertebrate pest in agronomic and/or nonagronomic applications, comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment, a solid surface, including a plant surface or part thereof, with a biologically effective amount of a composition comprising at least one PVP-insecticidal protein of the invention and an excipient.
  • compositions comprising: (1) at least one PVP of the invention; two or more of the PVPs of the present invention; a PVP-insecticidal protein; two or more PVP-insecticidal proteins; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) an excipient; include said compositions formulated win inactive ingredients to be delivered in the form of: a liquid solution, an emulsion, a powder, a granule, a nanoparticle, a microparticle, or a combination thereof.
  • the compound or composition is typically applied to the seed of the crop before planting, to the foliage (e.g., leaves, stems, flowers, fruits) of crop plants, or to the soil or other growth medium before or after the crop is planted.
  • a method of contact is by spraying.
  • a granular composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, can be applied to the plant foliage or the soil.
  • Compounds of this invention can also be effectively delivered through plant uptake by contacting the plant with a composition comprising a compound of this invention applied as a soil drench of a liquid formulation, a granular formulation to the soil, a nursery box treatment or a dip of transplants.
  • a composition of the present disclosure in the form of a soil drench liquid formulation.
  • a method for controlling an invertebrate pest comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment with a biologically effective amount of a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein.
  • the illustrative method contemplates a soil environment, wherein the composition is applied to the soil as a soil drench formulation.
  • a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof is also effective by localized application to the locus of infestation.
  • Other methods of contact include application of a compound or a composition of the invention by direct and residual sprays, aerial sprays, gels, seed coatings, microencapsulations, systemic uptake, baits, ear tags, boluses, foggers, fumigants, aerosols, dusts and many others.
  • One embodiment of a method of contact is a dimensionally stable fertilizer granule, stick or tablet comprising a compound or composition of the invention.
  • the compounds of this invention can 277702-549942 also be impregnated into materials for fabricating invertebrate control devices (e.g., insect netting, application onto clothing, application into candle formulations and the like).
  • a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof is also useful in seed treatments for protecting seeds from invertebrate pests.
  • treating a seed means contacting the seed with a biologically effective amount of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, which is typically formulated as a composition of the invention.
  • This seed treatment protects the seed from invertebrate soil pests and generally can also protect roots and other plant parts in contact with the soil of the seedling developing from the germinating seed.
  • the seed treatment may also provide protection of foliage by translocation of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein within the developing plant. Seed treatments can be applied to all types of seeds, including those from which plants genetically transformed to express specialized traits will germinate.
  • a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be transformed into a plant or part thereof, for example a plant cell, or plant seed, that is already transformed, e.g., those expressing herbicide resistance such as glyphosate acetyltransferase, which provides resistance to glyphosate.
  • One method of seed treatment is by spraying or dusting the seed with a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, (i.e. as a formulated composition or a mixture comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof and an excipient) before sowing the seeds.
  • compositions formulated for seed treatment generally consist of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and a film former or adhesive agent. Therefore, typically, a seed coating composition of the present disclosure consists of a biologically effective amount of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and a film former or adhesive agent. Seed can be coated by spraying a flowable suspension concentrate directly into a tumbling bed of seeds and then drying the seeds. Alternatively, other formulation types such as wetted powders, solutions, suspoemulsions, emulsifiable concentrates and emulsions in water can be sprayed on the seed.
  • the treated seed typically comprises a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, in an amount ranging from about 0.01 g to 1 kg per 100 kg of seed (i.e. from about 0.00001 to 1% by weight of the seed before treatment).
  • a flowable 277702-549942 suspension formulated for seed treatment typically comprises from about 0.5 to about 70% of the active ingredient, from about 0.5 to about 30% of a film-forming adhesive, from about 0.5 to about 20% of a dispersing agent, from 0 to about 5% of a thickener, from 0 to about 5% of a pigment and/or dye, from 0 to about 2% of an antifoaming agent, from 0 to about 1% of a preservative, and from 0 to about 75% of a volatile liquid diluent.
  • the present invention provides a method of using a mixture comprising: (1) a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) an excipient; to control insects, wherein the PVP is selected from one or any combination of the PVPs described herein, e.g., a PVP having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4- C-L-X 5 -E-G-X 6 -W-C-A-D-W-X 7 -G-P-S-C-C-X 8 -X
  • the present invention provides a method of using a mixture to control insects, said mixture comprising: (1) a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and (2) an excipient; wherein the insects are selected from the group consisting of: Achema Sphinx Moth (Hornworm) (Eumorpha achemon); Alfalfa Caterpillar (Colias eurytheme); Almond Moth (Caudra cautella); Amorbia Moth (Amorbia humerosana); Armyworm (Spodoptera spp., e.g.
  • the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant which expresses one or more PVPs, or polynucleotides encoding the same.
  • the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X 1 -X 2 -X 3 -A-X 4 -C-L-X 5 -E-G-X 6 -W-C-A-D-W-X 7 -G-P-S-C-C-X 8 -X 9 -X 10
  • the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide 277702-549942 encoding the same, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S- C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid
  • the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3- 60, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the PVP has an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the PVP further comprises a homopolymer or heteropolymer of two or more PVPs, wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP is the same or different.
  • the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the PVP is a fused protein comprising two or more PVPs separated by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, and wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP may be the same or different.
  • the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the linker is cleavable inside the gut or hemolymph of an insect.
  • the present invention provides a method for controlling insects comprising, providing to said insect a transgenic plant that comprises in its genome a stably incorporated expression cassette, wherein said stably incorporated expression cassette comprises polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP.
  • the present invention provides a method of combating, controlling, or inhibiting a pest comprising, applying a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture comprising: (1) a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) an excipient; wherein the PVP is selected from one or any combination of the PVPs described herein, e.g., an insecticidal Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP), said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E- G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S
  • the present invention provides a method of combating, controlling, or inhibiting a pest comprising, applying a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture comprising: (1) a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) an excipient; to the locus of a pest, wherein the pest is selected from the group consisting 277702-549942 of: Achema Sphinx Moth (Hornworm) (Eumorpha achemon); Alfalfa Caterpillar (Colias eurytheme); Almond Moth (Caudra cautella); Amorbia Moth (Amorbia humerosana); Armyworm (Spodoptera spp., e.g.
  • CROPS AND PESTS Specific crop pests and insects that may be controlled by these methods include the following: Dictyoptera (cockroaches); Isoptera (termites); Orthoptera (locusts, grasshoppers and crickets); Diptera (house flies, mosquito, tsetse fly, crane-flies and fruit flies); Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, bees, saw-flies, ichneumon flies and gall-wasps); Anoplura (biting and sucking lice); Siphonaptera (fleas); and Hemiptera (bugs and aphids), as well as arachnids such as Acari (ticks and mites), and the parasites that each of these organisms harbor.
  • Dictyoptera cockroaches
  • Isoptera termites
  • Orthoptera locusts, grasshoppers and crickets
  • Diptera house flies, mosquito, tsetse
  • Pests includes, but is not limited to: insects, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mites, ticks, and the like.
  • Insect pests include, but are not limited to, insects selected from the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mallophaga, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Orthroptera, Thysanoptera, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Anoplura, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, and the like. More particularly, insect pests include Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera.
  • Insects of suitable agricultural, household and/or medical/veterinary importance for treatment with the insecticidal polypeptides include, but are not limited to, members of the following classes and orders: [00584]
  • the order Coleoptera includes the suborders Adephaga and Polyphaga.
  • Suborder Adephaga includes the superfamilies Caraboidea and Gyrinoidea.
  • Suborder Polyphaga includes the superfamilies Hydrophiloidea, Staphylinoidea, Cantharoidea, Cleroidea, Elateroidea, Dascilloidea, Dryopoidea, Byrrhoidea, Cucujoidea, Meloidea, Mordelloidea, Tenebrionoidea, Bostrichoidea, Scarabaeoidea, Cerambycoidea, Chrysomeloidea, and Curculionoidea.
  • Superfamily Caraboidea includes the families Cicindelidae, Carabidae, and Dytiscidae.
  • 277702-549942 Superfamily Gyrinoidea includes the family Gyrinidae.
  • Superfamily Hydrophiloidea includes the family Hydrophilidae.
  • Superfamily Staphylinoidea includes the families Silphidae and Staphylinidae.
  • Superfamily Cantharoidea includes the families Cantharidae and Lampyridae.
  • Superfamily Cleroidea includes the families Cleridae and Dermestidae.
  • Superfamily Elateroidea includes the families Elateridae and Buprestidae.
  • Superfamily Cucujoidea includes the family Coccinellidae.
  • Superfamily Meloidea includes the family Meloidae.
  • Superfamily Tenebrionoidea includes the family Tenebrionidae.
  • Superfamily Scarabaeoidea includes the families Passalidae and Scarabaeidae.
  • Superfamily Cerambycoidea includes the family Cerambycidae.
  • Superfamily Chrysomeloidea includes the family Chrysomelidae.
  • Superfamily Curculionoidea includes the families Curculionidae and Scolytidae.
  • Examples of Coleoptera include, but are not limited to: the American bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus, the leaf beetle Agelastica alni, click beetles (Agriotes lineatus, Agriotes obscurus, Agriotes bicolor), the grain beetle Ahasverus advena, the summer schafer Amphimallon solstitialis, the furniture beetle Anobium punctatum, Anthonomus spp.
  • weevils the Pygmy mangold beetle Atomaria linearis, carpet beetles (Anthrenus spp., Attagenus spp.), the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculates, the fried fruit beetle Carpophilus hemipterus, the cabbage seedpod weevil Ceutorhynchus assimilis, the rape winter stem weevil Ceutorhynchus picitarsis, the wireworms Conoderus vespertinus and Conoderus falli, the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus, the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica, the June beetle Cotinis nitida, the sunflower stem weevil Cylindrocopturus adspersus, the larder beetle Dermestes lardarius, the corn rootworms Diabrotica virgifera, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica barberi,
  • spider beetles the lesser grain borer Rhizopertha dominica, the pea and been weevil Sitona lineatus, the rice and granary beetles Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus granaries, the red sunflower seed weevil Smicronyx fulvus, the drugstore beetle Stegobium paniceum, the yellow mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor, the flour beetles Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum, warehouse and cabinet beetles (Trogoderma spp.), and the sunflower beetle Zygogramma exclamationis.
  • Examples of Dermaptera include, but are not limited to: the European earwig, Forficula auricularia, and the striped earwig, Labidura riparia.
  • Examples of Dictvontera include, but are not limited to: the oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis, the German cockroach, Blatella germanica, the Madeira cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, and the smokybrown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa.
  • Diplonoda examples include, but are not limited to: the spotted snake millipede Blaniulus guttulatus, the flat-back millipede Brachydesmus superus, and the greenhouse millipede Oxidus gracilis.
  • the order Diptera includes the Suborders Nematocera, Brachycera, and Cyclorrhapha.
  • Suborder Nematocera includes the families Tipulidae, Psychodidae, Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Simuliidae, Bibionidae, and Cecidomyiidae.
  • Suborder Brachycera includes the families Stratiomyidae, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Asilidae, Mydidae, Bombyliidae, and Dolichopodidae.
  • Suborder Cyclorrhapha includes the Divisions Aschiza and Aschiza.
  • Division Aschiza includes the families Phoridae, Syrphidae, and Conopidae.
  • Division Aschiza includes the Sections Acalyptratae and Calyptratae.
  • Section Acalyptratae includes the families Otitidae, Tephritidae, Agromyzidae, and Drosophilidae.
  • Section Calyptratae includes the families Hippoboscidae, Oestridae, Tachinidae, Anthomyiidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, and Sarcophagidae.
  • Examples of Diptera include, but are not limited to: the house fly (Musca domestica), the African tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga), biting midges (Culicoides spp.), bee louse (Braula spp.), the beet fly Pegomyia betae, black flies (Cnephia spp., Eusimulium spp., Simulium spp.), bot flies (Cuterebra spp., Gastrophilus spp., Oestrus spp.), craneflies (Tipula spp.), eye gnats (Hippelates spp.), filth-breeding flies (Calliphora s,
  • Isontera examples include, but are not limited to: species from the familes Hodotennitidae, Kalotermitidae, Mastotermitidae, Rhinotennitidae, Serritermitidae, Termitidae, and Termopsidae.
  • Heteroptera examples include, but are not limited to: the bed bug Cimex lectularius, the cotton stainer Dysdercus intermedius, the Sunn pest Eurygaster integriceps, the tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris, the green stink bug Nezara antennata, the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula, and the triatomid bugs Panstrogylus megistus, Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, Rhodnius pallescans, Rhodnius prolixus, Rhodnius robustus, Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma infestans, and Triatoma sordida.
  • Homoptera examples include, but are not limited to: the California red scale Aonidiella aurantii, the black bean aphid Aphis fabae, the cotton or melon aphid Aphis gossypii, the green apple aphid Aphis pomi, the citrus spiny whitefly Aleurocanthus spiniferus, the oleander scale Aspidiotus hederae, the sweet potato whitefly Bemesia tabaci, the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, the pear psylla Cacopsylla pyricola, the currant aphid Cryptomyzus ribis, the grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, the citrus psylla Diaphorina citri, the potato leafhopper Empoasca fabae, the bean leafhopper Empoasca solana, the vine leafhopper Empoasca vitis, the woolly aphi
  • Isopoda examples include, but are not limited to: the common pillbug Armadillidium vulgare and the common woodlouse Oniscus asellus.
  • the order Lepidoptera includes the families Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Danaidae, Satyridae, Hesperiidae, Sphingidae, Saturniidae, Geometridae, Arctiidae, Noctuidae, Lymantriidae, Sesiidae, and Tineidae.
  • Lepidoptera examples include, but are not limited to: Adoxophyes orana (summer fruit tortrix moth), Agrotis ipsolon (black cutworm), Archips podana (fruit tree tortrix moth), Bucculatrix pyrivorella (pear leafminer), Bucculatrix thurberiella (cotton leaf perforator), Bupalus piniarius (pine looper), Carpocapsa pomonella (codling moth), Chilo suppressalis (striped rice borer), Choristoneura fumiferana (eastern spruce budworm), Cochylis hospes (banded sunflower moth), Diatraea grandiosella (southwestern corn borer), Earls insulana (Egyptian bollworm), Euphestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth), Eupoecilia ambiguella (European grape berry moth), Euproctis
  • Examples of Orthoptera include, but are not limited to: the common cricket Acheta domesticus, tree locusts (Anacridium spp.), the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, the twostriped grasshopper Melanoplus bivittatus, the differential grasshopper Melanoplus dfferentialis, the redlegged grasshopper Melanoplus femurrubrum, the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes, the northern mole cricket Neocurtilla hexadectyla, the red locust Nomadacris septemfasciata, the shortwinged mole cricket Scapteriscus abbreviatus, the southern mole cricket Scapteriscus borellii, the tawny mole cricket Scapteriscus vicinus, and the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria.
  • Phthiraptera examples include, but are not limited to: the cattle biting louse Bovicola bovis, biting lice (Damalinia spp.), the cat louse Felicola subrostrata, the shortnosed cattle louse Haematopinus eloysternus, the tail-switch louse Haematopinus quadriperiussus, the hog louse Haematopinus suis, the face louse Linognathus ovillus, the foot louse Linognathus pedalis, the dog sucking louse Linognathus setosus, the long-nosed cattle louse Linognathus vituli, the chicken body louse Menacanthus stramineus, the poultry shaft louse Menopon gallinae, the human body louse Pediculus humanus, the pubic louse Phthirus pubis, the little blue cattle louse Solenopotes capillatus, and the dog
  • Examples of Psocoptera include, but are not limited to: the booklice Liposcelis bostrychophila, Liposcelis decolor, Liposcelis entomophila, and Trogium pulsatorium.
  • Examples of Siphonaptera include, but are not limited to: the bird flea Ceratophyllus gallinae, the dog flea Ctenocephalides canis, the cat flea Ctenocephalides fells, the human flea Pulex irritans, and the oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis.
  • Examples of Symphyla include, but are not limited to: the garden symphylan Scutigerella immaculate.
  • Thysanura include, but are not limited to: the gray silverfish Ctenolepisma longicaudata, the four-lined silverfish Ctenolepisma quadriseriata, the common silverfish Lepisma saccharina, and the firebrat Thennobia domestica;
  • Thysanoptera include, but are not limited to: the tobacco thrips Frankliniella fusca, the flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa, the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, the cotton bud thrips Frankliniella schultzei, the banded greenhouse thrips Hercinothrips femoralis, the soybean thrips Neohydatothrips variabilis, Kelly's citrus thrips Pezothrips kellyanus, the avocado thrips Scirtothrips perseae, the melon thrips, Thrip
  • Nematodes include, but are not limited to: parasitic nematodes such as root-knot, cyst, and lesion nematodes, including Heterodera spp., Meloidogyne spp., and Globodera spp.; particularly members of the cyst nematodes, including, but not limited to: Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode); Heterodera schachtii (beet cyst nematode); Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst nematode); and Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pailida (potato cyst nematodes).
  • parasitic nematodes such as root-knot, cyst, and lesion nematodes, including Heterodera spp., Meloidogyne spp., and Globodera spp.
  • members of the cyst nematodes including, but not limited to: He
  • Lesion nematodes include, but are not limited to: Pratylenchus spp.
  • Other insect species susceptible to the present invention include: athropod pests that cause public and animal health concerns, for example, mosquitos for example, mosquitoes from the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex, from ticks, flea, and flies etc.
  • a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof can be employed to treat ectoparasites.
  • Ectoparasites include, but are not limited to: fleas, ticks, mange, mites, mosquitoes, nuisance and biting flies, lice, and combinations comprising one or more of the foregoing ectoparasites.
  • the term “fleas” includes the usual or accidental species of parasitic flea of the order Siphonaptera, and in particular the species Ctenocephalides, in particular C. fells and C.cams, rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) and human fleas (Pulex irritans).
  • the present invention may be used to control, inhibit, and/or kill insect pests of major crops, e.g., in some embodiments, the major crops and corresponding insect pest include, but are not limited to: Maize: Ostrinia nubilalis, European corn borer; Agrotis ipsilon, black cutworm; Helicoverpa zea, corn earworm; Spodoptera frugiperda, fall armyworm; Diatraea grandiosella, southwestern corn borer; Elasmopalpus lignosellus, lesser cornstalk borer; Diatraea saccharalis, surgarcane borer; Diabrotica virgifera, western corn rootworm; Diabrotica longicornis barberi, northern corn rootworm; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, southern corn rootworm; Melanotus spp., wireworms; Cyclocephala borealis, northern masked chafer (white grub); Cyclocephala immacul
  • a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof can be employed to treat any one or more of the foregoing insects.
  • the insects that are susceptible to present invention include but are not limited to the following: familes such as: Blattaria, Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Echinostomida, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Rhabditida, Siphonoptera, and Thysanoptera.
  • Genus Species are indicated as follows: Actebia fennica, Agrotis ipsilon, A.
  • Crops for which a transgenic approach would be an especially useful approach include, but are not limited to: alfalfa, cotton, tomato, maize, wheat, corn, sweet corn, lucerne, soybean, sorghum, field pea, linseed, safflower, rapeseed, oil seed rape, rice, soybean, barley, sunflower, trees (including coniferous and deciduous), flowers (including those grown commercially and in greenhouses), field lupins, switchgrass, sugarcane, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, crucifers, peppers, sugarbeet, barley, and oilseed rape, Brassica sp., rye, millet, peanuts, sweet potato, cassaya, coffee, coconut, pineapple, citrus trees, cocoa, tea, banana, avocado, fig, guava, mango, olive, papay
  • the present disclosure provides methods for plant transformation, which may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots.
  • Crops for which a transgenic approach or plaint incorporated protectants (PIP) would be an especially useful approach include, but are not limited to: alfalfa, cotton, tomato, maize, wheat, corn, sweet corn, lucerne, soybean, sorghum, field pea, linseed, safflower, rapeseed, oil seed rape, rice, soybean, barley, sunflower, trees (including coniferous and deciduous), flowers (including those grown commercially and in greenhouses), field lupins, switchgrass, sugarcane, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, crucifers, peppers, sugarbeet, barley, and oilseed rape, Brassica sp., rye, millet, peanuts, sweet potato, cassaya, coffee, coconut, pineapple, citrus trees, cocoa, tea, banana, avocado, fig,
  • compositions, mixtures, and/or methods of the present invention can be applied to the locus of an insect and/or pest selected from the group consisting of: Loopers; Omnivorous Leafroller; Hornworms; Imported Cabbageworm; Diamondback Moth; Green Cloverworm; Webworm; Saltmarsh Caterpillar; Armyworms; Cutworms; Cross-Striped Cabbageworm; Podworms; Velvetbean Caterpillar; Soybean Looper; Tomato Fruitworm; Variegated Cutworm; Melonworms; Rindworm complex; Fruittree Leafroller; Citrus Cutworm; Heliothis; Orangedog; Citrus Cutworm; Redhumped Caterpillar; Tent Caterpillars; Fall 277702-549942 Webworm; Walnut Caterpillar; Cankerworms; Gypsy Moth; Variegated Leafroller; Redbanded Leafroller; Tufted Apple Budmoth; Oriental Fruit Moth); Filbert Leafroller; Obliquebanded Leaf
  • compositions, mixtures, and/or methods of the present invention can be applied to the locus of an insect and/or pest selected from the group consisting of: Achema Sphinx Moth (Hornworm) (Eumorpha achemon); Alfalfa Caterpillar (Colias eurytheme); Almond Moth (Caudra cautella); Amorbia Moth (Amorbia humerosana); Armyworm (Spodoptera spp., e.g.
  • compositions, mixtures, and/or methods of the present invention can be applied to the locus of an adult beetle selected from the group consisting of: Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea); Gold spotted oak borer (Agrilus coxalis auroguttatus); Green June beetle (Cotinis nitida); Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica); May or June beetle (Phyllophaga sp.); Oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis); and/or Soap berry-borer (Agrilus prionurus).
  • Asiatic garden beetle Maladera castanea
  • Gold spotted oak borer Agrilus coxalis auroguttatus
  • Green June beetle Cotinis nitida
  • Japanese beetle Popillia japonica
  • May or June beetle May or June beetle (Phyllophaga sp
  • compositions, mixtures, and/or methods of the present invention can be applied to the locus of an insect and/or pest that is a larvae (annual white grub) selected from the group consisting of: Annual blue grass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis); 277702-549942 Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea); European chafer (Rhizotroqus majalis); Green June beetle (Cotinis nitida); Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica); May or June beetle (Phyllophaga sp.); Northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis); Oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis); Southern masked chafer (Cyclocephala lurida); and Billbug (Curculionoidea).
  • an insect and/or pest that is a larvae (annual white grub) selected from the group consisting of: Annual blue grass wee
  • Example 1 [00617] Yeast Transformation [00618] Individual ORFs were constructed containing either a polynucleotide operable to encode a wild-type PL1c (SEQ ID NO: 2), or a polynucleotide operable to encode a given PVP. Individual ORFs were constructed containing either a polynucleotide operable to encode a wild- type PL1c, or a polynucleotide operable to encode a given PVP, and the sequence of the alpha mating factor secretion signal.
  • the pKlac1 vector contains the Kluyveromyces lactis PLAC4-PBI promoter (1), DNA encoding the K. lactis ⁇ -mating factor ( ⁇ -MF) secretion domain (for secreted expression), a multiple cloning site (MCS), the Kluyveromyces lactis LAC4 transcription terminator (TT), and a fungal acetamidase selectable marker gene (amdS) expressed from the yeast ADH2 promoter (PADH2).
  • ⁇ -MF K. lactis ⁇ -mating factor
  • MCS multiple cloning site
  • TT Kluyveromyces lactis LAC4 transcription terminator
  • amdS fungal acetamidase selectable marker gene expressed from the yeast ADH2 promoter
  • coli replication origin ORI
  • ApR ampicillin resistance gene
  • the HPLC standard curve was setup as follows: A serial dilution of purified WT-PL1c or PVP in water was injected onto a Chromolith C18 column (4.6 x 100 mm) over a concentration range of 5-100 ⁇ g and eluted at a flow rate of 2 mL min -1 and a gradient of 18-36% acetonitrile over 5 min. WT-PL1c or PVP peak areas from six samples were plotted against concentration and the slope of the linear relationship was used to quantify the concentration of unknown samples. Samples that reached a height of 1 absorbance units were dropped from the calculation as they were assumed to be out of the linear range of the HPLC detector.
  • Figure 1 shows the HPLC chromatograms of the wild-type PL1c and PVP-1-3 showing the single peaks obtained in PVP1-3, whereas WT-PL1c shows multiple peaks of the expressed peptide when produced recombinantly in yeast fermentation procedures as described herein.
  • Table 2 Expression of PVPs of the present disclosure relative to the expression of wild-type PL1c (SEQ ID NO: 2) using the expression system described in Example 2. Rel. Yield To SEQ Yield WT-PL1c O: 277702-549942 Rel. Yield To SEQ Yield WT-PL1c ID Amino Acid Sequence Improvement (SEQ ID NO: 277702-549942 Rel.
  • CEW Corn Earworm
  • Injections volumes were 1-5 ⁇ L and were performed with a 30 gauge needle and glass syringe in a hand microapplicator (Burkard, Rickmansworth, Herts, England). The injection site was near the base of one of the hindmost prolegs. Following the injection, larvae were placed in a new enclosure with General Purpose Lepidoptera Diet and 277702-549942 their condition (including mortality, sublethal effects, and behavior) was evaluated 24-hours post-injection. Here, wild-type PL1c, and PVPs 1-3: were injected into CEW, and percent knockdown was assessed at 24 hours.
  • PVPs1-3 have a similar, if slightly lower insecticidal activity against CEW when compared to the parent-wild-type PL1c.
  • Example 6 Expression of PVP-insecticidal proteins in plants [00639] The ability to express PVP-insecticidal proteins in a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, is provided. Here, the cloning and expression of PVP-insecticidal proteins can be performed using a tobacco transient expression system technology referred to as FECT (Liu Z & Kearney CM, BMC Biotechnology, 2010, 10:88, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • FECT tobacco transient expression system technology
  • the FECT vector contains a T-DNA region for agroinfection, which contains a CaMV 35S promoter that drives the expression of the foxtail mosaic virus RNA without the genes encoding the viral coating protein and the triple gene block.
  • a pair of subcloning sites Pac I and Avr II
  • PVP ORF subcloning sites
  • a second FECT vector is co-expressed that encodes P19, a RNA silencing suppressor protein from tomato bushy stunt virus, to prevent the post- transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of the introduced T-DNA.
  • Agrobacterium containing the transient plant expression system is injected into the leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) as described below.
  • the PVP-insecticidal proteins exemplified here comprises the following components: an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide (ERSP); a ubiquitin monomer; an intervening linker peptide; and a Histidine tag.
  • the ERSP motif may be the Barley Alpha-Amylase Signal peptide (BAAS), a 24 amino acid peptide with the following amino acid sequence (N’ to C’; one letter code): MANKHLSLSLFLVLLGLSASLASG (SEQ ID NO:87)
  • BAAS Barley Alpha-Amylase Signal peptide
  • the Zea mays ubiquitin monomer may be a 75 amino acid peptide with the following amino acid sequence (N’ to C’, one letter code): QIFVKTLTGKTLEVESSDTIDNVKAKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLADYNIQKE STLHLVLRLRGG (SEQ ID NO: 88) (NCBI Accession No.
  • XP_020404049.1) 277702-549942 [00644]
  • the polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP ORF used in the PVP-insecticidal proteins are found in Table 1 herein.
  • the intervening linking peptide useful in the constructs described here can have the following amino acid sequence (N’ to C’, one letter code): ALKFLV (SEQ ID NO: 89) or IGER (SEQ ID NO: 90).
  • the histidine tag to be used may have the following amino acid sequence (N’ to C’, one letter code): HHHHHH (SEQ ID NO: 91).
  • an exemplary PVP-insecticidal protein used in this example has a construct with the following elements and orientation: ERSP-UBI-L-PVP-HIS [00648]
  • An example of a full amino acid sequence for an exemplary PVP-insecticidal protein is as follows : MANKHLSLSLFLVLLGLSASLASGQIFVKTLTGKTLEVESSDTIDNVKAKIQDKEGIPPDQ QRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLADYNIQKESTLHLVLRLRGGALKFLVSAEAACLAEGEWCADW AGPSCCGEMYCSCPGFGKCRCKKSHHHHHH (SEQ ID NO: 92) or MANKHLSLFLVLLGLSASLASGQIFVKTLTGKTLEVESSDTIDNVKAKIQDKEGIPPDQ QRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLADYNIQKESTLHLVLRLRGGALKFLVGAEAACLAEGEWCADW AGPSCCGEMYCSCP
  • a polynucleotide operable to encode the PVP-insecticidal protein i.e., DNA with the following ORF: “BAAS:UBI:L:PVP:HIS” or “baas-ubi-l-PVP-his” (where BAAS is the ERSP; UBI is ubiquitin; and L is linking peptide), may be cloned into the Pac I and Avr II restriction sites of the FECT expression vector to create the transient vectors.
  • transient vectors are then transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain, GV3101 cells using a freeze-thaw method as follows: the stored competent GV3101 cells are thawed on ice and then mixed with 1-5 ⁇ g pure transient vectors DNA. The cell-DNA mixture is then kept on ice for 5 minutes, and transferred to -80°C for 5 minutes; the mixture is then incubated in a 37°C water bath for 5 minutes. The freeze-thaw treated cells are then diluted into 1 mL LB medium, and shaken on a rocking table for 2-4 hours at room temperature.
  • the cell-LB mixture is then spun 277702-549942 down at 5,000 rcf for 2 minutes to pellet cells, and then 800 ⁇ L of LB supernatant was removed.
  • the cells are then resuspended in the remaining liquid, and the entire volume (approximately 200 ⁇ L) of the transformed cell-LB mixture is spread onto LB agar plates with the appropriate antibiotics (i.e., 10 ⁇ g/mL rifampicin, 25 ⁇ g/mL gentamycin, and 50 ⁇ g/mL kanamycin), and incubated at 28°C for two days.
  • the appropriate antibiotics i.e., 10 ⁇ g/mL rifampicin, 25 ⁇ g/mL gentamycin, and 50 ⁇ g/mL kanamycin
  • the resulting transformed colonies are then picked and cultured in 6 mL aliquots of LB medium with the appropriate antibiotics necessary for transformed DNA analysis and creating glycerol stocks of the transformed GV3101 cells.
  • the transformed GV3101 cells are then streaked onto an LB plate with the appropriate antibiotics (as described above) from the previously created glycerol stock, and incubated at 28°C for two days.
  • a colony of transformed GV3101 cells is used to inoculate 5 mL of LB-MESA medium (LB media supplemented with 10 mM MES, 20 ⁇ M acetosyringone), and the same antibiotics described above.
  • the colony is then grown overnight at 28°C; the cells are then collected by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes, and resuspended in the induction medium (10 mM MES, 10 mM MgCl2, 100 ⁇ M acetosyringone) at a final OD600 of 1.0. The cells are then incubated in the induction medium for 2 hours, to overnight, at room temperature. At this point, the cells are ready for transient transformation of tobacco leaves. [00652] Because FECT uses a mixture of P19 expression and the gene of interest expression, cultures of cells for the pFECT-P19 transformed GV3101 cells and the gene of interest cultures are mixed together in equal amounts for infiltration of tobacco leaves before injection into the plant leaves.
  • the treated cells are infiltrated into the underside of attached leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plants by injection, using a 3 mL syringe without a needle attached. Protein expression in tobacco leaves is evaluated at 6-8 days post-infiltration.
  • Full length PVP-insecticidal protein is purified from the tobacco by using a manual extraction technique.
  • Leaf tissue is obtained via 30 mm diameter punch, from the infiltrated area, rolled up and placed inside a 2 mL conical bottom tube with two, 5/32 inch diameter stainless steel grinding balls, and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The samples are then homogenized using a Troemner-Talboys High Throughput Homogenizer.
  • a 750 ⁇ L ice- cold total soluble protein (TSP) extraction solution sodium phosphate solution 50 mM, EDTA 1 mM, pH 7.0
  • TSP total soluble protein
  • the microtube is then left to incubate at room temperature for 15 minutes, and then centrifuged at 16,000 x g for 15 minutes at 4°C.
  • 100 ⁇ L of the resulting supernatant is taken and loaded into pre-Sephadex G-50-packed column in 0.45 ⁇ m Millipore MultiScreen filter microtiter plate with empty receiving Costar microtiter plate on bottom. The microtiter plates are then centrifuged at 800 g for 2 minutes at 4°C.
  • total soluble protein extract (hereinafter “total soluble protein extract” or “TSP extract”) of the tobacco leaves, is ready for downstream analysis.
  • TSP extract total soluble protein extract
  • the samples are then analyzed using standard Western Blotting techniques. Samples are prepared for a protein gel by mixing 10 ⁇ L of protein sample with 9 ⁇ L Invitrogen 2X SDS loading buffer and 2 ⁇ L Novex 10X Reducing agent, and heating the sample at 85°C for 5 minutes. The samples are then loaded and run on a Novex Precast, 16% Tricine gel in 1x Invitrogen Tricine running buffer with 0.1% sodium thioglycolate in the top tank and Invitrogen SeeBlue Plus 2 MWM. The gel is run at 150V for 75 minutes.
  • the gel is then transferred to a Novel PVDF membrane using a 7-minute transfer program on the iBLOT system.
  • the blot membrane is then moved to a container and washed with Buffer A (1x TBS made from Quality Biological’s 10x TBS (0.25M tris base, 1.37M NaCl, 0.03M KCL, pH 7.4)), for five minutes by rocking gently at room temperature. This step may be followed with a blocking step using Buffer B (Buffer A with 1% BSA) for 1 hour.
  • Buffer B Buffer A with 1% BSA
  • the blot is then rinsed three times with 5 minute washes of Buffer C (Buffer B with 0.05% Tween 20).
  • a PVP-insecticidal protein may comprise a PVP operably linked to one or more of the following: an ERSP, a stabilizing protein (STA), an intervening linker (L), a Histidine tag (HIS), or a combination thereof; wherein the PVP may have an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60.
  • PVP-insecticidal protein constructs are contemplated: ERSP-UBI-L-PVP-HIS; ERSP-STA-PVP; ERSP-STA-(L- PVP)N; ERSP- STA-(PVP –L) N ; ERSP-PVP-STA; ERSP-(PVP-L-) N -STA; ERSP-(L-PVP) N -STA; ERSP-PVP- STA-L; ERSP-PVP-STA-(L-PVP)N; ERSP-PVP-STA-(PVP-L)N; ERSP-L-STA-PVP; ERSP-L- STA-PVP-(L-PVP) N ; ERSP-L-STA-PVP; ERSP-L- STA-PVP-(L-PVP) N ; ERSP-L-STA-PVP; ERSP-L- STA-PVP
  • a polynucleotide operable to encode any of the foregoing PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins of SEQ ID NO: 3-60, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof may be transformed into a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, and/or expressed in a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof.
  • a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein may be transformed into a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or 277702-549942 part thereof, and/or expressed in a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a PVP having an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof.
  • Example 7 Determination of Protease Chymotryopsin resistance site of PVP
  • Proteases exist in insect guts to digest and breakdown plant proteins into useful nutrients. This can be a concern for using protein-based products for insect control because proteases digest the proteins and render them inactive.
  • a 1:1 solution of 1 mg/mL solution of peptide SEQ ID NO: 3 and 1 mg/mL chymotrypsin (Sigma C4129) in PBS pH 7.5 were incubated at RT for 4 hours. Samples were then filtered through a 0.2 ⁇ M filter into a HPLC vial.

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Abstract

New insecticidal peptides, polypeptides, proteins, and nucleotides; their expression in culture and plants; methods of producing the peptides, polypeptides, proteins, and nucleotides; new processes; new production techniques; new formulations; and new organisms, are disclosed. The present disclosure is also related to a novel type of peptide named Delta-amaurobitoxin- PLlc variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species.

