WO2024257536A1 - 監視装置、およびプログラム - Google Patents
監視装置、およびプログラム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024257536A1 WO2024257536A1 PCT/JP2024/017890 JP2024017890W WO2024257536A1 WO 2024257536 A1 WO2024257536 A1 WO 2024257536A1 JP 2024017890 W JP2024017890 W JP 2024017890W WO 2024257536 A1 WO2024257536 A1 WO 2024257536A1
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- Prior art keywords
- battery
- temperature
- temperature unevenness
- monitoring device
- monitoring
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/374—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] with means for correcting the measurement for temperature or ageing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/24—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants using steam or spring force
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C27/00—Rotorcraft; Rotors peculiar thereto
- B64C27/04—Helicopters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C27/00—Rotorcraft; Rotors peculiar thereto
- B64C27/22—Compound rotorcraft, i.e. aircraft using in flight the features of both aeroplane and rotorcraft
- B64C27/26—Compound rotorcraft, i.e. aircraft using in flight the features of both aeroplane and rotorcraft characterised by provision of fixed wings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C27/00—Rotorcraft; Rotors peculiar thereto
- B64C27/22—Compound rotorcraft, i.e. aircraft using in flight the features of both aeroplane and rotorcraft
- B64C27/28—Compound rotorcraft, i.e. aircraft using in flight the features of both aeroplane and rotorcraft with forward-propulsion propellers pivotable to act as lifting rotors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C29/00—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C29/00—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
- B64C29/0008—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded
- B64C29/0016—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers
- B64C29/0033—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers the propellers being tiltable relative to the fuselage
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/30—Aircraft characterised by electric power plants
- B64D27/31—Aircraft characterised by electric power plants within, or attached to, wings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/30—Aircraft characterised by electric power plants
- B64D27/34—All-electric aircraft
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
- B64D27/30—Aircraft characterised by electric power plants
- B64D27/35—Arrangements for on-board electric energy production, distribution, recovery or storage
- B64D27/357—Arrangements for on-board electric energy production, distribution, recovery or storage using batteries
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D31/00—Power plant control systems; Arrangement of power plant control systems in aircraft
- B64D31/16—Power plant control systems; Arrangement of power plant control systems in aircraft for electric power plants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D45/00—Aircraft indicators or protectors not otherwise provided for
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64U10/00—Type of UAV
- B64U10/10—Rotorcrafts
- B64U10/13—Flying platforms
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64U10/00—Type of UAV
- B64U10/10—Rotorcrafts
- B64U10/17—Helicopters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64U10/00—Type of UAV
- B64U10/20—Vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64U50/00—Propulsion; Power supply
- B64U50/10—Propulsion
- B64U50/19—Propulsion using electrically powered motors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64U50/00—Propulsion; Power supply
- B64U50/30—Supply or distribution of electrical power
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/396—Acquisition or processing of data for testing or for monitoring individual cells or groups of cells within a battery
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
- G01R31/52—Testing for short-circuits, leakage current or ground faults
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/30—Monitoring
- G06F11/3003—Monitoring arrangements specially adapted to the computing system or computing system component being monitored
- G06F11/3013—Monitoring arrangements specially adapted to the computing system or computing system component being monitored where the computing system is an embedded system, i.e. a combination of hardware and software dedicated to perform a certain function in mobile devices, printers, automotive or aircraft systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/30—Monitoring
- G06F11/3058—Monitoring arrangements for monitoring environmental properties or parameters of the computing system or of the computing system component, e.g. monitoring of power, currents, temperature, humidity, position, vibrations
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the disclosure in this specification relates to a monitoring device and a program.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for controlling an electric flying object.
- the contents of the prior art document are incorporated by reference as explanations of the technical elements in this specification.
- Patent Document 1 the battery state is monitored, and measures are taken to prevent abnormalities such as short circuits after they are detected. In the above respects, and in other respects not mentioned, further improvements are required in the monitoring device and program.
- One disclosed objective is to provide a monitoring device and program that can improve flight safety.
- a monitoring device for monitoring a battery mounted on an electric flying object comprising: an acquisition unit that acquires information regarding temperature unevenness of the battery that occurs due to vertical movement of the electric flying object; and an output unit that outputs a monitoring result when a predetermined condition related to a battery abnormality is satisfied based on information related to temperature unevenness.
- the battery When an electric flying object moves vertically, the battery is required to discharge at a large current for a certain period of time. This causes temperature unevenness in the battery to become apparent, which in turn causes partial deterioration of the battery. Partial deterioration increases resistance, which in turn further increases heat generation during high current discharge, and the partial deterioration progresses.
- the disclosed monitoring device by monitoring temperature unevenness, it is possible to quickly detect battery abnormalities that accompany the progression of partial deterioration. This can increase the safety of flight.
- Another aspect of the disclosure is a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising: A program stored in a storage medium for monitoring a battery mounted on an electric flying object, the program including instructions to be executed by a processor, Obtaining information regarding temperature unevenness of the battery caused by vertical movement of the electric flying object; When a predetermined condition related to a battery abnormality is met based on the information regarding temperature unevenness, the monitoring result is output.
- the battery When an electric flying object moves vertically, the battery is required to discharge at a large current for a certain period of time. This causes temperature unevenness in the battery to become apparent, which in turn causes partial deterioration of the battery. Partial deterioration increases resistance, which in turn further increases heat generation during high current discharge, and the partial deterioration progresses.
- the disclosed program monitors temperature unevenness, making it possible to quickly detect battery abnormalities that accompany the progression of partial deterioration. This can improve flight safety.
- a monitoring device for monitoring a battery mounted on an electric flying object comprising: an acquisition unit that acquires characteristics including a temperature rise characteristic before the battery reaches a maximum temperature and/or a temperature relaxation characteristic after the battery reaches a maximum temperature, which occur in association with vertical movement of the electric flying object; and an output unit that outputs a monitoring result when a predetermined condition regarding a battery abnormality is satisfied based on the characteristics.
- the disclosed monitoring device monitors the battery state using the temperature rise characteristics before reaching the maximum temperature and/or the temperature relaxation characteristics after reaching the maximum temperature, making it possible to quickly detect battery abnormalities that accompany the progression of deterioration. This can improve flight safety.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the configuration of an eVTOL and a ground station.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the functional layout of the traffic management system.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a power profile.
- FIG. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line V-V in FIG. 4 .
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a battery cell.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing temperature unevenness inside a battery cell.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the expansion of temperature unevenness as partial deterioration progresses.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing temperature unevenness between battery cells inside a battery pack.
- FIG. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing temperature unevenness information.
- 5 is a diagram showing the relationship between battery discharge characteristics, battery temperature unevenness, and the degree of partial deterioration.
- FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a control method.
- 10 is a flowchart showing another example of a control method.
- a and/or B means at least one of A and B. In other words, it may include only A, only B, or both A and B.
- An electric flying object includes a motor (rotating electric machine) as a drive source for movement.
- An electric flying object may be called an electric airplane, an electric aircraft, or the like.
- An electric flying object can move in a vertical direction and a horizontal direction.
- An electric flying object can move in a direction having a vertical component and a horizontal component, that is, in a diagonal direction.
- An electric flying object may be, for example, an electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOL), an electric short take-off and landing aircraft (eSTOL), a drone, or the like.
- eVTOL is an abbreviation for electronic Vertical Take-Off and Landing aircraft.
