WO2025003149A1 - Procédé de production de résines hydrocarbures à partir de résidus de polystyrène et de résidus pneumatiques - Google Patents
Procédé de production de résines hydrocarbures à partir de résidus de polystyrène et de résidus pneumatiques Download PDFInfo
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- WO2025003149A1 WO2025003149A1 PCT/EP2024/067838 EP2024067838W WO2025003149A1 WO 2025003149 A1 WO2025003149 A1 WO 2025003149A1 EP 2024067838 W EP2024067838 W EP 2024067838W WO 2025003149 A1 WO2025003149 A1 WO 2025003149A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L9/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of conjugated diene hydrocarbons
- C08L9/06—Copolymers with styrene
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
- B60C1/0016—Compositions of the tread
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C11/00—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts
- B60C11/03—Tread patterns
- B60C11/12—Tread patterns characterised by the use of narrow slits or incisions, e.g. sipes
- B60C11/1272—Width of the sipe
- B60C11/1281—Width of the sipe different within the same sipe, i.e. enlarged width portion at sipe bottom or along its length
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/10—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
- C08J11/12—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by dry-heat treatment only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
- C10B53/07—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C11/00—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts
- B60C11/0008—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts characterised by the tread rubber
- B60C2011/0016—Physical properties or dimensions
- B60C2011/0025—Modulus or tan delta
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C11/00—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts
- B60C11/03—Tread patterns
- B60C2011/0337—Tread patterns characterised by particular design features of the pattern
- B60C2011/0339—Grooves
- B60C2011/0341—Circumferential grooves
- B60C2011/0348—Narrow grooves, i.e. having a width of less than 4 mm
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C11/00—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts
- B60C11/03—Tread patterns
- B60C2011/0337—Tread patterns characterised by particular design features of the pattern
- B60C2011/0339—Grooves
- B60C2011/0341—Circumferential grooves
- B60C2011/0353—Circumferential grooves characterised by width
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2309/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of conjugated diene hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2325/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2325/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
- C08J2325/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1003—Waste materials
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of processes for producing hydrocarbon resins from recycled residues, to the resins produced by such processes and to the compositions comprising these resins, in particular the compositions intended for rubber articles and in particular vehicle tires.
- Prior art Tires, and more generally rubber articles such as for example conveyor belts and non-pneumatic tires, are complex objects made up of a multitude of components.
- a tire is made up of more than 200 different raw materials, among which are different families of elastomers, reinforcing fillers, oils, hydrocarbon resins.
- hydrocarbon resins having a high glass transition temperature (Tg) comprising both aliphatic functions and aromatic functions are used to shift the performance compromises of the mixtures, such as rolling resistance or grip. These resins make it possible, in particular, to modify the Tg of the mixture.
- Tg glass transition temperature
- Such resins having a high Tg are known from the state of the art and described, for example, in documents WO2016/043851, US9139721 or FR2968006.
- the compatibility of the resins with the elastomeric matrix, and in particular their ability to disperse correctly in the mixture, is essential for them to play their role correctly.
- the compatibility of the resin with an elastomeric matrix depends, among other things, on properties such as the glass transition temperature and the softening point of the resin, these properties being dependent on the molar mass, the nature and the ratio of aromatic units to aliphatic units of the resin (see for example J. Appl Polym. Sci 2022139(15) 51950). It is therefore important to be able to vary these parameters in order to address the variety of elastomers used in rubber compositions.
- Such resins comprising aliphatic and aromatic units are well known in the state of the art, for example in document EP 0936229 which teaches the manufacture of hydrocarbon resins from aliphatic and aromatic monomers in cationic polymerization, from petroleum-based streams.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing resins that can be incorporated into a wide variety of elastomeric compositions from bio-sourced and/or recycled resources.
- the invention relates to at least one method for producing hydrocarbon resins from a feedstock of styrenic compounds and a feedstock comprising rubber chips, said method comprising at least: a. A step of preparing the feedstock of styrenic compounds so as to be able to feed this feedstock into the pyrolysis step; b1.
- a resin synthesis step comprising a polymerization section supplied at least by a stream from step c1) and by the intermediate fraction from step c2), followed by a finishing section and producing a polymerized effluent; e.
- a treatment step comprising a section for separating the polymerized effluent from step d) into a solvent-rich effluent and a resin-rich effluent, and a drying section supplied by the resin-rich effluent in order to produce a stream of hydrocarbon resins.
- the charge of styrenic compounds is a charge of styrenic compounds from plastic waste comprising at least 90% by weight of polystyrene.
- the rubber chips comprise at least 50 phr of diene elastomer, preferably at least 60 phr of diene elastomer.
- the charge of styrene compounds is gradually heated during step a) to a temperature of between 100°C and 300°C, preferably between 150°C and 300°C and preferably between 200°C and 300°C.
- pyrolysis step b1) comprises a pyrolysis reactor operated at a temperature ranging from 300°C to 900°C and preferably ranging from 300 to 800°C and a pressure ranging from 0.8 bar to 7.5 bar.
- pyrolysis step b1) implements a microwave pyrolysis step.
- separation step c1) is implemented by distillation.
- the mass ratio of the flow from step c1) to the intermediate fraction from step c2) feeding step d) is adjusted so that the resin obtained has a molar ratio of aliphatic H to aromatic H ranging from 40/60 to 95/5, preferably ranging from 50/50 to 90/10, preferably ranging from 55/45 to 90/10.
- the polymerization section of resin synthesis step d) is also fed with a solvent flow chosen from aliphatic, aromatic, halogenated solvents and their mixtures.
- the process according to the invention is fed only with the feedstock of styrene compounds and the feedstock comprising rubber chips, the solvent required in step d) being provided by at least one stream from step c2) and/or at least a fraction of the pyrolysis oil from step b1).
- the solvent required in step d) being provided by at least one stream from step c2) and/or at least a fraction of the pyrolysis oil from step b1).
- at least a fraction of the pyrolysis oil from step b1) feeds the resin synthesis step d).
- the invention also relates to a resin prepared by the process according to any one of the preceding claims having the following characteristics: a glass transition temperature (denoted Tg) ranging from 20°C to 140°C; a number-average molar mass of less than 5000 g/mol, preferably less than 4000 g/mol and preferably less than 3000 g/mol; • a dispersity ⁇ of less than 3, preferably less than 2.5 and more preferably less than 2; • A level of aromatic protons, determined by 1H NMR, of between 0.5 mol% and 50 mol%, preferably between 2 mol% and 30 mol% and more preferably between 2 mol% and 20 mol%; • A level of aliphatic protons, determined by 1H NMR, of between 50 mol% and 99.5 mol%, preferably between 70 mol% and 98 mol%, preferably between 80 mol% and 98 mol%; • A level of ethylenic protons, determined by 1H NMR, of less than or
- the invention also relates to a vehicle tire, the tread of which comprises a rubber composition according to the invention.
- the compounds comprising carbon mentioned in the description may be of fossil or biosourced origin. In the latter case, they may be, partially or totally, derived from biomass or obtained from renewable raw materials derived from biomass.