Description

277702-549942 DELTA-AMAUROBITOXIN PL1C VARIANT POLYPEPTIDES FOR PEST CONTROL CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This patent application claims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §l.19(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/517,835, filed on August 4th, 2023, the contents of the aforementioned application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. SEQUENCE LISTING [0002] This application incorporates by reference in its entirety the Sequence Listing XML entitled “277702-549942.xml” (105,045 bytes), which was created on August 2, 2024, and filed electronically herewith. TECHNICAL FIELD [0003] The present disclosure provides insecticidal proteins, nucleotides, peptides, their expression in plants, methods of producing the peptides, new formulations, and methods for the control of insects are described. BACKGROUND [0004] Deleterious insects represent a worldwide threat to human health and food security. Insects pose a threat to human health because they are a vector for disease. One of the most notorious insect-vectors of disease is the mosquito. Mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles are the principal vectors of Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, and malaria—a disease caused by protozoa in the genus Trypanosoma. Another mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is the main vector of the viruses that cause Yellow fever and Dengue. And, Aedes spp. mosquitos are also the vectors for the viruses responsible for various types of encephalitis. Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, parasitic roundworms that cause filariasis, are usually spread by mosquitoes in the genera Culex, Mansonia, and Anopheles. [0005] Similar to the mosquito, other members of the Diptera order have likewise plagued humankind since time immemorial. In addition to producing painful bites, Horseflies and deerflies transmit the bacterial pathogens of tularemia (Pasteurella tularensis) and anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), as well as a parasitic roundworm (Loa loa) that causes loiasis in tropical Africa. [0006] Blowflies (Chrysomya megacephala) and houseflies (Musca domestica) will in one moment take off from carrion and dung, and in the next moment alight in our homes and on 56904048.7 277702-549942 our food—spreading dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, poliomyelitis, yaws, leprosy, and tuberculosis in their wake. [0007] Eye gnats in the genus Hippelates can carry the spirochaete pathogen that causes yaws (Treponema pertenue), and may also spread conjunctivitis (pinkeye). Tsetse flies in the genus Glossina transmit the protozoan pathogens that cause African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma gambiense and T. rhodesiense). Sand flies in the genus Phlebotomus are vectors of a bacterium (Bartonella bacilliformis) that causes Carrion's disease (Oroyo fever) in South America. In parts of Asia and North Africa, they spread a viral agent that causes sand fly fever (Pappataci fever) as well as protozoan pathogens (Leishmania spp.) that cause Leishmaniasis. [0008] Human food security is also threatened by insects. Insect pests indiscriminately target food crops earmarked for commercial purposes and personal use alike; indeed, the damage caused by insect pests can run the gamut from mere inconvenience to financial ruin in the former, to extremes such as malnutrition or starvation in the latter. Insect pests also cause stress and disease in domesticated animals. And, insect pests once limited by geographical and climate boundaries have expanded their range due to global travel and climate change. SUMMARY [0009] The present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In various embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, a peptide having from about 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 or from about 45 amino acids in length, comprising, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S- C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, 277702-549942 P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [0010] In related embodiments, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [0011] In some embodiments, a PVP of the present disclosure comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, a peptide having from about 35 to about 45 amino acids in length, comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9- X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R- C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and wherein the PVP is resistant to proteolysis by a protease, for example, chymotrypsin. [0012] In related embodiments, the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In some embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to the formula (II): Z-X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-X7-X8-G-X9-S-C-C-X10-X11-X12-X13-C-S-C-P-G- X14-G-K-C-R-C-X15-X16-X17-X18, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid 277702-549942 substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein Z is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acids, each independently selected from the amino acids selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent; X2 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent; X3 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, or D, X5 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X6 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X7 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y, V or absent; X9 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X11 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X13 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X14 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X15 is an amino acid selected from: K, or R, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent; X17 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent, X18 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [0013] In related embodiments, the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In some embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. [0014] In related embodiments, the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. 277702-549942 In some embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. [0015] In related embodiments, the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In some embodiments, the PVP comprises, or consists of, an amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. [0016] In addition, the present disclosure describes a composition consisting of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or combinations thereof, and an excipient. [0017] The present disclosure describes a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, or a PVP containing protein, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S- C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected 277702-549942 from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof. [0018] In related embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, in accordance with Formula (I), wherein, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [0019] In related embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. [0020] The present disclosure describes a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6- W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S- C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino 277702-549942 acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof. [0021] In related embodiments, the present disclosure describes a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, the PVP having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In some embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1- X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K- C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D- W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent. In related embodiments, in accordance with Formula (I), wherein, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [0022] In addition, the present disclosure describes a method of producing a PVP, the method comprising: preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, and/or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, said the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L- X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14- 277702-549942 X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W- S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, introducing the vector into a yeast strain; and growing the yeast strain in a growth medium under conditions operable to enable expression of the PVP and secretion into the growth medium. In related embodiments, in accordance with Formula (I), wherein, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [0023] In addition, the present disclosure describes a method for protecting a plant from insects, the method comprising: providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or a polynucleotide encoding the same. [0024] Furthermore, the present disclosure describes a method for controlling insects comprising, providing to said insect a transgenic plant that comprises in its genome a stably incorporated expression cassette, wherein said stably incorporated expression cassette comprises a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP. [0025] The present disclosure describes a method of combating, controlling, or inhibiting a pest comprising, applying a pesticidally effective amount of the composition consisting of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or combinations thereof, and an excipient, to the locus of the pest, or to a plant or animal susceptible to an attack by the pest. [0026] In addition, the present disclosure describes a vector comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP comprising an amino acid sequence with at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to a 277702-549942 sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R- C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2). [0027] The present disclosure also describes a yeast strain comprising: a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W- X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S- C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0028] FIG.1 shows an HPLC chromatograms for pure WT PL1c and PVPs 1-3 as produced in the embodiments of the present disclosure. [0029] FIG.2 depicts a graph showing representative insecticidal activity of PVPs 1-3 versus wild-type PL1c (SEQ ID NO: 2), using a Corn Earworm Injection assay as described in the various embodiments of the present disclosure. [0030] FIG.3 depicts the yield of WT-PL1c (SEQ ID NO: 2) versus those of PVPs 1-3 when recombinantly expressed in a fermentation using Kluyveromyces lactis yeast strain as described in the examples section of the present disclosure. 277702-549942 [0031] FIG.4 depicts a table of PVP mutants and their resistance to the protease chymotrypsin as indicated by a HPLC chromatogram of non-degraded and degraded peaks of the treated PVP. [0032] FIG.5 depicts a HPLC trace for PVP having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 before and after an incubation with chymotrypsin. Blue trace is the sample before incubation with protease and black trace is after. The peaks shifts in retention time to the left post incubation with the enzyme and resulting peaks indicate a cleavage event by the protease. [0033] FIG.6 depicts a house fly mortality 24 hours after injection with the PVP of SEQ ID NO: 3 treated with and without chymotrypsin. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0034] DEFINITIONS [0035] The term “5’-end” and “3’-end” refers to the directionality, i.e., the end-to-end orientation of a nucleotide polymer (e.g., DNA). The 5’-end of a polynucleotide is the end of the polynucleotide that has the fifth carbon. [0036] “5’- and 3’-homology arms” or “5’ and 3’ arms” or “left and right arms” refers to the polynucleotide sequences in a vector and/or targeting vector that homologously recombine with the target genome sequence and/or endogenous gene of interest in the host organism in order to achieve successful genetic modification of the host organism’s chromosomal locus. [0037] “ADN1 promoter” refers to the DNA segment comprised of the promoter sequence derived from the Schizosaccharomyces pombe adhesion defective protein 1 gene. [0038] “Affect” refers to how a something influences another thing, e.g., how a peptide, polypeptide, protein, drug, or chemical influences an insect, e.g., a pest. [0039] “Alignment” refers to a method of comparing two or more sequences (e.g., nucleotide, polynucleotide, amino acid, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequences) for the purpose of determining their relationship to each other. Alignments are typically performed by computer programs that apply various algorithms, however, it is also possible to perform an alignment by hand. Alignment programs typically iterate through potential alignments of sequences and score the alignments using substitution tables, employing a variety of strategies to reach a potential optimal alignment score. Commonly-used alignment algorithms include, but are not limited to, CLUSTALW (see Thompson J. D., Higgins D. G., Gibson T. J., CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice, Nucleic Acids Research 22: 4673-4680, 1994); CLUSTALV (see Larkin M. A., et al., CLUSTALW2, ClustalW and ClustalX version 2, Bioinformatics 23(21): 2947-2948, 2007); Mafft; Kalign; ProbCons; and T-Coffee 277702-549942 (see Notredame et al., T-Coffee: A novel method for multiple sequence alignments, Journal of Molecular Biology 302: 205-217, 2000). Exemplary programs that implement one or more of the foregoing algorithms include, but are not limited to, MegAlign from DNAStar (DNAStar, Inc. 3801 Regent St. Madison, Wis.53705), MUSCLE, T-Coffee, CLUSTALX, CLUSTALV, JalView, Phylip, and Discovery Studio from Accelrys (Accelrys, Inc., 10188 Telesis Ct, Suite 100, San Diego, Calif.92121). In some embodiments, an alignment will introduce “phase shifts” and/or “gaps” into one or both of the sequences being compared in order to maximize the similarity between the two sequences, and scoring refers to the process of quantitatively expressing the relatedness of the aligned sequences. [0040] “Alpha-MF signal” or “αMF secretion signal” refers to a protein that directs nascent recombinant polypeptides to the secretory pathway. [0041] “Agent” refers to one or more chemical substances, molecules, nucleotides, polynucleotides, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, poisons, insecticides, pesticides, organic compounds, inorganic compounds, prokaryote organisms, or eukaryote organisms, and agents produced therefrom. [0042] “Agriculturally-acceptable carrier” covers all adjuvants, inert components, dispersants, surfactants, tackifiers, binders, etc. that are ordinarily used in pesticide formulation technology; these are well known to those skilled in pesticide formulation. [0043] “Agroinfection” means a plant transformation method where DNA is introduced into a plant cell by using Agrobacteria A. tumefaciens or A. rhizogenes. [0044] “BAAS” means barley alpha-amylase signal peptide, and is an example of an ERSP. One example of a BAAS is a BAAS having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:87 (NCBI Accession No. AAA32925.1). [0045] “Biomass” refers to any measured plant product. [0046] “Binary vector” or “binary expression vector” means an expression vector which can replicate itself in both E. coli strains and Agrobacterium strains. Also, the vector contains a region of DNA (often referred to as t-DNA) bracketed by left and right border sequences that is recognized by virulence genes to be copied and delivered into a plant cell by Agrobacterium. [0047] “bp” or “base pair” refers to a molecule comprising two chemical bases bonded to one another forming a. For example, a DNA molecule consists of two winding strands, wherein each strand has a backbone made of an alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups. Attached to each deoxyribose is one of four bases, i.e., adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T), wherein adenine forms a base pair with thymine, and cytosine forms a base pair with guanine. 277702-549942 [0048] “C-terminal” refers to the free carboxyl group (i.e., -COOH) that is positioned on the terminal end of a polypeptide. [0049] “cDNA” or “copy DNA” or “complementary DNA” refers to a molecule that is complementary to a molecule of RNA. In some embodiments, cDNA may be either single- stranded or double-stranded. In some embodiments, cDNA can be a double-stranded DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA template in a reaction catalyzed by a reverse transcriptase. In yet other embodiments, “cDNA” refers to all nucleic acids that share the arrangement of sequence elements found in native mature mRNA species, where sequence elements are exons and 3’ and 5’ non-coding regions. Normally mRNA species have contiguous exons, with the intervening introns removed by nuclear RNA splicing, to create a continuous open reading frame encoding the protein. In some embodiments, “cDNA” refers to a DNA that is complementary to and derived from an mRNA template. [0050] “CEW” refers to Corn earworm. [0051] “Cleavable Linker” see Linker. [0052] “Cloning” refers to the process and/or methods concerning the insertion of a DNA segment (e.g., usually a gene of interest, for example PVP) from one source and recombining it with a DNA segment from another source (e.g., usually a vector, for example, a plasmid) and directing the recombined DNA, or “recombinant DNA” to replicate, usually by transforming the recombined DNA into a bacteria or yeast host. [0053] “Codon optimization” refers to the production of a gene in which one or more endogenous, native, and/or wild-type codons are replaced with codons that ultimately still code for the same amino acid, but that are of preference in the corresponding host. [0054] “Complementary” refers to the topological compatibility or matching together of interacting surfaces of two polynucleotides as understood by those of skill in the art. Thus, two sequences are “complementary” to one another if they are capable of hybridizing to one another to form a stable anti-parallel, double-stranded nucleic acid structure. A first polynucleotide is complementary to a second polynucleotide if the nucleotide sequence of the first polynucleotide is substantially identical to the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide binding partner of the second polynucleotide, or if the first polynucleotide can hybridize to the second polynucleotide under stringent hybridization conditions. Thus, the polynucleotide whose sequence 5’-TATAC- 3’ is complementary to a polynucleotide whose sequence is 5’-GTATA-3’. [0055] “Conditioned medium” means the cell culture medium which has been used by cells and is enriched with cell derived materials but does not contain cells. [0056] “Copy number” refers to the number of identical copies of a vector, an expression cassette, an amplification unit, a gene or indeed any defined nucleotide sequence, that are present 277702-549942 in a host cell at any time. For example, in some embodiments, a gene or another defined chromosomal nucleotide sequence may be present in one, two, or more copies on the chromosome. An autonomously replicating vector may be present in one, or several hundred copies per host cell. [0057] “Culture” or “cell culture” refers to the maintenance of cells in an artificial, in vitro environment. [0058] “Culturing” refers to the propagation of organisms on or in various kinds of media. For example, the term “culturing” can mean growing a population of cells under suitable conditions in a liquid or solid medium. In some embodiments, culturing refers to fermentative recombinant production of a heterologous polypeptide of interest and/or other desired end products (typically in a vessel or reactor). [0059] “Cystine” refers to an oxidized cysteine-dimer. Cystines are sulfur-containing amino acids obtained via the oxidation of two cysteine molecules, and are linked with a disulfide bond. [0060] “Defined medium” means a medium that is composed of known chemical components but does not contain crude proteinaceous extracts or by-products such as yeast extract or peptone. [0061] “Degeneracy” or “codon degeneracy” refers to the phenomenon that one amino acid can be encoded by different nucleotide codons. Thus, the nucleic acid sequence of a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a protein or polypeptide can vary due to degeneracies. As a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, many nucleic acid sequences can encode a given polypeptide with a particular activity; such functionally equivalent variants are contemplated herein. [0062] “Disulfide bond” or “disulfide bridges” refers to a covalent bond between two cysteine amino acids derived by the coupling of two thiol groups on their side chains. In some embodiments, a disulfide bond occurs via the oxidative folding of two different thiol groups (- SH) present in a polypeptide, e.g., a CRIP. In some embodiments, a polypeptide can comprise at least six different thiol groups (i.e., six cysteine residues each containing a thiol group); thus, in some embodiments, a polypeptide can form zero, one, two, three, or more intramolecular disulfide bonds. [0063] “Disulfide bond connectivity” or “disulfide bond linkage pattern” refers to the linking pattern of disulfide bonds and cysteine residues. In some embodiments, a CRIP with the preferred ICK architecture comprises six conserved cysteine residues (numbered I-VI) that form three disulfide bonds with the following disulfide bond connectivities: CI and CIV; CII and CV; and CIII and CVI. In some embodiments, the disulfide bonding connectivity is topologically 277702-549942 constant, meaning the disulfide bonds can only be changed by unlinking one or more disulfides such as using redox conditions. [0064] “Double expression cassette” refers to two PVP expression cassette s contained on the same vector. [0065] “Double transgene peptide expression vector” or “double transgene expression vector” means a yeast expression vector that contains two copies of the PVP expression cassette. [0066] “DNA” refers to deoxyribonucleic acid, comprising a polymer of one or more deoxyribonucleotides or nucleotides (i.e., adenine [A], guanine [G], thymine [T], or cytosine [C]), which can be arranged in single-stranded or double-stranded form. For example, one or more nucleotides creates a polynucleotide. [0067] “dNTPs” refers to the nucleoside triphosphates that compose DNA and RNA. [0068] “PVP” or “Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide” or “PL1c variant polynucleotide” or “variant Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide sequence operable to encodes a PVP. The term “Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide” when used to describe the Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide sequence contained in a PVP ORF, its inclusion in a vector, and/or when describing the polynucleotides encoding an insecticidal protein, is described as “PVP” and/or “PVP”. [0069] “PVP” or “Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c Variant Polypeptides” refer to peptide, polypeptide, or protein mutants or variants that differ in some way from the wild-type mature Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c (SEQ ID NO:2); for example, in some embodiments, this variance can be an amino acid substitution, amino acid deletion/insertion, and/or a mutation or variance to a polynucleotide operable to encode the wild-type Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c. The result of this variation is a non-naturally occurring polypeptide and/or polynucleotide sequence encoding the same that possesses insecticidal activity against one or more insect species, relative to the wild- type Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c. [0070] “PVP expression cassette” refers to one or more regulatory elements such as promoters; enhancer elements; mRNA stabilizing polyadenylation signal; an internal ribosome entry site (IRES); introns; post-transcriptional regulatory elements; and a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, e.g., a PVP ORF. For example, one example of a PVP expression cassette is one or more segments of DNA that contains a polynucleotide segment operable to express a PVP, a ADH1 promoter, a LAC4 terminator, and an alpha-MF secretory signal. A PVP expression cassette contains all of the nucleic acids necessary to encode a PVP or a PVP- insecticidal protein. 277702-549942 [0071] “PVP ORF” refers to a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, or a PVP- insecticidal protein. [0072] “PVP ORF diagram” refers to the composition of one or more PVP ORFs, as written out in diagram or equation form. For example, a “PVP ORF diagram” can be written out as using acronyms or short-hand references to the DNA segments contained within the expression ORF. Accordingly, in one example, a “PVP ORF diagram” may describe the polynucleotide segments encoding the ERSP, LINKER, STA, and PVP, by diagramming in equation form the DNA segments as “ersp” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the ERSP polypeptide); “linker” or “L” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the LINKER polypeptide); “sta” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the STA polypeptide), and “PVP” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence encoding a PVP), respectively. An example of a PVP ORF diagram is “ersp-sta-(linkeri-PVPj)N,” or “ersp-(PVPj-linkeri)N-sta” and/or any combination of the DNA segments thereof. [0073] “PVP-insecticidal protein” or “PVP-insecticidal polypeptide” or “insecticidal protein” or “insecticidal polypeptide” refers to any protein, peptide, polypeptide, amino acid sequence, configuration, or arrangement, comprising: (1) at least one PVP, or two or more PVPs; and (2) additional peptides, polypeptides, or proteins. For example, in some embodiments, these additional peptides, polypeptides, or proteins have the ability to increase the mortality and/or inhibit the growth of insects when the insects are exposed to a PVP-insecticidal protein, relative to a PVP alone; increase the expression of said PVP-insecticidal protein, e.g., in a host cell or an expression system; and/or affect the post-translational processing of the PVP-insecticidal protein. In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer comprising two or more PVPs. In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer comprising two or more PVPs, wherein the PVPs are operably linked via a linker peptide, e.g., a cleavable and/or non-cleavable linker. In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can refer to a one or more PVPs operably linked with one or more proteins such as a stabilizing domain (STA); an endoplasmic reticulum signaling protein (ERSP); an insect cleavable or insect non-cleavable linker (L); and/or any other combination thereof. In some embodiments, a PVP- insecticidal protein can be a non-naturally occurring protein comprising (1) a wild-type PL1c protein; and (2) additional peptides, polypeptides, or proteins, e.g., an ERSP; a linker; a STA; a UBI; or a histidine tag or similar marker. [0074] “PVP construct” refers to the three-dimensional arrangement/orientation of peptides, polypeptides, and/or motifs of operably linked polypeptide segments (e.g., a PVP- insecticidal protein). For example, a PVP ORF can include one or more of the following components or motifs: a PVP; an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide (ERSP); a linker peptide 277702-549942 (L); a translational stabilizing protein (STA); or any combination thereof. And, as used herein, the term “PVP construct” is used to describe the designation and/or orientation of the structural motif. In other words, the PVP construct describes the arrangement and orientation of the components or motifs contained within a given PVP ORF. For example, in some embodiments, a PVP construct describes, without limitation, the orientation of one of the following PVP- insecticidal proteins: ERSP-PVP; ERSP-(PVP)N; ERSP-PVP-L; ERSP-(PVP)N-L; ERSP-(PVP- L)N; ERSP-L-PVP; ERSP-L-(PVP)N; ERSP-(L-PVP)N; ERSP-STA-PVP; ERSP-STA-(PVP)N; ERSP-PVP-STA; ERSP-(PVP)N-STA; ERSP-(STA-PVP)N; ERSP-(PVP-STA)N; ERSP-L-PVP- STA; ERSP-L-STA-PVP; ERSP-L-(PVP-STA)N; ERSP-L-(STA-PVP)N; ERSP-L-(PVP)N-STA; ERSP-(L-PVP)N-STA; ERSP-(L-STA-PVP)N; ERSP-(L-PVP-STA)N; ERSP-(L-STA)N-PVP; ERSP-(L-PVP)N-STA; ERSP-STA-L-PVP; ERSP-STA-PVP-L; ERSP-STA-L-(PVP)N; ERSP- (STA-L)N-PVP; ERSP-STA-(L-PVP)N; ERSP-(STA-L-PVP)N; ERSP-STA-(PVP)N-L; ERSP- STA-(PVP-L)N; ERSP-(STA-PVP)N-L; ERSP-(STA-PVP-L)N; ERSP-PVP-L-STA; ERSP-PVP- STA-L; ERSP-(PVP)N-STA-L ERSP-(PVP-L)N-STA; ERSP-(PVP-STA)N-L; ERSP-(PVP-L- STA)N; or ERSP-(PVP-STA-L)N; wherein N is an integer ranging from 1 to 200. See also “Structural motif.” [0075] “ELISA” or “iELISA” means an assay protocol in which the samples are fixed to the surface of a plate and then detected as follows: a primary antibody is applied followed by a secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme which converts a colorless substrate to colored substrate which can be detected and quantified across samples. During the protocol, antibodies are washed away such that only those that bind to their epitopes remain for detection. The samples, in our hands, are predominantly proteins, and ELISA allows for the quantification of the amount of protein recovered. [0076] “Endogenous” refers to a polynucleotide, peptide, polypeptide, protein, or process that naturally occurs and/or exists in an organism, e.g., a molecule or activity that is already present in the host cell before a particular genetic manipulation. [0077] “Enhancer element” refers to a DNA sequence operably linked to a promoter, which can exert increased transcription activity on the promoter relative to the transcription activity that results from the promoter in the absence of the enhancer element. [0078] “Engineered” or “engineered protein” refers to refers to a non-naturally-occurring peptide, polypeptide, or protein (e.g., engineered CRIP). [0079] “Expression cassette” refers to a segment of DNA that contains one or more (1) promoter and/or enhancer elements; (2) an appropriate mRNA stabilizing polyadenylation signal; and/or (3) the DNA sequence of interest, for example, a polynucleotide encoding a PVP. 277702-549942 Additional elements that can included in an expression cassette are cis-acting elements such as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES); introns; and posttranscriptional regulatory elements. [0080] “ER” or “Endoplasmic reticulum” is a subcellular organelle common to all eukaryotes where some post translation modification processes occur. [0081] “ERSP” or “Endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide” is an N-terminus sequence of amino acids that—during protein translation of the mRNA molecule encoding a PVP—is recognized and bound by a host cell signal-recognition particle, which moves the protein translation ribosome/mRNA complex to the ER in the cytoplasm. The result is the protein translation is paused until it docks with the ER where it continues and the resulting protein is injected into the ER. [0082] “ersp” refers to a polynucleotide encoding the peptide, ERSP. [0083] “ER trafficking” means transportation of a cell expressed protein into ER for post-translational modification, sorting and transportation. [0084] “FECT” means a transient plant expression system using Foxtail mosaic virus with elimination of coating protein gene and triple gene block. [0085] “GFP” means a green fluorescent protein from the jellyfish, Aequorea victoria. [0086] “Growth medium” refers to a nutrient medium used for growing cells in vitro. [0087] “Gut” as used herein can refer to any organ, structure, tissue, cell, extracellular matrix, and/or space comprising the gut, for example: the foregut, e.g., mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, or crop; the midgut, e.g., midgut caecum, ventriculus; the hindgut, e.g., pylorum, ileum, rectum or anus; the peritrophic membrane; microvilli; the basement membrane; the muscle layer; Malpighian tubules; or rectal ampulla. [0088] “Homologous” refers to Homologous refers to the sequence similarity or sequence identity between two polypeptides or between two nucleic acid molecules. When a position in both of the two compared sequences is occupied by the same base or amino acid monomer subunit, e.g., if a position in each of two DNA molecules is occupied by adenine, then the molecules are homologous at that position. The percent of homology between two sequences is a function of the number of matching or homologous positions shared by the two sequences divided by the number of positions compared ×100. Homologous refers to the sequence similarity between two polypeptide molecules or between two nucleic acid molecules. When a position in both of the two compared sequences is occupied by the same base or amino acid monomeric subunit, e.g., if a position in each of two DNA molecules is occupied by adenine, then the molecules are homologous at that position. The homology between two sequences is a function of the number of matching or homologous positions shared by the two sequences. For example, if 6 of 10 of the positions in two sequences are matched or homologous then the two 277702-549942 sequences are 60% homologous. By way of example, the DNA sequences ATTGCC and TATGGC share 50% homology. [0089] The term “homology,” when used in relation to nucleic acids, refers to a degree of complementarity. There may be partial homology, or complete homology and thus identical. “Sequence identity” refers to a measure of relatedness between two or more nucleic acids, and is given as a percentage with reference to the total comparison length. The identity calculation takes into account those nucleotide residues that are identical and in the same relative positions in their respective larger sequences. [0090] “Identity” refers to a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing said sequences. The term “identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. “Identity” and “similarity” can be readily calculated by any one of the myriad methods known to those having ordinary skill in the art, including but not limited to those described in: Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part 1, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994:, Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J. Applied Math., 48: 1073 (1988), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Furthermore, methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in publicly available computer programs. For example in some embodiments, methods to determine identity and similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, the GCG program package (Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research 12(1): 387 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA (Altschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec. Biol.215: 403-410 (1990). The BLAST X program is publicly available from NCBI and other sources (BLAST Manual, Altschul, S., et al., NCBI NLM NIH Bethesda, Md.20894; Altschul, S., et al., J. Mol. Biol.215: 403-410 (1990), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [0091] “in vivo” refers to the natural environment (e.g., an animal or a cell) and to processes or reactions that occur within a natural environment. [0092] “Inactive” refers to a condition wherein something is not in a state of use, e.g., lying dormant and/or not working. For example, when used in the context of a gene or when referring to a gene, the term inactive means said gene is no longer actively synthesizing a gene product, having said gene product translated into a protein, or otherwise having the gene perform 277702-549942 its normal function. For example, in some embodiments, the term inactive can refer the failure of a gene to transcribe RNA, a failure of RNA processing (e.g., pre-mRNA processing; RNA splicing; or other post-transcriptional modifications); interference with non-coding RNA maturation; interference with RNA export (e.g., from the nucleus to the cytoplasm); interference with translation; protein folding; translocation; protein transport; and/or inhibition and/or interference with any of the molecules polynucleotides, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, transcription factors, regulators, inhibitors, or other factors that take part in any of the aforementioned processes. [0093] “Inoperable” refers to the condition of a thing not functioning, malfunctioning, or no longer able to function. For example, when used in the context of a gene or when referring to a gene, the term inoperable means said gene is no longer able to operate as it normally would, either permanently or transiently. For example, “inoperable,” in some embodiments, means that a gene is no longer able to synthesize a gene product, having said gene product translated into a protein, or is otherwise unable to gene perform its normal function. For example, in some embodiments, the term inoperable can refer the failure of a gene to transcribe RNA, a failure of RNA processing (e.g., pre-mRNA processing; RNA splicing; or other post-transcriptional modifications); interference with non-coding RNA maturation; interference with RNA export (e.g., from the nucleus to the cytoplasm); interference with translation; protein folding; translocation; protein transport; and/or inhibition and/or interference with any of the molecules polynucleotides, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, transcription factors, regulators, inhibitors, or other factors that take part in any of the aforementioned processes. [0094] “Insect” includes all organisms in the class “Insecta.” The term “pre-adult” insects refers to any form of an organism prior to the adult stage, including, for example, eggs, larvae, and nymphs. As used herein, the term “insect refers to any arthropod and nematode, including acarids, and insects known to infest all crops, vegetables, and trees and includes insects that are considered pests in the fields of forestry, horticulture and agriculture. Examples of specific crops that might be protected with the methods disclosed herein are soybean, corn, cotton, alfalfa and the vegetable crops. A list of specific crops and insects is enclosed herein. [0095] “Insect gut environment” or “gut environment” means the specific pH and proteinase conditions found within the fore, mid or hind gut of an insect or insect larva. [0096] “Insect hemolymph environment” means the specific pH and proteinase conditions of found within an insect or insect larva. [0097] As used herein, the term “insecticidal” is generally used to refer to the ability of a polypeptide or protein used herein, to increase mortality or inhibit growth rate of insects. As used herein, the term “nematicidal” refers to the ability of a polypeptide or protein used herein, to 277702-549942 increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of nematodes. In general, the term “nematode” comprises eggs, larvae, juvenile and mature forms of said organism. [0098] “Insecticidal activity” means that upon or after exposing the insect to compounds, agents, or peptides, the insect either dies stops or slows its movement; stops or slows its feeding; stops or slows its growth; becomes confused (e.g., with regard to navigation, locating food, sleeping behaviors, and/or mating); fails to pupate; interferes with reproduction; and/or precludes the insect from producing offspring and/or precluding the insect from producing fertile offspring. [0099] “Integrative expression vector” or “integrative vector” means a yeast expression vector which can insert itself into a specific locus of the yeast cell genome and stably becomes a part of the yeast genome. [00100] “Intervening linker” refers to a short peptide sequence in the protein separating different parts of the protein, or a short DNA sequence that is placed in the reading frame in the ORF to separate the upstream and downstream DNA sequences. For example, in some embodiments, an intervening linker may be used allowing proteins to achieve their independent secondary and tertiary structure formation during translation. In some embodiments, the intervening linker can be either resistant or susceptible to cleavage in plant cellular environments, in the insect and/or lepidopteran gut environment, and in the insect hemolymph and lepidopteran hemolymph environment. [00101] “Isolated” refers to separating a thing and/or a component from its natural environment, e.g., a toxin isolated from a given genus or species means that toxin is separated from its natural environment. [00102] “kb” refers to kilobase, i.e., 1000 bases. As used herein, the term “kb” means a length of nucleic acid molecules. For example, 1 kb refers to a nucleic acid molecule that is 1000 nucleotides long. A length of double-stranded DNA that is 1 kb long, contains two thousand nucleotides (i.e., one thousand on each strand). Alternatively, a length of single-stranded RNA that is 1 kb long, contains one thousand nucleotides. [00103] “kDa” refers to kilodalton, a unit equaling 1,000 daltons; a “Dalton” or “dalton” is a unit of molecular weight (MW). [00104] “Knock in” or “knock-in” or “knocks-in” or “knocking-in” refers to the replacement of an endogenous gene with an exogenous or heterologous gene, or part thereof,. For example, in some embodiments, the term “knock-in” refers to the introduction of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a desired protein to a target gene locus by homologous recombination, thereby causing the expression of the desired protein. In some embodiments, a “knock-in” mutation can modify a gene sequence to create a loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutation. The term “knock-in” can refer to the procedure by which a exogenous or heterologous 277702-549942 polynucleotide sequence or fragment thereof is introduced into the genome, (e.g., “they performed a knock-in” or “they knocked-in the heterologous gene”), or the resulting cell and/or organism (e.g., “ the cell is a “knock-in” or “the animal is a “knock-in”). [00105] “Knock out” or “knockout” or “knock-out” or “knocks-out” or “knocking-out” refers to a partial or complete suppression of the expression gene product (e.g., mRNA) of a protein encoded by an endogenous DNA sequence in a cell. In some embodiments, the “knock- out” can be effectuated by targeted deletion of a whole gene, or part of a gene encoding a peptide, polypeptide, or protein. As a result, the deletion may render a gene inactive, partially inactive, inoperable, partly inoperable, or otherwise reduce the expression of the gene or its products in any cell in the whole organism and/or cell in which it is normally expressed. The term “knock-out” can refer to the procedure by which an endogenous gene is made completely or partially inactive or inoperable (e.g., “they performed a knock-out” or “they knocked-out the endogenous gene”), or the resulting cell and/or organism (e.g., “ the cell is a “knock-out” or “the animal is a “knock-out”). [00106] “Knockdown dose 50” or “KD50” refers to the median dose required to cause paralysis or cessation of movement in 50% of a population, for example a population of Musca domestica (common housefly) and/or Aedes aegypti (mosquito). [00107] “l” or “linker” refers to a nucleotide encoding intervening linker peptide. [00108] “L” in the proper context refers to an intervening linker peptide, which links a translational stabilizing protein (STA) with an additional polypeptide, e.g., a PVP, and/or multiple PVPs. When referring to amino acids, “L” can also mean leucine. [00109] “LAC4 promoter” or “Lac4 promoter” or “pLac4” refers to a DNA segment comprised of the promoter sequence derived from the K. lactis β-galactosidase gene. The LAC4 promoters is strong and inducible reporter that is used to drive expression of exogenous genes transformed into yeast. [00110] “LAC4 terminator” or “Lac4 terminator” refers to a DNA segment comprised of the transcriptional terminator sequence derived from the K. lactis β-galactosidase gene. [00111] “Lepidopteran gut environment” means the specific pH and proteinase conditions of found within the fore, mid or hind gut of a lepidopteran insect or larva. [00112] “Lepidopteran hemolymph environment” means the specific pH and proteinase conditions of found within lepidopteran insect or larva. [00113] “LD20” refers to a dose required to kill 20% of a population. [00114] “LD50” refers to lethal dose 50 which means the dose required to kill 50% of a population. 277702-549942 [00115] “Linker” or “LINKER” or “peptide linker” or “L” or “intervening linker” refers to a short peptide sequence operable to link two peptides together. Linker can also refer to a short DNA sequence that is placed in the reading frame of an ORF to separate an upstream and downstream DNA sequences. In some embodiments, a linker can be cleavable by an insect protease. In some embodiments, a linker may allow proteins to achieve their independent secondary and tertiary structure formation during translation. In some embodiments, the linker can be either resistant or susceptible to cleavage in plant cellular environments, in the insect and/or lepidopteran gut environment, and/or in the insect hemolymph and lepidopteran hemolymph environment. In some embodiments, a linker can be cleaved by a protease, e.g., in some embodiments, a linker can be cleaved by a plant protease (e.g., papain, bromelain, ficin, actinidin, zingibain, and/or cardosins), an insect protease, a fungal protease, a vertebrate protease, an invertebrate protease, a bacteria protease, a mammal protease, a reptile protease, or an avian protease. In some embodiments, a linker can be cleavable or non-cleavable. In some embodiments, a linker comprises a binary or tertiary region, wherein each region is cleavable by at least two types of proteases: one of which is an insect and/or nematode protease and the other one of which is a human protease. In some embodiments, a linker can have one of (at least) three roles: to cleave in the insect gut environment, to cleave in the plant cell, or to be designed not to intentionally cleave. [00116] “Medium” (plural “media”) refers to a nutritive solution for culturing cells in cell culture. [00117] “MOA” refers to mechanism of action. [00118] “Molecular weight (MW)” refers to the mass or weight of a molecule, and is typically measured in “daltons (Da)” or kilodaltons (kDa). In some embodiments, MW can be calculated using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), analytical ultracentrifugation, or light scattering. In some embodiments, the SDS-PAGE method is as follows: the sample of interest is separated on a gel with a set of molecular weight standards. The sample is run, and the gel is then processed with a desired stain, followed by destaining for about 2 to 14 hours. The next step is to determine the relative migration distance (Rf) of the standards and protein of interest. The migration distance can be determined using the following equation: Rf = (migration distance of the protein)/(Migration distance of the dye front). Next, the logarithm of the MW can be determined based on the values obtained for the bands in the standard; e.g., in some embodiments, the logarithm of the molecular weight of an SDS- denatured polypeptide and its relative migration distance (Rf) is plotted into a graph. After plotting the graph, interpolating the value derived will provide the molecular weight of the unknown protein band. 277702-549942 [00119] “Motif” refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence that is implicated in having some biological significance and/or exerts some effect or is involved in some biological process. [00120] “Multiple cloning site” or “MCS” refers to a segment of DNA found on a vector that contains numerous restriction sites in which a DNA sequence of interest can be inserted. [00121] “Mutant” refers to an organism, DNA sequence, peptide sequence, or polypeptide sequence, that has an alteration (for example, in the DNA sequence), which causes said organism and/or sequence to be different from the naturally occurring or wild-type organism and/or sequence. For example, a wild-type Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c polypeptide can be altered resulting in a non-naturally occurring PVP. [00122] “N-terminal” refers to the free amine group (i.e., -NH2) that is positioned on beginning or start of a polypeptide. [00123] “NCBI” refers to the National Center for Biotechnology Information. [00124] “nm” refers to nanometers. [00125] “Non-Polar amino acid” is an amino acid that is weakly hydrophobic and includes glycine, alanine, proline, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and methionine. Glycine or gly is the most preferred non-polar amino acid for the dipeptides of this invention. [00126] “Normalized peptide yield” means the peptide yield in the conditioned medium divided by the corresponding cell density at the point the peptide yield is measured. The peptide yield can be represented by the mass of the produced peptide in a unit of volume, for example, mg per liter or mg/L, or by the UV absorbance peak area of the produced peptide in the HPLC chromatograph, for example, mAu.sec. The cell density can be represented by visible light absorbance of the culture at wavelength of 600 nm (OD600). [00127] “OD” refers to optical density. Typically, OD is measured using a spectrophotometer. [00128] “OD660nm” or “OD660nm” refers to optical densities at 660 nanometers (nm). [00129] “One letter code” means the peptide sequence which is listed in its one letter code to distinguish the various amino acids in the primary structure of a protein: alanine=A, arginine=R, asparagine=N, aspartic acid=D, asparagine or aspartic acid=B, cysteine=C, glutamic acid=E, glutamine=Q, glutamine or glutamic acid=Z, glycine=G, histidine=H, isoleucine=I, leucine=L, lysine=K, methionine=M, phenylalanine=F, proline=P, serine=S, threonine=T, tryptophan=W, tyrosine=Y, and valine=V. [00130] “Operable” refers to the ability to be used, the ability to do something, and/or the ability to accomplish some function or result. For example, in some embodiments, “operable” refers to the ability of a polynucleotide, DNA sequence, RNA sequence, or other nucleotide 277702-549942 sequence or gene to encode a peptide, polypeptide, and/or protein. For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide may be operable to encode a protein, which means that the polynucleotide contains information that imbues it with the ability to create a protein (e.g., by transcribing mRNA, which is in turn translated to protein). [00131] “Operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components so described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. For example, in some embodiments, operably linked can refer to two or more DNA, peptide, or polypeptide sequences. In other embodiments, operably linked can mean that the two adjacent DNA sequences are placed together such that the transcriptional activation of one DNA sequence can act on the other DNA sequence. In yet other embodiments, the term “operably linked” can refer to two or more peptides and/or polypeptides, wherein said two or more peptides and/or polypeptides are connected in such a way as to yield a single polypeptide chain; alternatively, the term operably linked can refer to two or more peptides that are connected in such a way that one peptide exerts some effect on the other. In yet other embodiments, operably linked can refer to two adjacent DNA sequences are placed together such that the transcriptional activation of one can act on the other. [00132] “ORF” or “open reading frame” or “coding sequence” refers to a polynucleotide or nucleic acid sequence that can be transcribed and translated (e.g., in the case of DNA) or translated (e.g., in the case of mRNA) into a polypeptide, when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. The boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a translation start codon at the 5’ (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3’ (carboxy) terminus. A transcription termination sequence will usually be located 3’ to the coding sequence. A coding sequence may be flanked on the 5’ and/or 3’ ends by untranslated regions. In some embodiments, an ORF is a continuous stretch of codons that begins with a start codon (usually AUG) and ends at a stop codon (usually UAA, UAG or UGA). An ATG codon (AUG in terms of RNA). In other embodiments, an ORF can be length of RNA or DNA sequence, between a translation start signal (e.g., AUG or ATG) and any one or more of the known termination codons, wherein said length of RNA or DNA sequence encodes one or more polypeptide sequences. In some other embodiments, an ORF can be a DNA sequence encoding a protein which begins with an ATG start codon and ends with a TGA, TAA or TAG stop codon. ORF can also mean the translated protein that the DNA encodes. [00133] “Out-recombined” or “out-recombination” refers to the removal of a gene and/or polynucleotide sequence (e.g., an endogenous gene) that is flanked by two site-specific recombination sites (e.g., the 5’- and 3’- nucleotide sequence of a target gene that is homologous 277702-549942 to the homology arms of a target vector) during in vivo homologous recombination. See “knockout.” [00134] “Peptide expression cassette” or “expression cassette” means a DNA sequence which is composed of all the DNA elements necessary to complete transcription of an insecticidal protein in a biological expression system. In the described methods herein, it includes a transcription promoter, a DNA sequence to encode an α-mating factor signal sequence, a cleavage site, an insecticidal protein transgene, a stop codon and a transcription terminator. [00135] “Peptide expression vector” means a host organism expression vector which contains a heterologous peptide transgene. [00136] “Peptide expression yeast strain”, “peptide expression strain” or “peptide production strain” means a yeast strain which can produce a heterologous peptide. [00137] “Peptide Linker” see Linker. [00138] “Peptide transgene” or “insecticidal peptide transgene” or “insecticidal protein transgene” or “Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant transgene” refers to a DNA sequence that encodes an PVP and can be translated in a biological expression system. [00139] “Peptide yield” means the insecticidal peptide concentration in the conditioned medium which is produced from the cells of a peptide expression yeast strain. It can be represented by the mass of the produced peptide in a unit of volume, for example, mg per liter or mg/L, or by the UV absorbance peak area of the produced peptide in the HPLC chromatograph, for example, mAu.sec. [00140] “Pest” includes, but is not limited to: insects, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mites, ticks, and the like. [00141] “Pesticidally-effective amount” refers to an amount of the pesticide that is able to bring about death to at least one pest, or to noticeably reduce pest growth, feeding, or normal physiological development. This amount will vary depending on such factors as, for example, the specific target pests to be controlled, the specific environment, location, plant, crop, or agricultural site to be treated, the environmental conditions, and the method, rate, concentration, stability, and quantity of application of the pesticidally-effective polypeptide composition. The formulations may also vary with respect to climatic conditions, environmental considerations, and/or frequency of application and/or severity of pest infestation. [00142] “Agriculturally acceptable salt” refers to a compound that is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. [00143] “Plant” shall mean whole plants, plant tissues, plant cells, plant parts, plant organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), seeds, propagules, embryos and progeny of the same. Plant cells 277702-549942 can be differentiated or undifferentiated (e.g. callus, suspension culture cells, protoplasts, leaf cells, root cells, phloem cells, and pollen). [00144] “Plant transgenic protein” means a protein from a heterologous species that is expressed in a plant after the DNA or RNA encoding it was delivered into one or more of the plant cells. [00145] “Plant-incorporated protectant” or “PIP” means an insecticidal protein produced by transgenic plants, and the genetic material necessary for the plant to produce the protein. [00146] “Plant cleavable linker” means a cleavable linker peptide, or a nucleotide encoding a cleavable linker peptide, which contains a plant protease recognition site and can be cleaved during the protein expression process in the plant cell. [00147] “Plant regeneration media” means any media that contains the necessary elements and vitamins for plant growth and plant hormones necessary to promote regeneration of a cell into an embryo which can germinate and generate a plantlet derived from tissue culture. Often the media contains a selectable agent to which the transgenic cells express a selection gene that confers resistance to the agent. [00148] “Plasmid” refers to a DNA segment that acts as a carrier for a gene of interest (e.g., PVP) and, when transformed or transfected into an organism, can replicate and express the DNA sequence contained within the plasmid independently of the host organism. Plasmids are a type of vector, and can be “cloning vectors” (i.e., simple plasmids used to clone a DNA fragment and/or select a host population carrying the plasmid via some selection indicator) or “expression plasmids” (i.e., plasmids used to produce large amounts of polynucleotides and/or polypeptides). [00149] “Polar amino acid” is an amino acid that is polar and includes serine, threonine, cysteine, asparagine, glutamine, histidine, tryptophan and tyrosine; preferred polar amino acids are serine, threonine, cysteine, asparagine and glutamine; with serine being most highly preferred. [00150] “Polynucleotide” refers to a polymeric-form of nucleotides (e.g., ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, or analogs thereof) of any length; e.g., a sequence of two or more ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. As used herein, the term “polynucleotide” includes double- and single-stranded DNA, as well as double- and single-stranded RNA; it also includes modified and unmodified forms of a polynucleotide (modifications to and of a polynucleotide, for example, can include methylation, phosphorylation, and/or capping). In some embodiments, a polynucleotide can be one of the following: a gene or gene fragment (for example, a probe, primer, EST, or SAGE tag); genomic DNA; genomic DNA fragment; exon; intron; messenger RNA (mRNA); transfer RNA; ribosomal RNA; ribozyme; cDNA; recombinant polynucleotide; 277702-549942 branched polynucleotide; plasmid; vector; isolated DNA of any sequence; isolated RNA of any sequence; nucleic acid probe; primer or amplified copy of any of the foregoing. [00151] In yet other embodiments, a polynucleotide can refer to a polymeric-form of nucleotides operable to encode the open reading frame of a gene. [00152] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide can refer to cDNA. [00153] In some embodiments, polynucleotides can have any three-dimensional structure and may perform any function, known or unknown. The structure of a polynucleotide can also be referenced to by its 5’- or 3’- end or terminus, which indicates the directionality of the polynucleotide. Adjacent nucleotides in a single-strand of polynucleotides are typically joined by a phosphodiester bond between their 3’ and 5’ carbons. However, different internucleotide linkages could also be used, such as linkages that include a methylene, phosphoramidate linkages, etc. This means that the respective 5’ and 3’ carbons can be exposed at either end of the polynucleotide, which may be called the 5’ and 3’ ends or termini. The 5’ and 3’ ends can also be called the phosphoryl (PO4) and hydroxyl (OH) ends, respectively, because of the chemical groups attached to those ends. The term polynucleotide also refers to both double- and single- stranded molecules. Unless otherwise specified or required, any embodiment that makes or uses a polynucleotide encompasses both the double-stranded form and each of two complementary single-stranded forms known or predicted to make up the double-stranded form. [00154] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide can include modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and nucleotide analogs (including nucleotides with non-natural bases, nucleotides with modified natural bases such as aza- or deaza-purines, etc.). If present, modifications to the nucleotide structure can be imparted before or after assembly of the polynucleotide. [00155] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide can also be further modified after polymerization, such as by conjugation with a labeling component. Additionally, the sequence of nucleotides in a polynucleotide can be interrupted by non-nucleotide components. One or more ends of the polynucleotide can be protected or otherwise modified to prevent that end from interacting in a particular way (e.g. forming a covalent bond) with other polynucleotides. [00156] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide can be composed of a specific sequence of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A); cytosine (C); guanine (G); and thymine (T). Uracil (U) can also be present, for example, as a natural replacement for thymine when the polynucleotide is RNA. Uracil can also be used in DNA. Thus, the term “sequence” refers to the alphabetical representation of a polynucleotide or any nucleic acid molecule, including natural and non- natural bases. 