- eSTOL is an abbreviation for electronic Short distance Take-Off and Landing aircraft.
- the electric flying vehicle may be either a manned or unmanned vehicle.
- the electric flying vehicle In the case of a manned vehicle, the electric flying vehicle is operated by a pilot who acts as the operator.
- the electric flying vehicle In the case of an unmanned vehicle, the electric flying vehicle may be operated by a remote control by a pilot, or may be automatically controlled by a control system.
- the electric flying vehicle in this embodiment is an eVTOL.
- ⁇ eVTOL> 1 shows an eVTOL and a ground station.
- an eVTOL 10 includes an airframe 11, a fixed wing 12, a rotor 13, a battery 14, an EPU 15, a BMS 16, and the like.
- the aircraft body 11 is the fuselage of the aircraft.
- the aircraft body 11 has a shape that extends in the front-to-rear direction.
- the aircraft body 11 has a passenger compartment for passengers and/or a luggage compartment for carrying luggage.
- the fixed wing 12 is the wing portion of the aircraft and is connected to the aircraft body 11.
- the fixed wing 12 provides gliding lift.
- the gliding lift is the lift generated by the fixed wing 12.
- the fixed wing 12 may have a main wing 121 and a tail 122.
- the main wing 121 extends left and right from near the center in the fore-and-aft direction of the aircraft body 11.
- the tail 122 extends left and right from the rear of the aircraft body 11.
- a plurality of rotors 13 are provided on the aircraft body. At least some of the plurality of rotors 13 may be provided on the fixed wing 12. At least some of the plurality of rotors 13 may be provided on the aircraft body 11. The number of rotors 13 provided on the eVTOL 10 is not particularly limited. A plurality of rotors 13 may be provided on each of the aircraft body 11 and the main wing 121.
- the rotor 13 may be referred to as a rotor, a propeller, a fan, etc.
- the rotor 13 may have blades 131 and a shaft 132.
- the blades 131 are attached to the shaft 132.
- the blades 131 are vanes that rotate together with the shaft 132.
- a plurality of the blades 131 extend radially around the axis of the shaft 132.
- the shaft 132 is the rotation axis of the rotor 13, and is driven to rotate by the motor of the EPU 15.
- the rotor 13 generates a thrust force by rotation.
- the thrust force acts on the eVTOL 10 mainly as rotational lift during takeoff and landing operations of the eVTOL 10.
- the rotor 13 mainly provides rotational lift during takeoff and landing operations.
- Rotational lift is lift generated by the rotation of the rotor 13.
- the rotor 13 may provide only rotational lift, or may provide forward thrust in addition to rotational lift.
- the rotor 13 provides rotational lift when the eVTOL 10 is hovering.
- the propulsive force acts on the eVTOL 10 primarily as thrust during cruising operation of the eVTOL 10.
- the rotor 13 primarily provides thrust during cruising operation. During cruising operation, the rotor 13 may provide thrust alone or may provide lift in addition to thrust.
- the battery (BAT) 14 is a device for driving the rotor 13 to rotate.
- the battery 14 is sometimes called a battery pack.
- the battery 14 can store DC power and has rechargeable battery cells.
- the battery 14 has at least one assembled battery including a plurality of battery cells.
- the battery cell is a secondary battery that generates an electromotive force by a chemical reaction.
- the battery cell is, for example, a lithium ion secondary battery or a nickel-hydrogen secondary battery.
- the battery cell may be a secondary battery with a liquid electrolyte or a so-called all-solid-state battery with a solid electrolyte.
- the battery cell may be configured such that the battery reaction occurs when ions (electrolyte) that contribute to the battery reaction move between the positive and negative electrodes via the electrolytic solution and/or solid electrolyte.
- the eVTOL 10 may be equipped with a fuel cell, a generator, or the like as a power source that supplies power to the device.
- the battery 14 supplies power to the EPU 15.
- the battery 14 may supply power to auxiliary equipment (not shown), such as an air conditioner, the ECU 20 (described below), and a lift adjustment mechanism (not shown).
- the battery 14 of the eVTOL 10 is required to have high capacity as well as high output performance. For this reason, a battery cell that can provide both high capacity and high output is desirable. From the standpoint of output, a battery cell with low resistance over a wide SOC range is desirable. In particular, a battery cell that has low resistance even in the low SOC range and can provide high output is desirable. SOC is an abbreviation for State Of Charge.
- LCO lithium cobalt oxide
- NMC lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide
- NCA lithium nickel cobalt aluminate
- LFP lithium iron phosphate
- LMFP lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiFexMnyPO4).
- LCO, NMC, and NCA are layered compounds.
- Anode materials for battery cells can be carbon-based, such as hard carbon or soft carbon, silicon, lithium-based, or titanium-based, such as LTO or NTO.
- LTO is lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12).
- NTO is niobium titanium oxide (TiNb2O7).
- Carbon-based and titanium-based anodes, which have low resistance in the low SOC region, are particularly preferred.
- the EPU 15 drives and rotates the rotors 13, which provide propulsive force to the eVTOL 10.
- the EPU 15 is a device for driving and rotating the rotors 13.
- EPU is an abbreviation for Electric Propulsion Unit.
- the EPU 15 corresponds to an electric propulsion device.
- the EPU 15 includes a motor.
- the EPU 15 may include an inverter and an ESC in addition to the motor.
- ESC is an abbreviation for Electronic Speed Controller.
- the number of EPUs 15 may be the same as the number of rotors 13.
- the eVTOL 10 may include six EPUs 15.
- the EPUs 15 and the rotors 13 are connected one-to-one. Alternatively, a configuration in which two or more rotors 13 are connected to one EPU 15 via a gear box may be used.
- BMS 16 monitors the status of the unit batteries that make up battery 14.
- BMS is an abbreviation for Battery Management System.
- BMS 16 can monitor the voltage, current, temperature, internal resistance, SOC, SOH, and other safety-related conditions of battery 14, such as internal pressure and gas leaks.
- SOH is an abbreviation for State Of Health.
- BMS 16 may be provided integrally with battery 14.
- BMS 16 may be provided separately from battery 14. Part of BMS 16 may be provided inside battery 14, and another part may be provided outside battery 14.
- the BMS 16 may be provided individually for each battery pack. One BMS 16 may be provided for multiple battery packs. One BMS 16 may be provided for all battery packs. When multiple BMSs 16 are used, a function to control all BMSs 16 may be provided separately from BMS 16, or may be provided integrally with BMS 16.
- the eVTOL 10 further includes an ECU 20 and auxiliary equipment (not shown). ECU is an abbreviation for Electronic Control Unit.
- the eVTOL 10 may include a lift adjustment mechanism (not shown). The lift adjustment mechanism adjusts the gliding lift of the fixed wing 12. The lift adjustment mechanism increases or decreases the gliding lift generated by the fixed wing 12.
- the eVTOL 10 may include, for example, a tilt mechanism or a flap as the lift adjustment mechanism. The tilt mechanism is driven to adjust the tilt angle of the rotor 13.
- the flap is a movable wing piece provided on the fixed wing 12.
- the traffic management system is a system for formulating flight plans, monitoring flight status, collecting and managing flight information, and supporting flight operations. At least a part of the functions of the traffic management system may be arranged in an onboard computer of the eVTOL 10. At least a part of the functions of the traffic management system may be arranged in an external computer capable of wireless communication with the eVTOL 10.