- Cn compound we mean a compound comprising n carbon atoms.
- Cn-Cm compounds we mean a set of compounds comprising from n to m carbon atoms.
- heteroatom we mean an atom other than carbon or hydrogen, for example nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen.
- hydrocarbon compound we mean a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen.
- the process according to the invention is a process for producing hydrocarbon resins from a feedstock of styrenic compounds and a feedstock comprising rubber chips.
- These two fillers are derived from the recycling of materials, for example from polystyrene objects and end-of-life vehicle tires, or from manufacturing residues that are not used or that are not in accordance with the use for which they were intended.
- a filler of styrene compounds is understood to mean a filler that comprises styrene-based polymers, such as styrene rubbers and polystyrene.
- the filler of styrene compounds is a filler of styrene compounds derived from plastic waste.
- Such a filler preferably comprises at least 90% by weight of polystyrene, preferably at least 93% by weight of polystyrene, and more preferably at least 95% by weight of polystyrene.
- the filler of styrene compounds may comprise other compounds, in particular if it is derived from plastic waste. These other compounds may be, but are not limited to, plastic compounds such as polyethylene, polypropylene, elastomers, organic materials such as paper, food, or inorganic materials such as glass, metal, sand.
- chip is meant a small element obtained by cutting rubber articles, preferably rubber articles at the end of their life. The rubber articles are preferably freed from their non-rubber constituent elements, such as for example textile fibers or metal wires.
- the rubber chips preferably have a greater length ranging from 1 to 100 mm, preferably ranging from 1 to 50 mm and more preferably ranging from 1 to 30 mm.
- the chips can have any shape, but chips of relatively uniform size and shape will be preferred in order to facilitate the conduct of the pyrolysis step. This control of size and shape is well known to those skilled in the art.
- the rubber chips comprise at least 50 phr of diene elastomer.
- diene elastomer or indistinctly rubber, whether natural or synthetic, is meant in a known manner an elastomer consisting at least in part (i.e., a homopolymer or a copolymer) of diene monomer units (monomers bearing two carbon-carbon double bonds, conjugated or not).
- the diene elastomer is chosen from the group consisting of polybutadienes (BR), natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers, and mixtures of these elastomers.
- Butadiene copolymers are particularly chosen from the group consisting of butadiene-styrene copolymers (SBR).
- the diene elastomer is an isoprene elastomer.
- isoprene elastomer is meant, in a known manner, a homopolymer or a copolymer of isoprene, in other words a diene elastomer chosen from the group consisting of natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), the various isoprene copolymers and the mixtures of these elastomers.
- isoprene copolymers butyl rubber - IIR
- isoprene-styrene SIR
- isoprene-butadiene BIR
- isoprene-butadiene-styrene SBIR
- This isoprene elastomer is preferably chosen from the group consisting of natural rubber, synthetic cis-1,4 polyisoprenes and their mixtures; among these synthetic polyisoprenes, polyisoprenes having a rate (mol%) of cis-1,4 bonds greater than 90%, more preferably still greater than 98%, are preferably used.
- the diene elastomer is natural rubber.
- a high content of diene elastomer promotes the production of monomers of interest at the pyrolysis outlet, in particular limonene.
- the rubber chips are derived from tire treads, in particular from heavy-duty tire treads, the latter having high contents of diene elastomers, preferably isoprene, typically from 60 to 100 pce of isoprene elastomers.
- Preparation step a) The method according to the invention comprises a step of preparing the charge of styrenic compounds.
- the charge of styrenic compounds is conditioned to be able to feed pyrolysis step b).
- This preparation step may comprise grinding, degassing and temperature control operations in order to cause the plastic compounds to melt, for example in an extrusion device during which the temperature is gradually increased, the vapor effluents (water, light compounds generated by the partial decomposition of the polystyrene filler) and the solid effluents (non-fusible debris such as metal debris, glass) are separated.
- the filler of styrene compounds is gradually heated to a temperature of between 100°C and 300°C, preferably between 150°C and 300°C and more preferably between 200°C and 300°C, this temperature making it possible to obtain the melting of the polystyrene, when such a compound is present, by limiting its thermal decomposition.
- Step b1) of pyrolysis of the feedstock of styrene compounds The feedstock of styrene compounds feeds a pyrolysis step for obtaining at least one gaseous effluent and a pyrolysis oil, said pyrolysis oil comprising at least 20% by weight of aromatic compounds.
- Pyrolysis means the thermal decomposition of compounds in an inert or oxygen-poor atmosphere, i.e. comprising less than 5% by volume, preferably less than 3% by volume and more preferably less than 2% by volume of oxygen, preferably in an inert atmosphere.
- the feedstock feeds a pyrolysis step, carried out at a temperature and pressure such that the depolymerization of the styrene compounds into styrene oligomers and into styrene monomers is carried out.
- styrene takes place.
- the pyrolysis step is carried out at a temperature ranging from 300 to 900°C, preferably ranging from 300°C to 800°C.
- the pyrolysis step is preferably carried out at a pressure ranging from 0.8 bar to 7.5 bar, preferably ranging from 1 bar to 6 bar and more preferably ranging from 1 bar to 4.5 bar.
- the pyrolysis step implements a microwave pyrolysis step.
- Such microwave pyrolysis usable for the pyrolysis of a feedstock of styrene compounds is for example described in document WO 2020/202089.
- the use of a microwave-assisted pyrolysis step makes it possible to achieve higher heat transfer rates and reaction temperatures, which promote end-of-chain scission reactions and minimize the formation of styrene oligomers.
- a microwave pyrolysis step is also characterized by a lower reaction mass temperature than a conventional pyrolysis section.
- the lower reaction mass temperatures result in lower styrene oligomer evaporation rates and help avoid “over-cracking” the styrene produced.
- the use of a microwave pyrolysis step will reduce the formation of styrene oligomers compared to a conventional pyrolysis step.
- the pyrolysis step produces at least an off-gas and a pyrolysis oil.
- the off-gas may also contain entrained liquid droplets.
- the off-gas includes the majority of the styrene monomer produced in the pyrolysis step, as well as gaseous light aromatics under operating conditions such as alpha-methyl-styrene, ethylbenzene, cumene, and toluene.
- the gaseous effluent comprises at least 20% by weight of aromatic compounds, preferably at least 20% by weight of styrene.
- the gaseous effluent comprises at most 10% by weight of ethylbenzene, preferably at most 5% by weight of ethylbenzene and preferably at most 3% by weight of ethylbenzene.
- the gaseous effluent comprises at least 10% by weight of compounds whose boiling point is higher than that of styrene.
- the pyrolysis oil may also comprise solid elements, unfused polymers, produced during pyrolysis, or debris not separated in the feedstock preparation step. This flow preferably feeds a separation section in which the possible solid fraction is separated from the liquid fraction, the latter being able to be recycled in a mixture with the feedstock of the pyrolysis step or used in step d) of resin synthesis.
- the pyrolysis step may be implemented in a pyrolysis reactor, and be operated continuously, semi-continuously or in batch processing. Such reactors are well known to those skilled in the art.
