WO2024248014A1 - 種子の選別方法 - Google Patents
種子の選別方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024248014A1 WO2024248014A1 PCT/JP2024/019621 JP2024019621W WO2024248014A1 WO 2024248014 A1 WO2024248014 A1 WO 2024248014A1 JP 2024019621 W JP2024019621 W JP 2024019621W WO 2024248014 A1 WO2024248014 A1 WO 2024248014A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/3563—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing solids; Preparation of samples therefor
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- the present invention relates to a method for selecting seeds, and more specifically, to a method for selecting plant seeds having desired characteristics by analyzing the spectral data of the seeds using multivariate statistical analysis.
- the quality rate of seeds that are not sorted after harvest is usually less than 90%.
- the occurrence of defective seeds is partly due to insufficient maturation of the seeds in the mother plant, but damage, deterioration, or contamination during the seed preparation process after harvest can also be a factor.
- the large-scale equipment used in such sorting includes spiral density sorters, trommel rotary sorters, vibration sorters, magnetic sorters, weight sorters, and color sorters.
- the final quality rate after sorting falls below the target, the seeds that have finally been prepared through sowing, cultivation, harvesting, and sorting will just become a pile of garbage. At present, there is no way to improve the quality rate even to the "last 1%" from this stage.
- the seed sorting device described above is based on the premise that the quality of a seed is reflected in its outer surface or characteristics detectable from the outside. Characteristics detectable from the outer surface or outside of a seed include shape, surface texture or stickiness, specific gravity, and color.
- Characteristics detectable from the outer surface or outside of a seed include shape, surface texture or stickiness, specific gravity, and color.
- the above-mentioned device is suitable for mass sorting and can prepare most of the harvested seeds to a high-quality state. In contrast, these devices have the disadvantage that it is difficult to fine-tune the operating conditions. Furthermore, when focusing on the biochemical properties of seeds, changes in the embryo and endosperm hidden from the outside can have a much greater impact on the function of the seed than changes in the exposed seed coat.
- NIR spectroscopy is an effective method for non-destructively evaluating differences and changes in the chemical composition of substances that are primarily composed of organic compounds.
- NIR spectroscopy has a high affinity with food, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural products, and its application to their quality control is expanding.
- Imaging spectroscopy which has been developed primarily in the field of remote sensing, is also attracting attention as a technology for the quality control of these products, which are characterized by their heterogeneity.
- Near-infrared imaging spectroscopy which combines these new technologies, is highly expected to provide the key to eliminating "seed loss.”
- Non-Patent Documents 1-4 there have been reports of the application of NIR imaging spectroscopy to evaluate seed quality in terms of survival, growth potential, genetic purity, and the presence or absence of insect or fungal damage.
- Non-Patent Documents 1-4 the fact that "seed loss” is still occurring clearly indicates that this technology has not yet reached a practical level, or that social implementation has not progressed sufficiently.
- the present invention is as follows.
- a method for selecting a plant seed having a desired trait comprising the following steps 1 to 7: (Step 1) Removing a portion of seeds from a seed population; (a) constructing a data set for the extracted seeds, the data set constructing step including: (a) irradiating the extracted seeds with light to obtain spectral data and/or derived spectral data; (b) subjecting the seeds from which the spectral data has been acquired to a quality test for a desired trait and determining a preliminary yield rate of the extracted seeds;
- (c) Correlating the spectral data of each seed with the results of quality testing; (Third step) applying multivariate discriminant analysis to the data set constructed in the second step to derive candidates for a good/bad discrimination model for calculating a
- the trait is at least one trait selected from the group consisting of germination ability, germination vigor, genotype, stress resistance, dormancy, disease resistance, insect resistance, QTL characteristics, eating quality, heading time, and morphological characteristics.
- [4] The method for selecting a plant according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the prediction of two or more desired traits is carried out by any one of the following methods (i) to (iii): (i) A method of scoring seeds individually using a discrimination model for each trait, focusing on the quality of each trait, and predicting that seeds with all scores equal to or above a threshold are good seeds; (ii) A method of selecting a single discrimination model by determining that a seed is good if all of the desired traits are good, and determining that the other traits are bad, regardless of whether each trait is good or bad, scoring the seeds using the single discrimination model, and predicting that seeds with a score equal to or higher than a threshold are good seeds; (iii) A method in which a discrimination model for each trait is selected by focusing on the quality of each trait, the scores obtained using the discrimination model for each trait are integrated to obtain an integrated score, and the quality of each seed is predicted based on the ranking of the integrated score.
- 1 is a diagram showing the appearance of vegetable seeds classified by quality category. The numbers below the boxes represent the scores of each seed calculated using the discrimination model in Table 2.
- 1 is a diagram showing near-infrared reflectance spectra of vegetable seeds classified by quality category, where A to I show the average reflectance spectra for each category, and J shows the reflectance spectrum of an individual seed.
- FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing a procedure for deriving a pass/fail discrimination model.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a procedure for deriving a pass/fail discrimination model. This figure shows the relationship between the distribution range of the discrimination score and the discrimination accuracy.