- the external computer may be a server 31 of a ground station 30 as shown in FIG. 1.
- the ground station 30 is capable of wireless communication with the eVTOL 10.
- the ground stations 30 are capable of wireless communication with each other.
- some of the functions of the traffic management system are placed in the ECU 20 of the eVTOL 10, and some of the functions of the traffic management system are placed in the server 31 of the ground station 30.
- the functions of the traffic management system are shared between the ECU 20 and the server 31.
- the ECU 20 is configured to include a processor (PC) 201, a memory (MM) 202, a storage (ST) 203, and a communication circuit (CC) 204 for wireless communication.
- the processor 201 executes various processes by accessing the memory 202.
- the memory 202 is a rewritable volatile storage medium.
- the memory 202 is, for example, a RAM. RAM is an abbreviation for Random Access Memory.
- the storage 203 is a rewritable non-volatile storage medium.
- the storage 203 stores a program (PG) 203P to be executed by the processor 201.
- the program 203P constructs multiple functional units by having the processor 201 execute multiple instructions.
- the ECU 20 may include multiple processors 201.
- the server 31 is configured to include a processor (PC) 311, a memory (MM) 312, a storage (ST) 313, and a communication circuit (CC) 314.
- the processor 311 executes various processes by accessing the memory 312.
- the memory 312 is a rewritable volatile storage medium, such as a RAM.
- the storage 313 is a rewritable non-volatile storage medium.
- the storage 313 stores a program (PG) 313P to be executed by the processor 311.
- the program 313P constructs multiple functional units by having the processor 311 execute multiple instructions.
- the server 31 may include multiple processors 311.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of the functional layout of the traffic management system.
- the traffic management system 40 shown in FIG. 2 has an external management unit 41 and an on-board management unit 42.
- the external management unit 41 is functionally arranged in the server 31 of the ground station 30.
- the on-board management unit 42 is functionally arranged in the ECU 20 of the eVTOL 10. In this way, some of the functions of the traffic management system 40 may be arranged in the server 31, and other parts of the functions may be arranged in the ECU 20.
- the external management unit 41 and the on-board management unit 42 are capable of wireless communication with each other.
- the on-board management unit 42 is capable of wired or wireless communication with various devices arranged in the eVTOL 10.
- FIG. 3 shows the power profile of the eVTOL 10 from takeoff to landing. Note that the power profile of electric flying objects other than the eVTOL 10 is similar to that of the eVTOL 10.
- Period P1 is referred to as takeoff, takeoff flight, takeoff operation, etc.
- Period P2 is referred to as cruising, cruising flight, cruising operation, etc.
- Period P3 is referred to as landing, landing flight, landing operation, etc.
- Periods P1 and P3 are referred to as takeoff and landing, takeoff and landing flight, takeoff and landing operation, etc.
- the required power i.e., the output, is constant throughout almost the entire range of each of periods P1 and P3 in FIG. 3.
- the eVTOL 10 ascends from the takeoff point to the cruise start point. In period P2, the eVTOL 10 cruises at a predetermined altitude. In period P2, the eVTOL 10 descends from the end point of period P2 to the landing point.
- the movement of the eVTOL 10 includes a mainly horizontal component in period P2, and a mainly vertical component in periods P1 and P3. In periods P1 and P3 when moving vertically, high output is required continuously for a predetermined period of time to drive the rotor 13.
- Fig. 4 shows an example of a battery 14.
- Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line VV in Fig. 4.
- Fig. 5 shows a simplified configuration of a battery cell.
- Fig. 6 is a diagram showing the arrangement of electrode terminals.
- the height direction of each battery cell is referred to as the Z direction
- one direction perpendicular to the Z direction is referred to as the Y direction
- a direction perpendicular to both the Z direction and the Y direction is referred to as the X direction.
- the entire battery cell is hatched with metal.
- the battery 14 includes at least one assembled battery 141.
- the assembled battery 141 is configured to include a plurality of battery cells 142.
- the plurality of battery cells 142 may have a common structure, for example, or some of the structures may be different from the others. There is no particular limit to the number or arrangement of the plurality of battery cells 142.
- the plurality of battery cells 142 may be connected in series, or may be connected in parallel and in series.
- the battery cell 142 has a power generating element and a battery case that houses this power generating element.
- the battery case provides the outer shell of the battery cell 142.
- the battery case may be formed, for example, using a metal material or a laminate film.
- the shape of the battery cell 142, i.e., the battery case, is not particularly limited. It may be rectangular, laminated, or cylindrical.
- Each battery cell 142 has electrode terminals 142P, 142N.
- the electrode terminals 142P, 142N may be provided on a common surface or on different surfaces. For example, they may be provided on one surface and the surface opposite to the one surface.
- the electrode terminals 142P, 142N may protrude from the corresponding surface.
- the electrode terminal 142P is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the battery cell 142.
- the electrode terminal 142P may be referred to as a positive electrode terminal, P terminal, etc.
- the electrode terminal 142N is electrically connected to the negative electrode of the battery cell 142.
- the electrode terminal 142N may be referred to as a negative electrode terminal, N terminal, etc.
- the electrode terminal may be referred to as a battery cell terminal, a current collecting tab, etc.
- the battery cell 142 shown in Figures 4 and 5 has a rectangular shape, specifically a flat shape that is thin in the Y direction.
- the multiple battery cells 142 are arranged side by side in the Y direction.
- the electrode terminals 142P, 142N are provided on one of the end faces in the Z direction, i.e., on a common surface.
- the multiple battery cells 142 are arranged such that the electrode terminals 142P and the electrode terminals 142N are positioned alternately in the Y direction. In adjacent battery cells 142, the electrode terminals 142P and the electrode terminals 142N are electrically connected by a bus bar (not shown).
- the battery pack 141 may include multiple battery cells 142 arranged in the Y direction.
- the arrangement of the battery cells 142 is not limited to the arrangement described above.
- cylindrical battery cells 142 they may be arranged in a staggered pattern when viewed in a plan view from the Z direction.
- the battery 14 that drives the EPU 15 is required to discharge at a large current for a certain period of time.
- the battery 14 discharges continuously (continuously) at a maximum discharge rate of about 3C to about 15C for about 30 seconds to about 90 seconds.
- the discharge rate indicates the relative ratio of the current during discharge to the battery capacity, and is expressed in units of C.
- a discharge rate of 1C indicates the current value at which a cell with a nominal capacity is discharged at a constant current and the discharge is completed in one hour.
- the maximum discharge rate for cruising electric aircraft and electric vehicles (BEVs) is approximately 1C to 2C. In the case of a BEV, this is a level at which the maximum discharge rate continues for approximately 5 to 10 seconds.
- BEV is an abbreviation for Battery Electric Vehicle. As such, there is a large variation in the discharge characteristics between takeoff and landing and cruising.
- the battery 14 is required to discharge at a larger current for a longer period of time than during cruising or in a BEV.
- the battery 14 generates heat as a result of discharging, causing the temperature to rise.
- the temperature rises significantly, and temperature unevenness becomes apparent, particularly due to current concentration at specific locations inside the battery cell 142.
- the temperature unevenness inside the battery cell 142 is the temperature distribution and temperature variation within the battery cell 142.
- Figure 7 shows the relationship between flight time and battery temperature.
- the solid line shows the temperature in the area where current is likely to concentrate during high-current discharge.