- Step c1) of separation of the gaseous effluent from step b1) comprises a separation step fed at least by the gaseous effluent from step b1) and producing at least one stream rich in light compounds, one stream rich in aromatics and one stream rich in heavy compounds.
- the stream rich in light compounds mainly comprises compounds lighter than benzene, in particular the compounds hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, butene, isobutane.
- the stream rich in aromatics mainly comprises aromatic compounds comprising from 6 to 9 carbon atoms.
- the separation step c1) is carried out in such a way that the stream rich in aromatics comprises at least 99% by mass of styrene.
- the stream rich in heavy compounds mainly comprises non-depolymerized styrene compounds, and in particular styrene oligomers when the feed comprises polystyrene.
- the separation step c1) is carried out by distillation.
- a first column fed with the gaseous effluent from step b1) separates this effluent into a stream rich in light compounds and into a raffinate, the latter being separated by means of a second column into a stream rich in aromatics and a stream rich in heavy compounds.
- the separation is carried out in a single distillation column.
- the vapor effluent is cooled to a temperature between 30°C and 50°C, preferably between 35°C and 45°C.
- the condensed liquid fraction is returned to the top of the column as reflux, while the vapor fraction is then subcooled to a temperature between -5°C and 10°C, preferably between -5°C and 5°C in order to condense the styrene possibly entrained with the light compounds.
- the condensed flow after subcooling is returned to the top of the column as reflux.
- the residual vapor fraction constitutes the flow rich in light compounds. This flow can then be recovered, for example in the form of energy.
- a first cooling makes it possible to use as much of the cooling water at room temperature as a cold utility as possible and minimizes the use of specific cold utility to obtain subcooling, which has a favorable impact on the life cycle analysis of the process according to the invention.
- the distillation column is operated at a pressure of between 0.1 and 2.0 bara, preferably between 0.5 and 1.5 bara and preferably between 0.5 and 1.1 bar, the operating pressure being understood as the pressure measured at the top of the column.
- bara is meant absolute bar, as opposed to a pressure expressed in relative bar, commonly noted “barg” according to the English notation "bar gauge”.
- the distillation column is supplied at the bottom of the column with at least the gaseous effluent from step b1) and produces at the top of the column a flow rich in light compounds, at the bottom a flow rich in heavy compounds, and by a lateral draw-off a flow rich in aromatics, said column having as its only heat supply said gaseous effluent from step b1).
- the gaseous effluent from step b1) is at high temperature, preferably at a temperature greater than 300°C. This temperature is sufficient for the column not to require any other heat input.
- the distillation column implemented in this variant of step c1) of the method according to the invention comprises from 5 to 20 theoretical stages, preferably at most 15 theoretical stages, more preferably from 8 to 12 theoretical stages.
- a flow rich in aromatics is drawn off on an intermediate tray. This draw-off tray is located in the lower third of the distillation column, preferably from 1 to 3 theoretical stages from the bottom tray.
- a polymerization inhibitor of styrene into polystyrene such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidinooxy, may be fed into the distillation column of step c), or the distillation columns of step c) of the process, preferably at the column head.
- Step b2) of pyrolysis of the feed comprising rubber chips The feed comprising rubber chips feeds a step of pyrolysis of the rubber chips carried out at a temperature between 300 and 900°C with an increasing temperature ramp, making it possible to obtain a gaseous effluent, a pyrolysis oil and a solid effluent, said pyrolysis oil comprising at least 1.5% by weight of C4-C12 olefinic monomers.
- the pyrolysis step is preferably carried out at a temperature between 350 and 800°C, and preferably between 350 and 650°C, a pressure of less than 1 bar and a ratio of the residence time of the solid to the residence time of the gas ranging from 10 to 240, preferably from 10 to 120 and very preferably from 10 to 60.
- a short residence time of the gas fraction compared to the residence time of the solid fraction makes it possible to improve the yield of monomers of interest.
- the residence time of the gas fraction can be reduced by feeding the pyrolysis step with an inert gas. This preferential feeding also makes it possible to improve the desorption of volatile materials linked to the solid fraction.
- the residence time of the solid fraction in the pyrolysis step preferably ranges from 3 to 180 min, preferably from 3 to 120 min.
- the residence time of the gas fraction is less than 3 min.
- These particular conditions make it possible to maximize the production of compounds of interest, in particular monomers such as limonene, as well as gaseous fractions that can be recovered as fuels and heavy liquid fractions that can be used for the manufacture of carbon black.
- the use of an increasing temperature ramp makes it possible to optimize the yield and selectivity of the pyrolysis reactions towards the monomers of interest.
- the pyrolysis step is carried out with a temperature ramp of between 1 and 10°C/min.
- the pyrolysis step can be implemented in a pyrolysis reactor, and can be carried out continuously, semi-continuously or in batch processing ("batch" according to English terminology). Such reactors are well known to those skilled in the art.
- the pyrolysis reactor may be any device in which the reaction can take place via the supply of heat, the supply of heat being able to be carried out in any manner known to those skilled in the art, for example by combustion, by electrical means or by radiation.
- the pyrolysis step When the pyrolysis step is carried out continuously or semi-continuously, it may be implemented in several zones operated at increasing temperatures so that the flow passing through these zones undergoes a temperature increase of between 1 and 10°C/min.
- the pyrolysis effluent is cooled so as to condense the volatile fractions. At the end of the condensation, three effluents are obtained: a gaseous effluent comprising the non-condensable gases (i.e.
- Pyrolysis oil consists mainly of a mixture of hydrocarbons with a wide range of boiling points. The majority of these compounds are members of the family of alkane, olefin, naphthenes (cycloalkanes) and aromatics. Some species containing heteroatoms are also present.
- a pyrolysis oil comprising at least 1.5% by weight of C4-C12 olefinic monomers, preferably at least 2% by weight of C4-C12 olefinic monomers, more preferably at least 4% by weight.
- olefinic monomers is meant hydrocarbon compounds comprising unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds and capable of polymerizing under suitable conditions.
- the pyrolysis oil preferably comprises at least 70% by weight of carbon element, more preferably at least 74% by weight and preferentially at least 78% by weight.
- the pyrolysis oil preferably comprises at most 5% by weight of nitrogen element, more preferably at most 3% by weight and preferentially at most 1.5% by weight.
- the pyrolysis oil preferably comprises at most 2% by weight of sulfur element, more preferably at most 1.5% by weight and preferentially at most 1% by weight.
- Step c2) of separation of the oil from step b2) The method according to the invention comprises a step of separation of the pyrolysis oil from step b2) into at least one raffinate, an intermediate fraction and an extract, the intermediate fraction having a boiling point at atmospheric pressure in the range from 140 to 280°C and comprising at most 10% by weight of heteroatoms.
- the boiling point at atmospheric pressure can be determined in a manner known to those skilled in the art, for example by following the requirements of standard ASTM D86-23. Extract means a lighter fraction, i.e.