- A shows a hypothetical situation in which a high-precision discrimination model is used, and B shows a low-precision discrimination model.
- the preliminary pass rate is set to 80%.
- Black and gray triangles indicate the preliminary pass rate and the standard threshold value (see Table 3, footnote 2), respectively.
- (c) Distribution range of the discrimination score for good and bad seeds box plot and scatter plot).
- Figure 1 shows the internal validity of the good/bad discrimination model.
- F shows the results and accuracy of discrimination for germination traits only
- I shows the results and accuracy of discrimination for hybrid traits only.
- J shows the results and accuracy of discrimination for good seeds (F1 hybrids with normal germination ability) or not.
- K shows the results and accuracy of good/bad discrimination by integrated score, reflecting predictions of both traits based on the two discrimination models used in F and I.
- FIG. 8 shows the external validity of the pass/fail discrimination model.
- A-F correspond to Figures 8A-F
- G-I correspond to Figures 8I-K.
- Symbols, abbreviations, and the outline of graphs (a)-(e) are the same as those in Figure 5.
- Figure 1 shows the PR/rPR curves for distinguishing between good and bad cauliflower seeds.
- PR Precision-Recall
- PR PR (Precision-Recall)
- This figure shows the rPR curve for each combination of the pass/fail discrimination model and the dataset.
- the relationship between recall and relative precision is referred to as the "rPR curve,” and the area under the curve is referred to as the "rPR-AUC.”
- Figure 13 13
- Pictorial representation of pass/fail discrimination scores A. Pumpkin variety 5; B. Pea variety 19.
- Figure 1 shows the germination and early growth characteristics of seeds classified by the quality discrimination score.
- a and B pea cultivar 19
- C lettuce cultivar 803, D: leek cultivar 22, E: cauliflower cultivar 47.
- Image B is an image in which only the pixels corresponding to the green leaves of A have been extracted.
- the rankings shown in the upper rows of A through D and E are the predicted rankings based on the discrimination model for germination traits, and the rankings shown in the lower row of E are the predicted rankings based on the discrimination model for mating traits.
- the present invention provides a method for selecting a plant seed having a desired trait, the method comprising the following steps 1 to 7 (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as the "method of the present invention”): (Step 1) Removing a portion of seeds from a seed population; (a) constructing a data set for the extracted seeds, the data set constructing step including: (a) irradiating the extracted seeds with light to obtain spectral data and/or derived spectral data; (b) subjecting the seeds from which the spectral data has been acquired to a quality test for a desired trait and determining a preliminary yield rate of the extracted seeds;
- Step 3 applying multivariate discriminant analysis to the data set constructed in
- the term "plant seed” refers to the seeds of any plant, and is not particularly limited.
- the plant is not particularly limited as long as it is a seed plant, and may be, for example, either angiosperms or gymnosperms.
- the plant when the plant is angiosperms, the plant may be either dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous.
- the plant when the plant is dicotyledonous, the plant may be either sympetalous or polypetalous.
- the method of the present invention can be used to select seeds of plants with high added value. Examples of such plants with high added value include, but are not limited to, horticultural crops and plants that can be used as building timber.
- Horticultural crops include vegetables, fruit trees, and ornamental plants.
- vegetables include, but are not limited to, pumpkin, peas, lettuce, green onions, tomatoes, cauliflower, bitter melon, okra, onions, Japanese ginger, soybeans, butterbur, asparagus, Chinese chives, broad beans, celery, carrots, mizuna, komatsuna, chrysanthemum, radish, broccoli, spinach, Chinese cabbage, arugula, lotus root, turnip, avocado, cucumber, paprika, garlic, corn, zucchini, parsley, cilantro, eggplant, and green peppers.
- fruit trees include, but are not limited to, plum, fig, akebia, acerola, avocado, olive, orange, persimmon, quince, guava, cranberry, walnut, grapefruit, cherry, and pomegranate.
- examples of flowers include, but are not limited to, morning glory, cockscomb, cosmos, zinnia, columbine, globe amaranth, petunia, periwinkle, cabbage, sunflower, impatiens, portulaca, portulaca, balloon vine, marigold, gypsophila, snapdragon, calendula, sweet pea, stock, dianthus, daisy, nigella, nemesia, nemophila, poppy, verbena, pansy, viola, corn poppy, cornflower, lupine, and forget-me-not.
- examples of plants that can be used as building timber include, but are not limited to, cedar, cypress, Japanese cypress, chestnut, zelkova, cherry, beech, walnut, falcata, and red pine.
- the term “desired trait” encompasses both traits that the seed itself possesses and traits that are expressed in a plant that germinates from the seed when the seed is grown.
- traits that are the subject of selection in the method of the present invention include, but are not limited to, germination ability, germination vigor, genotype, stress resistance, dormancy, disease resistance, insect resistance, QTL characteristics, taste, heading time, and morphological characteristics such as leaf size.
- the first step of the present invention is characterized in that some seeds are taken out from the seed population.
- the number of seeds constituting the seed population may be 2 or more, with no particular upper limit.