- the dashed line shows the temperature in the area where current is unlikely to concentrate during high-current discharge.
- Figure 7 shows the change in temperature when the eVTOL 10 starts taking off at time t0, moves vertically until time t1, and then moves horizontally after time t1.
- current concentration occurs, so the temperature rise becomes noticeable in the area where current is likely to concentrate.
- the temperature then eases due to conduction to areas where current is unlikely to concentrate during high-current discharge, external release of accumulated heat, and conduction to other low-temperature cells. In this way, areas where current is likely to concentrate have greater temperature fluctuations than areas where current is unlikely to concentrate.
- temperature unevenness occurs inside the battery cell 142.
- the temperature unevenness causes deterioration, i.e. partial deterioration, in some of the battery cells 142 that make up the battery pack 141, particularly in some parts inside the battery cells 142. Resistance increases in the partially deteriorated areas. This causes further heat generation in the next large current discharge, leading to a vicious cycle in which the temperature unevenness expands. Repeated discharges cause partial deterioration to progress, and the temperature unevenness increases, as shown in FIG. 8.
- the white arrows in FIG. 8 indicate the increase in temperature unevenness that accompanies the progression of partial deterioration. If partial deterioration progresses through repeated discharges, it may lead to abnormal deterioration in which the capacity drops suddenly, or thermal runaway.
- Thermal runaway can occur, for example, when metallic lithium precipitates during charging or when abnormal heat is generated locally, causing the separator to break and short circuit.
- electric flying objects such as the eVTOL10
- active cooling during flight is difficult due to the need for reduced weight, and the problem of temperature unevenness is more likely to become apparent.
- the temperature unevenness of the battery 14 is also manifested by variations in heat dissipation inside the assembled battery 141.
- differences in heat dissipation tend to cause heat to accumulate in the battery cells 142 located near the center, and heat is more likely to escape from the battery cells 142 located at the ends.
- heat tends to accumulate in the battery cells 142 located near the center.
- a difference in maximum temperature occurs between the battery cells 142 located at the center and the battery cells 142 located at the ends.
- temperature unevenness occurs between the battery cells 142.
- the temperature unevenness inside the assembled battery 141 is the temperature distribution within the assembled battery 141, that is, the temperature unevenness of the multiple battery cells 142.
- deterioration or abnormality of some of the battery cells 142 may lead to deterioration or abnormality of the battery pack 141 itself, which may lead to rapid deterioration or thermal runaway of the battery pack 141. If the charging and discharging of some of the battery cells 142 is restricted, the battery pack 141 itself is also restricted. If some of the battery cells 142 experience thermal runaway, the heat may propagate, causing a chain reaction of thermal runaway in other battery cells 142.
- a battery cell 142 with high energy density that can be made lighter is required.
- the positive electrode materials used in many of the high energy density cells in the world such as the above-mentioned LCO, NMC, and NCA, are compounds with a layered structure, and charging and discharging are performed by lithium ions moving between the layers.
- the reaction resistance is higher during discharging, in which lithium ions are inserted between the layers.
- battery cells 142 that use layered compound positive electrodes have high resistance during discharging, and are prone to accelerating temperature rise and the expansion of temperature unevenness that accompanies temperature rise.
- Fig. 10 shows a monitoring device.
- the monitoring device 50 monitors the battery 14.
- the functional arrangement of the monitoring device 50 is not particularly limited. At least a part of the functions of the monitoring device 50 may be arranged on-board or off-board. The functions of the monitoring device 50 may be distributed across multiple devices on-board. The functions of the monitoring device 50 may be distributed across multiple devices off-board. Some of the functions of the monitoring device 50 may be arranged on-board and another part of the functions may be arranged off-board.
- At least some of the functions of the monitoring device 50 may be arranged in the BMS 16. At least some of the functions of the monitoring device 50 may be arranged in the ECU 20. At least some of the functions of the monitoring device 50 may be arranged in the server 31 of the ground station 30. At least some of the functions of the monitoring device 50 may be arranged in the traffic management system 40. At least some of the functions of the monitoring device 50 may be arranged in the on-board management unit 42. At least some of the functions of the monitoring device 50 may be arranged in the off-board management unit 41.
- the monitoring device 50 may include an acquisition unit 51, a determination unit 52, and an output unit 53.
- the acquisition unit 51 acquires information (temperature unevenness information) related to temperature unevenness in the battery 14 that occurs with vertical movement of the eVTOL 10.
- the acquisition unit 51 may acquire information related to temperature unevenness that occurs with takeoff and/or landing as the temperature unevenness information.
- the acquisition unit 51 may acquire information related to temperature unevenness that occurs with vertical movement during cruising as the temperature unevenness information.
- the acquisition unit 51 may acquire information related to temperature unevenness that occurs with vertical movement during cruising, in addition to information related to temperature unevenness that occurs with takeoff and landing.
- the monitoring device 50 may monitor the temperature difference between the multiple battery cells 142 in the assembled battery 141.
- the acquisition unit 51 may acquire the temperatures of the multiple battery cells 142. As described above, the temperature of the assembled battery 141 is higher near the center. Therefore, the acquisition unit 51 may acquire the temperatures of at least the battery cells 142 arranged near the center of the assembled battery 141. Furthermore, the acquisition unit 51 may acquire the temperatures of the battery cells 142 arranged near the ends, which have good heat dissipation properties.
- Temperature unevenness occurs inside the battery cell 142.
- the acquisition unit 51 may acquire information regarding temperature unevenness inside the battery cell 142. Temperatures at multiple locations in one battery cell 142 may be acquired as temperature unevenness information. As shown in FIG. 11, as partial degradation progresses, the rate of rise to the maximum reached temperature (highest temperature) increases with vertical movement. FIG. 11 corresponds to FIG. 8, and shows a state in which partial degradation progresses and the maximum reached temperature rises from Tmax1 to Tmax2.
- the rate of rise Sr2 to reach the maximum temperature Tmax2 is higher than the rate of rise Sr1 to reach the maximum temperature Tmax1.
- the relaxation rate after the maximum temperature increases as the partial deterioration progresses.
- the relaxation rate Sb2 after the maximum temperature Tmax2 is reached is higher than the relaxation rate Sb1 after the maximum temperature Tmax1 is reached.
- the greater the temperature unevenness the steeper the gradient of the temperature change.
- the acquisition unit 51 may use the temperature rise characteristics before the maximum temperature and/or the temperature relaxation characteristics after the maximum temperature as the temperature unevenness information. Using these parameters, it is possible to monitor the temperature unevenness (degree of temperature unevenness) in the battery cell 142 even with temperature information from one location. For example, the temperature near the electrode terminal 142P of the battery cell 142 located near the center of the battery pack 141 may be acquired.
- the discharge characteristic information that is, the parameter indicating the discharge characteristics during vertical movement
- the discharge power amount (Wh) or the discharge capacity (Ah) may be used as the discharge characteristic information.
- the integral value of the square of the discharge current or the value obtained by integrating the integral value over a predetermined period may be used. If the discharge power or discharge current during vertical movement is almost constant, the discharge time may be used. If the discharge time during vertical movement is almost constant, the discharge power or discharge current may be used. If the discharge time is almost constant, the square value of the discharge current may be used instead of the discharge current.
- the discharge rate may be used instead of the above-mentioned discharge current. For example, the temperature, wind speed, wind direction, etc. may be used as environmental information.