- the intermediate fraction from step b2) is a cut whose boiling point at atmospheric pressure is in the range from 150 to 280°C and preferably from 150 to 260°C. This cut concentrates most of the olefinic monomers of interest, while excluding most of the compounds that may have a negative impact on the resin synthesis step.
- Said intermediate fraction comprises at most 10% by weight of heteroatoms.
- it comprises limonene and other compounds of the terpene family, such as ⁇ -pinene, ⁇ -pinene, carene, myrcene, farnesene, other oxidized or non-oxidized terpenes, aromatic olefins such as styrene, alpha-methyl-styrene, indene, coumarone, linear and cyclic olefins such as dicyclopentadiene, but also compounds inert with respect to the resin synthesis step such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
- the intermediate fraction resulting from step b2) comprises at most 2% by weight of sulfur element, preferably at most 1.5% by weight, and preferably less than 1% by weight, very preferably less than 0.8% by weight, the latter being particularly detrimental to the subsequent resin synthesis step.
- the step of separating the pyrolysis oil into at least one raffinate, an intermediate fraction and an extract can be carried out by any means known to those skilled in the art for increasing the concentration of C4-C12 olefinic monomers and limiting the heteroatom content.
- separation step b2) is carried out by distillation, which can be carried out sequentially (batch) or continuously, in one or more intermediate steps.
- separation step b2) is carried out by distillation, the intermediate fraction being obtained by topping followed by tailing.
- Topping means the removal of a light fraction, the cutting point of which is less than 140°C, preferably less than 150°C at atmospheric pressure.
- Tailing means the removal of a heavy fraction, the cutting point of which is greater than 280°C, preferably greater than 260°C.
- separation step b2) is carried out in a single distillation step, the intermediate fraction being obtained by lateral withdrawal from said distillation step.
- a particularly preferred example of implementation of this arrangement is an implementation in a so-called "internal wall" column.
- separation step b2) is carried out by distillation, this is preferably carried out at a pressure less than or equal to atmospheric pressure, preferably less than or equal to 0.5 bar, preferably less than or equal to 0.250 bar.
- the intermediate fraction from step c2) undergoes a purification treatment before feeding step d).
- This purification treatment makes it possible, where appropriate, in particular to lower the content of compounds such as sulfur or carbonyl compounds before the intermediate fraction feeds a resin synthesis step d).
- the purification treatment is carried out by passing the intermediate fraction over a fixed bed of silica, alumina, activated carbon, ion exchange resins or a mixture of these constituents.
- the purification treatment is carried out by passing the intermediate fraction over a fixed bed of alumina beads in order, in particular, to remove polar impurities therefrom.
- the heteroatom content in the intermediate fraction at the end of the purification treatment is less than 2% by weight, preferably less than 1% by weight, preferably less than 0.9% by weight and more preferably less than 0.8% by weight.
- the raffinate, rich in polyaromatics can be recovered for the production of carbon black, for example via so-called "Blast Furnace" processes, the properties and specifications of which are comparable to those of carbon black produced from traditional raw materials. It can be used for manufacturing new rubber products, such as tires, conveyor belts or any rubber articles.
- the extract, low in compounds of interest for the resin synthesis step of the process according to the invention can preferably be used as a solvent, fuel, plasticizer or be treated in refining processes in order to recover light aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes).
- Resin synthesis step d) The process according to the invention comprises a resin synthesis step comprising a polymerization section supplied at least by a flow from step c1) and by the intermediate fraction from step c2), followed by a finishing section and producing a polymerized effluent.
- the resin synthesis step mainly consists in oligomerizing the monomers included in the stream from step c1), in particular styrene and alpha-methylstyrene, and the intermediate fraction from step c2), and thus preparing new oligomeric materials of the resin type, by controlling the macrostructure, in particular by limiting the content of low molecular weight compounds, such as monomers, dimers and trimers, and high molecular weight compounds, i.e. those whose molecular weight is greater than 5000 g/mol, as well as the microstructure.
- a dimer means a compound comprising two monomers linked by a covalent bond.
- a dimer may be a homodimer, i.e.
- trimer is meant a compound comprising three monomers linked by a covalent bond.
- a trimer can be a homotrimer, i.e. the combination of three identical monomers, a heterotrimer, i.e. the combination of at least two different monomers, or a mixture of homotrimer and heterotrimer.
- the process according to the invention makes it possible to use the stream rich in light compounds, the stream rich in aromatic compounds, or the stream rich in heavy compounds depending on the parameters sought for the resin produced, which allows great versatility.
- the flows are rich in light compounds, rich in heavy compounds or rich in aromatic compounds are produced by distillation in step c1), no further treatment is required before using one of these streams for the production of resin.
- the mass ratio of stream from step c1) to the intermediate fraction from step c2) feeding step d) is adjusted so that the resin obtained has a molar ratio of aliphatic H to aromatic H ranging from 40/60 to 95/5, preferably ranging from 50/50 to 90/10, more preferably ranging from 55/45 to 90/10.
- the polymerization section is also fed with a stream of solvent chosen from aliphatic, aromatic, halogenated solvents and their mixtures.
- the solvent chosen from aliphatic, aromatic, halogenated solvents and their mixtures is chosen from C7-C10 aromatic solvents, C6-C8 aliphatic solvents and C1-C2 chlorinated solvents and their mixtures, preferably from toluene, methylcyclohexane and dichloromethane.
- a fraction of the pyrolysis oil from step b1) is used as solvent stream.
- the process according to the invention is fed only with the feedstock of styrenic compounds and the intermediate fraction from step c2), the solvent required in step d) being provided by at least one stream from step c1) and/or at least one fraction of the pyrolysis oil from step b), preferably only at least one fraction of the pyrolysis oil from step b) feeding step d).
- synthesis step d) is fed with a flow from step b), with an intermediate fraction from step c2) and with a solvent flow such that the monomer content is between 50 and 75% by weight.
- the solvent flow rate can be adapted so as to adjust the monomer content in step d).
- the resin obtained by the process according to the invention comprises less than 1% by weight of compounds whose molecular mass is greater than 5000 g/mol.
- the resin obtained comprises at most 50% by weight of dimeric and trimer compounds.
- the polymerization section is operated in the absence of catalyst, or in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as Bronsted acid, Lewis acid or Friedel-Crafts acid, said catalyst being able to be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
- said polymerization section is operated in the presence of an acid catalyst, of the Bronsted acid or Lewis acid type.
- Said polymerization section can also be operated in the presence of ligands, a co-catalyst, and/or a cationic polymerization initiator, for example of the proton or carbocation generator type.
- the catalyst is a Lewis acid comprising ligands from the aluminum halide family.
- these ligands are chosen from aluminum chlorides, for example aluminum trichloride, alkylaluminum chlorides, such as diethylaluminum chloride and ethylaluminum dichloride, and arylaluminum chlorides, such as phenylaluminum chloride.
- the catalyst also comprises a co-ligand with a Lewis base character, making it possible to modulate the acid character of the Lewis acid ligand, of the aliphatic ether type (for example diethyl ether, dibutyl ether), aromatic ether (diphenyl ether), or ester (ethyl acetate) or alkyl amines (triethylamine) or arylamines (diphenylamine, triphenylamine).