277702-549942 [00157] The term “RNA molecule” or ribonucleic acid molecule refers to a polynucleotide having a ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose sugar and typically uracil rather than thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases. An RNA molecule of the invention is generally single-stranded, but can also be double-stranded. In the context of an RNA molecule from an RNA sample, the RNA molecule can include the single-stranded molecules transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus, mitochondrion or chloroplast, which have a linear sequence of nucleotide bases that is complementary to the DNA strand from which it is transcribed. [00158] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide can further comprise one or more heterologous regulatory elements. For example, in some embodiments, the regulatory element is one or more promoters; enhancers; silencers; operators; splicing signals; polyadenylation signals; termination signals; RNA export elements, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES); poly-U sequences; or combinations thereof. [00159] “Post-transcriptional regulatory elements” are DNA segments and/or mechanisms that affect mRNA after it has been transcribed. Mechanisms of post-transcriptional mechanisms include splicing events; capping, splicing, and addition of a Poly (A) tail, and other mechanisms known to those having ordinary skill in the art. [00160] “Promoter” refers to a region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds and initiates the transcription of a gene. [00161] “Protein” has the same meaning as “peptide” and/or “polypeptide” in this document. [00162] “Ratio” refers to the quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other. [00163] “Reading frame” refers to one of the six possible reading frames, three in each direction, of the double stranded DNA molecule. The reading frame that is used determines which codons are used to encode amino acids within the coding sequence of a DNA molecule. In some embodiments, a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a polynucleotide and/or nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) into a set of consecutive, non- overlapping triplets. [00164] “Recombinant DNA” or “rDNA” refers to DNA that is comprised of two or more different DNA segments. [00165] “Recombinant vector” means a DNA plasmid vector into which foreign DNA has been inserted. [00166] “Regulatory elements” refers to a genetic element that controls some aspect of the expression and/or processing of nucleic acid sequences. For example, in some embodiments, a regulatory element can be found at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Regulatory 277702-549942 elements can be cis-regulatory elements (CREs), or trans-regulatory elements (TREs). In some embodiments, a regulatory element can be one or more promoters; enhancers; silencers; operators; splicing signals; polyadenylation signals; termination signals; RNA export elements, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES); poly-U sequences; and/or other elements that influence gene expression, for example, in a tissue-specific manner; temporal-dependent manner; to increase or decrease expression; and/or to cause constitutive expression. [00167] “Restriction enzyme” or “restriction endonuclease” refers to an enzyme that cleaves DNA at a specified restriction site. For example, a restriction enzyme can cleave a plasmid at an EcoRI, SacII or BstXI restriction site allowing the plasmid to be linearized, and the DNA of interest to be ligated. [00168] “Restriction site” refers to a location on DNA comprising a sequence of 4 to 8 nucleotides, and whose sequence is recognized by a particular restriction enzyme. [00169] “Selection gene” means a gene which confers an advantage for a genetically modified organism to grow under the selective pressure. [00170] “Serovar” or “serotype” refers to a group of closely related microorganisms distinguished by a characteristic set of antigens. In some embodiments, a serovar is an antigenically and serologically distinct variety of microorganism [00171] “sp.” refers to species. [00172] “ssp.” or “subsp.” refers to subspecies. [00173] “Subcloning” or “subcloned” refers to the process of transferring DNA from one vector to another, usually advantageous vector. For example, polynucleotide encoding a mutant PVP can be subcloned into a pLB102 plasmid subsequent to selection of yeast colonies transformed with pKLAC1 plasmids. [00174] “SSI” is an acronym that is context dependent. In some contexts, it can refer to “site-specific integration,” which is used to refer to a sequence that will permit in vivo homologous recombination to occur at a specific site within a host organism’s genome. Thus, in some embodiments, the term “site-specific integration” refers to the process directing a transgene to a target site in a host-organism’s genome, allowing the integration of genes of interest into pre-selected genome locations of a host-organism. However, in other contexts, SSI can refer to “surface spraying indoors,” which is a technique of applying a variable volume sprayable volume of an insecticide onto surfaces where vectors rest, such as on walls, windows, floors and ceilings. [00175] “STA” or “Translational stabilizing protein” or “stabilizing domain” or “stabilizing protein” (used interchangeably herein) means a peptide or protein with sufficient tertiary structure that it can accumulate in a cell without being targeted by the cellular process of 277702-549942 protein degradation. The protein can be between 5 and 50 amino acids long. The translational stabilizing protein is coded by a DNA sequence for a protein that is operably linked with a sequence encoding an insecticidal protein or a PVP in the ORF. The operably-linked STA can either be upstream or downstream of the PVP and can have any intervening sequence between the two sequences (STA and PVP) as long as the intervening sequence does not result in a frame shift of either DNA sequence. The translational stabilizing protein can also have an activity which increases delivery of the PVP across the gut wall and into the hemolymph of the insect. [00176] “sta” means a nucleotide encoding a translational stabilizing protein. [00177] “Structural motif” refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of peptides and/or polypeptides, and/or the arrangement of operably linked polypeptide segments. For example, the polypeptide comprising ERSP-STA-L-PVP has an ERSP motif, an STA motif, a LINKER motif, and a PVP polypeptide motif. [00178] “Toxin” refers to a venom and/or a poison, especially a protein or conjugated protein produced by certain animals, higher plants, and pathogenic bacteria. Generally, the term “toxin” is reserved natural products, e.g., molecules and peptides found in scorpions, spiders, snakes, poisonous mushrooms, etc., whereas the term “toxicant” is reserved for man-made products and/or artificial products e.g., man-made chemical pesticides. However, as used herein, the terms “toxin” and “toxicant” are used synonymously [00179] “Transfection” and “transformation” both refer to the process of introducing exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA (e.g., a vector containing a polynucleotide that encodes a PVP) into a host organism (e.g., a prokaryote or a eukaryote). Generally, those having ordinary skill in the art sometimes reserve the term “transformation” to describe processes where exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA are introduced into a bacterial cell; and reserve the term “transfection” for processes that describe the introduction of exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells. However, as used herein, the term “transformation” and “transfection” are used synonymously, regardless of whether a process describes the introduction exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA into a prokaryote (e.g., bacteria) or a eukaryote (e.g., yeast, plants, or animals). [00180] “Transgene” means a heterologous and/or exogenous DNA sequence encoding a protein which is transformed into a plant. [00181] “Transgenic host cell” or “host cell” means a cell which is transformed with a gene and has been selected for its transgenic status via an additional selection gene. [00182] “Transgenic plant” means a plant that has been derived from a single cell that was transformed with foreign DNA such that every cell in the plant contains that transgene. 277702-549942 [00183] “Transient expression system” means an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-based system which delivers DNA encoding a disarmed plant virus into a plant cell where it is expressed. The plant virus has been engineered to express a protein of interest at high concentrations, up to 40% of the TSP. [00184] “Triple expression cassette refers to three PVP expression cassette s contained on the same vector. [00185] “TRBO” means a transient plant expression system using Tobacco mosaic virus with removal of the viral coating protein gene. [00186] “Trypsin cleavage” means an in vitro assay that uses the protease enzyme trypsin (which recognizes exposed lysine and arginine amino acid residues) to separate a cleavable linker at that cleavage site. It also means the act of the trypsin enzyme cleaving that site. [00187] “TSP” or “total soluble protein” means the total amount of protein that can be extracted from a plant tissue sample and solubilized into the extraction buffer. [00188] “var.” refers to varietas or variety. The term “var.” is used to indicate a taxonomic category that ranks below the species level and/or subspecies (where present). In some embodiments, the term “var.” represents members differing from others of the same subspecies or species in minor but permanent or heritable characteristics. [00189] “Variant” or “variant sequence” or “variant peptide” or “variant thereof” refers to an amino acid sequence that possesses one or more amino acid substitutions or modifications (e.g., deletion or addition). In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid substitutions or modifications can be conservative; here, such a conservative amino acid substitution and/or modification in a “variant” does not substantially diminish the activity of the variant in relation to its non-varied form. For example, in some embodiments, a “variant” possesses one or more conservative amino acid substitutions when compared to a peptide with a disclosed and/or claimed sequence, as indicated by a SEQ ID NO. For example, in some embodiments, the phrase: “a PVP or a variant thereof,” refers to a PVP or a PVP-variant, with one or more amino acid additions, deletions, and/or substitution that does not substantially diminish the activity of the PVP-variant in relation to its non-varied, PVP form [00190] “Vector” refers to the DNA segment that accepts a foreign gene of interest (e.g., PVP). The gene of interest is known as an “insert” or “transgene.” [00191] “Wild type” or “WT” refer to the phenotype and/or genotype (i.e., the appearance or sequence) of an organism, polynucleotide sequence, and/or polypeptide sequence, as it is found and/or observed in its naturally occurring state or condition. 277702-549942 [00192] “Yeast expression vector” or “expression vector” or “vector” means a plasmid which can introduce a heterologous gene and/or expression cassette into yeast cells to be transcribed and translated. [00193] “Yield” refers to the production of a peptide, and increased yields can mean increased amounts of production, increased rates of production, and an increased average or median yield and increased frequency at higher yields. The term “yield” when used in reference to plant crop growth and/or production, as in “yield of the plant” refers to the quality and/or quantity of biomass produced by the plant. [00194] Throughout this specification, unless specifically stated otherwise or the context requires otherwise, reference to a single step, composition of matter, group of steps or group of compositions of matter shall be taken to encompass one and a plurality (i.e., one or more) of those steps, compositions of matter, groups of steps or group of compositions of matter. [00195] The present disclosure is performed without undue experimentation using, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology, microbiology, virology, recombinant DNA technology, solid phase and liquid nucleic acid synthesis, peptide synthesis in solution, solid phase peptide synthesis, immunology, cell culture, and formulation. Such procedures are described, for example, in Sambrook, Fritsch & Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, New York, Second Edition (1989), whole of Vols I, II, and III; DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Vols. I and II (D. N. Glover, ed., 1985), IRL Press, Oxford, whole of text; Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach (M. J. Gait, ed, 1984) IRL Press, Oxford, whole of text, and particularly the papers therein by Gait, pp1-22; Atkinson et al, pp35-81; Sproat et al, pp 83-115; and Wu et al, pp 135-151; 4. Nucleic Acid Hybridization: A Practical Approach (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins, eds., 1985) IRL Press, Oxford, whole of text; Immobilized Cells and Enzymes: A Practical Approach (1986) IRL Press, Oxford, whole of text; Perbal, B., A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning (1984); Methods In Enzymology (S. Colowick and N. Kaplan, eds., Academic Press, Inc.), whole of series; J. F. Ramalho Ortigao, “The Chemistry of Peptide Synthesis” In: Knowledge database of Access to Virtual Laboratory website (Interactiva, Germany); Sakakibara, D., Teichman, J., Lien, E. Land Fenichel, R. L. (1976). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.73336-342; Merrifield, R. B. (1963). J. Am. Chem. Soc.85, 2149-2154; Barany, G. and Merrifield, R. B. (1979) in The Peptides (Gross, E. and Meienhofer, 3. eds.), vol.2, pp.1-284, Academic Press, New York.12. Wiinsch, E., ed. (1974) Synthese von Peptiden in Houben-Weyls Metoden der Organischen Chemie (Muler, E., ed.), vol.15, 4th edn., Parts 1 and 2, Thieme, Stuttgart; Bodanszky, M. (1984) Principles of Peptide Synthesis, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg; Bodanszky, M. & Bodanszky, A. (1984) The Practice of Peptide Synthesis, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg; Bodanszky, M. (1985) 277702-549942 Int. J. Peptide Protein Res.25, 449-474; Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vols. I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds., 1986, Blackwell Scientific Publications); and Animal Cell Culture: Practical Approach, Third Edition (John R. W. Masters, ed., 2000); each of these references are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00196] Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise,” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated step or element or integer or group of steps or elements or integers but not the exclusion of any other step or element or integer or group of elements or integers. [00197] WILD-TYPE DELTA-AMAUROBOXIN-PL1C POLYPEPTIDE AND PVPS [00198] The American Desert Spider (Diguetia canities), also known as “the desert bush spider,” is a species of coneweb spider found in desert and semi-desert habitats in the United States. Diguetia canities produces toxins that have been shown to have an insecticidal effect, while having no effect on mammals. See Bende et al., A distinct sodium channel voltage-sensor locus determines insect selectivity of the spider toxin PL1c. Nat Commun.2014 Jul 11;5: 4350. [00199] Four insecticidal toxins have been previously isolated and described from the venom of the spider Paracoelotes luctuosus (Araneae: Amaurobiidae) and formerly named delta- palutoxins 1 to 4 (presently delta-amaurobitoxins, Pl1a-Pl1d). The four toxins are homologous 36-37 amino acid peptides reticulated by four disulfide bridges and three have amidated C- terminal residues. The delta-amaurobitoxins, are highly homologous with the previously described mu-agatoxins and curtatoxins (77-97%). An exemplary wild-type mature delta- amaurobitoxin –PL1c polypeptide sequence from the spider Paracoelotes luctuosus (PL1c also known as Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c) is provided herein, having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 (UniProt Accession No. P83258-1). [00200] The wild-type PL1c polypeptide exemplified in SEQ ID NO:2 represents the mature wild-type PL1c polypeptide possesses an amino acid sequence of “A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D- W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K (SEQ ID NO:2). PL1c possesses an inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motif, the disulfide bonding pattern found for PL1c is similar to that described for µ-agatoxins I and IV as well as ω-agatoxins IVA and IVB, all of which possess a consensus alignment of their eight cysteine residues. [00201] The present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In various embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, a peptide having from about 35 to about 45 amino acids in length, comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, 277702-549942 identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6- W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D- W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00202] In related embodiments, the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin- PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In various embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, a peptide having from about 35 to about 45 amino acids in length, comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4- C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13- X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W- S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [00203] In related embodiments, the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin- PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In various embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, a peptide having from about 35 to about 45 amino acids in length, comprising an amino acid sequence that 277702-549942 is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4- C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13- X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N- E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [00204] In some embodiments, a PVP of the present disclosure comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, a peptide having from about 35 to about 45 amino acids in length, comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9- X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P- G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and wherein the PVP is resistant to proteolysis by a protease, for example, chymotrypsin. [00205] In related embodiments, the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In some embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or 277702-549942 at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to the formula (II): Z-X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-X7-X8-G-X9-S-C-C-X10-X11-X12-X13-C-S-C-P-G- X14-G-K-C-R-C-X15-X16-X17-X18, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K- C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein Z is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acids, each independently selected from the amino acids selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent; X2 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent; X3 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, or D, X5 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X6 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X7 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y, V or absent; X9 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X11 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X13 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X14 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X15 is an amino acid selected from: K, or R, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent; X17 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent, X18 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00206] In related embodiments, the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In some embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. In related embodiments, the present disclosure describes a Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c 277702-549942 variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In some embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. [00207] In addition, the present disclosure describes a composition consisting of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or combinations thereof, and an excipient. [00208] The present disclosure describes a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, or a PVP containing protein, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S- C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K- C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00209] In related embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the 277702-549942 amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [00210] In related embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [00211] In related embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [00212] In related embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. [00213] In related embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided which encodes a PVP or a PVP containing protein, or a complementary sequence thereof, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. [00214] The present disclosure describes a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, the PVP 277702-549942 comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6- W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D- W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof. [00215] The present disclosure describes a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6- W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D- W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; 277702-549942 X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof. [00216] In related embodiments, a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [00217] In related embodiments, a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [00218] In related embodiments, the present disclosure describes a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, the PVP having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species. In some embodiments, the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to formula (II): Z- X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-X7-X8-G-X9-S-C-C-X10-X11-X12-X13-C-S-C-P-G- X14-G-K-C-R-C-X15-X16-X17-X18, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K- C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein Z is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acids, each independently selected from the amino acids 277702-549942 selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent; X2 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent; X3 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, or D, X5 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X6 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X7 is an amino acid selected from A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y, V or absent; X9 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X11 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X13 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X14 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, X15 is an amino acid selected from: K, or R, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent; X17 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent, X18 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V, or absent, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00219] In addition, the present disclosure describes a method of producing a PVP, the method comprising: preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, and/or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, said the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L- X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14- X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W- S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid 277702-549942 selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, introducing the vector into a yeast strain; and growing the yeast strain in a growth medium under conditions operable to enable expression of the PVP and secretion into the growth medium. In related embodiments, illustrative methods of producing a PVP, comprises: preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, and/or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, said the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [00220] In related embodiments, illustrative methods of producing a PVP, comprises: preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, and/or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, said the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I), wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [00221] In addition, the present disclosure describes a method for protecting a plant from insects, the method comprising: providing a plant that expresses a PVP as described herein, or a polynucleotide encoding the same. [00222] Furthermore, the present disclosure describes a method for controlling insects comprising, providing to said insect a transgenic plant that comprises in its genome a stably 277702-549942 incorporated expression cassette, wherein said stably incorporated expression cassette comprises a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP. [00223] The present disclosure describes a method of combating, controlling, or inhibiting a pest comprising, applying a pesticidally effective amount of the composition consisting of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or combinations thereof, and an excipient, to the locus of the pest, or to a plant or animal susceptible to an attack by the pest. [00224] In addition, the present disclosure describes a vector comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP having an amino acid sequence with at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to a sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60. [00225] The present disclosure also describes a yeast strain comprising: a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W- X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S- C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof. In related embodiments, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. In related embodiments, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the 277702-549942 amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [00226] In some embodiments, the vector is a plasmid comprising an alpha-MF signal. In other embodiments, the vector is transformed into a yeast strain. For example, in some embodiments, the yeast strain is selected from any species of the genera Saccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Hansenula, Yarrowia or Schizosaccharomyces. In some embodiments, the yeast strain is selected from the group consisting of Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris. For example, in some embodiments, the yeast strain is Kluyveromyces lactis. [00227] In some embodiments, expression of the PVP provides a yield of: at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 110 mg/L, at least 120 mg/L, at least 130 mg/L, at least 140 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 160 mg/L, at least 170 mg/L, at least 180 mg/L, at least 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least 750 mg/L, at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 1,250 mg/L, at least 1,500 mg/L, at least 1,750 mg/L, at least 2,000 mg/L, at least 2,500 mg/L, at least 3,000 mg/L, at least 3,500 mg/L, at least 4,000 mg/L, at least 4,500 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 5,500 mg/L, at least at least 6,000 mg/L, at least 6,500 mg/L, at least 7,000 mg/L, at least 7,500 mg/L, at least 8,000 mg/L, at least 8,500 mg/L, at least 9,000 mg/L, at least 9,500 mg/L, at least 10,000 mg/L, at least 11,000 mg/L, at least 12,000 mg/L, at least 12,500 mg/L, at least 13,000 mg/L, at least 14,000 mg/L, at least 15,000 mg/L, at least 16,000 mg/L, at least 17,000 mg/L, at least 17,500 mg/L, at least 18,000 mg/L, at least 19,000 mg/L, at least 20,000 mg/L, at least 25,000 mg/L, at least 30,000 mg/L, at least 40,000 mg/L, at least 50,000 mg/L, at least 60,000 mg/L, at least 70,000 mg/L, at least 80,000 mg/L, at least 90,000 mg/L, or at least 100,000 mg/L of PVP per liter of medium. For example, in some embodiments, expression of the PVP provides a yield of at least 100 mg/L of PVP per liter of medium. [00228] In some embodiments, expression of the PVP in the medium results in the expression of a single PVP in the medium. [00229] In some embodiments, expression of the PVP in the medium results in the expression of a PVP polymer comprising two or more PVP polypeptides in the medium. [00230] In some embodiments, the vector comprises two or three expression cassettes, each expression cassette operable to encode the PVP of the first expression cassette. In some embodiments, the vector comprises two or three expression cassettes, each expression cassette operable to encode the PVP of the first expression cassette, or a PVP of a different expression 277702-549942 cassette. In some embodiments, the expression cassette is operable to encode a PVP as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00231] In some embodiments, a PVP comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, at least 99.6% identical, at least 99.7% identical, at least 99.8% identical, at least 99.9% identical, or 100% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences listed in Table 1, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00232] Table 1. Exemplary Delta-amaurobitoxin - PL1c Variant Polypeptides (PVPs) including shorthand name, SEQ ID NO, and full amino acid sequence listing. Nucl. = Nucleotide. While amino acid sequences are provided here, the nucleic acid sequence of a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a protein or polypeptide (e.g., a PVP) can vary due to degeneracies.
T G T C T G T C AA T G A A T G CC A A C C A A TG G A T G G A GA A T G A A T CG G T C G G T GG A G G G A G S S
Figure imgf000047_0001
M E C e S t d i G C c 1 n a t p e C Y L i P r a e p m a 3- 4 P - 2 5 6 7 8 P -P -P -P -P -CS M P E Vy l N P o V V V V V V V G P P P P P P P PGA C C C C C C C C C CW S C C C C C C SD P P S P S P S P S P S P S PA G G S G S G S G S G S G S G SC A e c A K A K A K A K A K A K A K n W D K C W D K C W D K C W D K C W D K C W D K C W K W W e D C E D u q A R A R A R A R A R A R e C C C C C C C C C C C C A C R C WE K G W E K G W E K G W E K G W E K G W K W K G A S E G D G E C d G F G F G F G F G N i c E G E G E G E G E F G G E F G G E F G L WC E A A L P C N L P C N L P C N L P C A L P C A L P C N L P C C S C S CA G o A E n i A C A C A S C C A S C C A S C C A S C C A S C AE Y M A Y A Y A Y A Y A Y A W m E M E M E M E M E M E M E A A E A A L A S G T E G A G E G A S E G A T E G A G E G A E E G E C A A o D I E n i d i c Q : A m E O G A A S N 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 T G T C AA T G CC A A ec n eu qe Se di t o el cu c1 L
Figure imgf000048_0001
P r a p a - - - - - - - - - Vy l N P P P P P P P P P o P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P CC C C C C C C C C Y G Y G Y G Y G SP S P S P S P S P K C K C K C K C ec G A S K G A S K G A S K G A S K G A S K C S C S C S C S ne W D K C W D K C W D K C W D K C W D K C P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N uq A R e C C A C R C A C R C A C R C A C R C S W N R S W N R S W N R S W N R S W E K G W E K G W E K G W E K G W E K G D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R d i c G E F G G E F G G E F G G E F G G E F G C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K A N L P C N L P C N L P C N L P C A L P C S G G F S G G F E G G F E G G F o C A S C C A S C C A S C C A S C C A S C E S G P E D G P E N G P E N G 2 n i P AE W M A E Y Y A E Y M A E Y M A E Y L C L C L C L C 4 9 m M C S C S C S C S AE E A G A E A E A E G C N C A C I C 9 A G E D E G L G L G A Y A Y A Y A Y 4 5-2 0 o D 7 n i I d : 7 m i 7 c Q O 2 A A E S N 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1
ec n eu qe Se di t o el cu c1
Figure imgf000049_0001
L P r a e p m a -P -P -P -P -P -P -P - - Vy l N P P o P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P YG Y G Y G Y G Y G Y G Y G Y G Y G KC K C K C K C K C K C K C K C K C ec C S C S C S C S C S C S C S C S C S ne P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N uq S N S N S N S N S N S N S N e W R W R W R W R W R W R W R S W N R S W N R S D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R d i c C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K A E G G F D G G F Q G G F D G G F Q G G F E G G F E G G F D G G F Q G G F o E K G P E N G P E D G P E N G E G E G E G E G E G 2 n i P D P Q P N P K P N P LC C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C L C L C 4 9 m S C S C S VA C Y N A C Y N C S C S C V C V C N C V C 9 4 A A Y A Y A Y A Y A Y A Y A Y 5-2 0 o D 7 n i I d 7 m i Q : 7 c 2 A A E S O N 9 1 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2
ec n eu qe Se di t o el cu c1
Figure imgf000050_0001
L P r a e p m a -P -P -P -P -P -P -P - - Vy l N P P o P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P YG Y G Y G Y G Y G Y G Y G Y G Y G KC K C K C K C K C K C K C K C K C ec C S C S C S C S C S C S C S C S C S ne P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N uq S N S N S N S N S N S N S N e W R W R W R W R W R W R W R S W N R S W N R S D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R d i c C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K A E G G F E G G F D G G F D G G F E G G F D G G F E G G F E G G F E G G F o E S G P E K G P E D G P E K G E G E G E G E G E G 2 n i P K P Q P S P N P K P LC C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C L C L C 4 9 m S C S C S AA C Y S A C Y V C A C S C S C N C S C A C 9 4 A A Y A Y A Y A Y A Y A Y A Y 5-2 0 o D 7 n i I d 7 m i Q : 7 c 2 A A E S O N 8 2 9 2 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3
ec n eu qe Se di t o el cu c1
Figure imgf000051_0001
L P r a e p m a -P -P -P -P -P -P -P - - Vy l N P P o P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P YG Y G Y G Y G Y G L A M A L G M S KC K C K C K C K C K C D C D C D C ec C S C S C S C S C S C S C S C S C S ne P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N uq S N S N S N S N S N S N S N e W R W R W R W R W R W R W R S W N R S W N R S D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R d i c C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K A N G G F E G G F S G G F Q G G F Q G G F D G G F D G G F D G G F D G G F o E Q G P E Q G P E N G P E D G E G E G E G E G E G 2 n i P Q P N P N P N P N P LC C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C L C L C 4 9 m S C S C S NA C Y N A C Y N C A C S C D C D C D C D C 9 4 A A Y A Y A Y A F A F A M A M 5-2 0 o D 7 n i I d 7 m i Q : 7 c 2 A A E S O N 7 3 8 3 9 3 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4
ec n eu qe Se di t o el cu c1
Figure imgf000052_0001
L P r a e p m a -P -P -P -P -P -P -P - - Vy l N P P o P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P YV Y G M G Y G Y V M S Y V L S L G YC G C D C K C D C G C K C G C D C ec C S C S C S C S C S C S C S C S C S ne P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N P G S N uq S N S N S N S N S N S N S N e W R W R W R W R W R W R W R S W N R S W N R S D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R D A C R d i c C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K C W C K A D G G F D G G F D G G F D G G F D G G F D G G F D G G F D G G F D G G F o E N G P E N G P E N G P E N G E G E G E G E G E G 2 n i P N P N P N P N P N P LC C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C S L C C L C L C 4 9 m S C S C S DA C L D A C L D C D C D C D C D C D C D C 9 4 A A W A F A W A Y A M A Y A L 5-2 0 o D 7 n i I d 7 m i Q : 7 c 2 A A E S O N 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 4 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5
ec n eu qe Se di t o el
Figure imgf000053_0001
cu N e di t o el D I cu Q . E S O N N e c t 1 n d i a t p e 3 4 5 L i P r a e p m a 5- 5- 5 6 - 5 7 - 5 8 - 5- Vy l N P P P P P P o P V P V P V P V P V P V P LG L G L G C C C C C C GC G C G C S P S P S P ec C S C S C S G A S K G A S K G A S K ne P G S N P G S N P G S N W D K C W D K C W D K C uq S e W N R S W N R S W N R A C R C A C R C A C R C S D A C R D A C R D A C R W E K G W E K G W E K G d i c C W C K C W C K C W C K G E I G G E H G G E A G A D G G F D G G F D G G F A L P C A L P C A L P C o E N G P E N G P E N G P C A S C C S C S 2 n i A C A C LC C S L C C S L C C A Y A Y A Y 4 9 m S E M E M E M DA C M D A C D C A E A E A E 9 A M A M S G S G S G 4 5-2 0 o D 7 n i I d 7 m i Q : 7 c O 2 A A E S N 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 5 0 6 277702-549942 [00233] In some embodiments, a PVP for use in combating one or more insect species described herein, of for use in preparing a composition as described herein, can comprise an a PVP in accordance with Formula (I), wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. In related embodiments, a PVP for use in combating one or more insect species described herein, of for use in preparing a composition as described herein, can comprise an a PVP in accordance with Formula (I), wherein, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent, and wherein the PVP is resistant to the proteolytic activity of chymotrypsin. [00234] In some embodiments, a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus). [00235] In some embodiments, a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus). [00236] In some embodiments, a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 277702-549942 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus). [00237] In some embodiments, a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus). [00238] In some embodiments, a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus). [00239] In some embodiments, a PVP can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a polypeptide having at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus). [00240] In various embodiments, polynucleotides encoding PVPs can be used to transform plant cells, yeast cells, or bacteria cells. In some embodiments, the insecticidal PVP transgenic proteins may be formulated into compositions that can be sprayed or otherwise applied in any manner known to those skilled in the art to the surface of plants or parts thereof. Accordingly, DNA constructs are provided herein, operable to encode one or more PVPs under the appropriate conditions in a host cell, for example, a plant cell. Methods for controlling a pest infection by a 277702-549942 parasitic insect of a plant cell comprises administering or introducing a polynucleotide encoding an PVP as described herein to a plant, plant tissue, or a plant cell by recombinant techniques and growing said recombinantly altered plant, plant tissue or plant cell in a field exposed to the pest. Alternatively, PVPs can be formulated into a sprayable composition consisting of a PVP and an excipient, and applied directly to susceptible plants by direct application, such that upon ingestion of the PVP by the infectious insect results in a deleterious effect. [00241] In some embodiments, the PVP may comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, at least 99.6% identical, at least 99.7% identical, at least 99.8% identical, at least 99.9% identical, or 100% identical to the full length of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00242] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP is provided herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6- W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S- C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof. In related embodiments, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is 277702-549942 the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent; or a complementary polynucleotide sequence thereof. [00243] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided and used in the synthesis of a PVP, the polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP, wherein the polynucleotide may have a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%, or 100% nucleotide sequence identity of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8-12. [00244] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP may comprise a nucleic acid sequence having at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%, or 100% nucleotide sequence identity to of SEQ ID NOs: 61-63, or complementary nucleic acid sequence thereof. [00245] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP may comprise an nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, at least 99.6% identical, at least 99.7% identical, at least 99.8% identical, at least 99.9% identical, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or complementary nucleic acid sequence thereof. [00246] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP, wherein the polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP having an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a complementary sequence thereof. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP, wherein the polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP having an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a complementary sequence thereof. [00247] PVP-insecticidal proteins [00248] In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can be any protein, peptide, polypeptide, amino acid sequence, configuration, construct or arrangement, comprising: (1) at 277702-549942 least one PVP, or two or more PVPs; and (2) additional peptides, polypeptides, or proteins. For example, in some embodiments, these additional peptides, polypeptides, or proteins may have the ability to increase the mortality and/or inhibit the growth of insects exposed to the PVP- insecticidal protein, relative to the PVP alone; increase the expression of the PVP-insecticidal protein, e.g., in a host cell; and/or affect the post-translational processing of the PVP-insecticidal protein. [00249] In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer comprising two or more PVPs. In yet other embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer comprising two or more PVPs, wherein the PVPs are operably linked via a linker peptide, e.g., a cleavable and/or non-cleavable linker. [00250] In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can refer to a one or more PVPs operably linked with one or more proteins such as a stabilizing domain (STA); an endoplasmic reticulum signaling protein (ERSP); an insect cleavable or insect non-cleavable linker (L); and/or any other combination thereof. [00251] In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer of amino acids that when properly folded or in its most natural thermodynamic state exerts an insecticidal activity against one or more insects. For example, in some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a polymer comprising two or more PVPs that are different. In other embodiments, an insecticidal protein can be a polymer of two or more PVPs that are the same. [00252] In yet other embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can comprise one or more PVPs, and one or more peptides, polypeptides, or proteins, that may assist in the PVP- insecticidal protein’s folding. [00253] In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can comprise one or more PVPs, and one or more peptides, polypeptides, or proteins, wherein the one or more peptides, polypeptides, or proteins are protein tags that help stability or solubility. In other embodiments, the peptides, polypeptides, or proteins can be protein tags that aid in affinity purification. [00254] In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can refer to a one or more PVPs operably linked with one or more proteins such as a stabilizing domain (STA); an endoplasmic reticulum signaling protein (ERSP); an insect cleavable or insect non-cleavable linker; one or more heterologous peptides; one or more additional polypeptides; and/or any other combination thereof. In some embodiments, an insecticidal protein can comprise a one or more PVPs as disclosed herein. [00255] In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can comprise a PVP homopolymer, e.g., two or more PVP monomers that are the same PVP. In some embodiments, 277702-549942 the insecticidal protein can comprise a PVP heteropolymer, e.g., two or more PVP monomers, wherein the PVP monomers are different. [00256] In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can comprise one or more PVPs having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the PVP-insecticidal protein may comprise a PVP having an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00257] Exemplary methods for the generation of cleavable and non-cleavable linkers can be found in U.S. Patent Application No.15/727,277; and PCT Application No. PCT/US2013/030042, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00258] METHODS FOR PRODUCING A PVP [00259] Isolating and mutating wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1C [00260] In various illustrative embodiments, an PVP can be obtained by creating a mutation in the wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence operable to encode a PL1c polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2; inserting that delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c variant polynucleotide (PVP) sequence into the appropriate vector; transforming a host organism in such a way that the polynucleotide encoding a PVP is expressed; culturing the host organism to generate the desired amount of PVP; and then purifying the PVP from in and/or around host organism. [00261] Wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c toxins can be isolated from venom, which in turn can be isolated from the venom glands of spiders, e.g., Paracoelotes luctuosus, using any of the techniques known to those having ordinary skill in the art. For example, in some embodiments, venom can be isolated according to the methods described in U.S. Patent No 5,688,764, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00262] A wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence can be obtained by screening a genomic library using primer probes directed to the delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence. Alternatively, wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence and/or PVP polynucleotide sequences can be chemically synthesized. For example, a wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 83): GCCGATTGCTTGAACGAGGGAGACTGGTGTGCTGACTGGTCCGGCCCGTCATGCTGCGGTGAAA TGTGGTGTTCCTGTCCCGGCTTCGGAAAGTGTCGTTGCAAAAAG 277702-549942 and/or PVP polynucleotide sequence can be generated using the oligonucleotide synthesis methods such as the phosphoramidite; triester, phosphite, or H-Phosphonate methods (see Engels, J. W. and Uhlmann, E. (1989), Gene Synthesis [New Synthetic Methods (77)]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 28: 716–734, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). [00263] Chemically synthesizing PVP polynucleotides [00264] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encoding the PVP can be chemically synthesized using commercially available polynucleotide synthesis services such as those offered by Genewiz® (e.g., TurboGENETM; PriorityGENE; and FragmentGENE), or Sigma-Aldrich® (e.g., Custom DNA and RNA Oligos Design and Order Custom DNA Oligos). Exemplary method for generating DNA and or custom chemically synthesized polynucleotides are well known in the art, and are illustratively provided in U.S. Patent No.5,736,135, Serial No. 08/389,615, filed on Feb.13, 1995, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. See also Agarwal, et al., Chemical synthesis of polynucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl.1972 Jun; 11(6):451-9; Ohtsuka et al., Recent developments in the chemical synthesis of polynucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res.1982 Nov 11; 10(21): 6553–6570; Sondek & Shortle. A general strategy for random insertion and substitution mutagenesis: substoichiometric coupling of trinucleotide phosphoramidites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1992 Apr 15; 89(8): 3581–3585; Beaucage S. L., et al., Advances in the Synthesis of Oligonucleotides by the Phosphoramidite Approach. Tetrahedron, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, NL, vol.48, No.12, 1992, pp. 2223-2311; Agrawal (1993) Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs: Synthesis and Properties; Methods in Molecular Biology Vol.20, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00265] Producing a mutation in wild-type delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c polynucleotide sequence can be achieved by various means that are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. Methods of mutagenesis include Kunkel’s method; cassette mutagenesis; PCR site- directed mutagenesis; the “perfect murder” technique (delitto perfetto); direct gene deletion and site-specific mutagenesis with PCR and one recyclable marker; direct gene deletion and site- specific mutagenesis with PCR and one recyclable marker using long homologous regions; transplacement “pop-in pop-out” method; and CRISPR-Cas 9. Exemplary methods of site- directed mutagenesis can be found in Ruvkun & Ausubel, A general method for site-directed mutagenesis in prokaryotes. Nature.1981 Jan 1; 289(5793):85-8; Wallace et al., Oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis of the human beta-globin gene: a general method for producing specific point mutations in cloned DNA. Nucleic Acids Res.1981 Aug 11; 9(15):3647-56; Dalbadie- McFarland et al., Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis as a general and powerful method for 277702-549942 studies of protein function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1982 Nov; 79(21):6409-13; Bachman. Site-directed mutagenesis. Methods Enzymol.2013; 529:241-8; Carey et al., PCR-mediated site- directed mutagenesis. Cold Spring Harb Protoc.2013 Aug 1; 2013(8):738-42; and Cong et al., Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science.2013 Feb 15; 339(6121):819-23, the disclosures of all of the aforementioned references are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00266] Chemically synthesizing polynucleotides allows for a DNA sequence to be generated that is tailored to produce a desired polypeptide based on the arrangement of nucleotides within said sequence (i.e., the arrangement of cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T] molecules); the mRNA sequence that is transcribed from the chemically synthesized DNA polynucleotide can be translated to a sequence of amino acids, each amino acid corresponding to a codon in the mRNA sequence. Accordingly, the amino acid composition of a polypeptide chain that is translated from an mRNA sequence can be altered by changing the underlying codon that determines which of the 20 amino acids will be added to the growing polypeptide; thus, mutations in the DNA such as insertions, substitutions, deletions, and frameshifts may cause amino acid insertions, substitutions, or deletions, depending on the underlying codon. [00267] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide can be chemically synthesized, wherein said polynucleotide harbors one or more mutations. In some embodiments, an mRNA can be created from the template DNA sequence. In yet other embodiments, the mRNA can be cloned and transformed into a competent cell. [00268] Recombinant expression, vectors and transformation [00269] Obtaining a PVP from a chemically synthesized DNA polynucleotide sequence and/or a wild-type DNA polynucleotide sequence that has been altered via mutagenesis can be achieved by cloning the DNA sequence into an appropriate vector. There are a variety of expression vectors available, host organisms, and cloning strategies known to those having ordinary skill in the art. For example, the vector can be a plasmid, which can introduce a heterologous gene and/or expression cassette into yeast cells to be transcribed and translated. The term “vector” is used to refer to a carrier nucleic acid molecule into which a nucleic acid sequence can be inserted for introduction into a cell where it can be replicated. A vector may contain “vector elements” such as an origin of replication (ORI); a gene that confers antibiotic resistance to allow for selection; multiple cloning sites; a promoter region; a selection marker for non-bacterial transfection; and a primer binding site. A nucleic acid sequence can be “exogenous,” which means that it is foreign to the cell into which the vector is being introduced or that the sequence is homologous to a sequence in the cell but in a position within the host cell 277702-549942 nucleic acid in which the sequence is ordinarily not found. Vectors include plasmids, cosmids, viruses (bacteriophage, animal viruses, and plant viruses), and artificial chromosomes (e.g., YACs). One of skill in the art would be well equipped to construct a vector through standard recombinant techniques, which are described in Sambrook et al., 1989 and Ausubel et al., 1996, both incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In addition to encoding an PVP polynucleotide, a vector may encode a targeting molecule. A targeting molecule is one that directs the desired nucleic acid to a particular tissue, cell, or other location. [00270] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP or a PVP- insecticidal protein can be transformed into a host cell. [00271] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP or a PVP- insecticidal protein can be cloned into a vector, and transformed into a host cell. [00272] In some embodiments, a PVP ORF can be transformed into a host cell. [00273] In addition to a polynucleotide sequence operable to encode a PVP (e.g., a PVP ORF) or a PVP-insecticidal protein, additional DNA segments known as regulatory elements can be cloned into a vector that allow for enhanced expression of the foreign DNA or transgene; examples of such additional DNA segments include (1) promoters, terminators, and/or enhancer elements; (2) an appropriate mRNA stabilizing polyadenylation signal; (3) an internal ribosome entry site (IRES); (4) introns; and (5) post-transcriptional regulatory elements. The combination of a DNA segment of interest (e.g., PVP) with any one of the foregoing cis-acting elements is called an “expression cassette.” [00274] In some embodiments, an expression cassette or PVP expression cassette can contain one or more PVPs, and/or one or more PVP-insecticidal proteins. [00275] In some embodiments, an expression cassette or PVP expression cassette can contain one or more PVPs, and/or one or more PVP-insecticidal proteins, and one or more additional regulatory elements such as: (1) promoters, terminators, and/or enhancer elements; (2) an appropriate mRNA stabilizing polyadenylation signal; (3) an internal ribosome entry site (IRES); (4) introns; and (5) post-transcriptional regulatory elements. [00276] In some embodiments, a single expression cassette can contain one or more of the aforementioned regulatory elements, and a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP. For example, in some embodiments, a PVP expression cassette can comprise polynucleotide operable to express an PVP, and an α-MF signal; Kex2 site; LAC4 terminator; ADN1 promoter; and an acetamidase (amdS) selection marker—flanked by LAC4 promoters on the 5’-end and 3’- end. [00277] In some embodiments, there can be numerous expression cassettes cloned into a vector. For example, in some embodiments, there can be a first expression cassette comprising a 277702-549942 polynucleotide operable to express a PVP. In alternative embodiments, there are two expression cassettes operable to encode a PVP (i.e., a double expression cassette). In other embodiments, there are three expression cassettes operable to encode a PVP (i.e., a triple expression cassette). [00278] In some embodiments, a double expression cassette can be generated by subcloning a second PVP expression cassette into a vector containing a first PVP expression cassette. [00279] In some embodiments, a triple expression cassette can be generated by subcloning a third PVP expression cassette into a vector containing a first and a second PVP expression cassette. [00280] In some embodiments, a PVP polynucleotide can be cloned into a vector using a variety of cloning strategies, and commercial cloning kits and materials readily available to those having ordinary skill in the art. For example, the PVP polynucleotide can be cloned into a vector using such strategies as the SnapFast; Gateway; TOPO; Gibson; LIC; InFusionHD; or Electra strategies. There are numerous commercially available vectors that can be used to produce PVP. For example, a PVP polynucleotide can be generated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and combined with a pCRTMII-TOPO vector, or a PCRTM2.1-TOPO® vector (commercially available as the TOPO® TA Cloning ® Kit from Invitrogen) for 5 minutes at room temperature; the TOPO® reaction can then be transformed into competent cells, which can subsequently be selected based on color change (see Janke et al., A versatile toolbox for PCR-based tagging of yeast genes: new fluorescent proteins, more markers and promoter substitution cassettes. Yeast. 