- the acquisition unit 51 may acquire information such as temperature unevenness information and discharge characteristic information from the BMS 16 or the traffic management system 40.
- the acquisition unit 51 may acquire actual measured values or intermediate calculated values as the information.
- the acquisition unit 51 may acquire calculated values such as feature quantities indicating the discharge characteristics as the information.
- the information may be acquired by performing calculations within the monitoring device 50 based on the actual measured values and intermediate calculated values acquired from the BMS 16, the traffic management system 40, etc.
- the acquisition unit 51 acquires information by wireless communication and/or wired communication.
- the determination unit 52 determines whether or not there is a battery abnormality based on the temperature unevenness information acquired by the acquisition unit 51.
- the determination unit 52 detects battery abnormalities.
- the determination unit 52 corresponds to a detection unit.
- the determination unit 52 determines that there is an abnormality when the temperature unevenness or the degree of partial deterioration estimated from the temperature unevenness exceeds a predetermined threshold.
- the calculation to estimate the degree of partial deterioration may be performed by the determination unit 52 or the acquisition unit 51. In the monitoring device 50, it may be performed by a calculation unit other than the acquisition unit 51 and the determination unit 52.
- the predetermined threshold may be set based on the temperature unevenness (degree of temperature unevenness) or the degree of partial deterioration that is judged to indicate abnormal deterioration of the battery 14 or the possibility of metallic lithium precipitation.
- the threshold may be set with a predetermined margin taken into consideration.
- the threshold may be set by conducting an experiment using a sample cell in advance.
- the predetermined threshold may be set by analyzing the relationship between temperature unevenness and abnormal deterioration or metallic lithium precipitation in advance.
- the predetermined threshold may be set by analyzing the relationship between temperature unevenness and the degree of partial deterioration, or the relationship between the degree of partial deterioration and abnormal deterioration or metallic lithium precipitation in advance.
- battery cells that have caused temperature unevenness in a large current discharge test may be disassembled to check the partial deterioration state of the electrodes.
- the judgment unit 52 may judge the presence or absence of an abnormality using only the temperature unevenness information. For example, if the flight route is fixed and the discharge characteristics, etc. do not change significantly with each flight, the threshold can be easily judged using only the temperature unevenness information. As described above, parameters related to the temperature of the battery 14 are affected by the discharge characteristics, environmental temperature, etc. For this reason, fluctuations in these parameters may also be taken into consideration. The judgment unit 52 may judge the presence or absence of an abnormality based on the temperature unevenness information corrected using information such as the discharge characteristics and environmental temperature.
- the determination unit 52 may determine the presence or absence of an abnormality using information on the degree of partial deterioration based on the temperature unevenness information.
- the degree of partial deterioration may be estimated only from the temperature unevenness information. For example, by determining the relationship between temperature unevenness and the degree of partial deterioration taking into account the fluctuations in discharge characteristic information and environmental information during vertical movement, the accuracy of abnormality determination can be improved.
- the relationship may be derived by performing the above-mentioned experiment and using a regression model constructed using a map model or machine learning.
- FIG. 12 shows an example of the relationship between the battery discharge characteristics, the battery temperature unevenness, and the degree of partial deterioration.
- FIG. 12 shows the relationship at an ambient temperature of 20° C.
- Lv0, Lv10, Lv20, and Lv30 indicate the degree of partial deterioration. The larger the value, the more advanced the partial deterioration.
- the determination unit 52 may set the detection level, i.e., the determination threshold, in multiple stages. For example, the determination unit 52 may determine that an abnormality exists and that an alarm should be output when the degree of partial deterioration exceeds Lv10 (first determination threshold) shown in FIG. 12.
- the determination unit 52 may determine that an abnormality exists and that an avoidance operation should be performed when the degree of partial deterioration exceeds Lv20 (second determination threshold).
- Lv0 indicates an initial value where no partial deterioration occurs.
- Lv30 indicates an upper limit value, and anything above Lv30 is an abnormality occurrence range.
- the output unit 53 outputs the abnormality determination result to the outside of the monitoring device 50.
- the output unit 53 outputs the monitoring result when a predetermined condition for an abnormality is met based on the temperature unevenness information.
- the output unit 53 may output the determination result, for example, to issue an alarm to the crew or the ground station 30.
- the output unit 53 may output the determination result to trigger a transition to avoidance operation.
- the output unit 53 may output the determination result to the traffic management system 40 that displays the aircraft's operational status and controls operation.
- the monitoring device 50 itself may display it.
- the output unit 53 may output a control request for avoidance operation to a control device that controls flight.
- the control device may be provided integrally as a function of the traffic management system 40, or may be provided separately.
- the output unit 53 may output in multiple stages, such as an alarm in the first stage and avoidance action in the second stage and beyond.
- the avoidance action for example, redundant operation of the battery 14 may be adopted, or an emergency landing action may be adopted.
- the redundant action of the battery 14 may, for example, stop the output of a system that shows signs of an abnormality and continue the flight with the remaining system.
- multiple actions may be executed simultaneously.
- the avoidance action may be one that can be performed in stages.
- the output unit 53 may estimate the time until an abnormality occurs based on the time series progression of the target information, and output it as urgency information.
- monitoring device 50 may be disposed in ECU 20 of eVTOL 10. In this case, execution of processing of each functional block of monitoring device 50 by processor 201 corresponds to execution of the monitoring method.
- the monitoring device may be disposed in server 31 of ground station 30. In this case, execution of processing of each functional block of monitoring device 50 by processor 311 corresponds to execution of the monitoring method.
- the method shown in FIG. 13 may be used.
- the monitoring device 50 for example, the processor 201 repeatedly executes the process shown in FIG. 13 at a predetermined cycle.
- the monitoring device 50 determines whether the eVTOL 10 has started moving vertically (step S10). Instead of the start of vertical movement, the start of takeoff flight or the start of landing flight may be used.
- the monitoring device 50 ends the series of processes. If vertical movement has not started, the monitoring device 50 acquires temperature unevenness information (step S20). The monitoring device 50 compares the acquired temperature unevenness with a predetermined threshold Th1, and determines whether the temperature unevenness (degree of temperature unevenness) is greater than the threshold Th1 (step S30).
- the monitoring device 50 determines that there is an abnormality in the battery 14, outputs an abnormality (step S40), and ends the series of processes. If the temperature unevenness is equal to or less than the threshold value Th1, the monitoring device 50 does not execute the process of step S40 and ends the series of processes.
- the method shown in FIG. 14 may be used as a monitoring method.
- the monitoring device 50 executes the process of step S10, similar to the method shown in FIG. 13.
- the monitoring device 50 acquires temperature unevenness information and discharge characteristic information (step S20A).
- the monitoring device 50 calculates the degree of partial deterioration based on the temperature unevenness information acquired in step S20A (step S25).
- the monitoring device 50 calculates the degree of partial deterioration based on the partial and discharge characteristic information (step S25).
- the monitoring device 50 estimates the degree of partial deterioration through the calculation.
- the monitoring device 50 compares the acquired degree of partial deterioration with a predetermined threshold Th2 and determines whether the degree of partial deterioration is greater than threshold Th2 (step S30A). If the degree of partial deterioration is greater than threshold Th2, the monitoring device 50 executes the processing of step S40 and ends the series of processes, similar to the method shown in FIG. 13. If the degree of partial deterioration is equal to or less than threshold Th2, the monitoring device 50 does not execute the processing of step S40 and ends the series of processes.