- the polymerization section can also be operated with ligands containing phosphorus, sulfur or any other heteroatom.
- the polymerization section is preferably operated at a temperature ranging from -60°C to +300°C, preferentially ranging from -60°C to +120°C, very preferentially ranging from -50°C to +100°C and preferably ranging from -40°C to +90°C and very preferably ranging from +20 to +90°C.
- the average residence time in the polymerization section is preferably between 0.25 h and 7 h, preferably between 0.5 h and 4 h. When the polymerization section is operated continuously, the average residence time in said section is the ratio of the reaction volume of said section to the volume flow rate of the feeds of the section.
- the amount of catalyst is preferably in a range from 0.05% to 5% by weight relative to the weight of olefinic monomers at the inlet of the polymerization section, and preferably ranges from 0.1% to 2% by weight relative to the weight of olefinic monomers (styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, limonene, indene) at the inlet of the polymerization section.
- the flow from the polymerization section is then treated in a finishing section producing a polymerized effluent. This finishing section makes it possible to stop the polymerization reaction by adding a compound that deactivates the catalyst and stops the chains still growing.
- the finishing section is preferably implemented by contacting with a flow comprising a stopper compound chosen from water, a C1-C3 alcohol and their mixtures, preferably chosen from water, methanol, ethanol and their mixture, very preferably water at a temperature between 5 and 80°C, preferably at a temperature between 15 and 30°C (for example at room temperature), followed by separation by phase decantation of a polymerized effluent and an effluent mainly comprising the stopper compound.
- the molar ratio of stopper compound to polymerization catalyst in the finishing section is at least equal to 1.1, preferably at least equal to 2.
- the volume ratio of reaction medium to water in the finishing section is preferably between 20:1 and 10:1, preferably between 10:1 and 5:1 and preferably between 5:1 and 1:1.
- the flow from the polymerization section and the flow comprising the stopper compound are brought into contact with stirring for a period preferably ranging from 5 min to 2 h, preferably ranging from 15 min to 45 min, in order to promote contacting of the stopper compound with the reaction medium.
- a decantation phase is carried out in order to separate on the one hand an organic phase constituting the polymerized effluent mainly containing the resins, the solvent, the unconverted monomers, dimers, trimers and oligomers of low molecular weight and a phase mainly containing the stopper compound, the catalytic residues and organic residues soluble in the stopper compound.
- the decantation phase is preferably carried out for a period ranging from 5 min to 4 h, preferably ranging from 15 min to 2 h.
- the phase mainly containing the stopper compound can then be treated in order to recycle the stopper compound in the finishing section.
- the polymerized effluent then feeds the treatment step.
- Step e) of treatment of the polymerized effluent comprises a step of treating the polymerized effluent from step d) comprising a section for separating a solvent-rich effluent and a resin-rich effluent, and a drying section supplied with the resin-rich effluent in order to produce the resins.
- the implementation of the step of treating the polymerized effluent in the method according to the invention makes it possible to adjust the characteristics of the resins, in particular by eliminating low molecular weight oligomers (e.g. dimers, trimers, tetramers) and by reducing the dispersity, in order to control the properties of the resins obtained (e.g. glass transition temperature).
- the separation section of a solvent-rich effluent and a resin-rich effluent makes it possible on the one hand to recover a majority of the solvent and unconverted monomers for subsequent use, preferably for recycling them in the resin synthesis step of the process according to the invention, and on the other hand to concentrate the resins in the resin-rich effluent.
- the separation section can be carried out by any method known to those skilled in the art, in particular and preferably by evaporation, distillation, coagulation of the resins, liquid-liquid extraction or a combination of these methods. In a preferred arrangement, the separation section is carried out by distillation in at least one distillation column so as to produce a solvent-rich effluent at the top and a resin-rich effluent at the bottom.
- This section makes it possible to eliminate the residual monomers and oligomers at the top as well as the majority of the solvent used in the resin synthesis step and thus to adjust the macrostructure of the resins as well as its properties, for example the glass transition temperature noted Tg, in particular by reducing the dispersity by eliminating the low molecular weight compounds.
- the resin-rich effluent comprises the majority of the resins feeding the separation section.
- the resin recovery rate corresponding to the ratio of the resin flow rate in the resin-rich effluent to the resin flow rate in the feed of the separation section, is preferably greater than 80%, preferably greater than 90%. This recovery rate can be adjusted by increasing the number of separation stages of the separation section, or by adjusting the operating parameters of said section, for example the reflux rate.
- the separation section is carried out by coagulation of the resins.
- the polymerized effluent from step d) is brought into contact with a coagulation solvent in which the resins are not soluble in order to precipitate them.
- the coagulation solvent solubilizes the residual monomers, the solvent used in the resin synthesis step and the low molecular weight oligomers.
- the coagulation solvent is preferably chosen from polar protic or aprotic solvents with a low boiling point such as alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol and isopropanol, acetone, ethers, for example tetrahydrofuran (denoted THF) and dioxane.
- the coagulation separation section is preferably operated with a volume ratio of coagulation solvent / medium to be coagulated ranging from 1:1 to 10:1, preferably ranging from 2:1 to 5:1.
- the coagulation separation section is preferably operated at a temperature ranging from 5°C to 40°C.
- the stream comprising the coagulation solvent, constituting the solvent-rich effluent can then be recycled, for example to the resin synthesis step, by first undergoing, if necessary, a purification treatment step.
- the separation section is carried out by liquid-liquid extraction.
- the polymerized effluent from step d) is washed with a stream comprising mainly water. This extraction can be carried out in one or more steps, preferably in one to three steps.
- the liquid-liquid extraction can also be implemented upstream of a separation by distillation or by coagulation of the resins as described above.
- the separation section is carried out by evaporation, for example by evaporation in a scraped film evaporator.
- the viscosity of the resin-rich effluent depends on the resin content in this effluent and its temperature. These contents and temperatures are therefore adjusted such that this effluent can be transported to the drying section.
- the resin-rich effluent then feeds a drying section in which it is filtered and then dried.
- the dried resins have a residual solvent content (grouping the solvent(s) used in the synthesis step as well as the solvent(s) optionally used in the separation section) of less than 3% by weight, preferably less than 1.5% by weight and preferably less than 0.8% by weight relative to the mass of resins.
- the dried resins have a residual content of free monomers of less than 5% by weight, preferably less than 2% by weight and preferably less than 1% by weight relative to the mass of resins.
- Resins The present invention also relates to a hydrocarbon resin obtained from the process according to the invention, said resin having the following characteristics: ⁇ a glass transition temperature (denoted Tg) ranging from 20°C to 140°C; ⁇ a number-average molar mass of less than 5000 g/mol, preferably less than 4000 g/mol and preferably less than 3000 g/mol; ⁇ a dispersity ⁇ of less than 3, preferably less than 2.5 and preferably less than 2; ⁇ A level of aromatic protons, determined by 1H NMR, of between 0.5 mol% and 50 mol%, preferably of between 2 mol% and 30 mol% and preferably of between 2 mol% and 20 mol%; ⁇ A level of aliphatic protons, determined by 1H NMR, of between 50 mol% and 99.5 mol%, preferably of between 70 mol% and 98 mol%, preferably of between 80 mol% and 98 mol%; ⁇ A level of ethylenic
- the level of ethylenic protons is greater than or equal to 0.5 mol%, preferably greater than or equal to 1 mol%.