2004 Aug; 21(11):947-62; see also, Adams et al. Methods in Yeast Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1997, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). [00281] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be cloned into a vector such as a plasmid, cosmid, virus (bacteriophage, animal viruses, and plant viruses), and/or artificial chromosome (e.g., YACs). [00282] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be inserted into a vector, for example, a plasmid vector using E. coli as a host, by performing the following: digesting about 2 to 5 μg of vector DNA using the restriction enzymes necessary to allow the DNA segment of interest to be inserted, followed by overnight incubation to accomplish complete digestion (alkaline phosphatase may be used to dephosphorylate the 5’-end in order to avoid self-ligation/recircularization); gel purify the digested vector. Next, amplify the DNA segment of interest, for example, a polynucleotide encoding an PVP, via PCR, and remove any excess enzymes, primers, unincorporated dNTPs, short-failed PCR products, and/or salts from the PCR reaction using techniques known to those having ordinary skill in the art (e.g., by using a PCR clean-up kit). Ligate the DNA segment of interest to the vector by creating a mixture 277702-549942 comprising: about 20 ng of vector; about 100 to 1,000 ng or DNA segment of interest; 2 μL 10x buffer (i.e., 30 mM Tris-HCl 4 mM MgCl2, 26 μM NAD, 1 mM DTT, 50 μg/ml BSA, pH 8, stored at 25°C); 1 μL T4 DNA ligase; all brought to a total volume of 20 μL by adding H2O. The ligation reaction mixture can then be incubated at room temperature for 2 hours, or at 16°C for an overnight incubation. The ligation reaction (i.e., about 1 μL) can then be transformed to competent cell, for example, by using electroporation or chemical methods, and a colony PCR can then be performed to identify vectors containing the DNA segment of interest. [00283] In some embodiments a polynucleotide encoding a PVP (e.g., a PVP ORF), along with other DNA segments together composing a PVP expression cassette can be designed for secretion from host yeast cells. An illustrative method of designing a PVP expression cassette is as follows: the cassette can begin with a signal peptide sequence, followed by a DNA sequence encoding a Kex2 cleavage site (Lysine-Arginine), and subsequently followed by the PVP polynucleotide transgene (PVP ORF), with the addition of glycine-serine codons at the 5’-end, and finally a stop codon at the 3’-end. All these elements will then be expressed to a fusion peptide in yeast cells as a single open reading frame (ORF). An α-mating factor (αMF) signal sequence is most frequently used to facilitate metabolic processing of the recombinant insecticidal peptides through the endogenous secretion pathway of the recombinant yeast, i.e. the expressed fusion peptide will typically enter the Endoplasmic Reticulum, wherein the α -mating factor signal sequence is removed by signal peptidase activity, and then the resulting pro- insecticidal peptide will be trafficked to the Golgi Apparatus, in which the Lysine-Arginine dipeptide mentioned above is completely removed by Kex2 endoprotease, after which the mature, polypeptide (i.e., PVP), is secreted out of the cells. [00284] In some embodiments, polypeptide expression levels in recombinant yeast cells can be enhanced by optimizing the codons based on the specific host yeast species. Naturally occurring frequencies of codons observed in endogenous open reading frames of a given host organism need not necessarily be optimized for high efficiency expression. Furthermore, different yeast species (for example, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, etc.) have different optimal codons for high efficiency expression. Hence, codon optimization should be considered for the PVP expression cassette, including the sequence elements encoding the signal sequence, the Kex2 cleavage site and the PVP, because they are initially translated as one fusion peptide in the recombinant yeast cells. [00285] In some embodiments, a codon-optimized PVP expression cassette can be ligated into a yeast-specific expression vectors for yeast expression. There are many expression vectors available for yeast expression, including episomal vectors and integrative vectors, and they are usually designed for specific yeast strains. One should carefully choose the appropriate 277702-549942 expression vector in view of the specific yeast expression system which will be used for the peptide production. In some embodiments, integrative vectors can be used, which integrate into chromosomes of the transformed yeast cells and remain stable through cycles of cell division and proliferation. The integrative DNA sequences are homologous to targeted genomic DNA loci in the transformed yeast species, and such integrative sequences include pLAC4, 25S rDNA, pAOX1, and TRP2, etc. The locations of insecticidal peptide transgenes can be adjacent to the integrative DNA sequence (Insertion vectors) or within the integrative DNA sequence (replacement vectors). [00286] In some embodiments, the expression vectors or cloning vectors can contain E. coli elements for DNA preparation in E. coli, for example, E. coli replication origin, antibiotic selection marker, etc. In some embodiments, vectors can contain an array of the sequence elements needed for expression of the transgene of interest, for example, transcriptional promoters, terminators, yeast selection markers, integrative DNA sequences homologous to host yeast DNA, etc. There are many suitable yeast promoters available, including natural and engineered promoters, for example, yeast promoters such as pLAC4, pAOX1, pUPP, pADH1, pTEF, pGal1, etc., and others, can be used in some embodiments. [00287] In some embodiments, selection methods such as acetamide prototrophy selection; zeocin-resistance selection; geneticin-resistance selection; nourseothricin-resistance selection; uracil deficiency selection; and/or other selection methods may be used. For example, in some embodiments, the Aspergillus nidulans amdS gene can be used as selectable marker. Exemplary methods for the use of selectable markers can be found in U.S. Patent Nos.6,548,285 (filed Apr.3, 1997); 6,165,715 (filed June 22, 1998); and 6,110,707 (filed Jan.17, 1997), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00288] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be inserted into a pKLAC1 vector. The pKLAC1 is commercially available from New England Biolabs® Inc., (item no. (NEB #E1000). The pKLAC1 is designed to accomplish high-level expression of recombinant protein (e.g., PVP) in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. The pKLAC1 plasmid can be ordered alone, or as part of a K. lactis Protein Expression Kit. The pKLAC1 plasmid can be linearized using the SacII or BstXI restriction enzymes, and possesses a MCS downstream of an αMF secretion signal. The αMF secretion signal directs recombinant proteins to the secretory pathway, which is then subsequently cleaved via Kex2 resulting in peptide of interest, for example, a PVP. Kex2 is a calcium-dependent serine protease, which is involved in activating proproteins of the secretory pathway, and is commercially available (PeproTech®; item no.450- 45). 277702-549942 [00289] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be inserted into a pLB102 plasmid, or subcloned into a pLB102 plasmid subsequent to selection of yeast colonies transformed with pKLAC1 plasmids ligated with polynucleotide encoding a PVP. Yeast, for example K. lactis, transformed with a pKLAC1 plasmids ligated with polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be selected based on acetamidase (amdS), which allows transformed yeast cells to grow in YCB medium containing acetamide as its only nitrogen source. Once positive yeast colonies transformed with a pKLAC1 plasmids ligated with polynucleotide encoding a PVP are identified. [00290] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be inserted into other commercially available plasmids and/or vectors that are readily available to those having skill in the art, e.g., plasmids are available from Addgene (a non-profit plasmid repository); GenScript®; Takara®; Qiagen®; and PromegaTM. [00291] In some embodiments, a yeast cell transformed with one or more PVP expression cassettes can produce PVP in a yeast culture with a yield of: at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 110 mg/L, at least 120 mg/L, at least 130 mg/L, at least 140 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 160 mg/L, at least 170 mg/L, at least 180 mg/L, at least 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least 750 mg/L, at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 1,250 mg/L, at least 1,500 mg/L, at least 1,750 mg/L, at least 2,000 mg/L, at least 2,500 mg/L, at least 3,000 mg/L, at least 3,500 mg/L, at least 4,000 mg/L, at least 4,500 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 5,500 mg/L, at least at least 6,000 mg/L, at least 6,500 mg/L, at least 7,000 mg/L, at least 7,500 mg/L, at least 8,000 mg/L, at least 8,500 mg/L, at least 9,000 mg/L, at least 9,500 mg/L, at least 10,000 mg/L, at least 11,000 mg/L, at least 12,000 mg/L, at least 12,500 mg/L, at least 13,000 mg/L, at least 14,000 mg/L, at least 15,000 mg/L, at least 16,000 mg/L, at least 17,000 mg/L, at least 17,500 mg/L, at least 18,000 mg/L, at least 19,000 mg/L, at least 20,000 mg/L, at least 25,000 mg/L, at least 30,000 mg/L, at least 40,000 mg/L, at least 50,000 mg/L, at least 60,000 mg/L, at least 70,000 mg/L, at least 80,000 mg/L, at least 90,000 mg/L, or at least 100,000 mg/L of PVP per liter of medium. [00292] In some embodiments, a culture of K. lactis transformed with one or more PVP expressions cassettes, can produce PVP in a yeast culture with a yield of: at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 110 mg/L, at least 120 mg/L, at least 130 mg/L, at least 140 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 160 mg/L, at least 170 mg/L, at least 180 mg/L, at least 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least 750 mg/L, at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 1,250 mg/L, at least 1,500 mg/L, at least 1,750 mg/L, at least 2,000 mg/L, at least 2,500 mg/L, at least 3,000 mg/L, at least 3,500 mg/L, at least 4,000 mg/L, at least 4,500 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 5,500 mg/L, at least at least 6,000 mg/L, at least 6,500 mg/L, at least 7,000 277702-549942 mg/L, at least 7,500 mg/L, at least 8,000 mg/L, at least 8,500 mg/L, at least 9,000 mg/L, at least 9,500 mg/L, at least 10,000 mg/L, at least 11,000 mg/L, at least 12,000 mg/L, at least 12,500 mg/L, at least 13,000 mg/L, at least 14,000 mg/L, at least 15,000 mg/L, at least 16,000 mg/L, at least 17,000 mg/L, at least 17,500 mg/L, at least 18,000 mg/L, at least 19,000 mg/L, at least 20,000 mg/L, at least 25,000 mg/L, at least 30,000 mg/L, at least 40,000 mg/L, at least 50,000 mg/L, at least 60,000 mg/L, at least 70,000 mg/L, at least 80,000 mg/L, at least 90,000 mg/L, or at least 100,000 mg/L of PVP per liter of growth medium containing: (1) MSM media recipe: 2 g/L sodium citrate dihydrate; 1 g/L calcium sulfate dihydrate (0.79 g/L anhydrous calcium sulfate); 42.9g/L potassium phosphate monobasic; 5.17g/L ammonium sulfate; 14.33 g/L potassium sulfate; 11.7 g/L magnesium sulfate heptahydrate; 2 mL/L PTM1trace salt solution; 0.4 ppm biotin (from 500X, 200 ppm stock); 1-2% pure glycerol or other carbon source. (2) PTM1 trace salts solution: Cupric sulfate-5H2O 6.0 g; Sodium iodide 0.08 g; Manganese sulfate- H2O 3.0 g; Sodium molybdate-2H2O 0.2 g; Boric Acid 0.02 g; Cobalt chloride 0.5 g; Zinc chloride 20.0 g; Ferrous sulfate-7H2O 65.0 g; Biotin 0.2 g; Sulfuric Acid 5.0 ml; add Water to a final volume of 1 liter. An illustrative composition for K. lactis defined medium (DMSor) is as follows: 11.83 g/L KH2PO4, 2.299 g/L K2HPO4, 20 g/L of a fermentable sugar, e.g., galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or a sugar alcohol, for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol, 1 g/L MgSO4.7H2O, 10 g/L (NH4)SO4, 0.33 g/L CaCl2.2H2O, 1 g/L NaCl, 1 g/L KCl, 5 mg/L CuSO4.5H2O, 30 mg/L MnSO4.H2O, 10 mg/L, ZnCl2, 1 mg/L KI, 2 mg/L CoCl2.6H2O, 8mg/L Na2MoO4.2H2O, 0.4 mg/L H3BO3,15 mg/L FeCl3.6H2O, 0.8 mg/L biotin, 20 mg/L Ca- pantothenate, 15 mg/L thiamine, 16 mg/L myo-inositol, 10 mg/L nicotinic acid, and 4 mg/L pyridoxine; a selection marker, and culturing under conditions that enable optimum expression. [00293] In some embodiments, one or more expression cassettes comprising a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP can be inserted into a vector, resulting in a yield of about 100 mg/L of PVP (supernatant of yeast fermentation broth). For example, in some embodiments, two expression cassettes comprising a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP can be inserted into a vector, for example a pKS022 plasmid, resulting in a yield of about 2 g/L of PVP (supernatant of yeast fermentation broth). Alternatively, in some embodiments, three expression cassettes comprising a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP can be inserted into a vector, for example a pLB103bT plasmid. [00294] In some embodiments, multiple PVP expression cassettes can be transfected into yeast in order to enable integration of one or more copies of the optimized PVP transgene into the K. lactis genome. An exemplary method of introducing multiple PVP expression cassettes into a K. lactis genome is as follows: a PVP expression cassette DNA sequence is synthesized, 277702-549942 comprising an intact LAC4 promoter element, a codon-optimized PVP ORF element and a pLAC4 terminator element; the intact expression cassette is ligated into the pLB103b vector between Sal I and Kpn I restriction sites, downstream of the pLAC4 terminator of pLB10V5, resulting in the double transgene PVP expression vector, pKS022; the double transgene vectors, pKS022, are then linearized using Sac II restriction endonuclease and transformed into YCT306 strain of K. lactis by electroporation. The resulting yeast colonies are then grown on YCB agar plate supplemented with 5 mM acetamide, which only the acetamidase-expressing cells could use efficiently as a metabolic source of nitrogen. To evaluate the yeast colonies, about 100 to 400 colonies can be picked from the pKS022 yeast plates. Inoculates from the colonies are each cultured in 2.2 mL of the defined K. lactis media with 2% sugar alcohol added as a carbon source. Cultures are incubated at 23.5°C, with shaking at 280 rpm, for six days, at which point cell densities in the cultures will reach their maximum levels as indicated by light absorbance at 600 nm (OD600). Cells are then removed from the cultures by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the resulting supernatants (conditioned media) are filtered through 0.2 μM membranes for HPLC yield analysis. [00295] Chemically synthesizing PVPs [00296] Peptide synthesis or the chemical synthesis or peptides and/or polypeptides can be used to generate PVPs: these methods can be performed by those having ordinary skill in the art, and/or through the use of commercial vendors (e.g., GenScript®; Piscataway, New Jersey). For example, in some embodiments, chemical peptide synthesis can be achieved using Liquid phase peptide synthesis (LPPS), or solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). [00297] In some embodiments, peptide synthesis can generally be achieved by using a strategy wherein the coupling the carboxyl group of a subsequent amino acid to the N-terminus of a preceding amino acid generates the nascent polypeptide chain—a process that is opposite to the type of polypeptide synthesis that occurs in nature. [00298] Peptide deprotection is an important first step in the chemical synthesis of polypeptides. Peptide deprotection is the process in which the reactive groups of amino acids are blocked through the use of chemicals in order to prevent said amino acid’s functional group from taking part in an unwanted or non-specific reaction or side reaction; in other words, the amino acids are “protected” from taking part in these undesirable reactions. [00299] Prior to synthesizing the peptide chain, the amino acids must be “deprotected” to allow the chain to form (i.e., amino acids to bind). Chemicals used to protect the N-termini include 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), and tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), each of which can be removed via the use of a mild base (e.g., piperidine) and a moderately strong acid (e.g., trifluoracetic acid (TFA)), respectively. 277702-549942 [00300] The C-terminus protectant required is dependent on the type of chemical peptide synthesis strategy used: e.g., LPPS requires protection of the C-terminal amino acid, whereas SPPS does not owing to the solid support which acts as the protecting group. Side chain amino acids require the use of several different protecting groups that vary based on the individual peptide sequence and N-terminal protection strategy; typically, however, the protecting group used for side chain amino acids are based on the tert-butyl (tBu) or benzyl (Bzl) protecting groups. [00301] Amino acid coupling is the next step in a peptide synthesis procedure. To effectuate amino acid coupling, the incoming amino acid’s C-terminal carboxylic acid must be activated: this can be accomplished using carbodiimides such as diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), which react with the incoming amino acid’s carboxyl group to form an O-acylisourea intermediate. The O-acylisourea intermediate is subsequently displaced via nucleophilic attack via the primary amino group on the N-terminus of the growing peptide chain. The reactive intermediate generated by carbodiimides can result in the racemization of amino acids. To avoid racemization of the amino acids, reagents such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) are added in order to react with the O-acylisourea intermediate. Other couple agents that may be used include 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), and benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP), with the additional activating bases. Finally, following amino acid deprotection and coupling, [00302] At the end of the synthesis process, removal of the protecting groups from the polypeptide must occur—a process that usually occurs through acidolysis. Determining which reagent is required for peptide cleavage is a function of the protection scheme used and overall synthesis method. For example, in some embodiments, hydrogen bromide (HBr); hydrogen fluoride (HF); or trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (TFMSA) can be used to cleave Bzl and Boc groups. Alternatively, in other embodiments, a less strong acid such as TFA can effectuate acidolysis of tBut and Fmoc groups. Finally, peptides can be purified based on the peptide’s physiochemical characteristics (e.g., charge, size, hydrophobicity, etc.). Techniques that can be used to purify peptides include Purification techniques include Reverse-phase chromatography (RPC); Size-exclusion chromatography; Partition chromatography; High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); and Ion exchange chromatography (IEC). [00303] Exemplary methods of peptide synthesis can be found in Anderson G. W. and McGregor A. C. (1957) T-butyloxycarbonylamino acids and their use in peptide synthesis. Journal of the American Chemical Society.79, 6180-3; Carpino L. A. (1957) Oxidative reactions of hydrazines. Iv. Elimination of nitrogen from 1, 1-disubstituted-2-arenesulfonhydrazides1-4. 277702-549942 Journal of the American Chemical Society.79, 4427-31; McKay F. C. and Albertson N. F. (1957) New amine-masking groups for peptide synthesis. Journal of the American Chemical Society.79, 4686-90; Merrifield R. B. (1963) Solid phase peptide synthesis. I. The synthesis of a tetrapeptide. Journal of the American Chemical Society.85, 2149-54; Carpino L. A. and Han G. Y. (1972) 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino-protecting group. The Journal of Organic Chemistry.37, 3404-9; and A Lloyd-Williams P. et al. (1997) Chemical approaches to the synthesis of peptides and proteins. Boca Raton: CRC Press.278; U.S. Patent Nos: 3,714,140 (filed Mar.16, 1971); 4,411,994 (filed June 8, 1978); 7,785,832 (filed Jan.20, 2006); 8,314,208 (filed Feb.10, 2006); and 10,442,834 (filed Oct., 2, 2015); and United States Patent Application 2005/0165215 (filed Dec.23, 2004), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. [00304] CELL CULTURE AND TRANSFORMATION TECHNIQUES [00305] The terms “transformation” and “transfection” both describe the process of introducing exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA to a host organism. Generally, those having ordinary skill in the art sometimes reserve the term “transformation” to describe processes where exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA are introduced into a bacterial cell; and reserve the term “transfection” for processes that describe the introduction of exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells. However, as used herein, the term “transformation” and “transfection” are used synonymously, regardless of whether a process describes the introduction exogenous and/or heterologous DNA or RNA into a prokaryote (e.g., bacteria) or a eukaryote (e.g., yeast, plants, or animals). [00306] In some embodiments, a host cell can be transformed with a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP. [00307] In some embodiments, a vector containing a PVP expression cassette can be cloned into an expression plasmid and transformed into a host cell. In some embodiments, the yeast cell can any one of those yeast cells described herein. [00308] In some embodiments, a host cell can be transformed using the following methods: electroporation; cell squeezing; microinjection; impalefection; the use of hydrostatic pressure; sonoporation; optical transfection; continuous infusion; lipofection; through the use of viruses such as adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, herpes simplex virus, and retrovirus; the chemical phosphate method; endocytosis via DEAE-dextran or polyethylenimine (PEI); protoplast fusion; hydrodynamic deliver; magnetofection; nucleoinfection; and/or others. Exemplary methods regarding transfection and/or transformation techniques can be found in Makrides (2003), Gene Transfer and Expression in Mammalian Cells, Elvesier; Wong, TK & Neumann, E. Electric field mediated gene transfer. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.107, 584– 277702-549942 587 (1982); Potter & Heller, Transfection by Electroporation. Curr Protoc Mol Biol.2003 May; CHAPTER: Unit–9.3; Kim & Eberwine, Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future. Anal Bioanal Chem.2010 Aug; 397(8): 3173–3178, each of these references are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00309] In some embodiments, electroporation can be used transform a cell with one or more PVP expression cassettes, which can produce PVP in a yeast culture with a yield of: at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 110 mg/L, at least 120 mg/L, at least 130 mg/L, at least 140 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 160 mg/L, at least 170 mg/L, at least 180 mg/L, at least 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least 750 mg/L, at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 1,250 mg/L, at least 1,500 mg/L, at least 1,750 mg/L, at least 2,000 mg/L, at least 2,500 mg/L, at least 3,000 mg/L, at least 3,500 mg/L, at least 4,000 mg/L, at least 4,500 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 5,500 mg/L, at least at least 6,000 mg/L, at least 6,500 mg/L, at least 7,000 mg/L, at least 7,500 mg/L, at least 8,000 mg/L, at least 8,500 mg/L, at least 9,000 mg/L, at least 9,500 mg/L, at least 10,000 mg/L, at least 11,000 mg/L, at least 12,000 mg/L, at least 12,500 mg/L, at least 13,000 mg/L, at least 14,000 mg/L, at least 15,000 mg/L, at least 16,000 mg/L, at least 17,000 mg/L, at least 17,500 mg/L, at least 18,000 mg/L, at least 19,000 mg/L, at least 20,000 mg/L, at least 25,000 mg/L, at least 30,000 mg/L, at least 40,000 mg/L, at least 50,000 mg/L, at least 60,000 mg/L, at least 70,000 mg/L, at least 80,000 mg/L, at least 90,000 mg/L, or at least 100,000 mg/L of PVP per liter of medium. [00310] Electroporation is a technique in which electricity is applied to cells causing the cell membrane to become permeable; this in turn allows exogenous DNA to be introduced into the cells. Electroporation is readily known to those having ordinary skill in the art, and the tools and devices required to achieve electroporation are commercially available (e.g., Gene Pulser Xcell™ Electroporation Systems, Bio-Rad®; Neon® Transfection System for Electroporation, Thermo-Fisher Scientific; and other tools and/or devices). Exemplary methods of electroporation are illustrated in Potter & Heller, Transfection by Electroporation. Curr Protoc Mol Biol.2003 May; CHAPTER: Unit–9.3; Saito (2015) Electroporation Methods in Neuroscience. Springer press; Pakhomov et al., (2017) Advanced Electroporation Techniques in Biology and Medicine. Taylor & Francis; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00311] In some embodiments, electroporation can be used to introduce a vector containing a polynucleotide encoding a PVP into yeast, for example, in some embodiments, a PVP expression cassette cloned into a plasmid, and transformed into yeast cells via electroporation. [00312] In some embodiments, a PVP expression cassette cloned into a plasmid, and transformed a yeast cell via electroporation can be accomplished by inoculating about 10-200 277702-549942 mL of yeast extract peptone dextrose (YEPD) with a suitable yeast species, for example, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, etc., and incubate on a shaker at 30°C until the early exponential phase of yeast culture (e.g. about 0.6 to 2 x 108 cells/mL); harvesting the yeast in sterile centrifuge tube and centrifuging at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4°C (note: keep cells chilled during the procedure) washing cells with 40 mL of ice cold, sterile deionized water, and pelleting the cells a 23,000 rpm for 5 minutes; repeating the wash step, and the resuspending the cells in 20 mL of 1M fermentable sugar, e.g. galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or sugar alcohol, for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol, followed by spinning down at 3,000 rpm for 5 minutes; resuspending the cells with proper volume of ice cold 1M fermentable sugar, e.g. galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or a sugar alcohol, for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol to final cell density of 3x109 cell/mL; (1.5x109 cell/mL to 6x109 cell/mL are acceptable cell densities); mixing 40 µl of the yeast suspension with about 1-4 µl (at a concentration of 100-300ng/µl) of the vector containing a linear polynucleotide encoding a PVP (~1 µg) in a prechilled 0.2 cm electroporation cuvette (note: ensure the sample is in contact with both sides of the aluminum cuvette); providing a single pulse at 2000 V, for optimal time constant of 5 ms of the RC circuit, the cells was then let recovered in 0.5 ml YED and 0.5mL 1M fermentable sugar, e.g. galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or a sugar alcohol, for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol mixture, and then spreading onto selective plates. [00313] In some embodiments, electroporation can be used to introduce a vector containing a polynucleotide encoding a PVP into yeast, for example, a PVP cloned into a plasmid, and transformed into K. lactis cells via electroporation, can be accomplished by inoculating about 10-200 mL of yeast extract peptone dextrose (YEPD) incubating on a shaker at 30°C until the early exponential phase of yeast culture (e.g. about 0.6 to 2 x 108 cells/mL); harvesting the yeast in sterile centrifuge tube and centrifuging at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4°C (note: keep cells chilled during the procedure) washing cells with 40 mL of ice cold, sterile deionized water, and pelleting the cells a 23,000 rpm for 5 minutes; repeating the wash step, and the resuspending the cells in 20 mL of 1M fermentable sugar, e.g. galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or sugar alcohol, for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol, followed by spinning down at 3,000 rpm for 5 minutes; resuspending the cells with proper volume of ice cold 1M fermentable sugar, e.g. galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or a sugar alcohol, for 277702-549942 example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol to final cell density of 3x109 cell/mL; mixing 40 µl of the yeast suspension with about 1-4 µl of the vector containing a linear polynucleotide encoding a PVP (~1 µg) in a prechilled 0.2 cm electroporation cuvette (note: ensure the sample is in contact with both sides of the aluminum cuvette); providing a single pulse at 2000 V, for optimal time constant of 5 ms of the RC circuit, the cells was then let recovered in 0.5 ml YED and 0.5mL 1M fermentable sugar, e.g. galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or a sugar alcohol, for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol mixture, and then spreading onto selective plates. [00314] In some embodiments, using the illustrated methods described herein, i.e., vectors of the present invention utilizing yeast, and methods transformation and fermentation, may result in production of PVP in amounts of: at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 110 mg/L, at least 120 mg/L, at least 130 mg/L, at least 140 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 160 mg/L, at least 170 mg/L, at least 180 mg/L, at least 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least 750 mg/L, at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 1,250 mg/L, at least 1,500 mg/L, at least 1,750 mg/L, at least 2,000 mg/L, at least 2,500 mg/L, at least 3,000 mg/L, at least 3,500 mg/L, at least 4,000 mg/L, at least 4,500 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 5,500 mg/L, at least at least 6,000 mg/L, at least 6,500 mg/L, at least 7,000 mg/L, at least 7,500 mg/L, at least 8,000 mg/L, at least 8,500 mg/L, at least 9,000 mg/L, at least 9,500 mg/L, at least 10,000 mg/L, at least 11,000 mg/L, at least 12,000 mg/L, at least 12,500 mg/L, at least 13,000 mg/L, at least 14,000 mg/L, at least 15,000 mg/L, at least 16,000 mg/L, at least 17,000 mg/L, at least 17,500 mg/L, at least 18,000 mg/L, at least 19,000 mg/L, at least 20,000 mg/L, at least 25,000 mg/L, at least 30,000 mg/L, at least 40,000 mg/L, at least 50,000 mg/L, at least 60,000 mg/L, at least 70,000 mg/L, at least 80,000 mg/L, at least 90,000 mg/L, or at least 100,000 mg/L of PVP per liter of medium. [00315] In some embodiments, electroporation can be used to introduce a vector containing a polynucleotide encoding a PVP into plant protoplasts by incubating sterile plant material in a protoplast solution (e.g., around 8 mL of 10 mM 2-[N-morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid (MES), pH 5.5; 0.01% (w/v) pectylase; 1% (w/v) macerozyme; 40 mM CaCl2; and 0.4 M mannitol) and adding the mixture to a rotary shaker for about 3 to 6 hours at 30°C to produce protoplasts; removing debris via 80-μm-mesh nylon screen filtration; rinsing the screen with about 4 ml plant electroporation buffer (e.g., 5 mM CaCl2; 0.4 M mannitol; and PBS); combining the protoplasts in a sterile 15 mL conical centrifuge tube, and then centrifuging at about 300 × g for about 5 minutes; subsequent to centrifugation, discarding the supernatant and washing with 5 mL of plant electroporation buffer; resuspending the protoplasts in plant electroporation buffer at 277702-549942 about 1.5 x 106 to 2 x 106 protoplasts per mL of liquid; transferring about 0.5-mL of the protoplast suspension into one or more electroporation cuvettes, set on ice, and adding the vector (note: for stable transformation, the vector should be linearized using anyone of the restriction methods described above, and about 1 to 10 μg of vector may be used; for transient expression, the vector may be retained in its supercoiled state, and about 10 to 40 μg of vector may be used); mixing the vector and protoplast suspension; placing the cuvette into the electroporation apparatus, and shocking for one or more times at about 1 to 2 kV (a 3- to 25-μF capacitance may be used initially while optimizing the reaction); returning the cuvette to ice; diluting the transformed cells 20-fold in complete medium; and harvesting the protoplasts after about 48 hours. [00316] Host cells [00317] The methods, compositions, PVPs, and PVP-insecticidal proteins of the present invention may be implemented in any cell type, e.g., a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell. [00318] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein is a prokaryote. For example, in some embodiments, the host cell may be an Archaebacteria or Eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms. Examples of useful bacteria include Escherichia (e.g., E. coli), Bacilli (e.g., B. subtilis), Enterobacteria, Pseudomonas species (e.g., P. aeruginosa), Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescans, Klebsiella, Proteus, Shigella, Rhizobia, Vitreoscilla, or Paracoccus. [00319] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a unicellular cell. For example, in some embodiments, the host cell may be bacterial cells such as gram positive bacteria. [00320] In some embodiments, the host cell may be a bacteria selected from the following genera consisting of: Candidatus Chloracidobacterium, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Frankia, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Propionibacterium, Streptomyces, Aquifex Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Flavobacterium, Chlamydia, Prosthecobacter, Verrucomicrobium, Chloroflexus, Chroococcus, Merismopedia, Synechococcus, Anabaena, Nostoc, Spirulina, Trichodesmium, Pleurocapsa, Prochlorococcus, Prochloron, Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Dehalobacter, Epulopiscium, Ruminococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Erysipelothrix, Mycoplasma, Leptospirillum, Nitrospira, Thermodesulfobacterium, Gemmata, Pirellula, Planctomyces, Caulobacter, Agrobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Brucella, Methylobacterium, Prosthecomicrobium, Rhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Sinorhizobium, Rhodobacter, Roseobacter, Acetobacter, Rhodospirillum, Rickettsia, Rickettsia conorii, Mitochondria, Wolbachia, Erythrobacter, Erythromicrobium, Sphingomonas, Alcaligenes, Burkholderia, Leptothrix, Sphaerotilus, Thiobacillus, Neisseria, 277702-549942 Nitrosomonas, Gallionella, Spirillum, Azoarcus, Aeromonas, Succinomonas, Succinivibrio, Ruminobacter, Nitrosococcus, Thiocapsa, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Wigglesworthia, Yersinia, Coxiella, Legionella, Halomonas, Pasteurella, Acinetobacter, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, Beggiatoa, Thiomargarita, Vibrio, Xanthomonas, Bdellovibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Myxococcus, Desulfosarcina, Geobacter, Desulfuromonas, Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema, Petrotoga, Thermotoga, Deinococcus, or Thermus. [00321] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be selected from one of the following bacteria species: Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces murinus, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces albicans, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces plicatosporus, Escherichia albertii, Escherichia blattae, Escherichia coli, Escherichia fergusonii, Escherichia hermannii, Escherichia senegalensis, Escherichia vulneris, Pseudomonas abietaniphila, Pseudomonas agarici, Pseudomonas agarolyticus, Pseudomonas alcaliphila, Pseudomonas alginovora, Pseudomonas andersonii, Pseudomonas antarctica, Pseudomonas asplenii, Pseudomonas azelaica, Pseudomonas batumici, Pseudomonas borealis, Pseudomonas brassicacearum, Pseudomonas chloritidismutans, Pseudomonas cremoricolorata, Pseudomonas diterpeniphila, Pseudomonas filiscindens, Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis, Pseudomonas gingeri, Pseudomonas graminis, Pseudomonas grimontii, Pseudomonas halodenitrificans, Pseudomonas halophila, Pseudomonas hibiscicola, Pseudomonas hydrogenovora, Pseudomonas indica, Pseudomonas japonica, Pseudomonas jessenii, Pseudomonas kilonensis, Pseudomonas koreensis, Pseudomonas lini, Pseudomonas lurida, Pseudomonas lutea, Pseudomonas marginata, Pseudomonas meridiana, Pseudomonas mesoacidophila, Pseudomonas pachastrellae, Pseudomonas palleroniana, Pseudomonas parafulva, Pseudomonas pavonanceae, Pseudomonas proteolyica, Pseudomonas psychrophila, Pseudomonas psychrotolerans, Pseudomonas pudica, Pseudomonas rathonis, Pseudomonas reactans, Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae, Pseudomonas salmononii, Pseudomonas thermaerum, Pseudomonas thermocarboxydovorans, Pseudomonas thermotolerans, Pseudomonas thivervalensis, Pseudomonas umsongensis, Pseudomonas vancouverensis, Pseudomonas wisconsinensis, Pseudomonas xanthomarina Pseudomonas xiamenensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Pseudomonas citronellolis, Pseudomonas flavescens, Pseudomonas jinjuensis, Pseudomonas mendocina, Pseudomonas nitroreducens, Pseudomonas oleovorans, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, 277702-549942 Pseudomonas resinovorans, Pseudomonas straminae, Pseudomonas aurantiaca, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas lundensis, Pseudomonas taetrolens Pseudomonas azotoformans, Pseudomonas brenneri, Pseudomonas cedrina, Pseudomonas congelans, Pseudomonas corrugata, Pseudomonas costantinii, Pseudomonas extremorientalis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas fulgida, Pseudomonas gessardii, Pseudomonas libanensis, Pseudomonas mandelii, Pseudomonas marginalis, Pseudomonas mediterranea, Pseudomonas migulae, Pseudomonas mucidolens, Pseudomonas orientalis, Pseudomonas poae, Pseudomonas rhodesiae, Pseudomonas synxantha, Pseudomonas tolaasii, Pseudomonas trivialis, Pseudomonas veronii Pseudomonas denitrificans, Pseudomonas pertucinogena, Pseudomonas fulva, Pseudomonas monteilii, Pseudomonas mosselii, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas balearica, Pseudomonas luteola, or Pseudomonas stutzeri. Pseudomonas avellanae, Pseudomonas cannabina, Pseudomonas caricapapyae, Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, Pseudomonas tremae, or Pseudomonas viridiflava [00322] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein can be eukaryote. [00323] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a cell belonging to the clades: Opisthokonta; Viridiplantae (e.g., algae and plant); Amebozoa; Cercozoa; Alveolata; Marine flagellates; Heterokonta; Discicristata; or Excavata. [00324] In some embodiments, the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished using a host cell that is, e.g., a Metazoan, a Choanoflagellata, or a fungi. [00325] In some embodiments, the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished using a host cell that is a fungi. For example, in some embodiments, the host cell may be a cell belonging to the eukaryote phyla: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Microsporidia, or Zygomycota [00326] In some embodiments, the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished using a host cell that is a fungi belonging to one of the following genera: Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Magnaporthe, Morchella, Neurospora, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Cryptococcus, or Ustilago. [00327] In some embodiments, the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished using a host cell that is a fungi belonging to one of the following species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardi, Saccharomyces uvarum; Aspergillus flavus, A. terreus, A. awamori; Cladosporium elatum, Cladosporium Herbarum, Cladosporium Sphaerospermum, and Cladosporium Cladosporioides; Magnaporthe grise, Magnaporthe oryzae, Magnaporthe rhizophila; Morchella deliciosa, Morchella esculenta, Morchella conica; 277702-549942 Neurospora crassa, Neurospora intermedia, Neurospora tetrasperma; Penicillium notatum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium roquefortii, or Penicillium simplicissimum. [00328] In some embodiments, the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished using a host cell that is a Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Pichia pastoris. [00329] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a fungi belonging to one of the following genera: Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Magnaporthe, Morchella, Neurospora, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Cryptococcus, or Ustilago. [00330] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a member of the Saccharomycetaceae family. For example, in some embodiments, the host cell may be one of the following genera within the Saccharomycetaceae family: Brettanomyces, Candida, Citeromyces, Cyniclomyces, Debaryomyces, Issatchenkia, Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, Komagataella, Kuraishia, Lachancea, Lodderomyces, Nakaseomyces, Pachysolen, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Spathaspora, Tetrapisispora, Vanderwaltozyma, Torulaspora, Williopsis, Zygosaccharomyces, or Zygotorulaspora. [00331] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be one of the following: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus awamori, Cladosporium elatum, Cladosporium Herbarum, Cladosporium Sphaerospermum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Magnaporthe grisea, Magnaporthe oryzae, Magnaporthe rhizophila, Morchella deliciosa, Morchella esculenta, Morchella conica, Neurospora crassa, Neurospora intermedia, Neurospora tetrasperma, Penicillium notatum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium roquefortii, or Penicillium simplicissimum. [00332] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a species within the Candida genus. For example, the host cell may be one of the following: Candida albicans, Candida ascalaphidarum, Candida amphixiae, Candida antarctica, Candida argentea, Candida atlantica, Candida atmosphaerica, Candida auris, Candida blankii, Candida blattae, Candida bracarensis, Candida bromeliacearum, Candida carpophila, Candida carvajalis, Candida cerambycidarum, Candida chauliodes, Candida corydalis, Candida dosseyi, Candida dubliniensis, Candida ergatensis, Candida fructus, Candida glabrata, Candida fermentati, Candida guilliermondii, Candida haemulonii, Candida humilis, Candida insectamens, Candida insectorum, Candida intermedia, Candida jeffresii, or Candida kefyr. [00333] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a species within the Kluyveromyces genus. For example, the host cell may be one 277702-549942 of the following: Kluyveromyces aestuarii, Kluyveromyces dobzhanskii, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kluyveromyces nonfermentans, or Kluyveromyces wickerhamii. [00334] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a species within the Pichia genus. For example, the host cell may be one of the following: Pichia farinose, Pichia anomala, Pichia heedii, Pichia guilliermondii, Pichia kluyveri, Pichia membranifaciens, Pichia norvegensis, Pichia ohmeri, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, or Pichia subpelliculosa. [00335] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be a species within the Saccharomyces genus. For example, the host cell may be one of the following: Saccharomyces arboricolus, Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces bulderi, Saccharomyces cariocanus, Saccharomyces cariocus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii, Saccharomyces chevalieri, Saccharomyces dairenensis, Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, Saccharomyces eubayanus, Saccharomyces exiguous, Saccharomyces florentinus, Saccharomyces fragilis, Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, Saccharomyces martiniae, Saccharomyces mikatae, Saccharomyces monacensis, Saccharomyces norbensis, Saccharomyces paradoxus, Saccharomyces pastorianus, Saccharomyces spencerorum, Saccharomyces turicensis, Saccharomyces unisporus, Saccharomyces uvarum, or Saccharomyces zonatus. [00336] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be one of the following: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, or Hansenula anomala. [00337] The use of yeast cells as a host organism to generate recombinant PVP is an exceptional method, well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the methods and compositions described herein can be performed with any species of yeast, including but not limited to any species of the genus Saccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Hansenula, Yarrowia or Schizosaccharomyces and the species Saccharomyces includes any species of Saccharomyces, for example Saccharomyces cerevisiae species selected from following strains: INVSc1, YNN27, S150-2B, W303-1B, CG25, W3124, JRY188, BJ5464, AH22, GRF18, W303-1A and BJ3505. In some embodiments, members of the Pichia species including any species of Pichia, for example the Pichia species, Pichia pastoris, for example, the Pichia pastoris is selected from following strains: Bg08, Y-11430, X-33, GS115, GS190, JC220, JC254, GS200, JC227, JC300, JC301, JC302, JC303, JC304, JC305, JC306, JC307, JC308, YJN165, KM71, MC100-3, SMD1163, SMD1165, SMD1168, GS241, MS105, any pep4 knock- out strain and any prb1 knock-out strain, as well as Pichia pastoris selected from following strains: Bg08, X-33, SMD1168 and KM71. In some embodiments, any Kluyveromyces species 277702-549942 can be used to accomplish the methods described here, including any species of Kluyveromyces, for example, Kluyveromyces lactis, and we teach that the stain of Kluyveromyces lactis can be but is not required to be selected from following strains: GG799, YCT306, YCT284, YCT389, YCT390, YCT569, YCT598, NRRL Y-1140, MW98-8C, MS1, CBS293.91, Y721, MD2/1, PM6-7A, WM37, K6, K7, 22AR1, 22A295-1, SD11, MG1/2, MSK110, JA6, CMK5, HP101, HP108 and PM6-3C, in addition to Kluyveromyces lactis species is selected from GG799, YCT306 and NRRL Y-1140. [00338] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be an Aspergillus oryzae. [00339] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be an Aspergillus japonicas. [00340] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be an Aspergillus niger. [00341] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a Bacillus licheniformis. [00342] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a Bacillus subtilis. [00343] In some embodiments, the host cell used to produce a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be a Trichoderma reesei. [00344] In some embodiments, the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished with any species of yeast, including but not limited to any species of Hansenula species including any species of Hansenula and preferably Hansenula polymorpha. In some embodiments, the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished with any species of yeast, including but not limited to any species of Yarrowia species for example, Yarrowia lipolytica. In some embodiments, the procedures and methods described here can be accomplished with any species of yeast, including but not limited to any species of Schizosaccharomyces species including any species of Schizosaccharomyces and preferably Schizosaccharomyces pombe. [00345] In some embodiments, yeast species such as Kluyveromyces lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, and others, can be used as a host organism. Yeast cell culture techniques are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. Exemplary methods of yeast cell culture can be found in Evans, Yeast Protocols. Springer (1996); Bill, Recombinant Protein Production in Yeast. Springer (2012); Hagan et al., Fission Yeast: A Laboratory Manual, CSH Press (2016); Konishi et al., Improvement of the transformation efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by altering carbon sources in pre-culture. Biosci 277702-549942 Biotechnol Biochem.2014; 78(6):1090-3; Dymond, Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth media. Methods Enzymol.2013; 533:191-204; Looke et al., Extraction of genomic DNA from yeasts for PCR-based applications. Biotechniques.2011 May; 50(5):325-8; and Romanos et al., Culture of yeast for the production of heterologous proteins. Curr Protoc Cell Biol.2014 Sep 2; 64:20.9.1- 16, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00346] Recipes for yeast cell fermentation media and stocks are described as follows: (1) MSM media recipe: 2 g/L sodium citrate dihydrate; 1 g/L calcium sulfate dihydrate (0.79 g/L anhydrous calcium sulfate); 42.9g/L potassium phosphate monobasic; 5.17g/L ammonium sulfate; 14.33 g/L potassium sulfate; 11.7 g/L magnesium sulfate heptahydrate; 2 mL/L PTM1trace salt solution; 0.4 ppm biotin (from 500X, 200 ppm stock); 1-2% pure glycerol or other carbon source. (2) PTM1 trace salts solution: Cupric sulfate-5H2O 6.0 g; Sodium iodide 0.08 g; Manganese sulfate-H2O 3.0 g; Sodium molybdate-2H2O 0.2 g; Boric Acid 0.02 g; Cobalt chloride 0.5 g; Zinc chloride 20.0 g; Ferrous sulfate-7H2O 65.0 g; Biotin 0.2 g; Sulfuric Acid 5.0 ml; add Water to a final volume of 1 liter. An illustrative composition for K. lactis defined medium (DMSor) is as follows: 11.83 g/L KH2PO4, 2.299 g/L K2HPO4, 20 g/L of a fermentable sugar, e.g., galactose, maltose, latotriose, sucrose, fructose or glucose and/or a sugar alcohol, for example, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and xylitol, 1 g/L MgSO4.7H2O, 10 g/L (NH4)SO4, 0.33 g/L CaCl2.2H2O, 1 g/L NaCl, 1 g/L KCl, 5 mg/L CuSO4.5H2O, 30 mg/L MnSO4.H2O, 10 mg/L, ZnCl2, 1 mg/L KI, 2 mg/L CoCl2.6H2O, 8mg/L Na2MoO4.2H2O, 0.4 mg/L H3BO3,15 mg/L FeCl3.6H2O, 0.8 mg/L biotin, 20 mg/L Ca- pantothenate, 15 mg/L thiamine, 16 mg/L myo-inositol, 10 mg/L nicotinic acid, and 4 mg/L pyridoxine. [00347] Yeast cells can be cultured in 48-well Deep-well plates, sealed after inoculation with sterile, air-permeable cover. Colonies of yeast, for example, K. lactis cultured on plates can be picked and inoculated the deep-well plates with 2.2 mL media per well, composed of DMSor. Inoculated deep-well plates can be grown for 6 days at 23.5˚C with 280 rpm shaking in a refrigerated incubator-shaker. On day 6 post-inoculation, conditioned media should be harvested by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, followed by filtration using filter plate with 0.22 µM membrane, with filtered media are subject to HPLC analyses. [00348] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be produced by (a) preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP or complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9- 277702-549942 X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R- C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; (b) introducing the vector into a yeast strain; and (c) growing the yeast strain in a growth medium under conditions operable to enable expression of the PVP and secretion into the growth medium. In related embodiments, in accordance with Formula (I), X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00349] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be produced by (a) preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to express a PVP or complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C- S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, 277702-549942 K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; (b) introducing the vector into a yeast strain; and (c) growing the yeast strain in a growth medium under conditions operable to enable expression of the PVP and secretion into the growth medium. [00350] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the PVP comprises an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00351] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the PVP is a homopolymer or heteropolymer of two or more PVPs, wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP is the same or different. [00352] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the PVP is a fused protein comprising two or more PVPs separated by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, and wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP may be the same or different. [00353] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the linker is cleavable inside the gut or hemolymph of an insect. [00354] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the vector is a plasmid comprising an alpha-MF signal. [00355] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the vector is transformed into a yeast strain. [00356] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the yeast strain is selected from any species of the genera Saccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Hansenula, Yarrowia or Schizosaccharomyces. [00357] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the yeast strain is selected from the group consisting of Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris. [00358] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the yeast strain is Kluyveromyces lactis. 277702-549942 [00359] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein expression of the PVP provides a yield of at least: 70 mg/L, 80 mg/L, 90 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 110 mg/L, 120 mg/L, 130 mg/L, 140 mg/L, 150 mg/L, 160 mg/L, 170 mg/L, 180 mg/L, 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 750 mg/L, 1,000 mg/L, 1,250 mg/L, 1,500 mg/L, 1,750 mg/L or at least 20,000 mg/L of PVP per liter of medium. [00360] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein expression of the PVP provides a yield of at least 100 mg/L of PVP per liter of medium. [00361] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein expression of the PVP in the medium results in the expression of a single PVP in the medium. [00362] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein expression of the PVP in the medium results in the expression of a PVP polymer comprising two or more PVP polypeptides in the medium. [00363] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the vector comprises two or three expression cassettes, each expression cassette operable to encode the PVP of the first expression cassette. [00364] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the vector comprises two or three expression cassettes, each expression cassette operable to encode the PVP of the first expression cassette, or a PVP of a different expression cassette. [00365] In some embodiments, a yeast strain can be operable to express a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein, wherein the expression cassette is operable to encode a PVP as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00366] Any of the aforementioned methods, and/or any of the methods described herein, can be used to produce one or more of the PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins as described herein. For example, any of the methods described herein can be used to produce one or more of the PVPs described in the present disclosure, e.g., PVPs having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-5, which are likewise described herein. [00367] Yeast transformation, PVP purification, and analysis [00368] An exemplary method of yeast transformation is as follows: the expression vectors carrying a PVP ORF are transformed into yeast cells. First, the expression vectors are usually linearized by specific restriction enzyme cleavage to facilitate chromosomal integration via homologous recombination. The linear expression vector is then transformed into yeast cells by a chemical or electroporation method of transformation and integrated into the targeted locus 277702-549942 of the yeast genome by homologous recombination. The integration can happen at the same chromosomal locus multiple times; therefore, the genome of a transformed yeast cell can contain multiple copies of PVP expression cassettes. The successfully transformed yeast cells can be identified using growth conditions that favor a selective marker engineered into the expression vector and co-integrated into yeast chromosomes with the PVP ORF; examples of such markers include, but are not limited to, acetamide prototrophy, zeocin resistance, geneticin resistance, nourseothricin resistance, and uracil prototrophy. [00369] Due to the influence of unpredictable and variable factors—such as epigenetic modification of genes and networks of genes, and variation in the number of integration events that occur in individual cells in a population undergoing a transformation procedure—individual yeast colonies of a given transformation process will differ in their capacities to produce a PVP ORF. Therefore, transgenic yeast colonies carrying the PVP transgenes should be screened for high yield strains. Two effective methods for such screening—each dependent on growth of small-scale cultures of the transgenic yeast to provide conditioned media samples for subsequent analysis—use reverse-phase HPLC or housefly injection procedures to analyze conditioned media samples from the positive transgenic yeast colonies. [00370] The transgenic yeast cultures can be performed using 14 mL round bottom polypropylene culture tubes with 5 to 10 mL defined medium added to each tube, or in 48-well deep well culture plates with 2.2 mL defined medium added to each well. The defined medium, not containing crude proteinaceous extracts or by-products such as yeast extract or peptone, is used for the cultures to reduce the protein background in the conditioned media harvested for the later screening steps. The cultures are performed at the optimal temperature, for example, 23.5°C for K. lactis, for about 5-6 days, until the maximum cell density is reached. PVPs will now be produced by the transformed yeast cells and secreted out of cells to the growth medium. To prepare samples for the screening, cells are removed from the cultures by centrifugation and the supernatants are collected as the conditioned media, which are then cleaned by filtration through 0.22 µm filter membrane and then made ready for strain screening. [00371] In some embodiments, positive yeast colonies transformed with PVP can be screened via reverse-phase HPLC (rpHPLC) screening of putative yeast colonies. In this screening method, an HPLC analytic column with bonded phase of C18 can be used. Acetonitrile and water are used as mobile phase solvents, and a UV absorbance detector set at 220 nm is used for the peptide detection. Appropriate amounts of the conditioned medium samples are loaded into the rpHPLC system and eluted with a linear gradient of mobile phase solvents. The corresponding peak area of the insecticidal peptide in the HPLC chromatograph is used to quantify the PVP concentrations in the conditioned media. Known amounts of pure PVP are run 277702-549942 through the same rpHPLC column with the same HPLC protocol to confirm the retention time of the peptide and to produce a standard peptide HPLC curve for the quantification. [00372] An exemplary reverse-phase HPLC screening process of positive K. lactis cells is as follows: a PVP ORF can be inserted into the expression vector, pKLAC1, and transformed into the K. lactis strain, YCT306, from New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA. pKLAC1 vector is an integrative expression vector. Once the PVP transgenes were cloned into pKLAC1 and transformed into YCT306, their expression was controlled by the LAC4 promoter. The resulting transformed colonies produced pre-propeptides comprising an α-mating factor signal peptide, a Kex2 cleavage site and mature PVPs. The α-Mating factor signal peptide guides the pre-propeptides to enter the endogenous secretion pathway, and mature PVPs are released into the growth media. [00373] In some embodiments, codon optimization for PVP expression can be performed in two rounds, for example, in the first round, based on some common features of high expression DNA sequences, multiple variants of the PVP ORF, expressing an α-Mating factor signal peptide, a Kex2 cleavage site and the PVP, are designed and their expression levels are evaluated in the YCT306 strain of K. lactis, resulting in an initial K. lactis expression algorithm; in a second round of optimization, additional variant PVP ORFs can be designed based on the initial K. lactis expression algorithm to further fine-tuned the K. lactis expression algorithm, and identify the best ORF for PVP expression in K. lactis. In some embodiments, the resulting DNA sequence from the foregoing optimization can have an open reading frame encoding an α-MF signal peptide, a Kex2 cleavage site and a PVP, which can be cloned into the pKLAC1 vector using Hind III and Not I restriction sites, resulting in PVP expression vectors. [00374] In some embodiments, the yeast, Pichia pastoris, can be transformed with a PVP expression cassette. An exemplary method for transforming P. pastoris is as follows: yeast vectors can be used to transform a PVP expression cassette into P. pastoris. The vectors can be obtained from commercial vendors known to those having ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the vectors can be integrative vectors, and may use the uracil phosphoribosyltransferase promoter (pUPP) to enhance the heterologous transgene expression. In some embodiments, the vectors may offer different selection strategies; e.g., in some embodiments, the only difference between the vectors can be that one vector may provide G418 resistance to the host yeast, while the other vector may provide Zeocin resistance. In some embodiments, pairs of complementary oligonucleotides, encoding the PVP may be designed and synthesized for subcloning into the two yeast expression vectors. Hybridization reactions can be performed by mixing the corresponding complementary oligonucleotides to a final concentration of 20 µM in 30 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-Cl (all final concentrations), pH 8, and then incubating at 277702-549942 95°C for 20 min, followed by a 9-hour incubation starting at 92°C and ending at 17°C, with 3 °C drops in temperature every 20 min. The hybridization reactions will result in DNA fragments encoding PVP. The two P. pastoris vectors can be digested with BsaI-HF restriction enzymes, and the double stranded DNA products of the reactions are then subcloned into the linearized P. pastoris vectors using standard procedures. Following verification of the sequences of the subclones, plasmid aliquots can be transfected by electroporation into a P. pastoris strain (e.g., Bg08). The resulting transformed yeast, can be selected based on resistance (e.g., in this example, to Zeocin or G418) conferred by elements engineered into the vectors. [00375] Yeast peptide yield screening and evaluation [00376] In some embodiments, PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein yield can be evaluated using an Agilent 1100 HPLC system equipped with an Onyx monolithic 4.5 x 100 mm, C18 reverse-phase analytical HPLC column and an auto-injector. An illustrative use of the Agilent 1100 HPLC system equipped with an Onyx monolithic 4.5 x 100 mm, C18 reverse-phase analytical HPLC column and an auto-injector is as follows: filtered conditioned media samples from transformed K. lactis cells are analyzed using Agilent 1100 HPLC system equipped with an Onyx monolithic 4.5 x 100 mm, C18 reverse-phase analytical HPLC column and an auto-injector by analyzing HPLC grade water and acetonitrile containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, constituting the two mobile phase solvents used for the HPLC analyses; the peak areas of both the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein are analyzed using HPLC chromatographs, and then used to calculate the peptide concentration in the conditioned media, which can be further normalized to the corresponding final cell densities (as determined by OD600 measurements) as normalized peptide yield. [00377] In some embodiments, positive yeast colonies transformed with PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein can be screened using a housefly injection assay. PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein can paralyze/kill houseflies when injected in measured doses through the body wall of the dorsal thorax. The efficacy of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein can be defined by the median paralysis/lethal dose of the peptide (PD50/LD50), which causes 50% knock-down ratio or mortality of the injected houseflies respectively. The pure PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein is normally used in the housefly injection assay to generate a standard dose-response curve, from which a PD50/LD50 value can be determined. Using a PD50/LD50 value from the analysis of a standard dose-response curve of the pure PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein, quantification of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein produced by the transformed yeast can be achieved using a housefly injection assay performed with serial dilutions of the corresponding conditioned media. [00378] An exemplary housefly injection bioassay is as follows: conditioned media is serially diluted to generate full dose-response curves from the housefly injection bioassay. 