- the seed population may be, but is not limited to, a seed population consisting of usually 2 to 10,000,000 seeds, preferably 1,000 to 10,000,000 seeds, and more preferably 10,000 to 10,000,000 seeds.
- the seed population may be expressed by weight.
- the seed population may be, but is not limited to, a seed population weighing 1 g to 10,000 kg, preferably 1 kg to 10,000 kg, and more preferably 10 kg to 10,000 kg.
- the "portion" of the seed population may vary depending on the “traits" to be selected, but is usually, but not limited to, about 50 to 50,000 seeds, preferably 100 to 30,000 seeds, and more preferably 200 to 3,000 seeds.
- the second step of the present invention is to construct a data set for the extracted seeds.
- the construction of the data set includes at least the following steps (a) to (c):
- the "preliminary conforming rate" may be referred to as the "initial conforming rate.”
- the method of irradiating light onto the seeds to obtain spectral data (reflection, absorption, and/or transmission spectral data) and/or derived spectral data thereof may be a method generally used in the technical field of optical analysis.
- the light irradiated onto the seeds is not particularly limited as long as it can obtain spectral data.
- the light irradiated onto the seeds may be, for example, microwaves, terahertz waves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays, but is not limited to these.
- the light may be visible light or infrared light.
- the method of obtaining the spectral data may be, for example, the method and conditions used in the examples of this application, as well as the method taught in Patent No. 6782408, but is not limited to these.
- the method of generating derived spectral data from the obtained spectral data may be a method known per se in the technical field of optical analysis.
- the derived spectral data can be generated by performing reciprocal (1/R) transformation, logarithmic transformation, standard normalization, smoothing and smoothing differentiation using an SG (Savizky-Golay) filter, or any combination of these on the obtained spectral data (R).
- SG Sevizky-Golay
- the spectral data used may be one of the spectral data and the derived spectral data generated therefrom that is capable of deriving the most accurate prediction model.
- the equipment used to acquire the spectral data may be any known equipment.
- the spectral characteristics of biological tissues can be measured by point measurement using a fiber optic spectrometer, or by using a hyperspectral camera, which is a type of remote sensor, to measure (measure) them together with coordinate information (images) (surface measurement).
- an equipment that exhibits high detection sensitivity in the target wavelength range may be appropriately selected.
- equipment equipped with a photodetector such as a CCD, CMOS, CQD, InGaAs, HgCdTe (MCT), or Type II superlattice (T2SL) may be used, but is not limited to these.
- a reflectance correction image may be generated and a seed recognition model may be applied, if necessary (see ST1-3 in FIG. 3).
- the quality inspection in (b) of constructing the data set is also not particularly limited as long as the preliminary pass rate for the desired trait can be determined. For example, if the desired trait is "germination ability," this can be easily confirmed by subjecting the seeds from which the spectral data has been acquired to a germination test that complies with the International Seed Inspection Standards established by ISTA or a similar germination test.
- the [preliminary pass rate (%) (i.e., germination rate)] can be determined as 100B/A (%) from the definition formula [number of germinated seeds (B pieces) among the seeds subjected to quality evaluation] / [number of seeds subjected to quality evaluation (A pieces)] ⁇ 100.
- the spectral data (reflection, absorption, or transmission spectral data or derivative spectral data) of each seed obtained by irradiating light on seeds A, B, and C are SA, SB, and SC, respectively.
- the spectral data is intended to be matched with the quality results, such as SA being normal germination, SB being abnormal germination, and SC being non-germination.
- dummy variables may be assigned in order to make it easier to determine whether the result is good or bad.
- variables such as 1 (good) can be assigned to normal germination and -1 (bad) can be assigned to abnormal germination and non-germination, but this is not limiting.
- the third step of the present invention is a step of deriving candidates for a good/bad discrimination model for calculating a discrimination score for a desired trait in each seed by applying multivariate discriminant analysis to the data set constructed in the second step.
- the multivariate discriminant analysis in this step may be performed using a method known per se, and any method may be used as long as the desired effect of the present invention can be obtained.
- the multivariate statistical analysis technique may be, but is not limited to, partial least squares (PLS) or principal component analysis (PCA).
- the multivariate discriminant analysis may preferably be partial least squares-Discriminant analysis (PLS-DA).
- PLS-DA involves modeling an equation such as the following Equation 1 using the explanatory variables and target variables that have been set.
- x 1 , x 2 , x 3 and x 4 are explanatory variables
- y is a response variable
- a is an intercept (constant)
- b 1 , b 2 , b 3 and b 4 are partial regression coefficients (constants).
- the spectral data acquired in the second step is used as explanatory variables, and the results obtained by the quality inspection are used as objective variables, and a candidate quality discrimination model for calculating a discrimination score for the desired traits in each seed is derived.
- the method for deriving the candidate quality discrimination model can also be a method known per se, but the method used in the examples of the present invention is described below as an example.
- derived spectral data Xs is generated using the above-mentioned conversion method and any combination thereof.
- discriminant analysis an attempt is made to use all of the derived spectra as explanatory variables, but if the predictive performance of the derived discriminant model is equivalent, the simplest derived pattern can be adopted.