- the dried resins can then be shaped according to any method known to those skilled in the art, depending on the subsequent use of said resins. This shaping can be carried out for example by granulation.
- the method of obtaining the resin gives it properties in rubber composition different from similar resins in terms of structure.
- Rubber composition The present invention also relates to a rubber composition based on at least one elastomeric matrix comprising at least 50 phr of a butadiene copolymer, a reinforcing filler, a crosslinking system and a hydrocarbon resin according to the invention.
- the rubber composition according to the invention comprises at least 50 phr of a butadiene copolymer.
- the butadiene copolymer is preferably a copolymer of butadiene and a vinylaromatic monomer.
- Suitable vinylaromatic compounds include, for example, styrene, ortho-, meta-, para-methylstyrene, the commercial mixture "vinyl-toluene", para-tert-butylstyrene, methoxystyrenes, chlorostyrenes, vinylmesitylene, divinylbenzene, vinylnaphthalene.
- the vinylaromatic monomer of the copolymer of butadiene and vinylaromatic monomer is styrene.
- the rubber composition according to the invention comprises at least 70 phr, preferably at least 90 phr of at least one butadiene copolymer, preferably a butadiene-styrene copolymer.
- the butadiene copolymer has a glass transition temperature Tg of less than -20 °C, preferably between -20 °C and -110 °C, more preferably between -60 °C and -110 °C, more preferably between -60 °C and -90 °C.
- the rubber composition of the tire according to the invention may also comprise at least one other elastomer, preferably at least one other diene elastomer.
- diene-type elastomer it is recalled that an elastomer which is derived at least in part (i.e. a homopolymer or a copolymer) from diene monomers (monomers bearing two carbon-carbon double bonds, conjugated or not) must be understood.
- diene elastomers can be classified into two categories: "essentially unsaturated” or "essentially saturated”.
- essentially unsaturated means a diene elastomer derived at least in part from conjugated diene monomers, having a rate of units or patterns of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 15% (mol %); thus diene elastomers such as butyl rubbers or copolymers of dienes and alpha-olefins such as EPDM do not fall within the preceding definition and may in particular be described as "essentially saturated” diene elastomers (low or very low rate of units of diene origin, always less than 15% (mol %)).
- the diene elastomers included in the rubber composition according to the invention are preferably essentially unsaturated.
- the diene elastomer is preferably a diene elastomer of the essentially unsaturated type, in particular a diene elastomer selected from the group consisting of natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), polybutadienes (BR), isoprene copolymers and blends of these elastomers.
- NR natural rubber
- IR synthetic polyisoprenes
- BR polybutadienes
- isoprene copolymers and blends of these elastomers.
- Such copolymers are more preferably selected from the group consisting of isoprene-styrene copolymers (SIR) and blends of such copolymers.
- the above diene elastomers may be, for example, block, random, sequenced, microsequenced, and may be prepared in dispersion or in solution; they may be coupled and/or star-shaped or functionalized with a coupling and/or star-forming or functionalizing agent, for example epoxidized.
- Reinforcing filler The rubber composition according to the invention preferably comprises a reinforcing filler.
- any type of reinforcing filler known for its ability to reinforce an elastomeric composition that can be used for the manufacture of pneumatic tires may be used, for example an organic filler such as carbon black, a reinforcing inorganic filler such as silica, or a blend of these two types of filler, in particular a blend of carbon black and silica.
- Suitable carbon blacks include all carbon blacks, in particular HAF, ISAF, SAF type blacks conventionally used in tires (so-called tire grade blacks).
- the reinforcing carbon blacks of the 100, 200 or 300 series such as for example blacks N115, N134, N234, N326, N330, N339, N347, N375, or, depending on the intended applications, blacks of higher series (for example N660, N683, N772).
- Carbon blacks could for example already be incorporated into an isoprene elastomer in the form of a masterbatch (see for example applications WO 97/36724 or WO 99/16600).
- the BET specific surface area of carbon blacks carbon is measured according to standard D6556-10 [multipoint method (at least 5 points) – gas: nitrogen – relative pressure range P/P0: 0.1 to 0.3].
- any inorganic or mineral filler (whatever its color and its natural or synthetic origin), also called “white” filler, “light” filler or even “non-black filler” as opposed to carbon black, capable of reinforcing on its own, without any other means than an intermediate coupling agent, a rubber composition intended for the manufacture of pneumatic tires, in other words capable of replacing, in its reinforcing function, a conventional pneumatic grade carbon black; such a filler is generally characterized, in a known manner, by the presence of hydroxyl groups (-OH) on its surface.
- -OH hydroxyl groups
- Suitable inorganic reinforcing fillers are in particular mineral fillers of the siliceous type, in particular silica (SiO2), or of the aluminous type, in particular alumina (Al2O3).
- the silica used may be any reinforcing silica known to those skilled in the art, in particular any precipitated or pyrogenic silica having a BET surface area and a CTAB specific surface area both of less than 450 m 2 /g, preferably from 30 to 400 m 2 /g.
- Examples of highly dispersible precipitated silicas include the silicas “Ultrasil 7000" and “Ultrasil 7005" from Degussa, the silicas “Zeosil 1165MP", “1135MP” and “1115MP” from Rhodia, the silica “Hi-Sil EZ150G” from PPG, the silicas “Zeopol 8715", “8745” and “8755” from Huber, the silicas with a high specific surface area as described in application WO 03/16837.
- HDS highly dispersible precipitated silicas
- the physical state in which the reinforcing inorganic filler is present is immaterial, whether in the form of powder, microbeads, granules, beads or any other suitable densified form.
- the term “reinforcing inorganic filler” also means mixtures of different reinforcing inorganic fillers, in particular highly dispersible siliceous and/or aluminous fillers.
- the reinforcing inorganic filler used, in particular if it is silica preferably has a BET surface area of between 45 and 400 m 2 /g, more preferably between 60 and 300 m 2 /g.
- the rubber composition according to the invention comprises from 1 to 100 phr, more preferably from 1 to 80 phr and preferably from 1 to 60 phr of carbon black, the optimum being, in a known manner, different depending on the particular applications.
- the reinforcing filler mainly comprises carbon black, and preferably consists of carbon black.
- the rubber composition according to the invention comprises from 10 to 150 phr, preferably from 50 to 130 phr of silica.
- the reinforcing filler mainly comprises silica and preferably consists of silica.
- an at least bifunctional coupling agent intended to ensure a sufficient connection, of a chemical and/or physical nature, between the inorganic filler (surface of its particles) and the elastomer, in particular organosilanes, or bifunctional polyorganosiloxanes.
- polysulfurized silanes called “symmetrical” or “asymmetrical” according to their particular structure, as described for example in applications WO03/002648 (or US 2005/016651) and WO03/002649 (or US 2005/016650).