277702-549942 Before injection, adult houseflies (Musca domestica) are immobilized with CO2, and 12-18 mg houseflies are selected for injection. A microapplicator, loaded with a 1 cc syringe and 30-gauge needle, is used to inject 0.5 µL per fly, doses of serially diluted conditioned media samples into houseflies through the body wall of the dorsal thorax. The injected houseflies are placed into closed containers with moist filter paper and breathing holes on the lids, and they are examined by knock-down ratio or by mortality scoring at 24 hours post-injection. Normalized yields are calculated. Peptide yield means the peptide concentration in the conditioned media in units of mg/L. However, peptide yields are not always sufficient to accurately compare the strain production rate. Individual strains may have different growth rates, hence when a culture is harvested, different cultures may vary in cell density. A culture with a high cell density may produce a higher concentration of the peptide in the media, even though the peptide production rate of the strain is lower than another strain which has a higher production rate. Accordingly, the term “normalized yield” is created by dividing the peptide yield with the cell density in the corresponding culture and this allows a better comparison of the peptide production rate between strains. The cell density is represented by the light absorbance at 600 nm with a unit of “A” (Absorbance unit). [00379] Screening yeast colonies that have undergone a transformation with PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein can identify the high yield yeast strains from hundreds of potential colonies. These strains can be fermented in bioreactor to achieve at least up to 4 g/L or at least up to 3 g/L or at least up to 2 g/L yield of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein when using optimized fermentation media and fermentation conditions described herein. The higher rates of production (expressed in mg/L) can be anywhere from about 100 mg/L to about 100,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 90, 000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 80,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 70,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 60,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 50,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 40,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 30,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 20,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 17,500 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 15,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 12,500 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 10,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 9,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 8,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 7,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 6,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 5,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to about 3,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to 2,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to 1,500 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to 1,000 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to 750 mg/L; or from about 100 mg/L to 500 mg/L; or from about 150 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 200 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 300 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 400 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 500 mg/L 277702-549942 to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 750 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 1,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 1,250 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 1,500 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 2,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 2,500 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 3,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 3,500 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 4,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 4,500 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 5,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 6,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 7,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 8,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 9,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 10,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 12,500 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 15,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 17,500 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 20,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 30,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 40,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 50,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 60,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 70,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 80,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or from about 90,000 mg/L to 100,000 mg/L; or any range of any value provided or even greater yields than can be achieved with a peptide before conversion, using the same or similar production methods that were used to produce the peptide before conversion. [00380] Agriculturally acceptable salts [00381] In some embodiments, agriculturally acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, crystal forms and individual isomers, enantiomers, tautomers, diastereomers and prodrugs of the PVP described herein can be utilized. [00382] In some embodiments, a agriculturally acceptable salt of the present invention possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound. Such salts include: acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids; acid addition salts formed with organic acids; or salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, and the like. [00383] In some embodiments, agriculturally acceptable salts include conventional toxic or non-toxic salts. For example, in some embodiments, convention non-toxic salts include those such as fumarate, phosphate, citrate, chlorydrate, and the like. In some embodiments, the agriculturally acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from a parent compound by conventional chemical methods. In some embodiments, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. In some embodiments, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., 277702-549942 Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p.1418, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00384] In some embodiments, a agriculturally acceptable salt can be one of the following: hydrochloride; sodium; sulfate; acetate; phosphate or diphosphate; chloride; potassium; maleate; calcium; citrate; mesylate; nitrate; tartrate; aluminum; or gluconate. [00385] In some embodiments, a list of agriculturally acceptable acids that can be used to form salts can be: glycolic acid; hippuric acid; hydrobromic acid; hydrochloric acid; isobutyric acid; lactic acid (DL); lactobionic acid; lauric acid; maleic acid; malic acid (- L); malonic acid; mandelic acid (DL); methanesulfonic acid ; naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid; naphthalene-2- sulfonic acid; nicotinic acid; nitric acid; oleic acid; oxalic acid; palmitic acid; pamoic acid; phosphoric acid; proprionic acid; pyroglutamic acid (- L); salicylic acid; sebacic acid; stearic acid; succinic acid; sulfuric acid; tartaric acid (+ L); thiocyanic acid; toluenesulfonic acid (p); undecylenic acid; a 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; 2,2-dichloroacetic acid; 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic acid; 2-oxoglutaric acid; 4-acetamidobenzoic acid; 4-aminosalicylic acid; acetic acid; adipic acid; ascorbic acid (L); aspartic acid (L); benzenesulfonic acid; benzoic acid; camphoric acid (+); camphor-10-sulfonic acid (+); capric acid (decanoic acid); caproic acid (hexanoic acid); caprylic acid (octanoic acid); carbonic acid; cinnamic acid; citric acid; cyclamic acid; dodecylsulfuric acid; ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid; ethanesulfonic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; galactaric acid; gentisic acid; glucoheptonic acid (D); gluconic acid (D); glucuronic acid (D); glutamic acid; glutaric acid; or glycerophosphoric acid. [00386] In some embodiments, agriculturally acceptable salt can be any organic or inorganic addition salt. [00387] In some embodiments, the salt may use an inorganic acid and an organic acid as a free acid. The inorganic acid may be hydrochloric acid, bromic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, etc. The organic acid may be citric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, methane sulfonic acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, galacturonic acid, embonic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, oxalic acid, (D) or (L) malic acid, maleic acid, methane sulfonic acid, ethane sulfonic acid, 4-toluene sulfonic acid, salicylic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, malonic acid, etc. [00388] In some embodiments, the salts include alkali metal salts (sodium salts, potassium salts, etc.) and alkaline earth metal salts (calcium salts, magnesium salts, etc.). For example, the acid addition salt may include acetate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulfate/sulfate, borate, camsylate, citrate, edisilate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate, hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, 277702-549942 mesylate, methyl sulfate, naphthalate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, saccharate, stearate, succinate, tartrate, tosylate, trifluoroacetate, aluminum, arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine, zinc salt, etc., and among them, hydrochloride or trifluoroacetate may be used. [00389] In yet other embodiments, the agriculturally acceptable salt can be a salt with an acid such as acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, ethylsuccinic acid, lactobionic acid, gluconic acid, glucoheptonic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, laurylsulfuric acid, malic acid, aspartic acid, glutaminic acid, adipic acid, cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydroiodic acid, nicotinic acid, oxalic acid, picric acid, thiocyanic acid, undecanoic acid, polyacrylate or carboxyvinyl polymer. [00390] In some embodiments, the agriculturally acceptable salt can be prepared from either inorganic or organic bases. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, ferrous, zinc, copper, manganous, aluminum, ferric, manganic salts, and the like. Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally-occurring substituted amines, and cyclic amines, including isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2- dimethylaminoethanol, tromethamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, N-alkylglucamines, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, and the like. Preferred organic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, piperidine, tromethamine, and choline. [00391] In some embodiments, agriculturally acceptable salt refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Agriculturally acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge, et al. describe agriculturally acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66: 1–19 (1977), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00392] In some embodiments, the salts of the present invention can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid. Examples of agriculturally 277702-549942 acceptable , nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other agriculturally acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further agriculturally acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate. [00393] Exemplary descriptions of agriculturally acceptable salts is provided in P. H. Stahl and C. G. Wermuth, (editors), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use, John Wiley & Sons, Aug 23, (2002), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00394] PVP INCORPORATION INTO PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF [00395] The PVPs described herein, and/or an insecticidal protein comprising at least one PVP as described herein, can be incorporated into plants, plant tissues, plant cells, plant seeds, and/or plant parts thereof, for either the stable, or transient expression of a PVP or a PVP- insecticidal protein, and/or a polynucleotide sequence encoding the same. [00396] In some embodiments, the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein can be incorporated into a plant using recombinant techniques known in the art. In some embodiments, the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be in the form of an insecticidal protein which may comprise one or more PVP monomers. [00397] As used herein, with respect to transgenic plants, plant tissues, plant cells, and plant seeds, the term “PVP” also encompasses a PVP-insecticidal protein, and a “PVP polynucleotide” is similarly also used to encompass a polynucleotide or group of polynucleotides operable to express and/or encode an insecticidal protein comprising one or more PVPs. 277702-549942 [00398] The goal of incorporating a PVP into plants is to deliver PVPs and/or PVP- insecticidal proteins to the pest via the insect’s consumption of the transgenic PVP expressed in a plant tissue consumed by the insect. Upon the consumption of the PVP by the insect from its food (e.g., via an insect feeding upon a transgenic plant transformed with a PVP), the consumed PVP may have the ability to inhibit the growth, impair the movement, or even kill an insect. Accordingly, transgenic plants expressing a PVP polynucleotide and/or a PVP polypeptide may express said PVP polynucleotide/polypeptide in a variety of plant tissues, including but not limited to: the epidermis (e.g., mesophyll); periderm; phloem; xylem; parenchyma; collenchyma; sclerenchyma; and primary and secondary meristematic tissues. For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence encoding a PVP can be operably linked to a regulatory region containing a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promoter, resulting in the expression of a PVP in a plant’s mesophyll tissue. [00399] Transgenic plants expressing a PVP and/or a polynucleotide operable to express PVP can be generated by any one of the various methods and protocols well known to those having ordinary skill in the art; such methods of the invention do not require that a particular method for introducing a nucleotide construct to a plant be used, only that the nucleotide construct gains access to the interior of at least one cell of the plant. Methods for introducing nucleotide constructs into plants are known in the art including, but not limited to, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods, and virus-mediated methods. “Transgenic plants” or “transformed plants” or “stably transformed” plants or cells or tissues refers to plants that have incorporated or integrated exogenous nucleic acid sequences or DNA fragments into the plant cell. These nucleic acid sequences include those that are exogenous, or not present in the untransformed plant cell, as well as those that may be endogenous, or present in the untransformed plant cell. “Heterologous” generally refers to the nucleic acid sequences that are not endogenous to the cell or part of the native genome in which they are present, and have been added to the cell by infection, transfection, microinjection, electroporation, microprojection, or the like. [00400] Transformation of plant cells can be accomplished by one of several techniques known in the art. Typically, a construct that expresses an exogenous or heterologous peptide or polypeptide of interest (e.g., a PVP), would contain a promoter to drive transcription of the gene, as well as a 3’ untranslated region to allow transcription termination and polyadenylation. The design and organization of such constructs is well known in the art. In some embodiments, a gene can be engineered such that the resulting peptide is secreted, or otherwise targeted within the plant cell to a specific region and/or organelle. For example, the gene can be engineered to contain a signal peptide to facilitate transfer of the peptide to the endoplasmic reticulum. It may 277702-549942 also be preferable to engineer the plant expression cassette to contain an intron, such that mRNA processing of the intron is required for expression. [00401] Typically, a plant expression cassette can be inserted into a plant transformation vector. This plant transformation vector may be comprised of one or more DNA vectors needed for achieving plant transformation. For example, it is a common practice in the art to utilize plant transformation vectors that are comprised of more than one contiguous DNA segment. These vectors are often referred to in the art as “binary vectors.” Binary vectors as well as vectors with helper plasmids are most often used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, where the size and complexity of DNA segments needed to achieve efficient transformation is quite large, and it is advantageous to separate functions onto separate DNA molecules. Binary vectors typically contain a plasmid vector that contains the cis-acting sequences required for T-DNA transfer (such as left border and right border), a selectable marker that is engineered to be capable of expression in a plant cell, and a “gene of interest” (a gene engineered to be capable of expression in a plant cell for which generation of transgenic plants is desired). Also present on this plasmid vector are sequences required for bacterial replication. The cis-acting sequences are arranged in a fashion to allow efficient transfer into plant cells and expression therein. For example, the selectable marker gene and the PVP are located between the left and right borders. Often a second plasmid vector contains the trans-acting factors that mediate T-DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to plant cells. This plasmid often contains the virulence functions (Vir genes) that allow infection of plant cells by Agrobacterium, and transfer of DNA by cleavage at border sequences and vir-mediated DNA transfer, as is understood in the art (Hellens and Mullineaux (2000) Trends in Plant Science 5:446-451). Several types of Agrobacterium strains (e.g. LBA4404, GV3101, EHA101, EHA105, etc.) can be used for plant transformation. The second plasmid vector is not necessary for transforming the plants by other methods such as microprojection, microinjection, electroporation, polyethylene glycol, etc. [00402] In general, plant transformation methods involve transferring heterologous DNA into target plant cells (e.g. immature or mature embryos, suspension cultures, undifferentiated callus, protoplasts, etc.), followed by applying a maximum threshold level of appropriate selection (depending on the selectable marker gene) to recover the transformed plant cells from a group of untransformed cell mass. Explants are typically transferred to a fresh supply of the same medium and cultured routinely. Subsequently, the transformed cells are differentiated into shoots after placing on regeneration medium supplemented with a maximum threshold level of selecting agent. The shoots are then transferred to a selective rooting medium for recovering rooted shoot or plantlet. The transgenic plantlet then grows into a mature plant and produces fertile seeds (e.g. Hiei et al. (1994) The Plant Journal 6:271-282; Ishida et al. (1996) Nature 277702-549942 Biotechnology 14:745-750). Explants are typically transferred to a fresh supply of the same medium and cultured routinely. A general description of the techniques and methods for generating transgenic plants are found in Ayres and Park (1994) Critical Reviews in Plant Science 13:219-239 and Bommineni and Jauhar (1997) Maydica 42:107-120. Because the transformed material contains many cells, both transformed and non-transformed cells are present in any piece of subjected target callus or tissue or group of cells. The ability to kill non- transformed cells and allow transformed cells to proliferate results in transformed plant cultures. Often, the ability to remove non-transformed cells is a limitation to rapid recovery of transformed plant cells and successful generation of transgenic plants. [00403] Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing nucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Generation of transgenic plants may be performed by one of several methods, including, but not limited to, microinjection, electroporation, direct gene transfer, introduction of heterologous DNA by Agrobacterium into plant cells (Agrobacterium- mediated transformation), bombardment of plant cells with heterologous foreign DNA adhered to particles, ballistic particle acceleration, aerosol beam transformation, Lec1 transformation, and various other non-particle direct-mediated methods to transfer DNA. Exemplary transformation protocols are disclosed in U.S. Published Application No.20010026941; U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; International Publication No. WO 91/00915; and U.S. Published Application No. 2002015066, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00404] Chloroplasts can also be readily transformed, and methods concerning the transformation of chloroplasts are known in the art. See, for example, Svab et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:8526-8530; Svab and Maliga (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:913-917; Svab and Maliga (1993) EMBO J.12:601-606, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The method of chloroplast transformation relies on particle gun delivery of DNA containing a selectable marker and targeting of the DNA to the plastid genome through homologous recombination. Additionally, plastid transformation can be accomplished by transactivation of a silent plastid-borne transgene by tissue-preferred expression of a nuclear-encoded and plastid-directed RNA polymerase. Such a system has been reported in McBride et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7301-7305. [00405] Following integration of heterologous foreign DNA into plant cells, one having ordinary skill may then apply a maximum threshold level of appropriate selection chemical/reagent (e.g., an antibiotic) in the medium to kill the untransformed cells, and separate and grow the putatively transformed cells that survive from this selection treatment by transferring said surviving cells regularly to a fresh medium. By continuous passage and 277702-549942 challenge with appropriate selection, an artisan identifies and proliferates the cells that are transformed with the plasmid vector. Molecular and biochemical methods can then be used to confirm the presence of the integrated heterologous gene of interest into the genome of the transgenic plant. [00406] The cells that have been transformed may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional methods known to those having ordinary skill in the art. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved. In this manner, the present disclosure provides transformed seed (also referred to as “transgenic seed”) having a nucleotide construct of the invention, for example, an expression cassette of the invention, stably incorporated into their genome. [00407] In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides a PVP-insecticidal protein, that act as substrates for insect proteinases, proteases and peptidases (collectively referred to herein as “proteases”) as described above. [00408] In some embodiments, transgenic plants or parts thereof, that may be receptive to the expression of PVPs can include: alfalfa, banana, barley, bean, broccoli, cabbage, canola, carrot, cassava, castor, cauliflower, celery, chickpea, Chinese cabbage, citrus, coconut, coffee, corn, clover, cotton, a cucurbit, cucumber, Douglas fir, eggplant, eucalyptus, flax, garlic, grape, hops, leek, lettuce, Loblolly pine, millets, melons, nut, oat, olive, onion, ornamental, palm, pasture grass, pea, peanut, pepper, pigeonpea, pine, potato, poplar, pumpkin, Radiata pine, radish, rapeseed, rice, rootstocks, rye, safflower, shrub, sorghum, Southern pine, soybean, spinach, squash, strawberry, sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, sweet corn, sweet gum, sweet potato, switchgrass, tea, tobacco, tomato, triticale, turf grass, watermelon, and a wheat plant. [00409] In some embodiments the transgenic plant may be grown from cells that were initially transformed with the DNA constructs described herein. In other embodiments, the transgenic plant may express the encoded PVP in a specific tissue, or plant part, for example, a leaf, a stem a flower, a sepal, a fruit, a root, a seed, or combinations thereof. [00410] In some embodiments, the plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, can be transformed with a PVP or a polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, 277702-549942 identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6- W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S- C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In related embodiments, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. [00411] In some embodiments, the plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or plant seed can be transformed with a PVP wherein the PVP has an amino acid sequence of any of the aforementioned PVPs (e.g., one or more the PVPs enumerated in Table 1), or a polynucleotide encoding the same. [00412] In some embodiments, the plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or plant seed can be transformed with a PVP having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ NOs: 3-60, or a polynucleotide encoding the same. [00413] In some embodiments, the plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or plant seed can be transformed with a PVP wherein the PVP is a homopolymer or heteropolymer of two or more PVP polypeptides, wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP is the same or different, or a polynucleotide encoding the same. [00414] Any of the aforementioned methods, and/or any of the methods described herein, can be used to incorporate one or more of the PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins as described herein, into plants or plant parts thereof. For example, any of the methods described herein can 277702-549942 be used to incorporate into plants one or more of the PVPs described in the present disclosure, e.g., PVPs having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, which are likewise described herein. [00415] Polynucleotide incorporation into plants, the proteins expressed therefrom [00416] A challenge regarding the expression of heterogeneous polypeptides in transgenic plants is maintaining the desired effect (e.g., insecticidal activity) of the introduced polypeptide upon expression in the host organism; one way to maintain such an effect is to increase the chance of proper protein folding through the use of an operably linked Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide (ERSP). Another method to maintain the effect of a transgenic protein is to incorporate a Translational Stabilizing Protein (STA). [00417] Plants can be transiently or stably transfected with the DNA sequence that encodes a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein comprising one or more PVPs, using any of the transfection methods described above. Alternatively, plants can be transfected with a polynucleotide that encodes a PVP, wherein said PVP is operably linked to a polynucleotide operable to encode an Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide (ERSP); linker, Translational Stabilizing Protein (STA); or combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a transgenic plant or plant genome can be transformed with a polynucleotide sequence that encodes the Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide (ERSP); PVP; and/or intervening linker peptide (LINKER or L), thus causing mRNA transcribed from the heterogeneous DNA to be expressed in the transformed plant, and subsequently, said mRNA to be translated into a peptide. [00418] Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide (ERSP) [00419] The subcellular targeting of a recombinant protein to the ER can be achieved through the use of an ERSP operably linked to said recombinant protein; this allows for the correct assembly and/or folding of such proteins, and the high level accumulation of these recombinant proteins in plants. Exemplary methods concerning the compartmentalization of host proteins into intracellular storage are disclosed in McCormick et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96(2):703-6008, 1999; Staub et al., Nature Biotechnology 18:333-338, 2000; Conrad et al., Plant Mol. Biol.38:101-109, 1998; and Stoger et al., Plant Mol. Biol.42:583-590, 2000, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Accordingly, one way to achieve the correct assembly and/or folding of recombinant proteins, is to operably link an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide (ERSP) to the recombinant protein of interest. [00420] In some embodiments, a peptide comprising an Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide (ERSP) can be operably linked to a PVP (designated as ERSP-PVP), wherein said ERSP is the N-terminal of said peptide. In some embodiments, the ERSP peptide is between 3 to 60 277702-549942 amino acids in length, between 5 to 50 amino acids in length, between 20 to 30 amino acids in length. [00421] In some embodiments, PVP ORF starts with an ersp at its 5’-end. For the PVP to be properly folded and functional when it is expressed from a transgenic plant, it must have an ersp nucleotide fused in frame with the polynucleotide encoding a PVP. During the cellular translation process, translated ERSP can direct the PVP being translated to insert into the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) of the plant cell by binding with a cellular component called a signal-recognition particle. Within the ER the ERSP peptide is cleaved by signal peptidase and the PVP is released into the ER, where the PVP is properly folded during the post-translation modification process, for example, the formation of disulfide bonds. Without any additional retention protein signals, the protein is transported through the ER to the Golgi apparatus, where it is finally secreted outside the plasma membrane and into the apoplastic space. PVP can accumulate at apoplastic space efficiently to reach the insecticidal dose in plants. [00422] The ERSP peptide is at the N-terminal region of the plant-translated PVP complex and the ERSP portion is composed of about 3 to 60 amino acids. In some embodiments it is 5 to 50 amino acids. In some embodiments it is 10 to 40 amino acids but most often is composed of 15 to 20; 20 to 25; or 25 to 30 amino acids. The ERSP is a signal peptide so called because it directs the transportation of a protein. Signal peptides may also be called targeting signals, signal sequences, transit peptides, or localization signals. The signal peptides for ER trafficking are often 15 to 30 amino acid residues in length and have a tripartite organization, comprised of a core of hydrophobic residues flanked by a positively charged amino terminal and a polar, but uncharged carboxyterminal region. (Zimmermann, et al, “Protein translocation across the ER membrane,” Biochimica et Biohysica Acta, 2011, 1808: 912-924). [00423] Many ERSPs are known. It is NOT required that the ERSP be derived from a plant ERSP, non-plant ERSPs will work with the procedures described herein. Many plant ERSPs are however well known and we describe some plant derived ERSPs here. For example, ins some embodiments, the ERSP can be a barley alpha-amylase signal peptide (BAAS), which is derived from the plant, Hordeum vulgare, and has an amino acid sequence as follows: “MANKHLSLSLFLVLLGLSASLASG” (SEQ ID NO:87) [00424] Plant ERSPs, which are selected from the genomic sequence for proteins that are known to be expressed and released into the apoplastic space of plants, include examples such as BAAS, carrot extensin, and tobacco PR1. The following references provide further descriptions, and are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety: De Loose, M. et al. “The extensin signal peptide allows secretion of a heterologous protein from protoplasts” Gene, 99 (1991) 95- 100; De Loose, M. et al. described the structural analysis of an extension—encoding gene from 277702-549942 Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, the sequence of which contains a typical signal peptide for translocation of the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum; Chen, M.H. et al. “Signal peptide- dependent targeting of a rice alpha-amylase and cargo proteins to plastids and extracellular compartments of plant cells” Plant Physiology, 2004 Jul; 135(3): 1367-77. Epub 2004 Jul 2. Chen, M.H. et al. studied the subcellular localization of α-amylases in plant cells by analyzing the expression of α-amylase, with and without its signal peptide, in transgenic tobacco. These references and others teach and disclose the signal peptide that can be used in the methods, procedures and peptide, protein and nucleotide complexes and constructs described herein. [00425] In some embodiments, the ERSP can include, but is not limited to, one of the following: a BAAS; a tobacco extensin signal peptide; a modified tobacco extensin signal peptide; or a Jun a 3 signal peptide from Juniperus ashei. For example, in some embodiments, a plant can be transformed with a nucleotide that encodes any of the peptides that are described herein as Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptides (ERSP), and a PVP. [00426] The tobacco extensin signal peptide motif is another exemplary type of ERSP. See Memelink et al, the Plant Journal, 1993, V4: 1011-1022; Pogue GP et al, Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2010, V8: 638-654, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00427] In some embodiments, a PVP ORF can have a nucleotide sequence operable to encode a tobacco extensin signal peptide motif. In one embodiment, the PVP ORF can encode an extensin motif according to SEQ ID NO: 96. In another embodiment, the PVP ORF can encode an extensin motif according to SEQ ID NO:97. [00428] An illustrative example of how to generate an embodiment with an extensin signal motif is as follows: A DNA sequence encoding an extensin motif is designed (for example, the DNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:98 or SEQ ID NO:99) using oligo extension PCR with four synthetic DNA primers; ends sites such as a restriction site, for example, a Pac I restriction site at the 5’-end, and a 5’-end of a GFP sequence at the 3’-end, can be added using PCR with the extensin DNA sequence serving as a template, and resulting in a fragment; the fragment is used as the forward PCR primer to amplify the DNA sequence encoding a PVP ORF , for example “gfp-l-PVP” contained in a pFECT vector, thus producing a PVP ORF encoding (from N’ to C’ terminal) “ERSP-GFP-L-PVP” wherein the ERSP is extensin. The resulting DNA sequence can then be cloned into Pac I and Avr II restriction sites of a FECT vector to generate the pFECT-PVP vector for transient plant expression of GFP fused PVP. [00429] In some embodiments, an illustrative expression system can include the FECT expression vectors containing PVP ORF is transformed into Agrobacterium, GV3101, and the transformed GV3101 is injected into tobacco leaves for transient expression of PVP ORF. 277702-549942 [00430] Translational stabilizing protein (STA) [00431] A Translational stabilizing protein (STA) can increase the amount of PVP in plant tissues. One of the PVP ORFs, ERSP-PVP, is sufficient to express a properly folded PVP in the transfected plant, but in some embodiments, effective protection of a plant from pest damage may require that the plant expressed PVP accumulate. With transfection of a properly constructed PVP ORF, a transgenic plant can express and accumulate greater amounts of the correctly folded PVP. When a plant accumulates greater amounts of properly folded PVP, it can more easily resist, inhibit, and/or kill the pests that attack and eat the plants. One method of increasing the accumulation of a polypeptide in transgenic tissues is through the use of a translational stabilizing protein (STA). The translational stabilizing protein can be used to significantly increase the accumulation of PVP in plant tissue, and thus increase the efficacy of a plant transfected with PVP with regard to pest resistance. The translational stabilizing protein is a protein with sufficient tertiary structure that it can accumulate in a cell without being targeted by the cellular process of protein degradation. [00432] In some embodiments, the translational stabilizing protein can be a domain of another protein, or it can comprise an entire protein sequence. In some embodiments, the translational stabilizing protein can be between 5 and 50 amino acids, 50 to 250 amino acids (e.g., GNA), 250 to 750 amino acids (e.g., chitinase) and 750 to 1500 amino acids (e.g., enhancin). [00433] One embodiment of the translational stabilizing protein can be a polymer of fusion proteins comprising at least one PVP. A specific example of a translational stabilizing protein is provided here to illustrate the use of a translational stabilizing protein. The example is not intended to limit the disclosure or claims in any way. Useful translational stabilizing proteins are well known in the art, and any proteins of this type could be used as disclosed herein. Procedures for evaluating and testing production of peptides are both known in the art and described herein. One example of one translational stabilizing protein is Green-Fluorescent Protein (GFP) (SEQ ID NO:94; NCBI Accession No. P42212.1). [00434] In some embodiments, a protein comprising an Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide (ERSP) can be operably linked to a PVP, which is in turn operably linked to a Translational Stabilizing Protein (STA). Here, this configuration is designated as ERSP-STA- PVP or ERSP-PVP-STA, wherein said ERSP is the N-terminal of said protein and said STA may be either on the N-terminal side (upstream) of the PVP, or of the C-terminal side (downstream) of the PVP. In some embodiments, a protein designated as ERSP-STA-PVP or ERSP-PVP-STA, comprising any of the ERSPs or PVPs described herein, can be operably linked to a STA, for example, any of the translational stabilizing proteins described, or taught by this document 277702-549942 including GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein; SEQ ID NO: 94; NCBI Accession No. P42212), or Jun a 3, (Juniperus ashei; SEQ ID NO: 95; NCBI Accession No. P81295.1). [00435] Additional examples of translational stabilizing proteins can be found in the following references, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety: Kramer, K.J. et al. “Sequence of a cDNA and expression of the gene encoding epidermal and gut chitinases of Manduca sexta” Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol.23, Issue 6, September 1993, pp.691-701. Kramer, K.J. et al. isolated and sequenced a chitinase-encoding cDNA from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Hashimoto, Y. et al. “Location and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the viral enhancing factor of the Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus” Journal of General Virology, (1991), 72, 2645-2651. These references and others teach and disclose translational stabilizing proteins that can be used in the methods, procedures and peptide, protein and nucleotide complexes and constructs described herein. [00436] In some embodiments, a PVP ORF can be transformed into a plant, for example, in the tobacco plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, using a PVP ORF that contains a STA. For example, in some embodiments, the STA can be Jun a 3. The mature Jun a 3 is a ~30 kDa plant defending protein that is also an allergen for some people. Jun a 3 is produced by Juniperus ashei trees and can be used in some embodiments as a translational stabilizing protein (STA). In some embodiments, the Jun a 3 amino acid sequence can be the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 37. [00437] LINKERS [00438] Linker proteins assist in the proper folding of the different motifs composing a PVP ORF. The PVP ORF described in this invention also incorporates polynucleotide sequences encoding intervening linker peptides between the polynucleotide sequences encoding the PVP (PVP) and the translational stabilizing protein (sta), or between polynucleotide sequence encoding multiple polynucleotide sequences encoding PVP, i.e., (l-PVP)N or (PVP-l)N, if the expression ORF involves multiple PVP domain expression. The intervening linker peptides (LINKERS or L) separate the different parts of the expressed PVP construct, and help proper folding of the different parts of the complex during the expression process. In the expressed PVP construct, different intervening linker peptides can be involved to separate different functional domains. In some embodiments, the LINKER is attached to a PVP and this bivalent group can be repeated up to 10 (N=1-10) and possibly even more than 10 times (e.g., N = 200) in order to facilitate the accumulation of properly folded PVP in the plant that is to be protected. 277702-549942 [00439] In some embodiments the intervening linker peptide can be between 1 and 30 amino acids in length. However, it is not necessarily an essential component in the expressed PVP in plants. [00440] In some embodiments, the PVP-insecticidal protein comprises at least one PVP operably linked to a cleavable peptide. In other embodiments, the PVP-insecticidal protein comprises at least one PVP operably linked to a non-cleavable peptide. [00441] A cleavable linker peptide can be designed to the PVP ORF to release the properly PVP from the expressed PVP complex in the transformed plant to improve the protection the PVP affords the plant with regard to pest damage. One type of the intervening linker peptide is the plant cleavable linker peptide. This type of linker peptides can be completely removed from the expressed PVP ORF complex during plant post-translational modification. Therefore, in some embodiments, the properly folded PVP linked by this type of intervening linker peptides can be released in the plant cells from the expressed PVP ORF complex during post-translational modification in the plant. [00442] Another type of the cleavable intervening linker peptide is not cleavable during the expression process in plants. However, it has a protease cleavage site specific to serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartate proteases or metalloproteases. The type of cleavable linker peptide can be digested by proteases found in the insect and lepidopteran gut environment and/or the insect hemolymph and lepidopteran hemolymph environment to release the PVP in the insect gut or hemolymph. Using the information taught by this disclosure it should be a matter of routine for one skilled in the art to make or find other examples of LINKERS that will be useful in this invention. [00443] In some embodiments, the PVP ORF can contain a cleavable type of intervening linker, for example, the type listed in SEQ ID NO: 90 having the amino acid code of “IGER” (SEQ ID NO: 90). The molecular weight of this intervening linker or LINKER is 473.53 Daltons. In other embodiments, the intervening linker peptide (LINKER) can also be one without any type of protease cleavage site, i.e., an uncleavable intervening linker peptide, for example, the linker “ETMFKHGL” (SEQ ID NO: 101). [00444] In some embodiments, the PVP-insecticidal protein can have two or more cleavable peptides, wherein the insecticidal protein comprises an insect cleavable linker (L), the insect cleavable linker being fused in frame with a construct comprising (PVP-L)n, wherein “n” is an integer ranging from 1 to 200, or from 1 to 100, or from 1 to 10. In another embodiment, the PVP-insecticidal protein, and described herein, comprises an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide (ERSP) operably linked with a PVP, which is operably linked with an insect cleavable 277702-549942 linker (L) and/or a repeat construct (L-PVP)n or (PVP-L)n, wherein n is an integer ranging from 1 to 200, or from 1 to 100, or from 1 to 10. [00445] In some embodiments, a protein comprising an Endoplasmic Reticulum Signal Peptide (ERSP) can be operably linked to a PVP and an intervening linker peptide (L or Linker); such a construct is designated as ERSP-L-PVP, or ERSP-PVP-L, wherein said ERSP is the N- terminal of said protein, and said L or Linker may be either on the N-terminal side (upstream) of the PVP, or the C-terminal side (downstream) of the PVP. A protein designated as ERSP-L-PVP, or ERSP-PVP-L, comprising any of the ERSPs or PVPs described herein, can have a Linker “L” that can be an uncleavable linker peptide, or a cleavable linker peptide, and which may be cleavable in a plant cells during protein expression process, or may be cleavable in an insect gut environment and/or hemolymph environment. [00446] In some embodiments, a PVP-insecticidal protein can comprise any of the intervening linker peptides (LINKER or L) described herein, or taught by this document, including but not limited to following sequences: IGER (SEQ ID NO:90), EEKKN, (SEQ ID NO:100), and ETMFKHGL (SEQ ID NO:101), or combinations thereof. [00447] In various embodiments, an exemplary insecticidal protein can include a protein construct comprising: (ERSP)-(PVP-L)n; (ERSP)-(L)-(PVP-L)n; (ERSP)-(L-PVP)n; (ERSP)-(L- PVP)n-(L); wherein n is an integer ranging from 1 to 200 or from 1 to 100, or from 1 to 10. In various related embodiments described above, a PVP is the aforementioned Mu- diguetoxin- PL1c Variant Polypeptides, L is a non-cleavable or cleavable peptide, and n is an integer ranging from 1 to 200, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 100, and more preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 10. In some embodiments, the PVP-insecticidal protein may contain PVP peptides that are the same or different, and insect cleavable peptides that are the same or different. In some embodiments, the C-terminal PVP is operably linked at its C-terminus with a cleavable peptide that is operable to be cleaved in an insect gut environment. In some embodiments, the N-terminal PVP is operably linked at its N-terminus with a cleavable peptide that is operable to be cleaved in an insect gut environment. [00448] Some of the available proteases and peptidases found in the insect gut environment are dependent on the life-stage of the insect, as these enzymes are often spatially and temporally expressed. The digestive system of the insect is composed of the alimentary canal and associated glands. Food enters the mouth and is mixed with secretions that may or may not contain digestive proteases and peptidases. The foregut and the hind gut are ectodermal in origin. The foregut serves generally as a storage depot for raw food. From the foregut, discrete boluses of food pass into the midgut (mesenteron or ventriculus). The midgut is the site of digestion and absorption of food nutrients. Generally, the presence of certain proteases and peptidases in the 277702-549942 midgut follow the pH of the gut. Certain proteases and peptidases in the human gastrointestinal system may include: pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase. [00449] The insect gut environment includes the regions of the digestive system in the herbivore species where peptides and proteins are degraded during digestion. Some of the available proteases and peptidases found in insect gut environments may include: (1) serine proteases; (2) cysteine proteases; (3) aspartic proteases, and (4) metalloproteases. [00450] The two predominant protease classes in the digestive systems of phytophagous insects are the serine and cysteine proteases. Murdock et al. (1987) carried out an elaborate study of the midgut enzymes of various pests belonging to Coleoptera, while Srinivasan et al. (2008) have reported on the midgut enzymes of various pests belonging to Lepidoptera. Serine proteases are known to dominate the larval gut environment and contribute to about 95% of the total digestive activity in Lepidoptera, whereas the Coleopteran species have a wider range of dominant gut proteases, including cysteine proteases. [00451] The papain family contains peptidases with a wide variety of activities, including endopeptidases with broad specificity (such as papain), endopeptidases with very narrow specificity (such as glycyl endopeptidases), aminopeptidases, dipeptidyl-peptidase, and peptidases with both endopeptidase and exopeptidase activities (such as cathepsins B and H). Other exemplary proteinases found in the midgut of various insects include trypsin-like enzymes, e.g. trypsin and chymotrypsin, pepsin, carboxypeptidase-B and aminotripeptidases. [00452] Serine proteases are widely distributed in nearly all animals and microorganisms (Joanitti et al., 2006). In higher organisms, nearly 2% of genes code for these enzymes (Barrette- Ng et al., 2003). Being essentially indispensable to the maintenance and survival of their host organism, serine proteases play key roles in many biological processes. Serine proteases are classically categorized by their substrate specificity, notably by whether the residue at P1: trypsin-like (Lys/Arg preferred at P1), chymotrypsin-like (large hydrophobic residues such as Phe/Tyr/Leu at P1), or elastase-like (small hydrophobic residues such as Ala/Val at P1) (revised by Tyndall et. al.., 2005). Serine proteases are a class of proteolytic enzymes whose central catalytic machinery is composed of three invariant residues, an aspartic acid, a histidine and a uniquely reactive serine, the latter giving rise to their name, the “catalytic triad”. The Asp-His- Ser triad can be found in at least four different structural contexts (Hedstrom, 2002). These four clans of serine proteases are typified by chymotrypsin, subtilisin, carboxypeptidase Y, and Clp protease. The three serine proteases of the chymotrypsin-like clan that have been studied in greatest detail are chymotrypsin, trypsin, and elastase. More recently, serine proteases with novel 277702-549942 catalytic triads and dyads have been discovered for their roles in digestion, including Ser-His- Glu, Ser-Lys/His, His-Ser-His, and N-terminal Ser. [00453] One class of well-studied digestive enzymes found in the gut environment of insects is the class of cysteine proteases. The term “cysteine protease” is intended to describe a protease that possesses a highly reactive thiol group of a cysteine residue at the catalytic site of the enzyme. There is evidence that many phytophagous insects and plant parasitic nematodes rely, at least in part, on midgut cysteine proteases for protein digestion. These include but are not limited to Hemiptera, especially squash bugs (Anasa tristis); green stink bug (Acrosternum hilare); Riptortus clavatus; and almost all Coleoptera examined to date, especially, Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa deaemlineata); three-lined potato beetle (Lema trilineata); asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi); Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis); red flour beetle (Triolium castaneum); confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum); the flea beetles (Chaetocnema spp., Haltica spp., and Epitrix spp.); corn rootworm (Diabrotica Spp.); cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus aculatue); boll weevil (Antonomus grandis); rice weevil (Sitophilus oryza); maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais); granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius); Egyptian alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica); bean weevil (Acanthoseelides obtectus); lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica); yellow meal worm (Tenebrio molitor); Thysanoptera, especially, western flower thrips (Franklini ella occidentalis); Diptera, especially, leafminer spp. (Liriomyza trifolii); plant parasitic nematodes especially the potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.), the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) and root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). [00454] Another class of digestive enzymes is the aspartic proteases. The term “aspartic protease” is intended to describe a protease that possesses two highly reactive aspartic acid residues at the catalytic site of the enzyme and which is most often characterized by its specific inhibition with pepstatin, a low molecular weight inhibitor of nearly all known aspartic proteases. There is evidence that many phytophagous insects rely, in part, on midgut aspartic proteases for protein digestion most often in conjunction with cysteine proteases. These include but are not limited to Hemiptera especially (Rhodnius prolixus) and bedbug (Cimex spp.) and members of the families Phymatidae, Pentatomidae, Lygaeidae and Belostomatidae; Coleoptera, in the families of the Meloidae, Chrysomelidae, Coccinelidae and Bruchidae all belonging to the series Cucujiformia, especially, Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) three-lined potato beetle (Lematri lineata); southern and western corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata and D. virgifera), boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), squash bug (Anasatristis); flea beetle (Phyllotreta crucifera), bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus), Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis), soybean leafminer (Odontota horni), margined blister beetle (Epicauta pestifera) and the red flour beetle (Triolium castaneum); Diptera, 277702-549942 especially housefly (Musca domestica). See Terra and Ferreira (1994) Comn. Biochem. Physiol. 109B: 1-62; Wolfson and Murdock (1990) J. Chem. Ecol.16: 1089-1102. [00455] Other examples of intervening linker peptides can be found in the following references, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety: a plant expressed serine proteinase inhibitor precursor was found to contain five homogeneous protein inhibitors separated by six same linker peptides, as disclosed in Heath et al. “Characterization of the protease processing sites in a multidomain proteinase inhibitor precursor from Nicotiana alata” European Journal of Biochemistry, 1995; 230: 250-257. A comparison of the folding behavior of green fluorescent proteins through six different linkers is explored in Chang, H.C. et al. “De novo folding of GFP fusion proteins: high efficiency in eukaryotes but not in bacteria” Journal of Molecular Biology, 2005 Oct 21; 353(2): 397-409. An isoform of the human GalNAc-Ts family, GalNAc-T2, was shown to retain its localization and functionality upon expression in N. benthamiana plants by Daskalova, S.M. et al. “Engineering of N. benthamiana L. plants for production of N-acetylgalactosamine-glycosylated proteins” BMC Biotechnology, 2010 Aug 24; 10: 62. The ability of endogenous plastid proteins to travel through stromules was shown in Kwok, E.Y. et al. “GFP-labelled Rubisco and aspartate aminotransferase are present in plastid stromules and traffic between plastids” Journal of Experimental Botany, 2004 Mar; 55(397): 595-604. Epub 2004 Jan 30. A report on the engineering of the surface of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), virion, with a mosquito decapeptide hormone, trypsin-modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) was made by Borovsky, D. et al. “Expression of Aedes trypsin-modulating oostatic factor on the virion of TMV: A potential larvicide” Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2006 December 12; 103(50): 18963–18968. These references and others teach and disclose the intervening linkers that can be used in the methods, procedures and peptide, protein and nucleotide complexes and constructs described herein. [00456] The PVP ORF and PVP constructs [00457] A “PVP ORF” refers to a nucleotide encoding a PVP, and/or one or more stabilizing proteins, secretory signals, or target directing signals, for example, ERSP or STA, and is defined as the nucleotides in the ORF that has the ability to be translated. Thus, a “PVP ORF diagram” refers to the composition of one or more PVP ORFs, as written out in diagram or equation form. For example, a “PVP ORF diagram” can be written out as using acronyms or short-hand references to the DNA segments contained within the expression ORF. Accordingly, in one example, a “PVP ORF diagram” may describe the polynucleotide segments encoding the ERSP, LINKER, STA, and PVP, by diagramming in equation form the DNA segments as “ersp” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the ERSP polypeptide); “linker” or “L” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the LINKER polypeptide); “sta” (i.e., the polynucleotide 277702-549942 sequence that encodes the STA polypeptide), and “PVP” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence encoding a PVP), respectively. An example of a PVP ORF diagram is “ersp-sta-(linkeri-PVPj)N,” or “ersp-(PVPj-linkeri)N-sta” and/or any combination of the DNA segments thereof. [00458] The following equations describe two examples of a PVP ORF that encodes an ERSP, a STA, a linker, and a PVP: ersp-sta-l-PVP or ersp-PVP-l-sta [00459] In some embodiments, the PVP expression open reading frame (ORF) described herein is a polynucleotide sequence that will enable the plant to express mRNA, which in turn will be translated into peptides be expressed, folded properly, and/or accumulated to such an extent that said proteins provide a dose sufficient to inhibit and/or kill one or more pests. In one embodiment, an example of a protein PVP ORF can be a Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide (PVP), an “ersp” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the ERSP polypeptide) a “linker” (i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the LINKER polypeptide),
Figure imgf000107_0001