- a reflection, absorption, or transmission spectrum is acquired, and a derived spectrum is generated to prepare explanatory variable data. If necessary, standardization is performed for either or both of the objective variable and the explanatory variable.
- a discriminant model is derived by multivariate discriminant analysis. For example, a discriminant model can be derived by linear sparse modeling as follows. For all combinations of objective variable and explanatory variable data, first, an initial value of the weight of each explanatory variable is determined by PLS regression or Ridge regression.
- a solution path that represents the relationship between the regularization coefficient ⁇ and the partial regression coefficient, and the number of explanatory variables whose partial regression coefficients are not 0, is calculated by Adaptive LASSO regression. If the number of explanatory variables that minimize the residual sum of squares in the regression is p, candidates for combinations of explanatory variables suitable for reducing the number of explanatory variables to p or less can be determined from the solution path.
- the final discriminant model is derived by PLS-DA.
- a discriminant model is derived using 2 to p explanatory variables determined from the solution path in Adaptive LASSO regression.
- the derived discriminant model is set as a candidate for the good/bad discrimination model. Note that at this stage, many candidate discriminant models are presented. The discriminant model that gives a higher relative score to good seeds is selected in the next step 4.
- the fourth step of the present invention is a step of selecting a discrimination model from the candidates of the pass/fail discrimination model derived in the third step.
- Sorting conditions Sorting conditions that make the [preliminary quality rate] and [recovery rate] equal.
- a discrimination model that has a high rank correlation between increases and decreases in the recovery rate and increases and decreases in the precision rate (i.e., a relationship in which a decrease in the recovery rate reliably increases the precision rate, and an increase in the recovery rate reliably decreases the precision rate).
- the fifth step of the present invention is a step of irradiating the remaining seeds not extracted from the seed population in the first step and/or other seeds obtained under substantially the same conditions as the seeds to obtain spectral data, and determining the discrimination score of each seed by applying the discrimination model selected in the fourth step to the spectral data.
- the fifth step is a step of obtaining spectral data for non-training seeds in the seed population, and determining the discrimination score of each seed by applying the discrimination model obtained in the fourth step to the spectral data.
- the method and conditions for obtaining the spectral data may be the same as those used for the training seeds, and may be partially different as long as the desired effect is obtained.
- the sixth step of the present invention is a step of determining a threshold value of the discrimination score based on the discrimination score determined in the fifth step. If the pre-quality rate in the seed population is "k%," the score that is "k%" from the top can be set as a threshold value (standard threshold value) for standard selection. In addition, if a discrimination model having a high rank correlation between the increase/decrease in the recovery rate and the increase/decrease in the post-quality rate is selected in the fourth step described above, the matching rate can be adjusted by appropriately increasing/decreasing the threshold value based on the standard threshold value.
- the seventh step of the present invention is a step of recovering seeds predicted to have the desired trait by comparing the discrimination scores of each seed determined in the fifth step with the discrimination score threshold determined in the sixth step.
- the recovery of the seeds may be achieved by selecting and removing the seeds predicted to have the desired trait, or by selecting and removing the seeds predicted not to have the desired trait, and recovering the seeds not removed as seeds having the desired trait.
- the method of the present invention can be a method for selecting plant seeds having two or more desired traits.
- examples of two or more traits include, but are not limited to, a combination of two or more of the traits listed above (i.e., germination ability, germination vigor, genotype, stress resistance, dormancy, disease resistance, insect resistance, QTL characteristics, eating quality, heading time, and morphological characteristics such as leaf size, etc.).
- the method of the present invention is a method for selecting two or more desired traits
- the prediction of the two or more desired traits is performed by any one of the following methods (i) to (iii).
- the method of the present invention may further include a step of evaluating the accuracy of the discrimination model.
- the accuracy evaluation is an evaluation of the "generalized performance" of the selected discrimination model.
- the accuracy evaluation of the pass/fail discrimination model can be performed by the following method.
- the discrimination model obtained by carrying out the above-mentioned steps will undergo internal validation when applied to the internal data used in its derivation (i.e., the seed population from which the dataset was constructed) and external validation when applied to external data obtained independently of the derivation of the model.
- ROC Receiveiver Operating Characteristic
- PR Precision-Recall
- a discrimination model is considered to be superior when its AUC ( area under the curve ) is closer to the maximum value of 1.
- the minimum value of ROC-AUC is always 0.5
- the minimum value of PR-AUC is the initial precision rate, i.e., the prior quality rate, and this varies depending on the data set to which it is applied.
- PR-AUC is suitable for verifying which of a number of discriminant models shows superior performance for a specific data set, but is not suitable for verifying whether a single discriminant model shows equivalent performance for different data sets. This is because it is affected by the prior pass rate.
- rPR relative Precision-Recall
- rPR-AUC the area under the curve
- the relationship between precision and relative precision and recall forms a hypersurface occupying an n+1-dimensional space.
- PR curves and rPR curves the relationships between precision and relative precision and recall are referred to as PR curves and rPR curves, and the ratios below the hypersurface they form are referred to as PR-AUC and rPR-AUC, regardless of the number of discrimination models used.