- polysulfurized silanes include, in particular, bis-(C1-C4)-alkoxyl(C1-C4)-alkylsilyl-(C1-C4)-alkyl polysulfides (in particular disulfides, trisulfides or tetrasulfides), such as, for example, bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) or bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) polysulfides.
- TESPT bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide
- TESPD bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide
- TESPD bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide
- polysulfides in particular disulfides, trisulfides or tetrasulfides of bis-(monoalkoxyl(C1-C4)-dialkyl(C1-C4)silylpropyl), more particularly bis-monoethoxydimethylsilylpropyl tetrasulfide as described in patent application US 2004/132880.
- the sulfur can be provided in any form, in particular in the form of molecular sulfur, or a sulfur donor agent.
- the sulfur is used at a rate ranging from 1 to 20 phr, preferably ranging from 1 to 10 phr.
- the vulcanization accelerator is used at a preferential rate such that the sulfur/vulcanization accelerator mass ratio is less than or equal to 4.
- Any compound capable of acting as a vulcanization accelerator for diene elastomers in the presence of sulfur can be used as an accelerator, in particular thiazole-type accelerators and their derivatives, sulfenamide, thiuram, dithiocarbamate, dithiophosphate, thiourea and xanthate-type accelerators.
- accelerators include, but are not limited to, the following compounds: 2-mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide (abbreviated as "MBTS”), N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfenamide (“CBS”), N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfenamide (“DCBS”), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfenamide (“TBBS”), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfenimide (“TBSI”), tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide (“TBZTD”), zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (“ZBEC”), and mixtures of these compounds.
- MBTS 2-mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide
- CBS N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfenamide
- DCBS N,N-dicyclohe
- the mass ratio of metal oxide to stearic acid derivative in the crosslinking system is less than 4, and preferably less than 3.
- the metal oxide is preferably zinc oxide.
- the crosslinking system may also optionally comprise a vulcanization retarder.
- the rubber compositions may preferably comprise additives commonly used in elastomeric compositions particularly intended for the manufacture of vehicle tires, such as, for example, pigments, protective agents, such as antiozonant waxes, chemical antiozonants or antioxidants, plasticizing agents other than those described above, antifatigue agents, reinforcing resins, or acceptors (for example, a novolac phenolic resin) or donors (for example HMT or H3M) of methylene.
- the rubber compositions may further comprise a plasticizing system.
- the incorporation of the filler into the elastomer may be carried out in one or more times by thermomechanical kneading.
- the filler in particular carbon black or silica
- it is the masterbatch which is directly mixed and where appropriate the other elastomers or fillers present in the composition which are not in the form of a masterbatch are incorporated, as well as any other miscellaneous additives.
- thermomechanical mixing is carried out at high temperature, up to a maximum temperature of between 110°C and 200°C, preferably between 130°C and 185°C, for a duration generally of between 2 and 10 minutes.
- a second phase of mechanical work is then carried out in an external mixer such as a cylinder mixer, after cooling the mixture obtained during the first phase to a lower temperature, typically below 120°C, for example between 40°C and 100°C.
- the possible crosslinking system will be added during the second phase.
- a crosslinking system based on polyacids or polydienophiles will typically be added during the first phase.
- a crosslinking system based on peroxides or sulfur will typically be added during the second phase.
- the final composition thus obtained can then be calendered, for example in the form of a sheet or plate, in particular for laboratory characterization, or extruded in the form of a semi-finished (or profiled) rubber.
- the composition can be either in the raw state (before crosslinking or vulcanization), or in the cured state (after crosslinking or vulcanization), and can be a semi-finished product that can be used in a tire.
- the curing can be carried out, in a manner known to those skilled in the art, at a temperature generally between 130°C and 200°C, under pressure, for a sufficient time that can vary, for example, between 5 and 90 min depending in particular on the curing temperature, the crosslinking system adopted, the crosslinking kinetics of the composition in question or the size of the vehicle tire.
- Vehicle tire The present invention also relates to a vehicle tire, the tread of which comprises a rubber composition according to the invention.
- the vehicle tire may be a pneumatic or non-pneumatic tire. By non-pneumatic, it is meant that this tire is capable of supporting the load of the vehicle by a means other than a pressurized inflation gas, for example by means of stays.
- the vehicle tire according to the invention will be selected from, without limitation, tires intended to equip a two-wheeled vehicle, a passenger vehicle, a “heavy-duty” vehicle (i.e., a subway, a bus, off-road vehicles, heavy-duty transport vehicles, such as trucks, tractors or trailers), an aircraft, construction equipment, a heavy agricultural vehicle or a handling vehicle.
- a “heavy-duty” vehicle i.e., a subway, a bus, off-road vehicles, heavy-duty transport vehicles, such as trucks, tractors or trailers
- the tread is the portion of the vehicle tire that circumferentially surrounds this tire and ensures contact of the tire with the rolling surface, for example the road.
- the glass transition temperature Tg is measured in a known manner by differential scanning calorimetry, or DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), for example and unless otherwise specified, according to ISO 11357-2 of 2014.
- Macrostructure Mw, Mn, Mz and ⁇
- the macrostructure mass-average molar mass, number-average molar mass, centrifugation average molar mass and polydispersity index, respectively denoted Mw, Mn, Mz and ⁇
- SEC size exclusion chromatography
- SEC analysis for example, consists of separating macromolecules in solution according to their size through columns filled with a porous gel; The molecules are separated according to their hydrodynamic volume, the largest being eluted first.
- the sample to be analyzed is simply previously solubilized in an appropriate solvent, tetrahydrofuran at a concentration of 1.5 g/liter. Then the solution is filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m porosity filter, before injection into the apparatus at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and a temperature of 35°C.
- the apparatus used is for example a "Waters alliance" chromatographic chain.
- the solvent used is a CDCl3 solvent (deuterated chloroform) at 25 °C and 120 scans.
- the NMR data of the hydrocarbon resin are measured by dissolving 20 ⁇ 1 mg of sample in 0.7 ml of solvents. The samples are dissolved in a 5 mm NMR tube at 25 °C until the sample is dissolved. CDCl3 occurs as a peak at 7.20 ppm and is used as a reference peak for the samples.
- the 1H NMR signals of the aromatic protons are located between 8.5 ppm and 6.2 ppm. The ethylenic protons lead to signals between 6.2 ppm and 4.5 ppm.
- the signals corresponding to aliphatic protons are located between 4.5 ppm and 0 ppm.
- the signals corresponding to the solvent, water and other possible impurities are subtracted when integrating the resin signals.
- the areas of each proton category are reported to the sum of these areas to give a distribution in % of area of each proton category.
- Dynamic properties The dynamic properties of tan( ⁇ ) at 23°C and 100°C are measured on a viscoanalyzer (Metravib VA4000), according to ASTM D 5992-96.
- FIG. 1 represents a schematic view of the method according to the invention.
- a charge of styrenic compounds (1) feeds a step a) of preparation of the charge of styrenic compounds so as to be able to feed (2) this charge in the pyrolysis step b1).