(i.e., the polynucleotide sequence that encodes the STA polypeptide), or any combination thereof, and can be described in the following equation format: ersp-sta-(linkeri-PVPj)n, or ersp-(PVPj-linkeri)n-sta [00460] The foregoing illustrative embodiment of a polynucleotide equation would result in the following protein complex being expressed: ERSP-STA-(LINKERI-PVPJ)N, containing four possible peptide components with dash signs to separate each component. The nucleotide component of ersp is a polynucleotide segment encoding a plant endoplasmic reticulum trafficking signal peptide (ERSP). The component of sta is a polynucleotide segment encoding a translation stabilizing protein (STA), which helps the accumulation of the PVP expressed in plants, however, in some embodiments, the inclusion of sta may not be necessary in the PVP ORF. The component of linkeri is a polynucleotide segment encoding an intervening linker peptide (L OR LINKER) to separate the PVP from other components contained in ORF, and from the translation stabilizing protein. The subscript letter “i” indicates that in some embodiments, different types of linker peptides can be used in the PVP ORF. The component “PVP” indicates the polynucleotide segment encoding the PVP (also known as the Delta- amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide sequence). The subscript “j” indicates different Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotides may be included in the PVP ORF. For example, in some embodiments, the Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide sequence can encode a PVP with an amino acid substitution, or an amino acid deletion. The subscript “n” as shown in “(linkeri-PVPj)n” indicates that the structure of the nucleotide encoding an intervening linker peptide and a PVP can be repeated “n” times in the same open reading frame 277702-549942 in the same PVP ORF , where “n” can be any integrate number from 1 to 10; “n” can be from 1 to 10, specifically “n” can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and in some embodiments “n” is 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10. The repeats may contain polynucleotide segments encoding different intervening linkers (LINKER) and different PVPs. The different polynucleotide segments including the repeats within the same PVP ORF are all within the same translation frame. In some embodiments, the inclusion of a sta polynucleotide in the PVP ORF may not be required. For example, an ersp polynucleotide sequence can be directly be linked to the polynucleotide encoding a PVP variant polynucleotide without a linker. [00461] In the foregoing exemplary equation, the polynucleotide “PVP” encoding the polypeptide “PVP” can be the polynucleotide sequence that encodes any PVP as described herein, e.g., a PVP comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60 or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00462] In some embodiments, the PVP polynucleotide, or polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L- X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14- X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W- S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an 277702-549942 amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof., or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof. [00463] In some embodiments, the PVP polynucleotide, or polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, is operably to encode a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein having a PVP with an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00464] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is operable to encode a PVP-insecticidal protein having the following PVP construct orientation and/or arrangement: ERSP-PVP; ERSP- (PVP)N; ERSP-PVP-L; ERSP-(PVP)N-L; ERSP-(PVP-L)N; ERSP-L-PVP; ERSP-L-(PVP)N; ERSP-(L-PVP)N; ERSP-STA-PVP; ERSP-STA-(PVP)N; ERSP-PVP-STA; ERSP-(PVP)N-STA; ERSP-(STA-PVP)N; ERSP-(PVP-STA)N; ERSP-L-PVP-STA; ERSP-L-STA-PVP; ERSP-L- (PVP-STA)N; ERSP-L-(STA-PVP)N; ERSP-L-(PVP)N-STA; ERSP-(L-PVP)N-STA; ERSP-(L- STA-PVP)N; ERSP-(L-PVP-STA)N; ERSP-(L-STA)N-PVP; ERSP-(L-PVP)N-STA; ERSP-STA- L-PVP; ERSP-STA-PVP-L; ERSP-STA-L-(PVP)N; ERSP-(STA-L)N-PVP; ERSP-STA-(L- PVP)N; ERSP-(STA-L-PVP)N; ERSP-STA-(PVP)N-L; ERSP-STA-(PVP-L)N; ERSP-(STA- PVP)N-L; ERSP-(STA-PVP-L)N; ERSP-PVP-L-STA; ERSP-PVP-STA-L; ERSP-(PVP)N-STA-L ERSP-(PVP-L)N-STA; ERSP-(PVP-STA)N-L; ERSP-(PVP-L-STA)N; or ERSP-(PVP-STA-L)N; wherein N is an integer ranging from 1 to 200. [00465] Any of the aforementioned methods, and/or any of the methods described herein, can be used to incorporate into a plant or a plant part thereof, one or more polynucleotides operable to express any one or more of the PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins as described herein; e.g., one or more PVPs or PVP-insecticidal protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, which are likewise described herein. [00466] The present disclosure may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots. Crops for which a transgenic approach or PEP would be an especially useful approach include, but are not limited to: alfalfa, cotton, tomato, maize, wheat, corn, sweet corn, lucerne, soybean, sorghum, field pea, linseed, safflower, rapeseed, oil seed rape, rice, soybean, barley, sunflower, trees (including coniferous and deciduous), flowers (including those grown commercially and in greenhouses), field lupins, switchgrass, sugarcane, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, crucifers, peppers, sugarbeet, barley, and oilseed rape, Brassica sp., rye, millet, peanuts, sweet potato, cassaya, coffee, coconut, pineapple, citrus trees, cocoa, tea, banana, avocado, fig, guava, mango, olive, papaya, cashew, macadamia, almond, oats, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers. [00467] Transforming plants with polynucleotides 277702-549942 [00468] In some embodiments, the PVP ORFs and PVP constructs described above and herein can be cloned into any plant expression vector for PVP to be expressed in plants, either transiently or stably. [00469] Transient plant expression systems can be used to promptly optimize the structure of the PVP ORF for some specific PVP expression in plants, including the necessity of some components, codon optimization of some components, optimization of the order of each component, etc. A transient plant expression vector is often derived from a plant virus genome. Plant virus vectors provide advantages in quick and high level of foreign gene expression in plant due to the infection nature of plant viruses. The full length of the plant viral genome can be used as a vector, but often a viral component is deleted, for example the coat protein, and transgenic ORFs are subcloned in that place. The PVP ORF can be subcloned into such a site to create a viral vector. These viral vectors can be introduced into plant mechanically since they are infectious themselves, for example through plant wound, spray-on etc. They can also be transfected into plants via agroinfection, by cloning the virus vector into the T-DNA of the crown gall bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, or the hairy root bacterium, Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The expression of the PVP in this vector is controlled by the replication of the RNA virus, and the virus translation to mRNA for replication is controlled by a strong viral promoter, for example, 35S promoter from Cauliflower mosaic virus. Viral vectors with PVP ORF are usually cloned into T-DNA region in a binary vector that can replicate itself in both E. coli strains and Agrobacterium strains. The transient transfection of a plant can be done by infiltration of the plant leaves with the Agrobacterium cells which contain the viral vector for PVP expression. In the transient transformed plant, it is common for the foreign protein expression to be ceased in a short period of time due to the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Sometimes a PTGS suppressing protein gene is necessary to be co-transformed into the plant transiently with the same type of viral vector that drives the expression of with the PVP ORF. This improves and extends the expression of the PVP in the plant. The most commonly used PTGS suppressing protein is P19 protein discovered from tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). [00470] In some embodiments, transient transfection of plants can be achieved by recombining a polynucleotide encoding a PVP with any one of the readily available vectors (see above and described herein), and confirmed, using a marker or signal (e.g., GFP emission). In some embodiments, a transiently transfected plant can be created by recombining a polynucleotide encoding a PVP with a DNA encoding a GFP-Hybrid fusion protein in a vector, and transfection said vector into a plant (e.g., tobacco) using different FECT vectors designed for targeted expression. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a PVP can be recombined 277702-549942 with a pFECT vector for APO (apoplast localization) accumulation; a pFECT vector for CYTO (cytoplasm localization) accumulation; or pFECT with ersp vector for ER (endoplasm reticulum localization) accumulation. [00471] An exemplary transient plant transformation strategy is agroinfection using a plant viral vector due to its high efficiency, ease, and low cost. In some embodiments, a tobacco mosaic virus overexpression system can be used to transiently transform plants with PVP. See TRBO, Lindbo JA, Plant Physiology, 2007, V145: 1232-1240, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00472] The TRBO DNA vector has a T-DNA region for agroinfection, which contains a CaMV 35S promoter that drives expression of the tobacco mosaic virus RNA without the gene encoding the viral coating protein. Moreover, this system uses the “disarmed” virus genome, therefore viral plant to plant transmission can be effectively prevented. [00473] In another embodiment, the FECT viral transient plant expression system can be used to transiently transform plants with PVP. See Liu Z & Kearney CM, BMC Biotechnology, 2010, 10:88, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The FECT vector contains a T-DNA region for agroinfection, which contains a CaMV 35S promoter that drives the expression of the foxtail mosaic virus RNA without the genes encoding the viral coating protein and the triple gene block. Moreover, this system uses the “disarmed” virus genome, therefore viral plant to plant transmission can be effectively prevented. To efficiently express the introduced heterologous gene, the FECT expression system additionally needs to co- express P19, a RNA silencing suppressor protein from tomato bushy stunt virus, to prevent the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of the introduced T-DNA (the TRBO expression system does not need co-expression of P19). [00474] In some embodiments, the PVP ORF can be designed to encode a series of translationally fused structural motifs that can be described as follows: N’-ERSP-STA-L-PVP-C’ wherein the “N’” and “C’” indicating the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids, respectively, and the ERSP motif can be the Barley Alpha-Amylase Signal peptide (BAAS) (SEQ ID NO: 87); the stabilizing protein (STA) can be GFP (SEQ ID NO: 94); the linker peptide “L” can be IGER (SEQ ID NO: 90) In some embodiments, the ersp-sta-l-PVP ORF can chemically synthesized to include restrictions sites, for example a Pac I restriction site at its 5’-end, and an Avr II restriction site at its 3’-end. In some embodiments, the PVP ORF can be cloned into the Pac I and Avr II restriction sites of a FECT expression vector (pFECT) to create a Delta- amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant expression vector for the FECT transient plant expression system (pFECT-PVP). To maximize expression in the FECT expression system, some embodiments 277702-549942 may have a FECT vector expressing the RNA silencing suppressor protein P19 (pFECT-P19) generated for co-transformation. [00475] In some embodiments, a Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant expression vector can be recombined for use in a TRBO transient plant expression system, for example, by performing a routine PCR procedure and adding a Not I restriction site to the 3’-end of the PVP ORF described above, and then cloning the PVP ORF into Pac I and Not I restriction sites of the TRBO expression vector (pTRBO-PVP). [00476] In some embodiments, an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain, for example, commercially available GV3101 cells, can be used for the transient expression of a PVP ORF in a plant tissue (e.g., tobacco leaves) using one or more transient expression systems, for example, the FECT and TRBO expression systems. An exemplary illustration of such a transient transfection protocol includes the following: an overnight culture of GV3101 can be used to inoculate 200 mL Luria-Bertani (LB) medium; the cells can be allowed to grow to log phase with OD600 between 0.5 and 0.8; the cells can then be pelleted by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4°C; cells can then be washed once with 10 mL prechilled TE buffer (Tris-HCl 10 mM, EDTA 1mM, pH8.0), and then resuspended into 20 mL LB medium; GV3101 cell resuspension can then be aliquoted in 250 µL fractions into 1.5 mL microtubes; aliquots can then be snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C freezer for future transformation. The pFECT-PVP and pTRBO-PVP vectors can then transformed into the competent GV3101 cells using a freeze-thaw method as follows: the stored competent GV3101 cells are thawed on ice and mixed with 1 to 5 µg pure DNA (pFECT-PVP or pTRBO-PVP vector). The cell-DNA mixture is kept on ice for 5 minutes, transferred to -80°C for 5 minutes, and incubated in a 37°C water bath for 5 minutes. The freeze-thaw treated cells are then diluted into 1 mL LB medium and shaken on a rocking table for 2 to 4 hours at room temperature. A 200 µL aliquot of the cell- DNA mixture is then spread onto LB agar plates with the appropriate antibiotics (10 µg/mL rifampicin, 25 µg/mL gentamycin, and 50 µg/mL kanamycin can be used for both pFECT-PVP transformation and pTRBO-PVP transformation) and incubated at 28°C for two days. Resulting transformed colonies are then picked and cultured in 6 mL aliquots of LB medium with the appropriate antibiotics for transformed DNA analysis and making glycerol stocks of the transformed GV3101 cells. [00477] In some embodiments, the transient transformation of plant tissues, for example, tobacco leaves, can be performed using leaf injection with a 3-mL syringe without needle. In one illustrative example, the transformed GV3101 cells are streaked onto an LB plate with the appropriate antibiotics (as described above) and incubated at 28°C for two days. A colony of transformed GV3101 cells are inoculated to 5 ml of LB-MESA medium (LB media 277702-549942 supplemented with 10 mM MES, and 20 μM acetosyringone) and the same antibiotics described above, and grown overnight at 28°C. The cells of the overnight culture are collected by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes and resuspended in the induction medium (10 mM MES, 10 mM MgCl2, 100 μM acetosyringone) at a final OD600 of 1.0. The cells are then incubated in the induction medium for 2 hours to overnight at room temperature and are then ready for transient transformation of tobacco leaves. The treated cells can be infiltrated into the underside of attached leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plants by injection, using a 3-mL syringe without a needle attached. [00478] In some embodiments, the transient transformation can be accomplished by transfecting one population of GV3101 cells with pFECT-PVP or pTRBO-PVP and another population with pFECT-P19, mixing the two cell populations together in equal amounts for infiltration of tobacco leaves by injection with a 3-mL syringe. [00479] Stable integration of polynucleotide operable to encode PVP is also possible with the present disclosure, for example, the PVP ORF can also be integrated into plant genome using stable plant transformation technology, and therefore PVPs can be stably expressed in plants and protect the transformed plants from generation to generation. For the stable transformation of plants, the PVP expression vector can be circular or linear. The PVP ORF, the PVP expression cassette, and/or the vector with polynucleotide encoding an PVP for stable plant transformation should be carefully designed for optimal expression in plants based on what is known to those having ordinary skill in the art, and/or by using predictive vector design tools such as Gene Designer 2.0 (Atum Bio); VectorBuilder (Cyagen); SnapGene® viewer; GeneArtTM Plasmid Construction Service (Thermo-Fisher Scientific); and/or other commercially available plasmid design services. See Tolmachov, Designing plasmid vectors. Methods Mol Biol.2009; 542:117- 29. The expression of PVP is usually controlled by a promoter that promotes transcription in some, or all the cells of the transgenic plant. The promoter can be a strong plant viral promoter, for example, the constitutive 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV); it also can be a strong plant promoter, for example, the hydroperoxide lyase promoter (pHPL) from Arabidopsis thaliana; the Glycine max polyubiquitin (Gmubi) promoter from soybean; the ubiquitin promoters from different plant species (rice, corn, potato, etc.), etc. A plant transcriptional terminator often occurs after the stop codon of the ORF to halt the RNA polymerase and transcription of the mRNA. To evaluate the PVPs expression, a reporter gene can be included in the PVP expression vector, for example, beta-glucuronidase gene (GUS) for GUS straining assay, green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene for green fluorescence detection under UV light, etc. For selection of transformed plants, a selection marker gene is usually included in the PVP expression vector. In some embodiments, the marker gene expression 277702-549942 product can provide the transformed plant with resistance to specific antibiotics, for example, kanamycin, hygromycin, etc., or specific herbicide, for example, glyphosate etc. If agroinfection technology is adopted for plant transformation, T-DNA left border and right border sequences are also included in the PVP expression vector to transport the T-DNA portion into the plant. [00480] The constructed PVP expression vector can be transfected into plant cells or tissues using many transfection technologies. Agroinfection is a very popular way to transform a plant using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain or an Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain. Particle bombardment (also called Gene Gun, or Biolistics) technology is also very common method of plant transfection. Other less common transfection methods include tissue electroporation, silicon carbide whiskers, direct injection of DNA, etc. After transfection, the transfected plant cells or tissues placed on plant regeneration media to regenerate successfully transfected plant cells or tissues into transgenic plants. [00481] Evaluation of a transformed plant can be accomplished at the DNA level, RNA level and protein level. A stably transformed plant can be evaluated at all of these levels and a transiently transformed plant is usually only evaluated at protein level. To ensure that the PVP ORF integrates into the genome of a stably transformed plant, the genomic DNA can be extracted from the stably transformed plant tissues for and analyzed using PCR or Southern blot. The expression of the PVP in the stably transformed plant can be evaluated at the RNA level, for example, by analyzing total mRNA extracted from the transformed plant tissues using northern blot or RT-PCR. The expression of the PVP in the transformed plant can also be evaluated in protein level directly. There are many ways to evaluate expression of PVP in a transformed plant. If a reporter gene included in the PVP ORF, a reporter gene assay can be performed, for example, in some embodiments a GUS straining assay for GUS reporter gene expression, a green fluorescence detection assay for GFP reporter gene expression, a luciferase assay for luciferase reporter gene expression, and/or other reporter techniques may be employed. [00482] In some embodiments total protein can be extracted from the transformed plant tissues for the direct evaluation of the expression of the PVP using a Bradford assay to evaluate the total protein level in the sample. [00483] In some embodiments, analytical HPLC chromatography technology, Western blot technique, or iELISA assay can be adopted to qualitatively or quantitatively evaluate the PVP in the extracted total protein sample from the transformed plant tissues. PVP expression can also be evaluated by using the extracted total protein sample from the transformed plant tissues in an insect bioassay, for example, in some embodiments, the transformed plant tissue or the whole transformed plant itself can be used in insect bioassays to evaluate PVP expression and its ability to provide protection for the plant. 277702-549942 [00484] In some embodiments, a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof of the present invention, can comprise one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, said PVP comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least [00485] Confirming successful transformation [00486] Following introduction of heterologous foreign DNA into plant cells, the transformation or integration of heterologous gene in the plant genome is confirmed by various methods such as analysis of nucleic acids, proteins and metabolites associated with the integrated gene. [00487] PCR analysis is a rapid method to screen transformed cells, tissue or shoots for the presence of incorporated gene at the earlier stage before transplanting into the soil (Sambrook and Russell (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). PCR is carried out using oligonucleotide primers specific to the gene of interest or Agrobacterium vector background, etc. [00488] Plant transformation may be confirmed by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA (Sambrook and Russell, 2001, supra). In general, total DNA is extracted from the transformed plant, digested with appropriate restriction enzymes, fractionated in an agarose gel and transferred to a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane. The membrane or "blot" is then probed with, for example, radiolabeled 32P target DNA fragment to confirm the integration of introduced gene into the plant genome according to standard techniques (Sambrook and Russell, 2001, supra). [00489] In Northern blot analysis, RNA is isolated from specific tissues of transformed plant, fractionated in a formaldehyde agarose gel, and blotted onto a nylon filter according to standard procedures that are routinely used in the art (Sambrook and Russell, 2001, supra). Expression of RNA encoded by the polynucleotide encoding a PVP is then tested by hybridizing the filter to a radioactive probe derived from a PVP, by methods known in the art (Sambrook and Russell, 2001, supra). [00490] Western blot, biochemical assays and the like may be carried out on the transgenic plants to confirm the presence of protein encoded by the PVP gene by standard procedures (Sambrook and Russell, 2001, supra) using antibodies that bind to one or more epitopes present on the PVP. [00491] A number of markers have been developed to determine the success of plant transformation, for example, resistance to chloramphenicol, the aminoglycoside G418, hygromycin, or the like. Other genes that encode a product involved in chloroplast metabolism may also be used as selectable markers. For example, genes that provide resistance to plant herbicides such as glyphosate, bromoxynil, or imidazolinone may find particular use. Such genes 277702-549942 have been reported (Stalker et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem.263:6310-6314 (bromoxynil resistance nitrilase gene); and Sathasivan et al. (1990) Nucl. Acids Res.18:2188 (AHAS imidazolinone resistance gene). Additionally, the genes disclosed herein are useful as markers to assess transformation of bacterial, yeast, or plant cells. Methods for detecting the presence of a transgene in a plant, plant organ (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), seed, plant cell, propagule, embryo or progeny of the same are well known in the art. In one embodiment, the presence of the transgene is detected by testing for pesticidal activity. [00492] Fertile plants expressing a PVP and/or Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polynucleotide may be tested for pesticidal activity, and the plants showing optimal activity selected for further breeding. Methods are available in the art to assay for pest activity. Generally, the protein is mixed and used in feeding assays. See, for example Marrone et al. (1985) J. of Economic Entomology 78:290-293. [00493] In some embodiments, evaluating the success of a transient transfection procedure can be determined based on the expression of a reporter gene, for example, GFP. In some embodiments, GFP can be detected under U.V. light in tobacco leaves transformed with the FECT and/or TRBO vectors. [00494] In some embodiments, PVP expression can be quantitatively evaluated in a plant (e.g., tobacco). An exemplary procedure that illustrates PVP quantification in a tobacco plant is as follows: 100 mg disks of transformed leaf tissue is collected by punching leaves with the large opening of a 1000 µL pipette tip. The collected leaf tissue is place into a 2 mL microtube with 5/32” diameter stainless steel grinding balls, and frozen in -80°C for 1 hour, and then homogenized using a Troemner-Talboys High Throughput Homogenizer. Next, 750 µL ice-cold TSP-SE1 extraction solutions (sodium phosphate solution 50 mM, 1:100 diluted protease inhibitor cocktail, EDTA 1mM, DIECA 10mM, PVPP 8%, pH 7.0) is added into the tube and vortexed. The microtube is then left still at room temperature for 15 minutes and then centrifuged at 16,000 g for 15 minutes at 4°C; 100 µL of the resulting supernatant is taken and loaded into pre-Sephadex G-50-packed column in 0.45 µm Millipore MultiScreen filter microtiter plate with empty receiving Costar microtiter plate on bottom. The microtiter plates are then centrifuged at 800 g for 2 minutes at 4°C. The resulting filtrate solution, herein called total soluble protein extract (TSP extract) of the tobacco leaves, is then ready for the quantitative analysis. [00495] In some embodiments, the total soluble protein concentration of the TSP extract can be estimated using Pierce Coomassie Plus protein assay. BSA protein standards with known concentrations can be used to generate a protein quantification standard curve. For example, 2 µL of each TSP extract can be mixed into 200 µL of the chromogenic reagent (CPPA reagent) of 277702-549942 the Coomassie Plus protein assay kits and incubated for 10 minutes. The chromogenic reaction can then be evaluated by reading OD595 using a SpectroMax-M2 plate reader using SoftMax Pro as control software. The concentrations of total soluble proteins can be about 0.788 ± 0.20 µg/µL or about 0.533 ± 0.03 µg/µL in the TSP extract from plants transformed via FECT and TRBO, respectively, and the results can be used to calculate the percentage of the expressed Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c Variant peptide in the TSP (%TSP) for the iELISA assay [00496] In some embodiments, an indirect ELISA (iELISA) assay can be used to quantitatively evaluate the PVP content in the tobacco leaves transiently transformed with the FECT and/or TRBO expression systems. An illustrative example of using iELISA to quantify PVP is as follows: 5 µL of the leaf TSP extract is diluted with 95 µL of CB2 solution (Immunochemistry Technologies) in the well of an Immulon 2HD 96-well plate, with serial dilutions performed as necessary; leaf proteins obtained from extract samples are then allowed to coat the well walls for 3 hours in the dark, at room temperature, and the CB2 solution is then subsequently removed; each well is washed twice with 200 µL PBS (Gibco); 150 µL blocking solution (Block BSA in PBS with 5% non-fat dry milk) is added into each well and incubated for 1 hour, in the dark, at room temperature; after the removal of the blocking solution, a PBS wash of the wells, 100 µL of primary antibodies directed against PVP (custom antibodies are commercially available from ProMab Biotechnologies, Inc.; GenScript®; or raised using the knowledge readily available to those having ordinary skill in the art); the antibodies diluted at 1: 250 dilution in blocking solution are added to each well and incubated for 1 hour in the dark at room temperature; the primary antibody is removed and each well is washed with PBS 4 times;100 µL of HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (i.e., antibody directed against host species used to generate primary antibody, used at 1: 1000 dilution in the blocking solution) is added into each well and incubated for 1 hour in the dark at room temperature.; the secondary antibody is removed and the wells are washed with PBS, 100 µL; substrate solution (a 1: 1 mixture of ABTS peroxidase substrate solution A and solution B, KPL) is added to each well, and the chromogenic reaction proceeds until sufficient color development is apparent; 100 µL of peroxidase stop solution is added to each well to stop the reaction; light absorbance of each reaction mixture in the plate is read at 405 nm using a SpectroMax-M2 plate reader, with SoftMax Pro used as control software; serially diluted known concentrations of pure PVPs samples can be treated in the same manner as described above in the iELISA assay to generate a mass-absorbance standard curve for quantities analysis. The expressed PVP can be detected by iELISA at about 3.09 ± 1.83 ng/µL in the leaf TSP extracts from the FECT transformed tobacco; and about 3.56 ± 0.74 ng/µL in the leaf TSP extract from the TRBO transformed tobacco. 277702-549942 Alternatively, the expressed PVP can be about 0.40% total soluble protein (%TSP) for FECT transformed plants and about 0.67% TSP in TRBO transformed plants. [00497] MIXTURES, COMPOSIONS, AND FORMULATIONS [00498] As used herein, “v/v” or “% v/v” or “volume per volume” refers to the volume concentration of a solution (“v/v” stands for volume per volume). Here, v/v can be used when both components of a solution are liquids. For example, when 50 mL of ingredient X is diluted with 50 mL of water, there will be 50 mL of ingredient X in a total volume of 100 mL; therefore, this can be expressed as “ingredient X 50% v/v.” Percent volume per volume (% v/v) is calculated as follows: (volume of solute (mL)/ volume of solution (100 mL)); e.g., % v/v = mL of solute/100 mL of solution. [00499] As used herein, “w/w” or “% w/w” or “weight per weight” refers to the weight concentration of a solution, i.e., percent weight in weight (“w/w” stands for weight per weight). Here, w/w expresses the number of grams (g) of a constituent in 100 g of solution or mixture. For example, a mixture consisting of 30 g of ingredient X, and 70 g of water would be expressed as “ingredient X 30% w/w.” Percent weight per weight (% w/w) is calculated as follows: (weight of solute (g)/ weight of solution (g)) x 100; or (mass of solute (g)/ mass of solution (g)) x 100. [00500] As used herein, “w/v” or “% w/v” or “weight per volume” refers to the mass concentration of a solution, i.e., percent weight in volume (“w/v” stands for weight per volume). Here, w/v expresses the number of grams (g) of a constituent in 100 mL of solution. For example, if 1 g of ingredient X is used to make up a total volume of 100 mL, then a “1% w/v solution of ingredient X” has been made. Percent weight per volume (% w/v) is calculated as follows: (Mass of solute (g)/ Volume of solution (mL)) x 100. [00501] Any of the PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins described herein (e.g., a PVP having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof) can be used to create a mixture and/or composition, wherein said mixture and/or composition consists of at least one PVP. [00502] Any of the compositions, products, polypeptides and/or plants transformed with polynucleotides operable to express a PVP, and described herein, can be used to control pests, their growth, and/or the damage caused by their actions, especially their damage to plants. [00503] Compositions comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, for example, agrochemical compositions, can include, but are not limited to, aerosols and/or aerosolized products, e.g., sprays, fumigants, powders, dusts, and/or gases; seed dressings; oral preparations (e.g., insect food, etc.); transgenic organisms expressing and/or producing a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, and/or a PVP ORF (either transiently and/or stably), e.g., a plant or an animal. 277702-549942 [00504] The composition may be formulated as a powder, dust, pellet, granule, spray, emulsion, colloid, solution, or such like, and may be prepared by such conventional means as desiccation, lyophilization, homogenization, extraction, filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, or concentration of a culture of cells comprising the polypeptide. In all such compositions that contain at least one such pesticidal polypeptide, the polypeptide may be present in a concentration of from about 1% to about 99% by weight. [00505] In some embodiments, the pesticide compositions described herein may be made by formulating either the PVP, PVP-insecticidal protein, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, with the desired agriculturally-acceptable carrier. The compositions may be formulated prior to administration in an appropriate means such as lyophilized, freeze-dried, desiccated, or in an aqueous carrier, medium or suitable diluent, such as saline and/or other buffer. In some embodiments, the formulated compositions may be in the form of a dust or granular material, or a suspension in oil (vegetable or mineral), or water or oil/water emulsions, or as a wettable powder, or in combination with any other carrier material suitable for agricultural application. Suitable agricultural carriers can be solid or liquid and are well known in the art. In some embodiments, the formulations may be mixed with one or more solid or liquid adjuvants and prepared by various means, e.g., by homogeneously mixing, blending and/or grinding the pesticidal composition with suitable adjuvants using conventional formulation techniques. Suitable formulations and application methods are described in U.S. Pat. No.6,468,523, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. [00506] In some embodiments, a composition can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, a PVP and an excipient. [00507] In some embodiments, a composition can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, a PVP-insecticidal protein and an excipient. [00508] In some embodiments, a composition can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, PVP, PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient. [00509] Sprayable Compositions [00510] Examples of spray products of the present invention can include field sprayable formulations for agricultural usage and indoor sprays for use in interior spaces in a residential or commercial space. In some embodiments, residual sprays or space sprays comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof can be used to reduce or eliminate insect pests in an interior space. [00511] Surface spraying indoors (SSI) is the technique of applying a variable volume sprayable volume of an insecticide onto indoor surfaces where vectors rest, such as on walls, 277702-549942 windows, floors and ceilings. The primary goal of variable volume sprayable volume is to reduce the lifespan of the insect pest, (for example, a fly, a flea, a tick, or a mosquito vector) and thereby reduce or interrupt disease transmission. The secondary impact is to reduce the density of insect pests within the treatment area. SSI can be used as a method for the control of insect pest vector diseases, such as Lyme disease, Salmonella, Chikungunya virus, Zika virus, and malaria, and can also be used in the management of parasites carried by insect vectors, such as Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Many mosquito vectors that harbor Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, and malaria include endophilic mosquito vectors, resting inside houses after taking a blood meal. These mosquitoes are particularly susceptible to control through surface spraying indoors (SSI) with a sprayable composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient. As its name implies, SSI involves applying the composition onto the walls and other surfaces of a house with a residual insecticide. [00512] In one embodiment, the composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient will knock down insect pests that come in contact with these surfaces. SSI does not directly prevent people from being bitten by mosquitoes. Rather, it usually controls insect pests after they have blood fed, if they come to rest on the sprayed surface. SSI thus prevents transmission of infection to other persons. To be effective, SSI must be applied to a very high proportion of households in an area (usually greater than 40-80 percent). Therefore, sprays in accordance with the invention having good residual efficacy and acceptable odor are particularly suited as a component of integrated insect pest vector management or control solutions. [00513] In contrast to SSI, which requires that the active PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein be bound to surfaces of dwellings, such as walls or ceilings, as with a paint, for example, space spray products of the invention rely on the production of a large number of small insecticidal droplets intended to be distributed through a volume of air over a given period of time. When these droplets impact on a target insect pest, they deliver a knockdown effective dose of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein effective to control the insect pest. The traditional methods for generating a space-spray include thermal fogging (whereby a dense cloud of a composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof is produced giving the appearance of a thick fog) and Ultra Low Volume (ULV), whereby droplets are produced by a cold, mechanical aerosol-generating machine. Ready-to-use aerosols such as aerosol cans may also be used. [00514] Because large areas can be treated at any one time, the foregoing method is a very effective way to rapidly reduce the population of flying insect pests in a specific area. And, because there is very limited residual activity from the application, it must be repeated at 277702-549942 intervals of 5-7 days in order to be fully effective. This method can be particularly effective in epidemic situations where rapid reduction in insect pest numbers is required. As such, it can be used in urban dengue control campaigns. [00515] Effective space-spraying is generally dependent upon the following specific principles. Target insects are usually flying through the spray cloud (or are sometimes impacted whilst resting on exposed surfaces). The efficiency of contact between the spray droplets and target insects is therefore crucial. This is achieved by ensuring that spray droplets remain airborne for the optimum period of time and that they contain the right dose of insecticide. These two issues are largely addressed through optimizing the droplet size. If droplets are too big they drop to the ground too quickly and don't penetrate vegetation or other obstacles encountered during application (limiting the effective area of application). If one of these big droplets impacts an individual insect then it is also “overkill,” because a high dose will be delivered per individual insect. If droplets are too small then they may either not deposit on a target insect (no impaction) due to aerodynamics or they can be carried upwards into the atmosphere by convection currents. The optimum size of droplets for space-spray application are droplets with a Volume Median Diameter (VMD) of 10-25 microns. [00516] Aerosolized foams [00517] The active compositions of the present invention comprising a PVP, a PVP- insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, may be made available in a spray product as an aerosol-based application, including aerosolized foam applications. Pressurized cans are the typical vehicle for the formation of aerosols. An aerosol propellant that is compatible with the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein used. Preferably, a liquefied-gas type propellant is used. [00518] Suitable propellants include compressed air, carbon dioxide, butane and nitrogen. The concentration of the propellant in the active compound composition is from about 5 percent to about 40 percent by weight of the pyridine composition, preferably from about 15 percent to about 30 percent by weight of the comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient. [00519] In one embodiment, formulations comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof can also include one or more foaming agents. Foaming agents that can be used include sodium laureth sulfate, cocamide DEA, and cocamidopropyl betaine. Preferably, the sodium laureth sulfate, cocamide DEA and cocamidopropyl are used in combination. The concentration of the foaming agent(s) in the active compound composition is from about 10 percent to about 25 percent by weight, more preferably 15 percent to 20 percent by weight of the composition. 277702-549942 [00520] When such formulations are used in an aerosol application not containing foaming agents, the active compositions of the present invention can be used without the need for mixing directly prior to use. However, aerosol formulations containing the foaming agents do require mixing (i.e., shaking) immediately prior to use. In addition, if the formulations containing foaming agents are used for an extended time, they may require additional mixing at periodic intervals during use. [00521] Burning formulations [00522] In some embodiments, a dwelling area may also be treated with an active PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein composition by using a burning formulation, such as a candle, a smoke coil or a piece of incense containing the composition. For example, the composition may be formulated into household products such as “heated” air fresheners in which insecticidal compositions are released upon heating, e.g., electrically, or by burning. The active compound compositions of the present invention comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof may be made available in a spray product as an aerosol, a mosquito coil, and/or a vaporizer or fogger. [00523] Fabric treatments [00524] In some embodiments, fabrics and garments may be made containing a pesticidal effective composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient. In some embodiments, the concentration of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein in the polymeric material, fiber, yarn, weave, net, or substrate described herein, can be varied within a relatively wide concentration range from, for example, 0.05 to 15 percent by weight, preferably 0.2 to 10 percent by weight, more preferably 0.4 to 8 percent by weight, especially 0.5 to 5, such as 1 to 3, percent by weight. [00525] Similarly, the concentration of the composition comprising a PVP, a PVP- insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient (whether for treating surfaces or for coating a fiber, yarn, net, weave) can be varied within a relatively wide concentration range from, for example 0.1 to 70 percent by weight, such as 0.5 to 50 percent by weight, preferably 1 to 40 percent by weight, more preferably 5 to 30 percent by weight, especially 10 to 20 percent by weight. [00526] The concentration of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein may be chosen according to the field of application such that the requirements concerning knockdown efficacy, durability and toxicity are met. Adapting the properties of the material can also be accomplished and so custom-tailored textile fabrics are obtainable in this way. [00527] Accordingly, an effective amount of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof can depend on the specific use pattern, the insect pest 277702-549942 against which control is most desired and the environment in which the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein will be used. Therefore, an effective amount of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof is sufficient that control of an insect pest is achieved. [00528] Surface-treatment compositions [00529] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compositions or formulations comprising a PVP and an excipient, or comprising a PVP-insecticidal protein and an excipient, for coating walls, floors and ceilings inside of buildings, and for coating a substrate or non-living material. The inventive compositions comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, can be prepared using known techniques for the purpose in mind. Preparations of compositions comprising a PVP- insecticidal protein and an excipient, could be so formulated to also contain a binder to facilitate the binding of the compound to the surface or other substrate. Agents useful for binding are known in the art and tend to be polymeric in form. The type of binder suitable for a compositions to be applied to a wall surface having particular porosities and/or binding characteristics would be different compared to a fiber, yarn, weave or net—thus, a skilled person, based on known teachings, would select a suitable binder based on the desired surface and/or substrate. [00530] Typical binders are poly vinyl alcohol, modified starch, poly vinyl acrylate, polyacrylic, polyvinyl acetate co polymer, polyurethane, and modified vegetable oils. Suitable binders can include latex dispersions derived from a wide variety of polymers and co-polymers and combinations thereof. Suitable latexes for use as binders in the inventive compositions comprise polymers and copolymers of styrene, alkyl styrenes, isoprene, butadiene, acrylonitrile lower alkyl acrylates, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl esters of lower carboxylic acids and alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, including polymers containing three or more different monomer species copolymerized therein, as well as post-dispersed suspensions of silicones or polyurethanes. Also suitable may be a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer for binding the active ingredient to other surfaces. [00531] Dispersants [00532] In some exemplary embodiments, an insecticidal formulation according to the present disclosure may consist of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, diluent or carrier (e.g., such as water), a polymeric binder, and/or additional components such as a dispersing agent, a polymerizing agent, an emulsifying agent, a thickener, an alcohol, a fragrance, or any other inert excipients used in the preparation of sprayable insecticides known in the art. [00533] In some embodiments, a composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, can be prepared in a number 277702-549942 of different forms or formulation types, such as suspensions or capsules suspensions. And a person skilled in the art can prepare the relevant composition based on the properties of the particular PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein, its uses, and also its application type. For example, the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein used in the methods, embodiments, and other aspects of the present disclosure, may be encapsulated in a suspension or capsule suspension formulation. An encapsulated PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein can provide improved wash-fastness, and also a longer period of activity. The formulation can be organic based or aqueous based, preferably aqueous based. [00534] Microencapsulation [00535] Microencapsulated PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein suitable for use in the compositions and methods according to the present disclosure may be prepared with any suitable technique known in the art. For example, various processes for microencapsulating material have been previously developed. These processes can be divided into three categories: physical methods, phase separation, and interfacial reaction. In the physical methods category, microcapsule wall material and core particles are physically brought together and the wall material flows around the core particle to form the microcapsule. In the phase separation category, microcapsules are formed by emulsifying or dispersing the core material in an immiscible continuous phase in which the wall material is dissolved and caused to physically separate from the continuous phase, such as by coacervation, and deposit around the core particles. In the interfacial reaction category, microcapsules are formed by emulsifying or dispersing the core material in an immiscible continuous phase and then an interfacial polymerization reaction is caused to take place at the surface of the core particles. The concentration of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein present in the microcapsules can vary from 0.1 to 60% by weight of the microcapsule. [00536] Formulations, dispersants, kits, and the ingredients thereof [00537] The formulation used in the compositions (comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient), methods, embodiments and other aspects according to the present disclosure, may be formed by mixing all ingredients together with water, and optionally using suitable mixing and/or dispersing aggregates. In general, such a formulation is formed at a temperature of from 10 to 70°C, preferably 15 to 50°C, more preferably 20 to 40°C. Generally, a formulation comprising one or more of (A), (B), (C), and/or (D) is possible, wherein it is possible to use: a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof (as pesticide) (A); solid polymer (B); optional additional additives (D); and to disperse them in the aqueous component (C). If a binder is present in a composition of the present invention (comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a 277702-549942 agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient), it is preferred to use dispersions of the polymeric binder (B) in water as well as aqueous formulations of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein (A) in water which have been separately prepared before. Such separate formulations may contain additional additives for stabilizing (A) and/or (B) in the respective formulations and are commercially available. In a second process step, such raw formulations and optionally additional water (component (C)) are added. Also, combinations of the abovementioned ingredients based on the foregoing scheme are likewise possible, e.g., using a pre-formed dispersion of (A) and/or (B) and mixing it with solid (A) and/or (B). A dispersion of the polymeric binder (B) may be a pre-manufactured dispersion already made by a chemicals manufacturer. [00538] Moreover, it is also within the scope of the present invention to use “hand-made” dispersions, i.e., dispersions made in small-scale by an end-user. Such dispersions may be made by providing a mixture of about 20 percent of the binder (B) in water, heating the mixture to temperature of 90°C to 100°C and intensively stirring the mixture for several hours. It is possible to manufacture the formulation as a final product so that it can be readily used by the end-user for the process according to the present invention. And, it is of course similarly possible to manufacture a concentrate, which may be diluted by the end-user with additional water (C) to the desired concentration for use. [00539] In an embodiment, a composition (comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient) suitable for SSI application or a coating formulation (comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient), contains the active ingredient and a carrier, such as water, and may also one or more co-formulants selected from a dispersant, a wetter, an anti-freeze, a thickener, a preservative, an emulsifier and a binder or sticker. [00540] In some embodiments, an exemplary solid formulation of a PVP, a PVP- insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, is generally milled to a desired particle size, such as the particle size distribution d(0.5) is generally from 3 to 20, preferably 5 to 15, especially 7 to 12, µm. [00541] Furthermore, it may be possible to ship the formulation to the end-user as a kit comprising at least a first component comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof (A); and a second component comprising at least one polymeric binder (B). Further additives (D) may be a third separate component of the kit, or may be already mixed with components (A) and/or (B). The end-user may prepare the formulation for use by just adding water (C) to the components of the kit and mixing. The components of the kit may also be formulations in water. Of course it is possible to combine an aqueous formulation of 277702-549942 one of the components with a dry formulation of the other component(s). As an example, the kit can consist of one formulation of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof (A) and optionally water (C); and a second, separate formulation of at least one polymeric binder (B), water as component (C) and optionally components (D). [00542] The concentrations of the components (A), (B), (C) and optionally (D) will be selected by the skilled artisan depending of the technique to be used for coating/treating. In general, the amount of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof (A) may be up to 50, preferably 1 to 50, such as 10 to 40, especially 15 to 30, percent by weight, based on weight of the composition. The amount of polymeric binder (B) may be in the range of 0.01 to 30, preferably 0.5 to 15, more preferably 1 to 10, especially 1 to 5, percent by weight, based on weight of the composition. If present, in general the amount of additional components (D) is from 0.1 to 20, preferably 0.5 to 15, percent by weight, based on weight of the composition. If present, suitable amounts of pigments and/or dyestuffs and/or fragrances are in general 0.01 to 5, preferably 0.1 to 3, more preferably 0.2 to 2, percent by weight, based on weight of the composition. A typical formulation ready for use comprises 0.1 to 40, preferably 1 to 30, percent of components (A), (B), and optionally (D), the residual amount being water (C). A typical concentration of a concentrate to be diluted by the end-user may comprise 5 to 70, preferably 10 to 60, percent of components (A), (B), and optionally (D), the residual amount being water (C). [00543] Illustrative Mixtures, Compositions, Products, And Transgenic Organisms [00544] The present disclosure contemplates mixtures, compositions, products, and transgenic organisms that contain—or, in the case of transgenic organisms, express or otherwise produce—one or more PVPs, or one or more PVP-insecticidal proteins. [00545] In some embodiments, the illustrative mixtures consists of: (1) a PVP, or a PVP- insecticidal proteins; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) an excipient (e.g., any of the excipients described herein). [00546] In some embodiments, the mixtures of the present invention consist of: (1) one or more PVPs, or one or more PVP-insecticidal proteins, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) one or more excipients (e.g., any of the excipients described herein). [00547] In some embodiments, the mixtures of the present invention consist of: (1) one or more PVPs, or one or more PVP-insecticidal proteins, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) one or more excipients (e.g., any of the excipients described herein); wherein either of the foregoing (1) or (2) can be used concomitantly, or sequentially. 277702-549942 [00548] Any of the combinations, mixtures, products, polypeptides and/or plants utilizing a PVP, or a PVP-insecticidal protein (as described herein), can be used to control pests, their growth, and/or the damage caused by their actions, especially their damage to plants. [00549] Compositions comprising a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, can include agrochemical compositions. For example, in some embodiments, agrochemical compositions can include, but is not limited to, aerosols and/or aerosolized products (e.g., sprays, fumigants, powders, dusts, and/or gases); seed dressings; oral preparations (e.g., insect food, etc.); or a transgenic organisms (e.g., a cell, a plant, or an animal) expressing and/or producing a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein, either transiently and/or stably. [00550] In some embodiments, the active ingredients of the present disclosure can be applied in the form of compositions and can be applied to the crop area or plant to be treated, simultaneously or in succession, with other non-active compounds. These compounds can be fertilizers, weed killers, cryoprotectants, surfactants, detergents, soaps, dormant oils, polymers, and/or time-release or biodegradable carrier formulations that permit long-term dosing of a target area following a single application of the formulation. One or more of these non-active compounds can be prepared, if desired, together with further agriculturally acceptable carriers, surfactants or application-promoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation. Suitable carriers and adjuvants can be solid or liquid and correspond to the substances ordinarily employed in formulation technology, e.g. natural or regenerated mineral substances, solvents, dispersants, wetting agents, tackifiers, binders or fertilizers. Likewise, the formulations may be prepared into edible “baits” or fashioned into pest “traps” to permit feeding or ingestion by a target pest of the pesticidal formulation. [00551] Methods of applying an active ingredient of the present disclosure or an agrochemical composition of the present disclosure that consists of a PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, as produced by the methods described herein of the present disclosure, include leaf application, seed coating and soil application. In some embodiments, the number of applications and the rate of application depend on the intensity of infestation by the corresponding pest. [00552] The composition comprising a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof and an excipient may be formulated as a powder, dust, pellet, granule, spray, emulsion, colloid, solution, or such like, and may be prepared by such conventional means as desiccation, lyophilization, homogenization, extraction, filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, or concentration of a culture of cells comprising the polypeptide. 277702-549942 In all such compositions that contain at least one such pesticidal polypeptide, the polypeptide may be present in a concentration of from about 1% to about 99% by weight. [00553] In some embodiments, compositions containing PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins (or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof) may be prophylactically applied to an environmental area to prevent infestation by a susceptible pest, for example, a lepidopteran and/or coleopteran pest, which may be killed or reduced in numbers in a given area by the methods of the invention. In some embodiments, the pest ingests, or comes into contact with, a pesticidally-effective amount of the polypeptide. [00554] In some embodiments, the pesticide compositions described herein may be made by formulating either the PVP or PVP-insecticidal-protein or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof transformed bacterial, yeast, or other cell, crystal and/or spore suspension, or isolated protein component with the desired agriculturally-acceptable carrier. The compositions may be formulated prior to administration in an appropriate means such as lyophilized, freeze-dried, desiccated, or in an aqueous carrier, medium or suitable diluent, such as saline and/or other buffer. In some embodiments, the formulated compositions may be in the form of a dust or granular material, or a suspension in oil (vegetable or mineral), or water or oil/water emulsions, or as a wettable powder, or in combination with any other carrier material suitable for agricultural application. Suitable agricultural carriers can be solid or liquid and are well known in the art. In some embodiments, the formulations may be mixed with one or more solid or liquid adjuvants and prepared by various means, e.g., by homogeneously mixing, blending and/or grinding the pesticidal composition with suitable adjuvants using conventional formulation techniques. Suitable formulations and application methods are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,523, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00555] METHODS OF USING THE PRESENT INVENTION [00556] Methods for protecting plants, plant parts, and seeds [00557] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling an invertebrate pest in agronomic and/or nonagronomic applications, comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment, a solid surface, including a plant surface or part thereof, with a biologically effective amount of one or more of the PVPs of the invention, or with a PVP- insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00558] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling an invertebrate pest in agronomic and/or nonagronomic applications, comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment, a solid surface, including a plant surface or part thereof, with a biologically effective amount of a composition comprising at least one PVP of the invention and an excipient. 