- PR and rPR curves are created when each is applied to the data set derived from the target crop species.
- PR-AUC and rPR-AUC are calculated from each curve.
- the accuracy of the discrimination model is evaluated from the shape of the created curve and the AUC value.
- Vegetable seeds (pumpkin, pea, lettuce, green onion, tomato, and cauliflower) harvested from 2015 to 2022 provided by Tokita Seed Co., Ltd. were used as test materials (Table 1).
- the seeds were irradiated with near-infrared light by applying a DC voltage to two 24V 250W halogen lamps with aluminum mirrors (JTR24V250W10H/5-AL, GX5.3 base, manufactured by Kahoku Lighting Solutions), and near-infrared hyperspectral images were taken using a line-scan hyperspectral camera (CV-N801HS, manufactured by Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.).
- the near-infrared lens was an image-side telecentric lens (manufactured by Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.) with a focal length of 30 mm.
- the working distance during imaging was 28 cm, the spatial resolution was 90 ppi, and the wavelength sampling interval was 6 nm.
- the wavelength sensitivity range of the camera used was 980 to 2,350 nm.
- the reflectance at each wavelength was calibrated to the equivalent of diffuse reflectance based on the images of a standard reflector with a reflectance of 99% and dark current (reflectance of 0%) that constitute a contrast target (SRT-MS-050, Labsphere, USA).
- the reflectance spectrum of the seeds was the average of the reflectance spectra recorded for each pixel in the area occupied by each seed.
- the appearance of the seeds was photographed using an 8k color line scan camera (e2v EV71C4CCL8005-BA0) under illumination by a white LED light source (Leimac IDBA-HMS150WHV-S).
- the lens was an object-side telecentric lens (Optoart FT04-150CL) with an optical magnification of 0.4x, and the spatial resolution was 2,032 ppi.
- a standard reflector with a reflectance of 25% (when the seed surface was dark) or 50% (when the seed surface was light) that constitutes the contrast target (SRT-MS-050 mentioned above) was used to adjust the white balance of the camera.
- Cauliflower variety 47 (variety number omitted below) is used as an F1 hybrid, but due to incomplete self-incompatibility, self-fertilized seeds may be formed.
- Dummy variables were assigned to both good and bad seeds, and these were used as the objective variables in the discriminant analysis described below.
- the value of the dummy variable was set to 1 (good) for normally germinated seeds and -1 (bad) for others.
- F1 hybrids were assigned a value of 1 and others -1.
- F1 hybrids with normal germination ability were assigned a value of 1 and others -1.
- a model for discriminating between good and bad seeds was derived using a multivariate linear sparse modeling technique that combines Adaptive LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) and PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis). At this stage, many candidate models are presented, but it is necessary to select the one that gives a higher relative score to good seeds. The model selection method is specifically shown below.
- Adaptive LASSO Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator
- PLS-DA Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis
- the sorting conditions that make the preliminary non-defective rate and the recovery rate equal are defined as the "standard sorting conditions," and the lower threshold of the discrimination score of the seeds to be recovered at that time is defined as the "standard threshold.”
- Method 1 The quality of germination and mating characteristics are scored individually using two models (m-Ca47g and m-Ca47x), and seeds with the highest scores are predicted to be good seeds.
- Method 2) The quality of individual characteristics is ignored, and only good seeds are predicted (m-Ca47).
- M1 through Mk be models that discriminate between good and bad traits 1 through k
- y1(X) through yk(X) be the discriminant scores obtained by substituting explanatory variable X into these models.
- n (several hundred) of seeds that make up a particular lot are measured, and scores y1(x) to yk(x) are obtained from the explanatory variables x (x1 to xn) that correspond to each. If the pre-qualification rates for each trait are assumed to be p1 to pk, then the n ⁇ p (p1 to pk)-th score from the top of y (y1 to yk) is defined as yp (yp1 to ypk). In addition, the standard deviation of y (y1 to yk) is defined as s (s1 to sk).
- the minimum value of score z (z1 to zk) is the combined score for discrimination using M1 to Mk.
- Figures 8 and 9 respectively correspond to the results of internal validity verification when each discriminant model is applied to the internal data used in its derivation, and external validity verification when it is applied to external data obtained independently of the model derivation.
- Figure 9 shows the evaluation results of the generalization performance of the model.
- ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves and PR (Precision-Recall) curves are often used to evaluate the overall accuracy of a pass/fail discrimination model that is independent of the set value of the lower score threshold.
- PR curve which is sensitive to false positives, is often used.
- PR-AUC is suitable for verifying which of a number of discriminant models shows superior performance for a specific data set, but is not suitable for verifying whether a single discriminant model shows equivalent performance for different data sets. This is because it is affected by the prior pass rate.
- the relationship between relative precision and recall is called the rPR (relative Precision-Recall) curve, and the area under the curve is called the rPR-AUC.
- the rPR-AUC does not depend on the dataset to which it is applied, and always takes a value in the closed interval [0, 1].
- the relationship between the precision rate or relative precision rate and recall rate also forms an n+1-dimensional hypersurface shape.