- the monitoring device 50 may output that there is no abnormality, and then end the series of processes.
- the monitoring device 50 may output that there is no abnormality, and then end the series of processes.
- the degree of partial deterioration may be calculated based on the temperature unevenness information. Then, the degree of partial deterioration may be compared with a predetermined judgment threshold to determine whether or not an abnormality exists.
- the temperature unevenness information corrected by the discharge characteristic information may be compared with a predetermined judgment threshold to determine whether or not an abnormality exists.
- an example of a monitoring method in which, when vertical movement is detected, information is acquired, a judgment is made, and the judgment result is output in succession.
- the processing up to step S40 is performed during the flight.
- the battery 14 when the eVTOL 10 (electric flying vehicle) moves vertically, the battery 14 is required to discharge a large current for a certain period of time. This causes temperature unevenness inside the battery 14, which in turn causes partial degradation of the battery 14. Partial degradation increases resistance, which further increases heat generation during large current discharge, and the partial degradation progresses. The progression of partial degradation may lead to abnormalities such as rapid degradation of the battery 14 or thermal runaway.
- the monitoring device 50 obtains information regarding temperature unevenness in the battery that occurs with the vertical movement of the eVTOL 10. Then, if a predetermined condition regarding an abnormality in the battery 14 is met based on the information regarding the temperature unevenness, the monitoring result is output. In this way, by monitoring the temperature unevenness, abnormalities caused by the progression of partial deterioration can be detected early, thereby improving flight safety.
- the monitoring device 50 may acquire information on the discharge characteristics during vertical movement along with the temperature unevenness information, and output the monitoring results based on the temperature unevenness information and the discharge characteristics information.
- the discharge characteristics change considerably for each flight. Therefore, by adding the discharge characteristics information to the temperature unevenness information, the situation of each flight can be reflected, and abnormalities such as abnormal deterioration and thermal runaway can be detected with high accuracy.
- the monitoring device 50 may monitor temperature variations that accompany takeoff and/or landing of the eVTOL 10. By monitoring temperature variations that occur during takeoff and landing, when the greatest power output is required during flight, that is, temperature variations in the maximized state, the accuracy of detecting abnormalities can be further improved.
- the monitoring device 50 may monitor temperature unevenness caused by vertical movement when the discharge rate of the battery 14 is 3C or more and the duration of the discharge is 30 seconds or more. By monitoring the temperature unevenness in the maximized state, the accuracy of detecting anomalies can be further improved.
- electric flying objects such as the eVTOL 10 have large fluctuations in discharge characteristics.
- the greater the fluctuations in discharge characteristics the greater the tendency for temperature unevenness to increase, and the greater the effect of early detection by the monitoring device 50.
- the ratio of the maximum discharge rate during vertical movement to the maximum discharge rate during horizontal movement is 1.5 times or more, the greater the effect of early detection.
- the ratio is even higher, for example, 2 times or more, 3 times or more, or 5 times or more, a greater effect can be achieved.
- the greater the maximum discharge rate during takeoff and landing the greater the effect of early detection by the monitoring device 50.
- the maximum discharge rate is 3C or more, the greater the effect of early detection.
- the maximum discharge rate is even higher, for example, 5C or more, 7C or more, or 10C or more, a greater effect can be achieved.
- the monitoring device 50 may acquire temperature unevenness information for the battery 14 that includes battery cells 142 that contain a layered compound material as the positive electrode material.
- battery cells 142 that use a layered compound positive electrode have high resistance during discharge, and therefore tend to accelerate the spread of temperature unevenness. Therefore, by monitoring temperature unevenness, flight safety in particular can be improved.
- the monitoring device 50 may acquire information regarding temperature unevenness inside the battery cell 142 as the temperature unevenness information. Temperature unevenness becomes apparent due to current concentration at a specific location inside the battery cell 142. Therefore, by acquiring temperature unevenness information inside the battery cell 142, it is possible to accurately detect signs of abnormality.
- the monitoring device 50 may include temperature rise characteristics before reaching the maximum temperature and/or temperature relaxation characteristics after reaching the maximum temperature associated with vertical movement of the electric flying object at the electrode terminals 142P, 142N of the battery cell 142 or in the vicinity of the electrode terminals 142P, 142N.
- current concentration is likely to occur near the electrode terminals 142P, 142N.
- the temperature rise characteristics before reaching the maximum temperature and the temperature relaxation characteristics after reaching the maximum temperature are both parameters that indicate the state of temperature unevenness with good reproducibility and high accuracy. Therefore, changes in temperature unevenness can be monitored with high accuracy. Although it is temperature unevenness information, it is possible to monitor even one location, making it possible to simplify the configuration without compromising quality.
- the monitoring device 50 may include information on the electrode terminals 142P, 142N of the battery cells 142 located near the center of the battery pack 141 or information in the vicinity of the electrode terminals 142P, 142N as temperature unevenness information. By monitoring near the center where heat tends to build up, it is possible to directly monitor the worst-case conditions within the battery pack 141. This can improve the accuracy of detecting abnormalities.
- the program of this embodiment is stored in a storage medium to monitor the battery 14 and includes instructions to be executed by a processor.
- the program includes instructions to obtain information regarding temperature unevenness of the battery 14 that occurs with vertical movement of the eVTOL 10, and to output the monitoring results when predetermined conditions regarding an abnormality in the battery 14 are met based on the information regarding the temperature unevenness. In this way, by monitoring the temperature unevenness, abnormalities associated with the progression of partial deterioration can be detected early, thereby improving flight safety.
- the monitoring device 50 acquires characteristics including the temperature rise characteristics of the battery 14 before reaching the maximum temperature and/or the temperature relaxation characteristics after reaching the maximum temperature that occur as the eVTOL 10 moves vertically. Then, if a predetermined condition regarding an abnormality in the battery 14 is met based on the acquired characteristics, the monitoring result may be output. Since the state of the battery 14 is monitored using the temperature rise characteristics before reaching the maximum temperature and/or the temperature relaxation characteristics after reaching the maximum temperature, an abnormality in the battery 14 due to the progression of deterioration can be detected early. This can improve flight safety.
- the monitoring device 50 may include at least an acquisition unit 51 and an output unit 53.
- the acquisition unit 51 may acquire information related to temperature unevenness in the battery 14 that occurs with the vertical movement of the eVTOL 10.
- the output unit 53 may output the monitoring result when a predetermined condition related to an abnormality in the battery 14 is satisfied based on the information related to the temperature unevenness.
- the acquisition unit 51 may acquire characteristics including a temperature rise characteristic before the maximum temperature of the battery 14 is reached and/or a temperature relaxation characteristic after the maximum temperature is reached that occurs with the vertical movement of the eVTOL 10.
- the output unit 53 may output the monitoring result when a predetermined condition related to an abnormality in the battery 14 is satisfied based on the characteristics.
- the disclosure in this specification and drawings, etc. is not limited to the exemplified embodiments.
- the disclosure includes the exemplified embodiments and modifications by those skilled in the art based thereon.
- the disclosure is not limited to the combination of parts and/or elements shown in the embodiments.
- the disclosure can be implemented by various combinations.
- the disclosure can have additional parts that can be added to the embodiments.
- the disclosure includes the omission of parts and/or elements of the embodiments.
- the disclosure includes the substitution or combination of parts and/or elements between one embodiment and another embodiment.