277702-549942 [00559] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling an invertebrate pest in agronomic and/or nonagronomic applications, comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment, a solid surface, including a plant surface or part thereof, with a biologically effective amount of a composition comprising at least one PVP-insecticidal protein of the invention and an excipient. [00560] Examples of suitable compositions comprising: (1) at least one PVP of the invention; two or more of the PVPs of the present invention; a PVP-insecticidal protein; two or more PVP-insecticidal proteins; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) an excipient; include said compositions formulated win inactive ingredients to be delivered in the form of: a liquid solution, an emulsion, a powder, a granule, a nanoparticle, a microparticle, or a combination thereof. [00561] In some embodiments, to achieve contact with a compound, mixture, or composition of the invention to protect a field crop from invertebrate pests, the compound or composition is typically applied to the seed of the crop before planting, to the foliage (e.g., leaves, stems, flowers, fruits) of crop plants, or to the soil or other growth medium before or after the crop is planted. [00562] One embodiment of a method of contact is by spraying. Alternatively, a granular composition comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and an excipient, can be applied to the plant foliage or the soil. Compounds of this invention can also be effectively delivered through plant uptake by contacting the plant with a composition comprising a compound of this invention applied as a soil drench of a liquid formulation, a granular formulation to the soil, a nursery box treatment or a dip of transplants. Of note is a composition of the present disclosure in the form of a soil drench liquid formulation. Also of note is a method for controlling an invertebrate pest comprising contacting the invertebrate pest or its environment with a biologically effective amount of a PVP or PVP- insecticidal protein. Of further note, in some illustrative embodiments, the illustrative method contemplates a soil environment, wherein the composition is applied to the soil as a soil drench formulation. Of further note is that a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, is also effective by localized application to the locus of infestation. Other methods of contact include application of a compound or a composition of the invention by direct and residual sprays, aerial sprays, gels, seed coatings, microencapsulations, systemic uptake, baits, ear tags, boluses, foggers, fumigants, aerosols, dusts and many others. One embodiment of a method of contact is a dimensionally stable fertilizer granule, stick or tablet comprising a compound or composition of the invention. The compounds of this invention can 277702-549942 also be impregnated into materials for fabricating invertebrate control devices (e.g., insect netting, application onto clothing, application into candle formulations and the like). [00563] In some embodiments, a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, is also useful in seed treatments for protecting seeds from invertebrate pests. In the context of the present disclosure and claims, treating a seed means contacting the seed with a biologically effective amount of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, which is typically formulated as a composition of the invention. This seed treatment protects the seed from invertebrate soil pests and generally can also protect roots and other plant parts in contact with the soil of the seedling developing from the germinating seed. The seed treatment may also provide protection of foliage by translocation of the PVP or PVP-insecticidal protein within the developing plant. Seed treatments can be applied to all types of seeds, including those from which plants genetically transformed to express specialized traits will germinate. In addition, a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein can be transformed into a plant or part thereof, for example a plant cell, or plant seed, that is already transformed, e.g., those expressing herbicide resistance such as glyphosate acetyltransferase, which provides resistance to glyphosate. [00564] One method of seed treatment is by spraying or dusting the seed with a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, (i.e. as a formulated composition or a mixture comprising a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof and an excipient) before sowing the seeds. Compositions formulated for seed treatment generally consist of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and a film former or adhesive agent. Therefore, typically, a seed coating composition of the present disclosure consists of a biologically effective amount of a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and a film former or adhesive agent. Seed can be coated by spraying a flowable suspension concentrate directly into a tumbling bed of seeds and then drying the seeds. Alternatively, other formulation types such as wetted powders, solutions, suspoemulsions, emulsifiable concentrates and emulsions in water can be sprayed on the seed. This process is particularly useful for applying film coatings on seeds. Various coating machines and processes are available to one skilled in the art. Suitable processes include those listed in P. Kosters et al., Seed Treatment: Progress and Prospects, 1994 BCPC Monograph No.57, and references listed therein, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00565] The treated seed typically comprises a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, in an amount ranging from about 0.01 g to 1 kg per 100 kg of seed (i.e. from about 0.00001 to 1% by weight of the seed before treatment). A flowable 277702-549942 suspension formulated for seed treatment typically comprises from about 0.5 to about 70% of the active ingredient, from about 0.5 to about 30% of a film-forming adhesive, from about 0.5 to about 20% of a dispersing agent, from 0 to about 5% of a thickener, from 0 to about 5% of a pigment and/or dye, from 0 to about 2% of an antifoaming agent, from 0 to about 1% of a preservative, and from 0 to about 75% of a volatile liquid diluent. [00566] Methods of using mixtures and compositions [00567] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of using a mixture comprising: (1) a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) an excipient; to control insects, wherein the PVP is selected from one or any combination of the PVPs described herein, e.g., a PVP having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4- C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13- X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W- S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; wherein said method comprises, preparing the mixture and then applying said mixture to the locus of an insect. [00568] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of using a mixture to control insects, said mixture comprising: (1) a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and (2) an excipient; wherein the insects are selected from the group consisting of: Achema Sphinx Moth (Hornworm) (Eumorpha achemon); Alfalfa Caterpillar (Colias eurytheme); Almond Moth (Caudra cautella); Amorbia Moth (Amorbia humerosana); Armyworm (Spodoptera spp., e.g. exigua, frugiperda, littoralis, Pseudaletia 277702-549942 unipuncta); Artichoke Plume Moth (Platyptilia carduidactyla); Azalea Caterpillar (Datana major); Bagworm (Thyridopteryx); ephemeraeformis); Banana Moth (Hypercompe scribonia); Banana Skipper (Erionota thrax); Blackheaded Budworm (Acleris gloverana); California Oakworm (Phryganidia californica); Spring Cankerworm (Paleacrita merriccata); Cherry Fruitworm (Grapholita packardi); China Mark Moth (Nymphula stagnata); Citrus Cutworm (Xylomyges curialis); Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella); Cranberry Fruitworm (Acrobasis vaccinii); Cross-striped Cabbageworm (Evergestis rimosalis); Cutworm (Noctuid species, Agrotis ipsilon); Douglas Fir Tussock Moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata); Ello Moth (Hornworm) (Erinnyis ello); Elm Spanworm (Ennomos subsignaria); European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana); European Skipper (Thymelicus lineola; Essex Skipper; Fall Webworm (Melissopus latiferreanus)); Filbert Leafroller (Archips rosanus)); Fruittree Leafroller (Archips argyrospilia)); Grape Berry Moth (Paralobesia viteana)); Grape Leafroller (Platynota stultana)); Grapeleaf Skeletonizer (Harrisina americana) (ground only); Green Cloverworm (Plathypena scabra)); Greenstriped Mapleworm (Dryocampa rubicunda)); Gummosos-Batrachedra comosae (Hodges); Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar); Hemlock Looper (Lambdina fiscellaria); Hornworm (Manduca spp.); Imported Cabbageworm (Pieris rapae); Io Moth (Automeris io); Jack Pine Budworm (Choristoneura pinus); Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana); Melonworm (Diaphania hyalinata); Mimosa Webworm (Homadaula anisocentra); Obliquebanded Leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana); Oleander Moth (Syntomeida epilais); Omnivorous Leafroller (Playnota stultana); Omnivorous Looper (Sabulodes aegrotata); Orangedog (Papilio cresphontes); Orange Tortrix (Argyrotaenia citrana); Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholita molesta); Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella); Pine Butterfly (Neophasia menapia); Podworm; Redbanded Leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinana); Redhumped Caterpillar (Schizura concinna); Rindworm Complex; Saddleback Caterpillar (Sibine stimulea); Saddle Prominent Caterpillar (Heterocampa guttivitta); Saltmarsh Caterpillar (Estigmene acrea); Sod Webworm (Crambus spp.); Spanworm (Ennomos subsignaria); Fall Cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria); Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana); Tent Caterpillar (Various Lasiocampidae); Thecla- Thecla Basilides (Geyr) (Thecla basilides); Tobacco Hornworm (Manduca sexta); Tobacco Moth (Ephestia elutella); Tufted Apple Budmoth (Platynota idaeusalis); Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella); Variegated Cutworm (Peridroma saucia); Variegated Leafroller (Platynota flavedana); Velvetbean Caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis); Walnut Caterpillar (Datana integerrima); Webworm (Hyphantria cunea); Western Tussock Moth (Orgyia vetusta); Southern Cornstalk Borer (Diatraea crambidoides); Corn Earworm; Sweet potato weevil; Pepper weevil; Citrus root weevil; Strawberry root weevil; Pecan weevil); Filbert weevil; Ricewater weevil; Alfalfa weevil; Clover weevil; Tea shot-hole borer; Root weevil; Sugarcane beetle; Coffee berry 277702-549942 borer; Annual blue grass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis); Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea); European chafer (Rhizotroqus majalis); Green June beetle (Cotinis nitida); Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica); May or June beetle (Phyllophaga sp.); Northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis); Oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis); Southern masked chafer (Cyclocephala lurida); Billbug (Curculionoidea); Aedes aegypti; Busseola fusca; Chilo suppressalis; Culex pipiens; Culex quinquefasciatus; Diabrotica virgifera; Diatraea saccharalis; Helicoverpa armigera; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Ostrinia furnacalis; Ostrinia nubilalis; Pectinophora gossypiella; Plodia interpunctella; Plutella xylostella; Pseudoplusia includens; Spodoptera exigua; Spodoptera frugiperda; Spodoptera littoralis; Trichoplusia ni; and/or Xanthogaleruca luteola. [00569] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant which expresses one or more PVPs, or polynucleotides encoding the same. [00570] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S- C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00571] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide 277702-549942 encoding the same, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S- C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In related embodiments, the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3- 60, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00572] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the PVP has an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. [00573] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the PVP further comprises a homopolymer or heteropolymer of two or more PVPs, wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP is the same or different. [00574] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the PVP is a fused protein comprising two or more PVPs separated by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, and wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP may be the same or different. 277702-549942 [00575] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insects comprising, providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the linker is cleavable inside the gut or hemolymph of an insect. [00576] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for controlling insects comprising, providing to said insect a transgenic plant that comprises in its genome a stably incorporated expression cassette, wherein said stably incorporated expression cassette comprises polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP. [00577] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of combating, controlling, or inhibiting a pest comprising, applying a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture comprising: (1) a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) an excipient; wherein the PVP is selected from one or any combination of the PVPs described herein, e.g., an insecticidal Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP), said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E- G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15- X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G- P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof wherein the mixture is applied to the locus of the pest, or to a plant or animal susceptible to an attack by the pest. [00578] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of combating, controlling, or inhibiting a pest comprising, applying a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture comprising: (1) a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and (2) an excipient; to the locus of a pest, wherein the pest is selected from the group consisting 277702-549942 of: Achema Sphinx Moth (Hornworm) (Eumorpha achemon); Alfalfa Caterpillar (Colias eurytheme); Almond Moth (Caudra cautella); Amorbia Moth (Amorbia humerosana); Armyworm (Spodoptera spp., e.g. exigua, frugiperda, littoralis, Pseudaletia unipuncta); Artichoke Plume Moth (Platyptilia carduidactyla); Azalea Caterpillar (Datana major); Bagworm (Thyridopteryx); ephemeraeformis); Banana Moth (Hypercompe scribonia); Banana Skipper (Erionota thrax); Blackheaded Budworm (Acleris gloverana); California Oakworm (Phryganidia californica); Spring Cankerworm (Paleacrita merriccata); Cherry Fruitworm (Grapholita packardi); China Mark Moth (Nymphula stagnata); Citrus Cutworm (Xylomyges curialis); Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella); Cranberry Fruitworm (Acrobasis vaccinii); Cross- striped Cabbageworm (Evergestis rimosalis); Cutworm (Noctuid species, Agrotis ipsilon); Douglas Fir Tussock Moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata); Ello Moth (Hornworm) (Erinnyis ello); Elm Spanworm (Ennomos subsignaria); European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana); European Skipper (Thymelicus lineola; Essex Skipper; Fall Webworm (Melissopus latiferreanus)); Filbert Leafroller (Archips rosanus)); Fruittree Leafroller (Archips argyrospilia)); Grape Berry Moth (Paralobesia viteana)); Grape Leafroller (Platynota stultana)); Grapeleaf Skeletonizer (Harrisina americana) (ground only); Green Cloverworm (Plathypena scabra)); Greenstriped Mapleworm (Dryocampa rubicunda)); Gummosos-Batrachedra comosae (Hodges); Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar); Hemlock Looper (Lambdina fiscellaria); Hornworm (Manduca spp.); Imported Cabbageworm (Pieris rapae); Io Moth (Automeris io); Jack Pine Budworm (Choristoneura pinus); Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana); Melonworm (Diaphania hyalinata); Mimosa Webworm (Homadaula anisocentra); Obliquebanded Leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana); Oleander Moth (Syntomeida epilais); Omnivorous Leafroller (Playnota stultana); Omnivorous Looper (Sabulodes aegrotata); Orangedog (Papilio cresphontes); Orange Tortrix (Argyrotaenia citrana); Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholita molesta); Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella); Pine Butterfly (Neophasia menapia); Podworm; Redbanded Leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinana); Redhumped Caterpillar (Schizura concinna); Rindworm Complex; Saddleback Caterpillar (Sibine stimulea); Saddle Prominent Caterpillar (Heterocampa guttivitta); Saltmarsh Caterpillar (Estigmene acrea); Sod Webworm (Crambus spp.); Spanworm (Ennomos subsignaria); Fall Cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria); Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana); Tent Caterpillar (Various Lasiocampidae); Thecla- Thecla Basilides (Geyr) (Thecla basilides); Tobacco Hornworm (Manduca sexta); Tobacco Moth (Ephestia elutella); Tufted Apple Budmoth (Platynota idaeusalis); Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella); Variegated Cutworm (Peridroma saucia); Variegated Leafroller (Platynota flavedana); Velvetbean Caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis); Walnut Caterpillar (Datana integerrima); Webworm (Hyphantria cunea); Western Tussock Moth (Orgyia vetusta); Southern 277702-549942 Cornstalk Borer (Diatraea crambidoides); Corn Earworm; Sweet potato weevil; Pepper weevil; Citrus root weevil; Strawberry root weevil; Pecan weevil); Filbert weevil; Ricewater weevil; Alfalfa weevil; Clover weevil; Tea shot-hole borer; Root weevil; Sugarcane beetle; Coffee berry borer; Annual blue grass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis); Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea); European chafer (Rhizotroqus majalis); Green June beetle (Cotinis nitida); Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica); May or June beetle (Phyllophaga sp.); Northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis); Oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis); Southern masked chafer (Cyclocephala lurida); Billbug (Curculionoidea); Aedes aegypti; Busseola fusca; Chilo suppressalis; Culex pipiens; Culex quinquefasciatus; Diabrotica virgifera; Diatraea saccharalis; Helicoverpa armigera; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Ostrinia furnacalis; Ostrinia nubilalis; Pectinophora gossypiella; Plodia interpunctella; Plutella xylostella; Pseudoplusia includens; Spodoptera exigua; Spodoptera frugiperda; Spodoptera littoralis; Trichoplusia ni; and/or Xanthogaleruca luteola. [00579] CROPS AND PESTS [00580] Specific crop pests and insects that may be controlled by these methods include the following: Dictyoptera (cockroaches); Isoptera (termites); Orthoptera (locusts, grasshoppers and crickets); Diptera (house flies, mosquito, tsetse fly, crane-flies and fruit flies); Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, bees, saw-flies, ichneumon flies and gall-wasps); Anoplura (biting and sucking lice); Siphonaptera (fleas); and Hemiptera (bugs and aphids), as well as arachnids such as Acari (ticks and mites), and the parasites that each of these organisms harbor. [00581] “Pest” includes, but is not limited to: insects, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mites, ticks, and the like. [00582] Insect pests include, but are not limited to, insects selected from the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mallophaga, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Orthroptera, Thysanoptera, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Anoplura, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, and the like. More particularly, insect pests include Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. [00583] Insects of suitable agricultural, household and/or medical/veterinary importance for treatment with the insecticidal polypeptides include, but are not limited to, members of the following classes and orders: [00584] The order Coleoptera includes the suborders Adephaga and Polyphaga. Suborder Adephaga includes the superfamilies Caraboidea and Gyrinoidea. Suborder Polyphaga includes the superfamilies Hydrophiloidea, Staphylinoidea, Cantharoidea, Cleroidea, Elateroidea, Dascilloidea, Dryopoidea, Byrrhoidea, Cucujoidea, Meloidea, Mordelloidea, Tenebrionoidea, Bostrichoidea, Scarabaeoidea, Cerambycoidea, Chrysomeloidea, and Curculionoidea. Superfamily Caraboidea includes the families Cicindelidae, Carabidae, and Dytiscidae. 277702-549942 Superfamily Gyrinoidea includes the family Gyrinidae. Superfamily Hydrophiloidea includes the family Hydrophilidae. Superfamily Staphylinoidea includes the families Silphidae and Staphylinidae. Superfamily Cantharoidea includes the families Cantharidae and Lampyridae. Superfamily Cleroidea includes the families Cleridae and Dermestidae. Superfamily Elateroidea includes the families Elateridae and Buprestidae. Superfamily Cucujoidea includes the family Coccinellidae. Superfamily Meloidea includes the family Meloidae. Superfamily Tenebrionoidea includes the family Tenebrionidae. Superfamily Scarabaeoidea includes the families Passalidae and Scarabaeidae. Superfamily Cerambycoidea includes the family Cerambycidae. Superfamily Chrysomeloidea includes the family Chrysomelidae. Superfamily Curculionoidea includes the families Curculionidae and Scolytidae. [00585] Examples of Coleoptera include, but are not limited to: the American bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus, the leaf beetle Agelastica alni, click beetles (Agriotes lineatus, Agriotes obscurus, Agriotes bicolor), the grain beetle Ahasverus advena, the summer schafer Amphimallon solstitialis, the furniture beetle Anobium punctatum, Anthonomus spp. (weevils), the Pygmy mangold beetle Atomaria linearis, carpet beetles (Anthrenus spp., Attagenus spp.), the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculates, the fried fruit beetle Carpophilus hemipterus, the cabbage seedpod weevil Ceutorhynchus assimilis, the rape winter stem weevil Ceutorhynchus picitarsis, the wireworms Conoderus vespertinus and Conoderus falli, the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus, the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica, the June beetle Cotinis nitida, the sunflower stem weevil Cylindrocopturus adspersus, the larder beetle Dermestes lardarius, the corn rootworms Diabrotica virgifera, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica barberi, the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis, the old house borer Hylotropes bajulus, the lucerne weevil Hypera postica, the shiny spider beetle Gibbium psylloides, the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne, the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Lyctus beetles (Lyctus spp.), the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus, the common cockshafer Melolontha, the American spider beetle Mezium americanum, the golden spider beetle Niptus hololeucus, the grain beetles Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Oryzaephilus mercator, the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus, the mustard beetle Phaedon cochleariae, the crucifer flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae, the striped flea beetle Phyllotreta striolata, the cabbage steam flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala, Ptinus spp. (spider beetles), the lesser grain borer Rhizopertha dominica, the pea and been weevil Sitona lineatus, the rice and granary beetles Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus granaries, the red sunflower seed weevil Smicronyx fulvus, the drugstore beetle Stegobium paniceum, the yellow mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor, the flour beetles Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum, warehouse and cabinet beetles (Trogoderma spp.), and the sunflower beetle Zygogramma exclamationis. 277702-549942 [00586] Examples of Dermaptera (earwigs) include, but are not limited to: the European earwig, Forficula auricularia, and the striped earwig, Labidura riparia. [00587] Examples of Dictvontera include, but are not limited to: the oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis, the German cockroach, Blatella germanica, the Madeira cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, and the smokybrown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa. [00588] Examples of Diplonoda include, but are not limited to: the spotted snake millipede Blaniulus guttulatus, the flat-back millipede Brachydesmus superus, and the greenhouse millipede Oxidus gracilis. [00589] The order Diptera includes the Suborders Nematocera, Brachycera, and Cyclorrhapha. Suborder Nematocera includes the families Tipulidae, Psychodidae, Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Simuliidae, Bibionidae, and Cecidomyiidae. Suborder Brachycera includes the families Stratiomyidae, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Asilidae, Mydidae, Bombyliidae, and Dolichopodidae. Suborder Cyclorrhapha includes the Divisions Aschiza and Aschiza. Division Aschiza includes the families Phoridae, Syrphidae, and Conopidae. Division Aschiza includes the Sections Acalyptratae and Calyptratae. Section Acalyptratae includes the families Otitidae, Tephritidae, Agromyzidae, and Drosophilidae. Section Calyptratae includes the families Hippoboscidae, Oestridae, Tachinidae, Anthomyiidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, and Sarcophagidae. [00590] Examples of Diptera include, but are not limited to: the house fly (Musca domestica), the African tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga), biting midges (Culicoides spp.), bee louse (Braula spp.), the beet fly Pegomyia betae, black flies (Cnephia spp., Eusimulium spp., Simulium spp.), bot flies (Cuterebra spp., Gastrophilus spp., Oestrus spp.), craneflies (Tipula spp.), eye gnats (Hippelates spp.), filth-breeding flies (Calliphora spp., Fannia spp., Hermetia spp., Lucilia spp., Musca spp., Muscina spp., Phaenicia spp., Phormia spp.), flesh flies (Sarcophaga spp., Wohlfahrtia spp.); the flit fly Oscinella frit, fruitflies (Dacus spp., Drosophila spp.), head and canon flies (Hydrotea spp.), the hessian fly Mayetiola destructor, horn and buffalo flies (Haematobia spp.), horse and deer flies (Chrysops spp., Haematopota spp., Tabanus spp.), louse flies (Lipoptena spp., Lynchia spp., and Pseudolynchia spp.), medflies (Ceratitus spp.), mosquitoes (Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Psorophora spp.), sandflies (Phlebotomus spp., Lutzomyia .spp.), screw-worm flies (Chtysomya bezziana and Cochliomyia hominivorax), sheep keds (Melophagus spp.); stable flies (Stomoxys spp.), tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), and warble flies (Hypoderma spp.). [00591] Examples of Isontera (termites) include, but are not limited to: species from the familes Hodotennitidae, Kalotermitidae, Mastotermitidae, Rhinotennitidae, Serritermitidae, Termitidae, and Termopsidae. 277702-549942 [00592] Examples of Heteroptera include, but are not limited to: the bed bug Cimex lectularius, the cotton stainer Dysdercus intermedius, the Sunn pest Eurygaster integriceps, the tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris, the green stink bug Nezara antennata, the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula, and the triatomid bugs Panstrogylus megistus, Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, Rhodnius pallescans, Rhodnius prolixus, Rhodnius robustus, Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma infestans, and Triatoma sordida. [00593] Examples of Homoptera include, but are not limited to: the California red scale Aonidiella aurantii, the black bean aphid Aphis fabae, the cotton or melon aphid Aphis gossypii, the green apple aphid Aphis pomi, the citrus spiny whitefly Aleurocanthus spiniferus, the oleander scale Aspidiotus hederae, the sweet potato whitefly Bemesia tabaci, the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, the pear psylla Cacopsylla pyricola, the currant aphid Cryptomyzus ribis, the grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, the citrus psylla Diaphorina citri, the potato leafhopper Empoasca fabae, the bean leafhopper Empoasca solana, the vine leafhopper Empoasca vitis, the woolly aphid Eriosoma lanigerum, the European fruit scale Eulecanium corni, the mealy plum aphid Hyalopterus arundinis, the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae, the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, the green rice leafhopper Nephotettix cinticeps, the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, gall-forming aphids (Pemphigus spp.), the hop aphid Phorodon humuli, the bird-cherry aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, the black scale Saissetia oleae, the greenbug Schizaphis graminum, the grain aphid Sitobion avenae, and the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum. [00594] Examples of Isopoda include, but are not limited to: the common pillbug Armadillidium vulgare and the common woodlouse Oniscus asellus. [00595] The order Lepidoptera includes the families Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Danaidae, Satyridae, Hesperiidae, Sphingidae, Saturniidae, Geometridae, Arctiidae, Noctuidae, Lymantriidae, Sesiidae, and Tineidae. [00596] Examples of Lepidoptera include, but are not limited to: Adoxophyes orana (summer fruit tortrix moth), Agrotis ipsolon (black cutworm), Archips podana (fruit tree tortrix moth), Bucculatrix pyrivorella (pear leafminer), Bucculatrix thurberiella (cotton leaf perforator), Bupalus piniarius (pine looper), Carpocapsa pomonella (codling moth), Chilo suppressalis (striped rice borer), Choristoneura fumiferana (eastern spruce budworm), Cochylis hospes (banded sunflower moth), Diatraea grandiosella (southwestern corn borer), Earls insulana (Egyptian bollworm), Euphestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth), Eupoecilia ambiguella (European grape berry moth), Euproctis chrysorrhoea (brown-tail moth), Euproctis subflava (oriental tussock moth), Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth), Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm), Helicoverpa zea (cotton bollworm), Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm), Hofmannophila pseudopretella (brown house 277702-549942 moth), Homeosoma electellum (sunflower moth), Homona magnanima (oriental tea tree tortrix moth), Lithocolletis blancardella (spotted tentiform leafminer), Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth), Malacosoma neustria (tent caterpillar), Mamestra brassicae (cabbage armyworm), Mamestra configurata (Bertha armyworm), the hornworms Manduca sexta and Manuduca quinquemaculata, Operophtera brumata (winter moth), Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer), Panolis flammea (pine beauty moth), Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm), Phyllocnistis citrella (citrus leafminer), Pieris brassicae (cabbage white butterfly), Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), Rachiplusia ni (soybean looper), Spilosoma virginica (yellow bear moth), Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm), Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm), Spodoptera littoralis (cotton leafworin), Spodoptera litura (common cutworm), Spodoptera praefica (yellowstriped armyworm), Sylepta derogata (cotton leaf roller), Tineola bisselliella (webbing clothes moth), Tineola pellionella (case-making clothes moth), Tortrix viridana (European oak leafroller), Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper), and Yponomeuta padella (small ermine moth). [00597] Examples of Orthoptera include, but are not limited to: the common cricket Acheta domesticus, tree locusts (Anacridium spp.), the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, the twostriped grasshopper Melanoplus bivittatus, the differential grasshopper Melanoplus dfferentialis, the redlegged grasshopper Melanoplus femurrubrum, the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes, the northern mole cricket Neocurtilla hexadectyla, the red locust Nomadacris septemfasciata, the shortwinged mole cricket Scapteriscus abbreviatus, the southern mole cricket Scapteriscus borellii, the tawny mole cricket Scapteriscus vicinus, and the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. [00598] Examples of Phthiraptera include, but are not limited to: the cattle biting louse Bovicola bovis, biting lice (Damalinia spp.), the cat louse Felicola subrostrata, the shortnosed cattle louse Haematopinus eloysternus, the tail-switch louse Haematopinus quadriperiussus, the hog louse Haematopinus suis, the face louse Linognathus ovillus, the foot louse Linognathus pedalis, the dog sucking louse Linognathus setosus, the long-nosed cattle louse Linognathus vituli, the chicken body louse Menacanthus stramineus, the poultry shaft louse Menopon gallinae, the human body louse Pediculus humanus, the pubic louse Phthirus pubis, the little blue cattle louse Solenopotes capillatus, and the dog biting louse Trichodectes canis. [00599] Examples of Psocoptera include, but are not limited to: the booklice Liposcelis bostrychophila, Liposcelis decolor, Liposcelis entomophila, and Trogium pulsatorium. Examples of Siphonaptera include, but are not limited to: the bird flea Ceratophyllus gallinae, the dog flea Ctenocephalides canis, the cat flea Ctenocephalides fells, the human flea Pulex irritans, and the oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis. [00600] Examples of Symphyla include, but are not limited to: the garden symphylan Scutigerella immaculate. 277702-549942 [00601] Examples of Thysanura include, but are not limited to: the gray silverfish Ctenolepisma longicaudata, the four-lined silverfish Ctenolepisma quadriseriata, the common silverfish Lepisma saccharina, and the firebrat Thennobia domestica; [00602] Examples of Thysanoptera include, but are not limited to: the tobacco thrips Frankliniella fusca, the flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa, the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, the cotton bud thrips Frankliniella schultzei, the banded greenhouse thrips Hercinothrips femoralis, the soybean thrips Neohydatothrips variabilis, Kelly's citrus thrips Pezothrips kellyanus, the avocado thrips Scirtothrips perseae, the melon thrips, Thrips palmi, and the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci. [00603] Examples of Nematodes include, but are not limited to: parasitic nematodes such as root-knot, cyst, and lesion nematodes, including Heterodera spp., Meloidogyne spp., and Globodera spp.; particularly members of the cyst nematodes, including, but not limited to: Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode); Heterodera schachtii (beet cyst nematode); Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst nematode); and Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pailida (potato cyst nematodes). Lesion nematodes include, but are not limited to: Pratylenchus spp. [00604] Other insect species susceptible to the present invention include: athropod pests that cause public and animal health concerns, for example, mosquitos for example, mosquitoes from the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex, from ticks, flea, and flies etc. [00605] In one embodiment, a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof can be employed to treat ectoparasites. Ectoparasites include, but are not limited to: fleas, ticks, mange, mites, mosquitoes, nuisance and biting flies, lice, and combinations comprising one or more of the foregoing ectoparasites. The term “fleas” includes the usual or accidental species of parasitic flea of the order Siphonaptera, and in particular the species Ctenocephalides, in particular C. fells and C.cams, rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) and human fleas (Pulex irritans). [00606] The present invention may be used to control, inhibit, and/or kill insect pests of major crops, e.g., in some embodiments, the major crops and corresponding insect pest include, but are not limited to: Maize: Ostrinia nubilalis, European corn borer; Agrotis ipsilon, black cutworm; Helicoverpa zea, corn earworm; Spodoptera frugiperda, fall armyworm; Diatraea grandiosella, southwestern corn borer; Elasmopalpus lignosellus, lesser cornstalk borer; Diatraea saccharalis, surgarcane borer; Diabrotica virgifera, western corn rootworm; Diabrotica longicornis barberi, northern corn rootworm; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, southern corn rootworm; Melanotus spp., wireworms; Cyclocephala borealis, northern masked chafer (white grub); Cyclocephala immaculata, southern masked chafer (white grub); Popillia japonica, Japanese beetle; Chaetocnema pulicaria, corn flea beetle; Sphenophorus maidis, maize billbug; Rhopalosiphum maidis, corn leaf aphid; Anuraphis maidiradicis, corn root aphid; 277702-549942 Blissus leucopterus, chinch bug; Melanoplus femurrubrum, redlegged grasshopper; Melanoplus sanguinipes, migratory grasshopper; Hylemya platura, seedcorn maggot; Agromyza parvicornis, corn blot leafminer; Anaphothrips obscrurus, grass thrips; Solenopsis milesta, thief ant; Tetranychus urticae, twospotted spider mite; Sorghum: Chilo partellus, sorghum borer; Spodoptera frugiperda, fall armyworm; Helicoverpa zea, corn earworm; Elasmopalpus lignosellus, lesser cornstalk borer; Feltia subterranea, granulate cutworm; Phyllophaga crinita, white grub; Eleodes, Conoderus, and Aeolus spp., wireworms; Oulema melanopus, cereal leaf beetle; Chaetocnema pulicaria, corn flea beetle; Sphenophorus maidis, maize billbug; Rhopalosiphum maidis, corn leaf aphid; Sipha flava, yellow sugarcane aphid; Blissus leucopterus, chinch bug; Contarinia sorghicola, sorghum midge; Tetranychus cinnabarinus, carmine spider mite; Tetranychus urticae, twospotted spider mite; Wheat: Pseudaletia unipunctata, army worm; Spodoptera frugiperda, fall armyworm; Elasmopalpus lignosellus, lesser cornstalk borer; Agrotis orthogonia, western cutworm; Elasmopalpus lignosellus, lesser cornstalk borer; Oulema melanopus, cereal leaf beetle; Hypera punctata, clover leaf weevil; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, southern corn rootworm; Russian wheat aphid; Schizaphis graminum, greenbug; Macrosiphum avenae, English grain aphid; Melanoplus femurrubrum, redlegged grasshopper; Melanoplus differentialis, differential grasshopper; Melanoplus sanguinipes, migratory grasshopper; Mayetiola destructor, Hessian fly; Sitodiplosis mosellana, wheat midge; Meromyza americana, wheat stem maggot; Hylemya coarctata, wheat bulb fly; Frankliniella fusca, tobacco thrips; Cephus cinctus, wheat stem sawfly; Aceria tulipae, wheat curl mite; Sunflower: Suleima helianthana, sunflower bud moth; Homoeosoma electellum, sunflower moth; Zygogramma exclamationis, sunflower beetle; Bothyrus gibbosus, carrot beetle; Neolasioptera murtfeldtiana, sunflower seed midge; Cotton: Heliothis virescens, cotton budworm; Helicoverpa zea, cotton bollworm; Spodoptera exigua, beet armyworm; Pectinophora gossypiella, pink bollworm; Anthonomus grandis, boll weevil; Aphis gossypii, cotton aphid; Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, cotton fleahopper; Trialeurodes abutilonea, banded winged whitefly; Lygus lineolaris, tarnished plant bug; Melanoplus femurrubrum, redlegged grasshopper; Melanoplus differentialis, differential grasshopper; Thrips tabaci, onion thrips; Franklinkiella fusca, tobacco thrips; Tetranychus cinnabarinus, carmine spider mite; Tetranychus urticae, twospotted spider mite; Rice: Diatraea saccharalis, sugarcane borer; Spodoptera frugiperda, fall armyworm; Helicoverpa zea, corn earworm; Colaspis brunnea, grape colaspis; Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, rice water weevil; Sitophilus oryzae, rice weevil; Nephotettix nigropictus, rice leafhopper; Blissus leucopterus, chinch bug; Acrosternum hilare, green stink bug; Soybean: Pseudoplusia includens, soybean looper; Anticarsia gemmatalis, velvet bean caterpillar; Plathypena scabra, green clover worm; Ostrinia nubilalis, European corn borer; Agrotis ipsilon, 277702-549942 black cutworm; Spodoptera exigua, beet armyworm; Heliothis virescens, cotton budworm; Helicoverpa zea, cotton bollworm; Epilachna varivestis, Mexican bean beetle; Myzus persicae, green peach aphid; Empoasca fabae, potato leafhopper; Acrosternum hilare, green stink bug; Melanoplus femurrubrum, redlegged grasshopper; Melanoplus differentialis, differential grasshopper; Hylemya platura, seedcorn maggot; Sericothrips variabilis, soybean thrips; Thrips tabaci, onion thrips; Tetranychus turkestani, strawberry spider mite; Tetranychus urticae, twospotted spider mite; Barley: Ostrinia nubilalis, European corn borer; Agrotis ipsilon, black cutworm; Schizaphis graminum, greenbug; Blissus leucopterus, chinch bug; Acrosternum hilare, green stink bug; Euschistus servus, brown stink bug; Delia platura, seedcorn maggot; Mayetiola destructor, Hessian fly; Petrobia latens, brown wheat mite; Oil Seed Rape: Brevicoryne brassicae, cabbage aphid; Phyllotreta cruciferae, Flea beetle; Mamestra configurata, Bertha armyworm; Plutella xylostella, Diamond-back moth; Delia ssp., Root maggots. [00607] In some embodiments, a PVP, a PVP-insecticidal protein, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof can be employed to treat any one or more of the foregoing insects. [00608] The insects that are susceptible to present invention include but are not limited to the following: familes such as: Blattaria, Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Echinostomida, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Rhabditida, Siphonoptera, and Thysanoptera. Genus Species are indicated as follows: Actebia fennica, Agrotis ipsilon, A. segetum, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Argyrotaenia citrana, Artogeia rapae, Bombyx mori, Busseola fusca, Cacyreus marshall, Chilo suppressalis, Christoneura fumiferana, C. occidentalis, C. pinus pinus, C. rosacena, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Conopomorpha cramerella, Ctenopsuestis obliquana, Cydia pomonella, Danaus plexippus, Diatraea saccharallis, D. grandiosella, Earias vittella, Elasmolpalpus lignoselius, Eldana saccharina, Ephestia kuehniella, Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Galleria mellonella, Genus – Species, Helicoverpa zea, H. punctigera, H. armigera, Heliothis virescens, Hyphantria cunea, Lambdina fiscellaria, Leguminivora glycinivorella, Lobesia botrana, Lymantria dispar, Malacosoma disstria, Mamestra brassicae, M. configurata, Manduca sexta, Marasmia patnalis, Maruca vitrata, Orgyia leucostigma, Ostrinia nubilalis, O. furnacalis, Pandemis pyrusana, Pectinophora gossypiella, Perileucoptera coffeella, Phthorimaea opercullela, Pianotortrix octo, Piatynota stultana, Pieris brassicae, Plodia interpunctala, Plutella xylostella, Pseudoplusia includens, Rachiplusia nu, Sciropophaga incertulas, Sesamia calamistis, Spilosoma virginica, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera exempta, Spodoptera litura, Tecia solanivora, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Trichoplusia ni, Wiseana cervinata, Wiseana copularis, Wiseana jocosa, Blattaria blattella, Collembola xenylla, Collembola folsomia, Folsomia candida, Echinostomida fasciola, Hemiptera oncopeltrus, 277702-549942 Hemiptera bemisia, Hemiptera macrosiphum, Hemiptera rhopalosiphum, Hemiptera myzus, Hymenoptera diprion, Hymenoptera apis, Hymenoptera Macrocentrus, Hymenoptera Meteorus, Hymenoptera Nasonia, Hymenoptera Solenopsis, Isopoda porcellio, Isoptera reticulitermes, Orthoptera Achta, Prostigmata tetranychus, Rhabitida acrobeloides, Rhabitida caenorhabditis, Rhabitida distolabrellus, Rhabitida panagrellus, Rhabitida pristionchus, Rhabitida pratylenchus, Rhabitida ancylostoma, Rhabitida nippostrongylus, Rhabitida panagrellus, Rhabitida haemonchus, Rhabitida meloidogyne, and Siphonaptera ctenocephalides. [00609] The present disclosure provides methods for plant transformation, which may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots. Crops for which a transgenic approach would be an especially useful approach include, but are not limited to: alfalfa, cotton, tomato, maize, wheat, corn, sweet corn, lucerne, soybean, sorghum, field pea, linseed, safflower, rapeseed, oil seed rape, rice, soybean, barley, sunflower, trees (including coniferous and deciduous), flowers (including those grown commercially and in greenhouses), field lupins, switchgrass, sugarcane, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, crucifers, peppers, sugarbeet, barley, and oilseed rape, Brassica sp., rye, millet, peanuts, sweet potato, cassaya, coffee, coconut, pineapple, citrus trees, cocoa, tea, banana, avocado, fig, guava, mango, olive, papaya, cashew, macadamia, almond, oats, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers. [00610] The present disclosure provides methods for plant transformation, which may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots. Crops for which a transgenic approach or plaint incorporated protectants (PIP) would be an especially useful approach include, but are not limited to: alfalfa, cotton, tomato, maize, wheat, corn, sweet corn, lucerne, soybean, sorghum, field pea, linseed, safflower, rapeseed, oil seed rape, rice, soybean, barley, sunflower, trees (including coniferous and deciduous), flowers (including those grown commercially and in greenhouses), field lupins, switchgrass, sugarcane, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, crucifers, peppers, sugarbeet, barley, and oilseed rape, Brassica sp., rye, millet, peanuts, sweet potato, cassaya, coffee, coconut, pineapple, citrus trees, cocoa, tea, banana, avocado, fig, guava, mango, olive, papaya, cashew, macadamia, almond, oats, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers. [00611] In some embodiments, the compositions, mixtures, and/or methods of the present invention can be applied to the locus of an insect and/or pest selected from the group consisting of: Loopers; Omnivorous Leafroller; Hornworms; Imported Cabbageworm; Diamondback Moth; Green Cloverworm; Webworm; Saltmarsh Caterpillar; Armyworms; Cutworms; Cross-Striped Cabbageworm; Podworms; Velvetbean Caterpillar; Soybean Looper; Tomato Fruitworm; Variegated Cutworm; Melonworms; Rindworm complex; Fruittree Leafroller; Citrus Cutworm; Heliothis; Orangedog; Citrus Cutworm; Redhumped Caterpillar; Tent Caterpillars; Fall 277702-549942 Webworm; Walnut Caterpillar; Cankerworms; Gypsy Moth; Variegated Leafroller; Redbanded Leafroller; Tufted Apple Budmoth; Oriental Fruit Moth); Filbert Leafroller; Obliquebanded Leafroller; Codling Moth; Twig Borer; Grapeleaf Skeletonizer; Grape Leafroller; Achema Sphinx Moth (Hornworm); Orange Tortrix; Tobacco Budworm); Grape Berry Moth; Spanworm; Alfalfa Caterpillar; Cotton Bollworm; Head Moth; Amorbia Moth; Omnivorous Looper; Ello Moth (Hornworm); Io Moth; Oleander Moth; Azalea Caterpillar; Hornworm; Leafrollers; Banana Skipper; Batrachedra comosae (Hodges); Thecla Moth; Artichoke Plume Moth; Thistle Butterfly; Bagworm; Spring & Fall Cankerworm; Elm Spanworm; California Oakworm; Pine Butterfly ; Spruce Budworms; Saddle Prominent Caterpillar; Douglas Fir Tussock Moth; Western Tussock Moth; Blackheaded Budworm; Mimosa Webworm; Jack Pine Budworm; Saddleback Caterpillar; Greenstriped Mapleworm; or Hemlock Looper. [00612] In some embodiments, the compositions, mixtures, and/or methods of the present invention can be applied to the locus of an insect and/or pest selected from the group consisting of: Achema Sphinx Moth (Hornworm) (Eumorpha achemon); Alfalfa Caterpillar (Colias eurytheme); Almond Moth (Caudra cautella); Amorbia Moth (Amorbia humerosana); Armyworm (Spodoptera spp., e.g. exigua, frugiperda, littoralis, Pseudaletia unipuncta); Artichoke Plume Moth (Platyptilia carduidactyla); Azalea Caterpillar (Datana major); Bagworm (Thyridopteryx); ephemeraeformis); Banana Moth (Hypercompe scribonia); Banana Skipper (Erionota thrax); Blackheaded Budworm (Acleris gloverana); California Oakworm (Phryganidia californica); Spring Cankerworm (Paleacrita merriccata); Cherry Fruitworm (Grapholita packardi); China Mark Moth (Nymphula stagnata); Citrus Cutworm (Xylomyges curialis); Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella); Cranberry Fruitworm (Acrobasis vaccinii); Cross- striped Cabbageworm (Evergestis rimosalis); Cutworm (Noctuid species, Agrotis ipsilon); Douglas Fir Tussock Moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata); Ello Moth (Hornworm) (Erinnyis ello); Elm Spanworm (Ennomos subsignaria); European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana); European Skipper (Thymelicus lineola) (Essex Skipper); Fall Webworm (Melissopus latiferreanus); Filbert Leafroller (Archips rosanus); Fruittree Leafroller (Archips argyrospilia); Grape Berry Moth (Paralobesia viteana); Grape Leafroller (Platynota stultana); Grapeleaf Skeletonizer (Harrisina americana) (ground only); Green Cloverworm (Plathypena scabra); Greenstriped Mapleworm (Dryocampa rubicunda); Gummosos-Batrachedra Comosae (Hodges); Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar); Hemlock Looper (Lambdina fiscellaria); Hornworm (Manduca spp.); Imported Cabbageworm (Pieris rapae); Io Moth (Automeris io); Jack Pine Budworm (Choristoneura pinus); Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana); Melonworm (Diaphania hyalinata); Mimosa Webworm (Homadaula anisocentra); Obliquebanded Leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana); Oleander Moth (Syntomeida epilais); Omnivorous Leafroller (Playnota stultana); 277702-549942 Omnivorous Looper (Sabulodes aegrotata); Orangedog (Papilio cresphontes); Orange Tortrix (Argyrotaenia citrana); Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholita molesta); Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella); Pine Butterfly (Neophasia menapia); Redbanded Leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinana); Redhumped Caterpillar (Schizura concinna); Rindworm Complex (Various Leps.); Saddleback Caterpillar (Sibine stimulea); Saddle Prominent Caterpillar (Heterocampa guttivitta); Saltmarsh Caterpillar (Estigmene acrea); Sod Webworm (Crambus spp.); Spanworm (Ennomos subsignaria); Fall Cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria); Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana); Tent Caterpillar (Various Lasiocampidae); Thecla-Thecla Basilides (Geyr) (Thecla basilides); Tobacco Hornworm (Manduca sexta); Tobacco Moth (Ephestia elutella); Tufted Apple Budmoth (Platynota idaeusalis); Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella); Variegated Cutworm (Peridroma saucia); Variegated Leafroller (Platynota flavedana); Velvetbean Caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis); Walnut Caterpillar (Datana integerrima); Webworm (Hyphantria cunea); Western Tussock Moth (Orgyia vetusta); Southern Cornstalk Borer (Diatraea crambidoides); Corn Earworm; Sweet potato weevil; Pepper weevil; Citrus root weevil; Strawberry root weevil; Pecan weevil); Filbert weevil; Ricewater weevil; Alfalfa weevil; Clover weevil; Tea shot-hole borer; Root weevil; Sugarcane beetle; Coffee berry borer; Annual blue grass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis); Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea); European chafer (Rhizotroqus majalis); Green June beetle (Cotinis nitida); Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica); May or June beetle (Phyllophaga sp.); Northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis); Oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis); Southern masked chafer (Cyclocephala lurida); Billbug (Curculionoidea); Aedes aegypti; Busseola fusca; Chilo suppressalis; Culex pipiens; Culex quinquefasciatus; Diabrotica virgifera; Diatraea saccharalis; Helicoverpa armigera; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Ostrinia furnacalis; Ostrinia nubilalis; Pectinophora gossypiella; Plodia interpunctella; Plutella xylostella; Pseudoplusia includens; Spodoptera exigua; Spodoptera frugiperda; Spodoptera littoralis; Trichoplusia ni; and/or Xanthogaleruca luteola. [00613] In some embodiments, the compositions, mixtures, and/or methods of the present invention can be applied to the locus of an adult beetle selected from the group consisting of: Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea); Gold spotted oak borer (Agrilus coxalis auroguttatus); Green June beetle (Cotinis nitida); Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica); May or June beetle (Phyllophaga sp.); Oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis); and/or Soap berry-borer (Agrilus prionurus). [00614] In some embodiments, the compositions, mixtures, and/or methods of the present invention can be applied to the locus of an insect and/or pest that is a larvae (annual white grub) selected from the group consisting of: Annual blue grass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis); 277702-549942 Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea); European chafer (Rhizotroqus majalis); Green June beetle (Cotinis nitida); Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica); May or June beetle (Phyllophaga sp.); Northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis); Oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis); Southern masked chafer (Cyclocephala lurida); and Billbug (Curculionoidea). EXAMPLES [00615] The Examples in this specification are not intended to, and should not be used to, limit the invention; they are provided only to illustrate the invention. [00616] Example 1 [00617] Yeast Transformation [00618] Individual ORFs were constructed containing either a polynucleotide operable to encode a wild-type PL1c (SEQ ID NO: 2), or a polynucleotide operable to encode a given PVP. Individual ORFs were constructed containing either a polynucleotide operable to encode a wild- type PL1c, or a polynucleotide operable to encode a given PVP, and the sequence of the alpha mating factor secretion signal. These ORFs were then inserted into a pKlac1 vector (Catalog # N3740; New England Biolabs®; 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938-2723). The pKlac1 vector contains the Kluyveromyces lactis PLAC4-PBI promoter (1), DNA encoding the K. lactis α-mating factor (α-MF) secretion domain (for secreted expression), a multiple cloning site (MCS), the Kluyveromyces lactis LAC4 transcription terminator (TT), and a fungal acetamidase selectable marker gene (amdS) expressed from the yeast ADH2 promoter (PADH2). In addition, an E. coli replication origin (ORI) and ampicillin resistance gene (ApR) are present for propagation of pKLAC1 in E. coli. [00619] The resulting vectors, i.e., pKlac1-WT-PL1c, and the various pKlac1-PVP vectors, were then linearized, and transformed into electrocompetent Kluyveromyces lactis host cells, for stable integration of multiple copies of the linearized vectors into the Kluyveromyces lactis host genome at the LAC4 loci. [00620] The transformed Kluyveromyces lactis were then plated on selection agar containing acetamide as the sole nitrogen source to identify strains containing multiple insertions of the expression cassette and its acetamidase selection. [00621] Example 2 [00622] Yield Analysis [00623] To quantify the yield of WT-PL1c (Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c – SEQ ID NO: 2) and PL1c variant polypeptides (PVP1-3), 2mg of cation-exchanged WT-PL1c or PVP were further purified by size-exclusion chromatography.0.5mL (>4mg/mL) of PL1c or PVP was injected onto a Superdex(tm) 30 Increase 10/300 GL column (Cytiva) and eluted isocratically in 277702-549942 a buffer of 30mM MES, pH 6.0. Fractions containing PL1c or PVP were analyzed by HPLC and combined. Peptides were quantified using the theoretical extinction coefficient at 280nm. As shown in Figure 3, the expression of the mutant PVPs 1-3 show an unexpected and dramatic increase in yield when produced recombinantly as described in the present Examples. In contrast, wild-type PL1c (SEQ ID NO: 2) shows a much lower expression yield when expressed and produced in the same fermentation conditions using the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis as those described for PVP-1-3. [00624] To create a standard curve to quantify yields by HPLC, the doubly purified and quantified peptides were used as an analytical standard. The HPLC standard curve was setup as follows: A serial dilution of purified WT-PL1c or PVP in water was injected onto a Chromolith C18 column (4.6 x 100 mm) over a concentration range of 5-100μg and eluted at a flow rate of 2 mL min-1 and a gradient of 18-36% acetonitrile over 5 min. WT-PL1c or PVP peak areas from six samples were plotted against concentration and the slope of the linear relationship was used to quantify the concentration of unknown samples. Samples that reached a height of 1 absorbance units were dropped from the calculation as they were assumed to be out of the linear range of the HPLC detector. Figure 1 shows the HPLC chromatograms of the wild-type PL1c and PVP-1-3 showing the single peaks obtained in PVP1-3, whereas WT-PL1c shows multiple peaks of the expressed peptide when produced recombinantly in yeast fermentation procedures as described herein. Table 2. Expression of PVPs of the present disclosure relative to the expression of wild-type PL1c (SEQ ID NO: 2) using the expression system described in Example 2. Rel. Yield To SEQ Yield WT-PL1c O:
Figure imgf000149_0001
277702-549942 Rel. Yield To SEQ Yield WT-PL1c ID Amino Acid Sequence Improvement (SEQ ID NO:
Figure imgf000150_0001
277702-549942 Rel. Yield To SEQ Amino Aci Yield WT-PL1c ID d Sequence Improvement (SEQ ID NO:
Figure imgf000151_0001
[00625] Example 3 [00626] Ion-Exchange Chromatography [00627] WT-PL1c and PVP was purified by cation-exchange using SP-Sephadex C-25 (GE Healthcare). Resin was equilibrated in 30 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.0. Spent supernatant containing WT-PL1c was directly applied to the beads with a pH less than 3.0. Beads were washed and eluted stepwise with 2-3 column volumes (CV) of (1) 30 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.0, (2) 30 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), pH 6.0, and (3) 30 mM MES, pH 6.0, 100 mM sodium chloride. [00628] Example 4 [00629] Evaluation of position W23Y and D8G and deletion of C-Terminal Lysine [00630] To further evaluate improvements to stability and activity of PL1c, mutants were created by incorporating mutations at positions W23, and K36. As a result of fermentation and 277702-549942 application of heat to the PVPs it was observed that time and/or heat treatment leads to formation of a tryptophan oxidation species that reduces peptide activity. Mutation of W23Y relative to SEQ ID NO: 2 eliminates oxidation and restores bioactivity. Furthermore, during yeast expression, WT-PL1c (SEQ ID NO: 2) is partially truncated at the C-terminus leading to loss of the C-terminal lysine (K36). This species of PL1c has reduced activity. It was unexpectedly found that by mutating the sequence of WT-PL1c by the addition of an amino acid, for example, serine to the C-terminus of PL1c, the mutation prevents loss of lysine (K36) and restores bioactivity. [00631] Further mutations were explored. In one embodiment, it was found that during heat treatment in acidic conditions (pH<7.0), glutamic acid (E1 of SEQ ID NO: 3) on the N- terminus is converted to pyroglutamic acid. Mutation of this site to Gly (SEQ ID NO: 5) or Ser (SEQ ID NO: 12) prevents pyroglutamic acid formation as shown in Table 3. [00632] Table 3. Positional mutation effects on PL1c and effects on activity and pyroglutamic acid production. Pyroglutamic K36 Activity Acid Tr ptophan ?