- the relationships between the precision rate and relative precision rate and recall rate are referred to as the PR curve and rPR curve, and the ratios below the hypersurface they form are referred to as the PR-AUC and rPR-AUC, regardless of the number of discrimination models used.
- the distribution range of the discrimination scores was not the same on different test occasions, even when the same variety and lot of seeds were used (Fig. 8, Fig. 9 (a) to (c)); different lots of tomato variety 94 were used in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9).
- the derived discrimination model was capable of repeated application, at least to the same variety, but it was desirable to optimize the lower threshold score for selecting good seeds for each occasion.
- deriving a discrimination model does not require a great deal of time or effort. It is possible to continue updating a model applied to a specific crop variety to improve its accuracy, with the intention of reusing it on another occasion; however, the reasons for the occurrence of defective seeds often differ from occasion to occasion. It is important not only to enrich the library of discrimination models compatible with various crop varieties, but also to establish a seed quality control system that can derive the optimal good/bad discrimination model for each occasion when a problem occurs and respond immediately to resolve it.
- Near-infrared hyperspectral images can be acquired all at once, and the data obtained from them can be used to distinguish multiple traits, such as seed germination characteristics and genotype.
- the images contain information about grain size and are also effective in estimating grain weight.
- the present invention provides a means of performing advanced seed sorting at low cost and in a small space, without introducing and installing multiple sorting machines with different functions.
- the present invention it is possible to select plant seeds having desired traits from a population of plant seeds having and not having the desired traits non-destructively, highly efficiently, and with high accuracy. Therefore, the present invention is extremely useful, for example, in the seed and seedling industry.
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Abstract
Description
すなわち、本発明は以下の通りである。
所望の形質を有する植物種子の選別方法であって、以下の第1工程~第7工程を含む、方法:
(第1工程)種子集団から一部の種子を取り出す工程、
(第2工程)取り出された種子に対するデータセットを構築する工程であって、該データセットを構築する工程は以下(a)~(c)を含み:
(a)取り出された種子に対して光を照射してスペクトルデータおよび/またはその派生スペクトルデータを取得すること、
(b)スペクトルデータを取得した種子を所望の形質に対する品質検査に供し、該取り出された種子の事前良品率を決定すること、
ここで、事前良品率は次式で定義される:
[事前良品率(%)]=[品質評価に供された種子のうち、所望の形質を有していた種子数]/[品質評価に供された種子数]×100
(c)各種子のスペクトルデータと品質検査の結果とを対応させること、
(第3工程)第2工程で構築されたデータセットに対して多変量判別分析を適用することにより、各種子における所望の形質に対する判別スコアを算出するための良否判別モデルの候補を導出する工程、
(第4工程)回収率および適合率を次式で定義し:
[回収率(%)]=[品質評価に供された種子のうち、判別スコアに基づいて選択される種子数]/[品質評価に供された種子数]×100
[適合率(%)]=[品質評価に供された種子であって、判別スコアに基づいて選択される種子のうち、所望の形質を有している種子数]/[品質評価に供された種子のうち、判別スコアに基づいて選択される種子数]×100
かつ、事前良品率と回収率を同値とする選別条件を「標準選別条件」と定義するとき、
該標準選別条件下で、適合率が事前良品率を上回るとの基準を満たす候補を良否判別モデルとして選択することを含む、第3工程で導出された良否判別モデルの候補から判別モデルを選択する工程、
(第5工程)第1工程で種子集団から取り出されなかった残りの種子、および/または該種子と実質的に同一の条件下で得られた別の種子に対して光を照射してスペクトルデータを取得し、該スペクトルデータに第4工程で選択された判別モデルを適用することで各種子の判別スコアを決定する工程、
(第6工程)第5工程で決定された判別スコアに基づいて、判別スコアの閾値を決定する工程、
(第7工程)第5工程で決定された各種子の判別スコアと第6工程で決定された判別スコアの閾値とを比較することで、所望の形質を有すると予測される種子を回収する工程。
[2]
2以上の所望の形質を有する植物種子の選別方法である、[1]記載の選別方法。
[3]
形質が、発芽能、発芽勢、遺伝子型、ストレス耐性、休眠性、病害抵抗性、虫害抵抗性、QTL特性、食味性、出穂期、および形態学的な特徴からなる群から選択される形質の少なくとも1つである、[1]または[2]記載の選別方法。
[4]
2以上の所望の形質の予測が、以下の(i)~(iii)のいずれかの方法によって行われることを特徴とする、[1]~[3]のいずれか記載の選別方法:
(i)形質ごとの良否に着目して形質ごとの判別モデルにより個別に種子をスコア化し、すべてのスコアが閾値以上のものを良種子と予測する方法、
(ii)形質ごとの良否は顧みず、所望の形質のすべてが良好である場合を良好とし、それ以外の場合は不良とすることで単一の判別モデルを選択し、当該単一の判別モデルにより種子をスコア化し、スコアが閾値以上のものを良種子と予測する方法、
(iii)形質ごとの良否に着目して形質ごとの判別モデルを選択した後に、当該形質ごとの判別モデルを用いて得られたスコアを統合して統合スコアとし、該統合スコアの順位に基づき、各種子の良否を予測する方法。
[5]
判別モデルの精度を評価する工程をさらに含む、[1]~[4]のいずれか記載の選別方法。
[6]
植物が園芸作物である、[1]~[5]のいずれか記載の選別方法。
(第1工程)種子集団から一部の種子を取り出す工程、
(第2工程)取り出された種子に対するデータセットを構築する工程であって、該データセットを構築する工程は以下(a)~(c)を含み:
(a)取り出された種子に対して光を照射してスペクトルデータおよび/またはその派生スペクトルデータを取得すること、
(b)スペクトルデータを取得した種子を所望の形質に対する品質検査に供し、該取り出された種子の事前良品率を決定すること、
ここで、事前良品率は次式で定義される:
[事前良品率(%)]=[品質評価に供された種子のうち、所望の形質を有していた種子数]/[品質評価に供された種子数]×100
(c)各種子のスペクトルデータと品質検査の結果とを対応させること、
(第3工程)第2工程で構築されたデータセットに対して多変量判別分析を適用することにより、各種子における所望の形質に対する判別スコアを算出するための良否判別モデルの候補を導出する工程、
(第4工程)回収率および適合率を次式で定義し:
[回収率(%)]=[品質評価に供された種子のうち、判別スコアに基づいて選択される種子数]/[品質評価に供された種子数]×100
[適合率(%)]=[品質評価に供された種子であって、判別スコアに基づいて選択される種子のうち、所望の形質を有している種子数]/[品質評価に供された種子のうち、判別スコアに基づいて選択される種子数]×100
かつ、事前良品率と回収率を同値とする選別条件を「標準選別条件」と定義するとき、
該標準選別条件下で、適合率が事前良品率を上回るとの基準を満たす候補を良否判別モデルとして選択することを含む、第3工程で導出された良否判別モデルの候補から判別モデルを選択する工程、
(第5工程)第1工程で種子集団から取り出されなかった残りの種子、および/または該種子と実質的に同一の条件下で得られた別の種子に対して光を照射してスペクトルデータを取得し、該スペクトルデータに第4工程で選択された判別モデルを適用することで各種子の判別スコアを決定する工程、
(第6工程)第5工程で決定された判別スコアに基づいて、判別スコアの閾値を決定する工程、
(第7工程)第5工程で決定された各種子の判別スコアと第6工程で決定された判別スコアの閾値とを比較することで、所望の形質を有すると予測される種子を回収する工程。
本発明の第1工程においては、種子集団から一部の種子を取り出すことを特徴とする。種子集団を構成する種子数は2以上であればよく、特に上限はない。例えば、種子集団は、通常、2粒~10,000,000粒、好ましくは1,000粒~10,000,000粒、より好ましくは10,000粒~10,000,000粒の種子からなる種子集団であってよいがこれらに限定されない。或いは、種子集団は、重量で示されるものであってもよい。例えば、種子集団は、1g~10,000kg、好ましくは1kg~10,000kg、より好ましくは10kg~10,000kgの重量の種子集団であってよいがこれらに限定されない。
本発明の第2工程は、取り出された種子に対するデータセットを構築する工程である。なお、データセットの構築は、少なくとも以下の(a)~(c)を含む。
(b)スペクトルデータを取得した種子を所望の形質に対する品質検査に供し、該取り出された種子の事前良品率を決定すること。尚、(b)における事前良品率は次式で定義される:
[事前良品率(%)]=[品質評価に供された種子のうち、所望の形質を有していた種子数]/[品質評価に供された種子数]×100
(c)各種子のスペクトルデータと品質検査の結果とを対応させること。
本発明の第3工程は、第2工程で構築されたデータセットに対して多変量判別分析を適用することにより、各種子における所望の形質に対する判別スコアを算出するための良否判別モデルの候補を導出する工程である。
y=a+b1x1+b2x2+b3x3+b4x4+…
データセットの最終準備を次のように行う。