- the disclosed technical scope is not limited to the description of the embodiments. Some disclosed technical scopes are indicated by the description of the claims, and should be interpreted as including all modifications within the meaning and scope equivalent to the description of the claims.
- the devices, systems, and methods thereof described in this disclosure may also be realized by a dedicated computer comprising a processor programmed to execute one or more functions embodied in a computer program.
- the devices and methods described in this disclosure may also be realized using dedicated hardware logic circuits.
- the devices and methods described in this disclosure may also be realized by one or more dedicated computers configured by combining a processor that executes a computer program with one or more hardware logic circuits.
- processor 311 may be realized as hardware. Aspects of realizing a certain function as hardware include a configuration in which it is realized using one or more ICs.
- a processor computational core
- CPU is an abbreviation for Central Processing Unit.
- MPU is an abbreviation for Micro-Processing Unit.
- GPU is an abbreviation for Graphics Processing Unit.
- DFP is an abbreviation for Data Flow Processor.
- processor 201 may be realized by combining multiple types of arithmetic processing devices. Some or all of the functions of processor 201 may be realized using SoC, ASIC, FPGA, etc. SoC is an abbreviation for System on Chip. ASIC is an abbreviation for Application Specific Integrated Circuit. FPGA is an abbreviation for Field-Programmable Gate Array. The same applies to processor 311.
- the computer program may also be stored in a computer-readable non-transitory tangible storage medium as instructions executed by a computer.
- HDD can be used as a storage medium for the program.
- HDD is an abbreviation for Hard-disk Drive.
- SSD is an abbreviation for Solid State Drive.
- the scope of this disclosure also includes forms such as programs for causing a computer to function as a control device or control system, and non-transitory tangible storage media such as semiconductor memory on which the programs are recorded.
- the acquisition unit acquires information regarding the temperature unevenness of the battery as well as information regarding the discharge characteristics during movement in the vertical direction;
- the monitoring device according to Technical Idea 1, wherein the output unit outputs the monitoring result based on information relating to the temperature unevenness and information relating to the discharge characteristics.
- the battery includes a plurality of battery cells (142); The monitoring device according to any one of Technical Ideas 1 to 4, wherein the battery cell includes a layered compound material as a positive electrode material.
- the battery includes a battery pack (141) including a plurality of battery cells (142), A monitoring device described in any one of technical ideas 1 to 5, wherein the information regarding the temperature unevenness includes information regarding the temperature unevenness inside the battery cell.
- the battery cell has electrode terminals (142P, 142N), The monitoring device described in Technical Idea 6, wherein the information regarding the temperature unevenness includes temperature rise characteristics before reaching a maximum temperature and/or temperature relaxation characteristics after reaching a maximum temperature associated with the vertical movement of the electric flying body at the electrode terminal of the battery cell or in the vicinity of the electrode terminal.
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Abstract
Description
電動飛行体に搭載された電池を監視する監視装置であって、
電動飛行体の鉛直方向の移動にともなって生じる電池の温度ムラに関する情報を取得する取得部と、
温度ムラに関する情報に基づき電池の異常に関する所定の条件を満たす場合、監視結果を出力する出力部と、を備える。
電動飛行体に搭載された電池を監視するために記憶媒体に記憶され、プロセッサに実行させる命令を含むプログラムであって、
電動飛行体の鉛直方向の移動にともなって生じる電池の温度ムラに関する情報を取得すること、
温度ムラに関する情報に基づき電池の異常に関する所定の条件を満たす場合、監視結果を出力すること、を実行させる命令を含む。
電動飛行体に搭載された電池を監視する監視装置であって、
電動飛行体の鉛直方向の移動にともなって生じる電池の最高温度到達前の温度上昇特性および/または最高温度到達後の温度緩和特性を含む特性を取得する取得部と、
特性に基づき電池の異常に関する所定の条件を満たす場合、監視結果を出力する出力部と、を備える。
電動飛行体は、移動するための駆動源としてモータ(回転電機)を備える。電動飛行体は、電動飛行機、電動航空機などと称されることがある。電動飛行体は、鉛直方向への移動、水平方向への移動が可能である。電動飛行体は、鉛直方向成分および水平方向成分を有する方向、つまり斜め方向への移動が可能である。電動飛行体は、たとえば電動垂直離着陸機(eVTOL)、電動短距離離着陸機(eSTOL)、ドローンなどである。eVTOLは、electronic Vertical Take-Off and Landing aircraftの略称である。eSTOLは、electronic Short distance Take-Off and Landing aircraftの略称である。
図1は、eVTOLおよび地上局を示している。図1に示すように、eVTOL10は、機体本体11、固定翼12、回転翼13、電池14、EPU15、およびBMS16などを備えている。
運航管理システムは、運航計画の立案、運航状況の監視、運航に関する情報の収集と管理、運航のサポートなどを行うためのシステムである。運航管理システムの機能の少なくとも一部は、eVTOL10の機内コンピュータに配置されてもよい。運航管理システムの機能の少なくとも一部は、eVTOL10と無線通信可能な外部のコンピュータに配置されてもよい。外部コンピュータは、図1に示すように地上局30のサーバ31でもよい。地上局30は、eVTOL10と無線通信が可能である。地上局30は、地上局同士で無線通信が可能である。