- the step b1) of pyrolysis of the charge of styrenic compounds makes it possible to obtain at least one gaseous effluent (3) and a pyrolysis oil (4), said gaseous effluent (3) comprising at least 20% by weight of aromatic compounds.
- the gaseous effluent (3) is then treated in a separation step c1) in which it is separated into at least one stream rich in light compounds (7), a stream rich in aromatics (6) and a stream rich in heavy compounds (5).
- a charge comprising rubber chips (8) feeds a pyrolysis step b2).
- Step b2) of pyrolysis of the feedstock comprising rubber chips makes it possible to obtain at least one gaseous effluent (11), a pyrolysis oil (9) and a solid effluent (10).
- Said pyrolysis oil (9) is then treated in a separation step c2) in which it is separated into at least one extract (14), an intermediate fraction (13) and a raffinate (12).
- At least one of the streams (5), (6) or (7) and the intermediate fraction (13) feed a resin synthesis step d) comprising a polymerization section fed by these streams, and optionally by a solvent stream (15), the polymerization section being followed by a finishing section producing a polymerized effluent (16).
- the polymerized effluent (16) feeds a treatment step e) comprising a section for separating the polymerized effluent (16) from step d) into a solvent-rich effluent (18) and a resin-rich effluent, and a drying section fed with the resin-rich effluent in order to produce a stream of hydrocarbon resins (17).
- Example Example of a process according to the invention and resin produced by this process This example illustrates the production of hydrocarbon resins from a styrenic feedstock and a feedstock comprising rubber chips.
- the liquid part of the charge (2) feeds a pyrolysis step b1), here a microwave pyrolysis, carried out at a temperature of 340°C and at a pressure of 1.1 bar.
- the gaseous effluent (3) from the pyrolysis step is separated by distillation in a separation step c1) into a stream rich in light compounds (4), a stream rich in aromatics (5) comprising 99.2% by weight of styrene and a stream rich in heavy compounds (5).
- the stream rich in heavy compounds (5) has the following composition: 77.6% by weight of alpha-methylstyrene, 17.6% by weight of styrene, 1.7% by weight of cumene and 1.2% by weight of ethylbenzene.
- This step is carried out under an inert nitrogen atmosphere, in a reactor composed of 3 sections heated independently to temperatures of 425°C, 550°C and 775°C respectively.
- a gaseous effluent (11), a liquid pyrolysis oil (9) and a solid effluent (10) are separated at the reactor outlet with the following respective yields (effluent flow rate/feed flow rate): 13.5%, 44.5% and 42%.
- the pyrolysis oil (9) comprises approximately 4% by weight of several monomers of interest, including styrene, methylstyrene, indene, beta-pinene and limonene.
- the pyrolysis oil (9) feeds a separation step c2) by distillation carried out in two sections at atmospheric pressure. In a first section, a light cut is separated, the initial boiling point of which is less than 160°C, constituting the extract (14). The heavier fraction feeds a second section for producing a raffinate (12) the cutting point of which is 280°C, i.e. the initial boiling point of which is 280°C at atmospheric pressure, and an intermediate cut constituting the intermediate fraction (13).
- the olefinic monomer content in this fraction is approximately 33% by weight, including 24.3% by weight of limonene, 2.8% by weight of styrene and 3% by weight of indene.
- the intermediate fraction (13) is passed over a bed of alumina beads in order to remove polar impurities therefrom.
- the intermediate fraction (13) feeds, with the stream rich in heavy compounds (5), a resin synthesis step d).
- This step is also fed by a solvent stream (15), here toluene, the flow rate of which is adjusted so that the sum of the contents of limonene, styrene, indene, methylstyrene and beta-pinene monomers is 30% by weight in the mixture of the stream rich in heavy compounds (5), the intermediate fraction (13) and the solvent stream (15).
- Aluminum chloride (2 mol% relative to the content of limonene, styrene, indene, methylstyrene and beta-pinene monomers) is introduced into a reactor under an inert atmosphere. The reactor is then kept under an inert atmosphere throughout the reaction. The medium is stirred and operated at a temperature of 50°C for 2 h.
- the reaction is then stopped by adding water.
- the reaction medium constituting the polymerized effluent (16)
- the resin-rich effluent is then dried in an oven at 180°C for 16 h.
- a resin (17) is recovered in the form of an orange translucent solid.
- This resin C1 has the following characteristics: [Table 1] Characteristics C1 Glass transition temperature (Tg, °C) 35 Number-average molar mass (Mn, g/mol) 590 Polydispersity index ( ⁇ ) 1.8 Molar distribution 1Haliphatic/1Hethylenic/1Haromatic 91 / 3 / 7 Table 2 presents a commercial hydrocarbon resin derived from bio-sourced materials. T1 resin is a bio-based resin resulting from the polymerization of limonene, whose commercial reference is “Dercolyte L120” from the company DRT.
- Table 3 shows different rubber compositions using the resins presented in Tables 1 and 2 as well as some of their properties.
- a value greater than 100 indicates that the value of the corresponding property is higher than that of the control.
- a value less than 100 indicates that the value of the corresponding property is lower than that of the control.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24736019.1A EP4735269A1 (fr) | 2023-06-29 | 2024-06-25 | Procédé de production de résines hydrocarbures à partir de résidus de polystyrène et de résidus pneumatiques |
| KR1020267002452A KR20260028818A (ko) | 2023-06-29 | 2024-06-25 | 폴리스티렌 잔류물 및 타이어 잔류물로부터의 탄화수소 수지의 제조 방법 |
| CN202480043738.8A CN121443457A (zh) | 2023-06-29 | 2024-06-25 | 由聚苯乙烯残余物和轮胎残余物生产烃类树脂的方法 |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2306901A FR3150465B1 (fr) | 2023-06-29 | 2023-06-29 | Procédé de production de résines hydrocarbures à partir de résidus de polystyrène et de résidus pneumatiques |
| FRFR2306901 | 2023-06-29 |
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| PCT/EP2024/067838 Ceased WO2025003149A1 (fr) | 2023-06-29 | 2024-06-25 | Procédé de production de résines hydrocarbures à partir de résidus de polystyrène et de résidus pneumatiques |
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|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4735269A1 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20260028818A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN121443457A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3150465B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2025003149A1 (fr) |
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-
2023
- 2023-06-29 FR FR2306901A patent/FR3150465B1/fr active Active
-
2024
- 2024-06-25 CN CN202480043738.8A patent/CN121443457A/zh active Pending
- 2024-06-25 KR KR1020267002452A patent/KR20260028818A/ko active Pending
- 2024-06-25 WO PCT/EP2024/067838 patent/WO2025003149A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2024-06-25 EP EP24736019.1A patent/EP4735269A1/fr active Pending
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3150465A1 (fr) | 2025-01-03 |
| KR20260028818A (ko) | 2026-03-04 |
| FR3150465B1 (fr) | 2025-06-13 |
| CN121443457A (zh) | 2026-01-30 |
| EP4735269A1 (fr) | 2026-05-06 |
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