Figure imgf000152_0001
[00633] Example 5. [00634] Corn Earworm (CEW) injections [00635] An assay evaluating WT-PL1c and PVPs injected into CEWs was performed as follows: Corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) larvae were injected in their fourth instar. H. zea larvae were purchased (Benzon, Carlisle, PA) and reared to fourth instar on General Purpose Lepidoptera Diet (Frontier Agricultural Science, Newark, DE). Prior to injection larvae were weighed in order to calculate pmol/g doses. Injections volumes were 1-5 μL and were performed with a 30 gauge needle and glass syringe in a hand microapplicator (Burkard, Rickmansworth, Herts, England). The injection site was near the base of one of the hindmost prolegs. Following the injection, larvae were placed in a new enclosure with General Purpose Lepidoptera Diet and 277702-549942 their condition (including mortality, sublethal effects, and behavior) was evaluated 24-hours post-injection. Here, wild-type PL1c, and PVPs 1-3: were injected into CEW, and percent knockdown was assessed at 24 hours. [00636] As shown in FIG.2, PVPs1-3 have a similar, if slightly lower insecticidal activity against CEW when compared to the parent-wild-type PL1c. [00637] Example 6 [00638] Expression of PVP-insecticidal proteins in plants [00639] The ability to express PVP-insecticidal proteins in a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, is provided. Here, the cloning and expression of PVP-insecticidal proteins can be performed using a tobacco transient expression system technology referred to as FECT (Liu Z & Kearney CM, BMC Biotechnology, 2010, 10:88, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). [00640] Briefly, the FECT vector contains a T-DNA region for agroinfection, which contains a CaMV 35S promoter that drives the expression of the foxtail mosaic virus RNA without the genes encoding the viral coating protein and the triple gene block. In the place of the coating protein and triple block are a pair of subcloning sites (Pac I and Avr II) that allow a PVP ORF to be subcloned N’ to C’ following the Pac I site for high levels of transient viral expression. This “disarmed” virus genome prevents plant to plant transmission. In addition to the FECT vector subcloned to express the PVPs, a second FECT vector is co-expressed that encodes P19, a RNA silencing suppressor protein from tomato bushy stunt virus, to prevent the post- transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of the introduced T-DNA. Agrobacterium containing the transient plant expression system is injected into the leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) as described below. [00641] The PVP-insecticidal proteins exemplified here comprises the following components: an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide (ERSP); a ubiquitin monomer; an intervening linker peptide; and a Histidine tag. [00642] The ERSP motif may be the Barley Alpha-Amylase Signal peptide (BAAS), a 24 amino acid peptide with the following amino acid sequence (N’ to C’; one letter code): MANKHLSLSLFLVLLGLSASLASG (SEQ ID NO:87) [00643] The Zea mays ubiquitin monomer may be a 75 amino acid peptide with the following amino acid sequence (N’ to C’, one letter code): QIFVKTLTGKTLEVESSDTIDNVKAKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLADYNIQKE STLHLVLRLRGG (SEQ ID NO: 88) (NCBI Accession No. XP_020404049.1) 277702-549942 [00644] The polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP ORF used in the PVP-insecticidal proteins are found in Table 1 herein. [00645] The intervening linking peptide useful in the constructs described here can have the following amino acid sequence (N’ to C’, one letter code): ALKFLV (SEQ ID NO: 89) or IGER (SEQ ID NO: 90). [00646] The histidine tag to be used may have the following amino acid sequence (N’ to C’, one letter code): HHHHHH (SEQ ID NO: 91). [00647] Thus, an exemplary PVP-insecticidal protein used in this example has a construct with the following elements and orientation: ERSP-UBI-L-PVP-HIS [00648] An example of a full amino acid sequence for an exemplary PVP-insecticidal protein is as follows : MANKHLSLSLFLVLLGLSASLASGQIFVKTLTGKTLEVESSDTIDNVKAKIQDKEGIPPDQ QRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLADYNIQKESTLHLVLRLRGGALKFLVSAEAACLAEGEWCADW AGPSCCGEMYCSCPGFGKCRCKKSHHHHHH (SEQ ID NO: 92) or MANKHLSLSLFLVLLGLSASLASGQIFVKTLTGKTLEVESSDTIDNVKAKIQDKEGIPPDQ QRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLADYNIQKESTLHLVLRLRGGALKFLVGAEAACLAEGEWCADW AGPSCCGEMYCSCPGFGKCRCKKSHHHHHH (SEQ ID NO: 93) [00649] An illustrative general construct has components that are defined as follows: “ERSP” refers to the endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide; “UBI” refers to the ubiquitin monomer; “PVP” refers to the mutant Delta-amaurobitoxin-PL1c toxin or PVP; “L” refers to intervening linker peptide; and “HIS” refers to the Histidine tag. [00650] Next, a polynucleotide operable to encode the PVP-insecticidal protein, i.e., DNA with the following ORF: “BAAS:UBI:L:PVP:HIS” or “baas-ubi-l-PVP-his” (where BAAS is the ERSP; UBI is ubiquitin; and L is linking peptide), may be cloned into the Pac I and Avr II restriction sites of the FECT expression vector to create the transient vectors. These transient vectors are then transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain, GV3101 cells using a freeze-thaw method as follows: the stored competent GV3101 cells are thawed on ice and then mixed with 1-5 µg pure transient vectors DNA. The cell-DNA mixture is then kept on ice for 5 minutes, and transferred to -80°C for 5 minutes; the mixture is then incubated in a 37°C water bath for 5 minutes. The freeze-thaw treated cells are then diluted into 1 mL LB medium, and shaken on a rocking table for 2-4 hours at room temperature. The cell-LB mixture is then spun 277702-549942 down at 5,000 rcf for 2 minutes to pellet cells, and then 800 µL of LB supernatant was removed. The cells are then resuspended in the remaining liquid, and the entire volume (approximately 200 µL) of the transformed cell-LB mixture is spread onto LB agar plates with the appropriate antibiotics (i.e., 10 µg/mL rifampicin, 25 µg/mL gentamycin, and 50 µg/mL kanamycin), and incubated at 28°C for two days. The resulting transformed colonies are then picked and cultured in 6 mL aliquots of LB medium with the appropriate antibiotics necessary for transformed DNA analysis and creating glycerol stocks of the transformed GV3101 cells. [00651] The transformed GV3101 cells are then streaked onto an LB plate with the appropriate antibiotics (as described above) from the previously created glycerol stock, and incubated at 28°C for two days. A colony of transformed GV3101 cells is used to inoculate 5 mL of LB-MESA medium (LB media supplemented with 10 mM MES, 20 μM acetosyringone), and the same antibiotics described above. The colony is then grown overnight at 28°C; the cells are then collected by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes, and resuspended in the induction medium (10 mM MES, 10 mM MgCl2, 100 μM acetosyringone) at a final OD600 of 1.0. The cells are then incubated in the induction medium for 2 hours, to overnight, at room temperature. At this point, the cells are ready for transient transformation of tobacco leaves. [00652] Because FECT uses a mixture of P19 expression and the gene of interest expression, cultures of cells for the pFECT-P19 transformed GV3101 cells and the gene of interest cultures are mixed together in equal amounts for infiltration of tobacco leaves before injection into the plant leaves. The treated cells are infiltrated into the underside of attached leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plants by injection, using a 3 mL syringe without a needle attached. Protein expression in tobacco leaves is evaluated at 6-8 days post-infiltration. [00653] Full length PVP-insecticidal protein is purified from the tobacco by using a manual extraction technique. Leaf tissue is obtained via 30 mm diameter punch, from the infiltrated area, rolled up and placed inside a 2 mL conical bottom tube with two, 5/32 inch diameter stainless steel grinding balls, and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The samples are then homogenized using a Troemner-Talboys High Throughput Homogenizer. Next, a 750 μL ice- cold total soluble protein (TSP) extraction solution (sodium phosphate solution 50 mM, EDTA 1 mM, pH 7.0) is added into the tube and vortexed. The microtube is then left to incubate at room temperature for 15 minutes, and then centrifuged at 16,000 x g for 15 minutes at 4°C. Next, 100 μL of the resulting supernatant is taken and loaded into pre-Sephadex G-50-packed column in 0.45 μm Millipore MultiScreen filter microtiter plate with empty receiving Costar microtiter plate on bottom. The microtiter plates are then centrifuged at 800 g for 2 minutes at 4°C. The resulting filtrate solution (hereinafter “total soluble protein extract” or “TSP extract”) of the tobacco leaves, is ready for downstream analysis. 277702-549942 [00654] The samples are then analyzed using standard Western Blotting techniques. Samples are prepared for a protein gel by mixing 10 µL of protein sample with 9 µL Invitrogen 2X SDS loading buffer and 2 µL Novex 10X Reducing agent, and heating the sample at 85°C for 5 minutes. The samples are then loaded and run on a Novex Precast, 16% Tricine gel in 1x Invitrogen Tricine running buffer with 0.1% sodium thioglycolate in the top tank and Invitrogen SeeBlue Plus 2 MWM. The gel is run at 150V for 75 minutes. The gel is then transferred to a Novel PVDF membrane using a 7-minute transfer program on the iBLOT system. Once the transfer is complete, the blot membrane is then moved to a container and washed with Buffer A (1x TBS made from Quality Biological’s 10x TBS (0.25M tris base, 1.37M NaCl, 0.03M KCL, pH 7.4)), for five minutes by rocking gently at room temperature. This step may be followed with a blocking step using Buffer B (Buffer A with 1% BSA) for 1 hour. The blot is then rinsed three times with 5 minute washes of Buffer C (Buffer B with 0.05% Tween 20). This is followed with a 1:10000 dilution of Maine Biotech Anti-His antibody in Buffer C for 1 hour. The blot is then rinsed three times with Buffer C for 5 minutes each. This is followed with a 1:3000 dilution of BioRad goat anti-mouse AP conjugated antibody (secondary antibody) in Buffer C for 1 hour. The blot is then rinsed with two times with Buffer C for 5 minutes each and once with Buffer A for 5 minutes. The blot is then developed with BioRad AP developer and stopped by rinsing with water. [00655] In another prophetic example, a PVP-insecticidal protein may comprise a PVP operably linked to one or more of the following: an ERSP, a stabilizing protein (STA), an intervening linker (L), a Histidine tag (HIS), or a combination thereof; wherein the PVP may have an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60. [00656] In another prophetic example, the following PVP-insecticidal protein constructs are contemplated: ERSP-UBI-L-PVP-HIS; ERSP-STA-PVP; ERSP-STA-(L- PVP)N; ERSP- STA-(PVP –L)N; ERSP-PVP-STA; ERSP-(PVP-L-)N-STA; ERSP-(L-PVP)N-STA; ERSP-PVP- STA-L; ERSP-PVP-STA-(L-PVP)N; ERSP-PVP-STA-(PVP-L)N; ERSP-L-STA-PVP; ERSP-L- STA-PVP-(L-PVP)N; ERSP-L-STA-PVP-(PVP-L)N; ERSP-L-PVP; ERSP-PVP-L; ERSP-L- PVP-(L-PVP)N; or ERSP-PVP-L-(PVP-L)N; wherein the subscript N indicates a number of repeats ranging from 1 to 200. [00657] Likewise, in another prophetic example, a polynucleotide operable to encode any of the foregoing PVPs or PVP-insecticidal proteins of SEQ ID NO: 3-60, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, may be transformed into a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, and/or expressed in a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof. [00658] In another prophetic example, a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP or a PVP-insecticidal protein, may be transformed into a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or 277702-549942 part thereof, and/or expressed in a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a PVP having an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof. [00659] Example 7 [00660] Determination of Protease Chymotryopsin resistance site of PVP [00661] Proteases exist in insect guts to digest and breakdown plant proteins into useful nutrients. This can be a concern for using protein-based products for insect control because proteases digest the proteins and render them inactive. [00662] A 1:1 solution of 1 mg/mL solution of peptide SEQ ID NO: 3 and 1 mg/mL chymotrypsin (Sigma C4129) in PBS pH 7.5 were incubated at RT for 4 hours. Samples were then filtered through a 0.2 µM filter into a HPLC vial. Samples were then injected into a Thermo HPLC and ran with a Chromolith HighResolution RP-18e (25-4.6mm) column with a gradient from 10-40% acetonitrile+0.1% TFA over 2 minutes with a 2 mL/min flow rate. The same samples were then injected into a Shimadzu MS with the same column and program as above (formic acid rather than TFA) and analyzed. [00663] When peptide of SEQ ID NO: 3 was incubated with the protease chymotrypsin, there was a shift in retention time on the HPLC to the left of the starting material (Figure A). The average mass of the peptide increased from 4206 to 4224, a difference of 18 Daltons indicating a single cut in the peptide chain. This sample was then injected into house flies and confirmed that the cleaved peptide lost activity (Figure B). [00664] Variants of PVPs based on the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 (i.e. PVPs of SEQ ID NO: 58-60, and 74-79) were made through yeast expression as previously described and yield was determined by HPLC peak area (Table 4). Supernatant from cultures was concentrated over a 3K mwco spin concentrator. A sample was taken before and after chymotrypsin incubation and run on HPLC to look for changes in peak retention time as indication of proteolytic degradation. Site F32 was identified as the site of degradation from chymotrypsin as F23H. F23A, and F32L (SEQ ID NO: 58-60) were the only samples that did not show changes in peak retention time, whereas peptides of SEQ ID NO: 74-79 were degraded by the protease chymotrypsin. 277702-549942 [00665] Table 4. Relative mutations of peptides of SEQ ID NO: 58-60 and 74-79 together with their expression data and stability in the presence of the protease chymotrypsin. SEQ Amino Acid Sequence Mutation vs SEQ Average deep Stability in ID ID NO: 3 well peak area chymotrypsin NO
Figure imgf000158_0001

Claims

277702-549942 CLAIMS 1. A delta-amaurobitoxin PL1c variant polypeptide (PVP) having insecticidal activity against one or more insect species, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S- C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. 2. The PVP of claim 1, wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. 3. The PVP of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the PVP comprises an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. 4. The PVP of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8. 277702-549942 5. The PVP of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. 6. The PVP of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the PVP consists of an amino sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. 7. The PVP of claim 1, wherein the PVP is a homopolymer or heteropolymer of two or more PVPs, wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP is the same or different. 8. The PVP of claim 1, wherein the PVP is a fused protein comprising two or more PVPs separated by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, and wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP may be the same or different. 9. The PVP or claim 8, wherein the linker is cleavable inside the gut or hemolymph of an insect. 10. A composition comprising a PVP of any one of claims 1-9, and combinations thereof, and at least one excipient. 11. A polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9- X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R- C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid 277702-549942 selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent, or a complementary nucleotide sequence thereof. 12. The polynucleotide of claim 11, wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. 13. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 8-9, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a PVP comprising, consisting essentially of, or consists of, an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60, or a agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. 14. A vector comprising a polynucleotide of any one of claims 11 to 13. 15. A host cell comprising a vector of claim 14. 16. The host cell of claim 15, wherein the host cell is a yeast cell. 17. A plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof, comprising one or more PVPs, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C- S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, 277702-549942 P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent. 18. The plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof of claim 17, wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. 19. The plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof of any one of claims 17-18, wherein the PVP comprises an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60. 20. The plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof of claim 12, wherein the PVP further comprises a homopolymer or heteropolymer of two or more PVPs, wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP is the same or different. 21. The plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof of claim 17, wherein the PVP is a fused protein comprising two or more PVPs separated by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, and wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP may be the same or different. 22. The plant, plant tissue, plant cell, plant seed, or part thereof of claim 21, wherein the linker is cleavable inside the gut or hemolymph of an insect. 23. A method of producing a PVP, the method comprising: (a) preparing a vector comprising a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, or complementary nucleotide sequence thereof, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D- W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta- amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G- 277702-549942 E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent; (b) introducing the vector into a yeast strain; and (c) growing the yeast strain in a growth medium under conditions operable to enable expression of the PVP and secretion into the growth medium. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the PVP comprises, or consists of, an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the PVP is a homopolymer or heteropolymer of two or more PVPs, wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP is the same or different. 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the PVP is a fused protein comprising two or more PVPs separated by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, and wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP may be the same or different. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the linker is cleavable inside the gut or hemolymph of an insect. 29. The method of claim 23, wherein the vector is a plasmid comprising an alpha-MF signal. 277702-549942 30. The method of claim 23, wherein the vector is transformed into a yeast strain. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the yeast strain is selected from any species of the genera Saccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Hansenula, Yarrowia or Schizosaccharomyces. 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the yeast strain is selected from the group consisting of Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the yeast strain is Kluyveromyces lactis. 34. The method of claim 23, wherein the PVP is secreted into the growth medium. 35. The method of claim 23, wherein expression of the PVP provides a yield of: at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 110 mg/L, at least 120 mg/L, at least 130 mg/L, at least 140 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 160 mg/L, at least 170 mg/L, at least 180 mg/L, at least 190 mg/L 200 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least 750 mg/L, at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 1,250 mg/L, at least 1,500 mg/L, at least 1,750 mg/L, at least 2,000 mg/L, at least 2,500 mg/L, at least 3,000 mg/L, at least 3,500 mg/L, at least 4,000 mg/L, at least 4,500 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 5,500 mg/L, at least at least 6,000 mg/L, at least 6,500 mg/L, at least 7,000 mg/L, at least 7,500 mg/L, at least 8,000 mg/L, at least 8,500 mg/L, at least 9,000 mg/L, at least 9,500 mg/L, at least 10,000 mg/L, at least 11,000 mg/L, at least 12,000 mg/L, at least 12,500 mg/L, at least 13,000 mg/L, at least 14,000 mg/L, at least 15,000 mg/L, at least 16,000 mg/L, at least 17,000 mg/L, at least 17,500 mg/L, at least 18,000 mg/L, at least 19,000 mg/L, at least 20,000 mg/L, at least 25,000 mg/L, at least 30,000 mg/L, at least 40,000 mg/L, at least 50,000 mg/L, at least 60,000 mg/L, at least 70,000 mg/L, at least 80,000 mg/L, at least 90,000 mg/L, or at least 100,000 mg/L of PVP per liter of yeast culture medium. 36. The method of claim 23, wherein expression of the PVP in the medium results in the expression of a single PVP in the medium. 37. The method of claim 23, wherein expression of the PVP in the medium results in the expression of a PVP polymer comprising two or more PVP polypeptides in the medium. 277702-549942 38. The method of claim 23, wherein the vector comprises two or three expression cassettes, each expression cassette operable to encode the PVP of the first expression cassette. 39. The method of claim 23, wherein the vector comprises two or three expression cassettes, each expression cassette operable to encode the PVP of the first expression cassette, or a PVP of a different expression cassette. 40. The method of claim 18, wherein the expression cassette is operable to encode a PVP as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60. 41. A method for protecting a plant from insects, the method comprising: providing a plant that expresses a PVP, or a polynucleotide encoding the same, wherein the PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A- D-W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta- amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G- E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F-G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; 277702-549942 X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. 43. The method of claim 41, wherein the PVP comprises an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60. 44. The method of claim 41, wherein the PVP further comprises a homopolymer or heteropolymer of two or more PVPs, wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP is the same or different. 45. The method of claim 41, wherein the PVP is a fused protein comprising two or more PVPs separated by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, and wherein the amino acid sequence of each PVP may be the same or different. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the linker is cleavable inside the gut or hemolymph of an insect. 47. The method of claim 41, wherein the insects are selected from the group consisting of: Achema Sphinx Moth (Hornworm) (Eumorpha achemon); Alfalfa Caterpillar (Colias eurytheme); Almond Moth (Caudra cautella); Amorbia Moth (Amorbia humerosana); Armyworm (Spodoptera spp., e.g. exigua, frugiperda, littoralis, Pseudaletia unipuncta); Artichoke Plume Moth (Platyptilia carduidactyla); Azalea Caterpillar (Datana major); Bagworm (Thyridopteryx); ephemeraeformis); Banana Moth (Hypercompe scribonia); Banana Skipper (Erionota thrax); Blackheaded Budworm (Acleris gloverana); California Oakworm (Phryganidia californica); Spring Cankerworm (Paleacrita merriccata); Cherry Fruitworm (Grapholita packardi); China Mark Moth (Nymphula stagnata); Citrus Cutworm (Xylomyges curialis); Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella); Cranberry Fruitworm (Acrobasis vaccinii); Cross- striped Cabbageworm (Evergestis rimosalis); Cutworm (Noctuid species, Agrotis ipsilon); Douglas Fir Tussock Moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata); Ello Moth (Hornworm) (Erinnyis ello); Elm Spanworm (Ennomos subsignaria); European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana); European Skipper (Thymelicus lineola); Essex Skipper; Fall Webworm (Melissopus latiferreanus)); Filbert Leafroller (Archips rosanus)); Fruittree Leafroller (Archips argyrospilia)); Grape Berry Moth (Paralobesia viteana)); Grape Leafroller (Platynota stultana)); Grapeleaf Skeletonizer (Harrisina americana); Green Cloverworm (Plathypena scabra)); Greenstriped Mapleworm (Dryocampa rubicunda)); Gummosos-Batrachedra comosae (Hodges); Gypsy Moth (Lymantria 277702-549942 dispar); Hemlock Looper (Lambdina fiscellaria); Hornworm (Manduca spp.); Imported Cabbageworm (Pieris rapae); Io Moth (Automeris io); Jack Pine Budworm (Choristoneura pinus); Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana); Melonworm (Diaphania hyalinata); Mimosa Webworm (Homadaula anisocentra); Obliquebanded Leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana); Oleander Moth (Syntomeida epilais); Omnivorous Leafroller (Playnota stultana); Omnivorous Looper (Sabulodes aegrotata); Orangedog (Papilio cresphontes); Orange Tortrix (Argyrotaenia citrana); Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholita molesta); Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella); Pine Butterfly (Neophasia menapia); Podworm; Redbanded Leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinana); Redhumped Caterpillar (Schizura concinna); Rindworm Complex (Various Leps.); Saddleback Caterpillar (Sibine stimulea); Saddle Prominent Caterpillar Heterocampa guttivitta); Saltmarsh Caterpillar (Estigmene acrea); Sod Webworm (Crambus spp.); Spanworm (Ennomos subsignaria); Fall Cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria); Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana); Tent Caterpillar (Various Lasiocampidae); Thecla-Thecla Basilides (Geyr) (Thecla basilides); Tobacco Hornworm (Manduca sexta); Tobacco Moth (Ephestia elutella); Tufted Apple Budmoth (Platynota idaeusalis); Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella); Variegated Cutworm (Peridroma saucia); Variegated Leafroller (Platynota flavedana); Velvetbean Caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis); Walnut Caterpillar (Datana integerrima); Webworm (Hyphantria cunea); Western Tussock Moth (Orgyia vetusta); Southern Cornstalk Borer (Diatraea crambidoides); Corn Earworm; Sweet potato weevil; Pepper weevil; Citrus root weevil; Strawberry root weevil; Pecan weevil); Filbert weevil; Ricewater weevil; Alfalfa weevil; Clover weevil; Tea shot-hole borer; Root weevil; Sugarcane beetle; Coffee berry borer; Annual blue grass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis); Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea); European chafer (Rhizotroqus majalis); Green June beetle (Cotinis nitida); Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica); May or June beetle (Phyllophaga sp.); Northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis); Oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis); Southern masked chafer (Cyclocephala lurida); Billbug (Curculionoidea); Aedes aegypti; Busseola fusca; Chilo suppressalis; Culex pipiens; Culex quinquefasciatus; Diabrotica virgifera; Diatraea saccharalis; Helicoverpa armigera; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Ostrinia furnacalis; Ostrinia nubilalis; Pectinophora gossypiella; Plodia interpunctella; Plutella xylostella; Pseudoplusia includens; Spodoptera exigua; Spodoptera frugiperda; Spodoptera littoralis; Trichoplusia ni; and Xanthogaleruca luteola. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the insects are selected from the group consisting of: Aedes aegypti; Busseola fusca; Chilo suppressalis; Culex pipiens; Culex quinquefasciatus; Diabrotica virgifera; Diatraea saccharalis; Helicoverpa armigera; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis 277702-549942 virescens; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Ostrinia furnacalis; Ostrinia nubilalis; Pectinophora gossypiella; Plodia interpunctella; Plutella xylostella; Pseudoplusia includens; Spodoptera exigua; Spodoptera frugiperda; Spodoptera littoralis; Trichoplusia ni; and Xanthogaleruca luteola. 49. A method for controlling insects comprising, providing to said insect a transgenic plant that comprises in its genome a stably incorporated expression cassette, wherein said stably incorporated expression cassette comprises a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP. 50. A method of combating, controlling, or inhibiting a pest comprising, applying a pesticidally effective amount of the composition of claim 8 to the locus of the pest, or to a plant or animal susceptible to an attack by the pest. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the pest is selected from the group consisting of: group consisting of: Achema Sphinx Moth (Hornworm) (Eumorpha achemon); Alfalfa Caterpillar (Colias eurytheme); Almond Moth (Caudra cautella); Amorbia Moth (Amorbia humerosana); Armyworm (Spodoptera spp., e.g. exigua, frugiperda, littoralis, Pseudaletia unipuncta); Artichoke Plume Moth (Platyptilia carduidactyla); Azalea Caterpillar (Datana major); Bagworm (Thyridopteryx); ephemeraeformis); Banana Moth (Hypercompe scribonia); Banana Skipper (Erionota thrax); Blackheaded Budworm (Acleris gloverana); California Oakworm (Phryganidia californica); Spring Cankerworm (Paleacrita merriccata); Cherry Fruitworm (Grapholita packardi); China Mark Moth (Nymphula stagnata); Citrus Cutworm (Xylomyges curialis); Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella); Cranberry Fruitworm (Acrobasis vaccinii); Cross- striped Cabbageworm (Evergestis rimosalis); Cutworm (Noctuid species, Agrotis ipsilon); Douglas Fir Tussock Moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata); Ello Moth (Hornworm) (Erinnyis ello); Elm Spanworm (Ennomos subsignaria); European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana); European Skipper (Thymelicus lineola); Essex Skipper; Fall Webworm (Melissopus latiferreanus)); Filbert Leafroller (Archips rosanus)); Fruittree Leafroller (Archips argyrospilia)); Grape Berry Moth (Paralobesia viteana)); Grape Leafroller (Platynota stultana)); Grapeleaf Skeletonizer (Harrisina americana); Green Cloverworm (Plathypena scabra)); Greenstriped Mapleworm (Dryocampa rubicunda)); Gummosos-Batrachedra comosae (Hodges); Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar); Hemlock Looper (Lambdina fiscellaria); Hornworm (Manduca spp.); Imported Cabbageworm (Pieris rapae); Io Moth (Automeris io); Jack Pine Budworm (Choristoneura pinus); Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana); Melonworm (Diaphania hyalinata); Mimosa Webworm (Homadaula anisocentra); Obliquebanded Leafroller (Choristoneura 277702-549942 rosaceana); Oleander Moth (Syntomeida epilais); Omnivorous Leafroller (Playnota stultana); Omnivorous Looper (Sabulodes aegrotata); Orangedog (Papilio cresphontes); Orange Tortrix (Argyrotaenia citrana); Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholita molesta); Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella); Pine Butterfly (Neophasia menapia); Podworm; Redbanded Leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinana); Redhumped Caterpillar (Schizura concinna); Rindworm Complex (Various Leps.); Saddleback Caterpillar (Sibine stimulea); Saddle Prominent Caterpillar Heterocampa guttivitta); Saltmarsh Caterpillar (Estigmene acrea); Sod Webworm (Crambus spp.); Spanworm (Ennomos subsignaria); Fall Cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria); Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana); Tent Caterpillar (Various Lasiocampidae); Thecla-Thecla Basilides (Geyr) (Thecla basilides); Tobacco Hornworm (Manduca sexta); Tobacco Moth (Ephestia elutella); Tufted Apple Budmoth (Platynota idaeusalis); Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella); Variegated Cutworm (Peridroma saucia); Variegated Leafroller (Platynota flavedana); Velvetbean Caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis); Walnut Caterpillar (Datana integerrima); Webworm (Hyphantria cunea); Western Tussock Moth (Orgyia vetusta); Southern Cornstalk Borer (Diatraea crambidoides); Corn Earworm; Sweet potato weevil; Pepper weevil; Citrus root weevil; Strawberry root weevil; Pecan weevil); Filbert weevil; Ricewater weevil; Alfalfa weevil; Clover weevil; Tea shot-hole borer; Root weevil; Sugarcane beetle; Coffee berry borer; Annual blue grass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis); Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea); European chafer (Rhizotroqus majalis); Green June beetle (Cotinis nitida); Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica); May or June beetle (Phyllophaga sp.); Northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealis); Oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis); Southern masked chafer (Cyclocephala lurida); Billbug (Curculionoidea); Aedes aegypti; Busseola fusca; Chilo suppressalis; Culex pipiens; Culex quinquefasciatus; Diabrotica virgifera; Diatraea saccharalis; Helicoverpa armigera; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Ostrinia furnacalis; Ostrinia nubilalis; Pectinophora gossypiella; Plodia interpunctella; Plutella xylostella; Pseudoplusia includens; Spodoptera exigua; Spodoptera frugiperda; Spodoptera littoralis; Trichoplusia ni; and Xanthogaleruca luteola. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the pest is selected from the group consisting of: Aedes aegypti; Busseola fusca; Chilo suppressalis; Culex pipiens; Culex quinquefasciatus; Diabrotica virgifera; Diatraea saccharalis; Helicoverpa armigera; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Ostrinia furnacalis; Ostrinia nubilalis; Pectinophora gossypiella; Plodia interpunctella; Plutella xylostella; Pseudoplusia includens; Spodoptera exigua; Spodoptera frugiperda; Spodoptera littoralis; Trichoplusia ni; and Xanthogaleruca luteola. 277702-549942 53. A vector comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP having an amino acid sequence with at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or at least 100% sequence identity to a sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60. 54. A yeast strain comprising: a. a first expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operable to encode a PVP, said PVP comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or at least 100%, identical to the amino acid sequence according to Formula (I): X1-X2-X3-A-X4-C-L-X5-E-G-X6-W-C-A-D- W-X7-G-P-S-C-C-X8-X9-X10-X11-C-S-C-P-G-X12-G-K-C-R-C-X13-X14-X15-X16, wherein the PVP comprises at least one amino acid substitution, and/or at least one amino acid addition, and/or at least one amino acid deletion relative to the wild-type sequence of the PL1c Delta-amaurobitoxin as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (A-D-C-L-N-E-G-D-W-C-A-D-W-S-G-P-S-C-C-G-E-M-W-C-S-C-P-G-F- G-K-C-R-C-K-K - SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Tangled Nest spider (Paracoelotes luctuosus) and wherein X1 is an amino acid selected from E, T, L, G, S, T, or absent; X2 is A, or absent; X3 is E, or absent, X4 is an amino acid selected from A, G, N, D, I, V, or S; X5 is an amino acid selected from N, S, D, Q, K, or A; X6 is an amino acid selected from D, S, E, N, or Q; X7 is an amino acid selected from S or A; and X8 is an amino acid selected from: G, K, D, or Y; X9 is an amino acid selected from: E, G, S, or A, or V, X10 is an amino acid selected from: M, Y, F, or L; X11 is an amino acid selected from: W, Y, M, F or L; X12 is an amino acid selected from: A, R, N, D, E, Q, G, H, I, L, K, F, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V: X13 is an amino acid selected from: K or R; X14 is an amino acid selected from: K or N; X15 is an amino acid selected from: S, N, or absent, X16 is an amino acid selected from: N, S, or absent, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; or complementary nucleotide sequence thereof. 55. The yeast strain of claim 54, wherein, X1 is the amino acid T, G, or S, X2 is the amino acid A; X3 is the amino acid E; X4 is the amino acid A; X5 is the amino acid N, or A; X6 is the amino acid D, or E; X7 is the amino acid A; X8 is the amino acid G or D; X9 is the amino acid E, or G; X10 is the amino acid M or Y; X11 is the amino acid W or Y; X12 is the amino acid F; X13 is the amino acid K; X14 is the amino acid K; X15 is the amino acid S; and X16 is absent. 277702-549942 56. The yeast strain of claim 54, wherein the PVP comprises, or consists of, an amino sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-60. 57. The yeast strain of claim 54, wherein the yeast cell is selected from any species of the genera Saccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Hansenula, Yarrowia or Schizosaccharomyces. 58. The yeast strain of claim 57, wherein the yeast cell is selected from the group consisting of Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris. 59. The yeast strain of claim 57, wherein the yeast cell is Kluyveromyces lactis or Kluyveromyces marxianus.
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