図3は、eVTOL10の離陸から着陸までの電力プロファイルを示している。なお、eVTOL10以外の電動飛行体の電力プロファイルも、eVTOL10と同様である。期間P1は、離陸時、離陸飛行時、離陸動作時などと称される。期間P2は、巡航時、巡航飛行時、巡航動作時などと称される。期間P3は、着陸時、着陸飛行時、着陸動作時などと称される。期間P1,P3は、離着陸時、離着陸飛行時、離着陸動作時などと称される。便宜上、図3では期間P1,P3それぞれのほぼ全域において、必要電力、つまり出力を一定としている。
図4は、電池14の一例を示している。図5は、図4のV-V線に沿う断面図である。図5では、電池セルの構成を簡素化して図示している。図6は、電極端子の配置を示す図である。以下において、各電池セルの高さ方向をZ方向、Z方向に直交する一方向をY方向、Z方向およびY方向の両方向に直交する方向をX方向と示す。図5においては、便宜上、電池セルの全体に金属ハッチングを施している。
EPU15を駆動する電池14には、上記したように鉛直方向の移動時、特に離着陸時において、所定の時間、大電流での放電が要求される。たとえば離着陸時において、電池14は、最大放電レート約3C~約15Cで約30秒~約90秒の間、継続(連続)して放電する。
図10は、監視装置を示している。監視装置50は、電池14を監視する。監視装置50の機能配置は特に限定されるものではない。監視装置50の機能の少なくとも一部を、機内に配置してもよいし、機外に配置してもよい。監視装置50の機能を、機内において複数の装置に分散配置してもよい。監視装置50の機能を、機外において複数の装置に分散配置してもよい。監視装置50の機能の一部を機内に配置し、機能の他の一部を機外に配置してもよい。
上記したように監視装置50は、eVTOL10のECU20に配置されてもよい。この場合、プロセッサ201によって監視装置50の各機能ブロックの処理が実行されることが、監視方法が実行されることに相当する。監視装置は、地上局30のサーバ31に配置されてもよい。この場合、プロセッサ311によって監視装置50の各機能ブロックの処理が実行されることが、監視方法が実行されることに相当する。
上記したように、eVTOL10(電動飛行体)が鉛直方向に移動する際、電池14には所定の時間、大電流での放電が要求される。これにより、電池14の内部において温度ムラが顕在化し、温度ムラによって電池14の部分劣化が生じる。部分劣化により抵抗が増加するため、大電流放電時の発熱がさらに増大し、部分劣化が進行する。部分劣化の進行は、電池14の急激な劣化や熱暴走などの異常につながる虞がある。
この明細書および図面等における開示は、例示された実施形態に制限されない。開示は、例示された実施形態と、それらに基づく当業者による変形態様を包含する。たとえば、開示は、実施形態において示された部品および/または要素の組み合わせに限定されない。開示は、多様な組み合わせによって実施可能である。開示は、実施形態に追加可能な追加的な部分をもつことができる。開示は、実施形態の部品および/または要素が省略されたものを包含する。開示は、ひとつの実施形態と他の実施形態との間における部品および/または要素の置き換え、または組み合わせを包含する。開示される技術的範囲は、実施形態の記載に限定されない。開示されるいくつかの技術的範囲は、請求の範囲の記載によって示され、さらに請求の範囲の記載と均等の意味および範囲内でのすべての変更を含むものと解されるべきである。
この明細書は、以下に列挙する複数の項に記載された複数の技術的思想を開示している。いくつかの項は、後続の項において先行する項を択一的に引用する多項従属形式(a multiple dependent form)により記載されている場合がある。さらに、いくつかの項は、他の多項従属形式の項を引用する多項従属形式(a multiple dependent form referring to another multiple dependent form)により記載されている場合がある。これらの多項従属形式で記載された項は、複数の技術的思想を定義している。
電動飛行体(10)に搭載された電池(14)を監視する監視装置であって、
前記電動飛行体の鉛直方向の移動にともなって生じる前記電池の温度ムラに関する情報を取得する取得部(51)と、
前記温度ムラに関する情報に基づき前記電池の異常に関する所定の条件を満たす場合、監視結果を出力する出力部(53)と、を備える、監視装置。
前記取得部は、前記電池の温度ムラに関する情報とともに、前記鉛直方向に移動時の放電特性に関する情報を取得し、
前記出力部は、前記温度ムラに関する情報および前記放電特性に関する情報に基づいて、前記監視結果を出力する、技術的思想1に記載の監視装置。
前記鉛直方向の移動は、離陸飛行および/または着陸飛行である、技術的思想1または技術的思想2に記載の監視装置。
前記鉛直方向に移動時の前記電池の放電レートは3C以上であり、その継続時間は30秒以上である、技術的思想3に記載の監視装置。
前記電池は、複数の電池セル(142)を有しており、
前記電池セルは、正極材料として層状化合物系材料を含む、技術的思想1~4いずれかひとつに記載の監視装置。
前記電池は、複数の電池セル(142)を備えて構成される組電池(141)を含み、
前記温度ムラに関する情報は、前記電池セルの内部の温度ムラに関する情報を含む、技術的思想1~5いずれかひとつに記載の監視装置。
前記電池セルは、電極端子(142P,142N)を有し、
前記温度ムラに関する情報は、前記電池セルの前記電極端子または前記電極端子の近傍における、前記電動飛行体の前記鉛直方向の移動にともなう最高温度到達前の温度上昇特性および/または最高温度到達後の温度緩和特性を含む、技術的思想6に記載の監視装置。
前記温度ムラに関する情報は、前記組電池の中央付近に配置された前記電池セルの前記電極端子または前記電極端子の近傍における情報を含む、技術的思想7に記載の監視装置。
Claims (10)
- 電動飛行体(10)に搭載された電池(14)を監視する監視装置であって、
前記電動飛行体の鉛直方向の移動にともなって生じる前記電池の温度ムラに関する情報を取得する取得部(51)と、
前記温度ムラに関する情報に基づき前記電池の異常に関する所定の条件を満たす場合、監視結果を出力する出力部(53)と、を備える、監視装置。 - 前記取得部は、前記電池の温度ムラに関する情報とともに、前記鉛直方向に移動時の放電特性に関する情報を取得し、
前記出力部は、前記温度ムラに関する情報および前記放電特性に関する情報に基づいて、前記監視結果を出力する、請求項1に記載の監視装置。 - 前記鉛直方向の移動は、離陸飛行および/または着陸飛行である、請求項1または請求項2に記載の監視装置。
- 前記鉛直方向に移動時の前記電池の放電レートは3C以上であり、その継続時間は30秒以上である、請求項3に記載の監視装置。
- 前記電池は、複数の電池セル(142)を有しており、
前記電池セルは、正極材料として層状化合物系材料を含む、請求項1に記載の監視装置。 - 前記電池は、複数の電池セル(142)を備えて構成される組電池(141)を含み、
前記温度ムラに関する情報は、前記電池セルの内部の温度ムラに関する情報を含む、請求項1に記載の監視装置。 - 前記電池セルは、電極端子(142P,142N)を有し、
前記温度ムラに関する情報は、前記電池セルの前記電極端子または前記電極端子の近傍における、前記電動飛行体の前記鉛直方向の移動にともなう最高温度到達前の温度上昇特性および/または最高温度到達後の温度緩和特性を含む、請求項6に記載の監視装置。 - 前記温度ムラに関する情報は、前記組電池の中央付近に配置された前記電池セルの前記電極端子または前記電極端子の近傍における情報を含む、請求項7に記載の監視装置。
- 電動飛行体(10)に搭載された電池(14)を監視するために記憶媒体(203)に記憶され、プロセッサ(201)に実行させる命令を含むプログラムであって、
前記電動飛行体の鉛直方向の移動にともなって生じる前記電池の温度ムラに関する情報を取得すること、
前記温度ムラに関する情報に基づき前記電池の異常に関する所定の条件を満たす場合、監視結果を出力すること、を実行させる前記命令を含む、プログラム。 - 電動飛行体(10)に搭載された電池(14)を監視する監視装置であって、
前記電動飛行体の鉛直方向の移動にともなって生じる前記電池の最高温度到達前の温度上昇特性および/または最高温度到達後の温度緩和特性を含む特性を取得する取得部(51)と、
前記特性に基づき前記電池の異常に関する所定の条件を満たす場合、監視結果を出力する出力部(53)と、を備える、監視装置。
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| US20160167800A1 (en) * | 2014-12-12 | 2016-06-16 | Airbus Group Sas | Device and method for cooling at least one autonomous electric power source of an aircraft |
| JP2022530619A (ja) * | 2019-04-23 | 2022-06-30 | ジョビー エアロ,インコーポレイテッド | バッテリ熱管理システムおよび方法 |
| JP2022549856A (ja) * | 2019-09-25 | 2022-11-29 | ジョビー エアロ,インコーポレイテッド | 車両機室熱管理システムおよび方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US20160167800A1 (en) * | 2014-12-12 | 2016-06-16 | Airbus Group Sas | Device and method for cooling at least one autonomous electric power source of an aircraft |
| JP2022530619A (ja) * | 2019-04-23 | 2022-06-30 | ジョビー エアロ,インコーポレイテッド | バッテリ熱管理システムおよび方法 |
| JP2022549856A (ja) * | 2019-09-25 | 2022-11-29 | ジョビー エアロ,インコーポレイテッド | 車両機室熱管理システムおよび方法 |
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