反射、吸収、または透過スペクトルを取得し、さらにその派生スペクトルを生成させ、説明変数データを準備する。必要に応じて、目的変数および説明変数のいずれか又は両方に対して標準化を行う。多変量判別分析により判別モデルの導出を行う。例えば、線形スパースモデリングによる判別モデルの導出は次のように行うことができる。目的変数と説明変数データのすべての組み合わせについて、最初にPLS回帰やRidge回帰により、各説明変数の重みの初期値を決定する。続いてAdaptive LASSO回帰により、正則化係数λと偏回帰係数、及び偏回帰係数が0とならない説明変数の個数の関係を表す解パスを算定する。回帰における残差平方和を最小化する説明変数の個数をpとすると、説明変数をp個以下に削減する場合に適した説明変数の組み合わせの候補は、解パスより決定できる。最終的な判別モデルはPLS-DAにより導出する。Adaptive LASSO回帰における解パスより決定した、2~p個の説明変数を使用して判別モデルを導出する。導出された判別モデルを良否判別モデルの候補とする。尚、この段階では多数の候補判別モデルが提示される。良種子に対して、より高い相対スコアを与える判別モデルの選択は、次の工程4において、実施される。
本発明の第4工程は、第3工程で導出された良否判別モデルの候補から判別モデルを選択する工程である。
本発明の第5工程は、第1工程で種子集団から取り出されなかった残りの種子、および/または該種子と実質的に同一の条件下で得られた別の種子に対して光を照射してスペクトルデータを取得し、該スペクトルデータに第4工程で選択された判別モデルを適用することで各種子の判別スコアを決定する工程である。換言すれば、第5工程は、種子集団のうち、非訓練種子に対してのスペクトルデータを取得し、これに第4工程で得られた判別モデルを適用することで、各種子の判別スコアを決定する工程である。スペクトルデータの取得方法や条件などは、訓練種子において使用したものと同じものを用いればよく、また、所望の効果を得られる限り、部分的に異なっていてもよい。
本発明の第6工程は、第5工程で決定された判別スコアに基づいて、判別スコアの閾値を決定する工程である。閾値は、種子集団における事前良品率が「k%」であったとすると、上位から「k%」に位置するスコアが標準的な選別を行うための閾値(標準閾値)と設定することができる。尚、上述の第4工程において、回収率の増減と事後良品率の増減とに高い順位相関を有する判別モデルを選択した場合は、標準閾値を基準として当該閾値を適宜増減すれば、適合率を調整することもできる。
本発明の第7工程は、第5工程で決定された各種子の判別スコアと第6工程で決定された判別スコアの閾値とを比較することで、所望の形質を有すると予測される種子を回収する工程である。種子の回収は、所望の形質を有すると予測される種子を選別して取り出すことで達成してもよいし、或いは、所望の形質を有さないと予測される種子を選別して取り出し、取り出されなかった種子を、所望の形質を有する種子として回収してもよい。
(材料)供試資料として、トキタ種苗株式会社の提供による、2015~2022年産の野菜種子(カボチャ、エンドウ、レタス、ネギ、トマト、カリフラワー)を用いた(表1)。
I.データセットの構築
(1)種子に対し、ハロゲンランプより光を均一に照射し、近赤外波長域の分光情報を含む近赤外ハイパースペクトル画像を撮影した。種子の一部については、8kラインカメラにより、高解像度の外観画像も併せて撮影した(図1)。
(6)種子の近赤外反射スペクトルから、それが所望の形質を備えているか(すべての作物種において正常発芽すること、カリフラワーではさらにF1雑種であること)を予測するための判別分析を行った。
(10)前記において提示された多数の候補の中から、望ましい判別モデルを選択する手法を考案するため、以下の思考実験を行った。
複数の形質が評価される実施形態をこれ以降説明する。
z=(y-yp)/s
(16)選択した全ての判別モデルについて、全種子又は良否別種子の判別スコアの分布域及び、スコア下限閾の設定値又は種子回収率と判別精度にかかわる各指標との関係を、図8及び図9に示した。図の構成は図5と共通である。
(25)種子を撮影した近赤外ハイパースペクトル画像に対し、表2に示した判別モデルによるスコアを、画素又は種子が占有する領域ごとに計算し、疑似色又は輝度値に変換して可視化するソフトウェアを作成した(図13)。
(1)いずれの作物種においても、発芽試験後に明らかとなった種子の良否を、発芽前の外観及び近赤外反射スペクトルの概形から、主観的に検知することは不可能であった(図1及び図2)。
Claims (6)
- 所望の形質を有する植物種子の選別方法であって、以下の第1工程~第7工程を含む、方法:
(第1工程)種子集団から一部の種子を取り出す工程、
(第2工程)取り出された種子に対するデータセットを構築する工程であって、該データセットを構築する工程は以下(a)~(c)を含み:
(a)取り出された種子に対して光を照射してスペクトルデータおよび/またはその派生スペクトルデータを取得すること、
(b)スペクトルデータを取得した種子を所望の形質に対する品質検査に供し、該取り出された種子の事前良品率を決定すること、
ここで、事前良品率は次式で定義される:
[事前良品率(%)]=[品質評価に供された種子のうち、所望の形質を有していた種子数]/[品質評価に供された種子数]×100
(c)各種子のスペクトルデータと品質検査の結果とを対応させること、
(第3工程)第2工程で構築されたデータセットに対して多変量判別分析を適用することにより、各種子における所望の形質に対する判別スコアを算出するための良否判別モデルの候補を導出する工程、
(第4工程)回収率および適合率を次式で定義し:
[回収率(%)]=[品質評価に供された種子のうち、判別スコアに基づいて選択される種子数]/[品質評価に供された種子数]×100
[適合率(%)]=[品質評価に供された種子であって、判別スコアに基づいて選択される種子のうち、所望の形質を有している種子数]/[品質評価に供された種子のうち、判別スコアに基づいて選択される種子数]×100
かつ、事前良品率と回収率を同値とする選別条件を「標準選別条件」と定義するとき、
該標準選別条件下で、適合率が事前良品率を上回るとの基準を満たす候補を良否判別モデルとして選択することを含む、第3工程で導出された良否判別モデルの候補から判別モデルを選択する工程、
(第5工程)第1工程で種子集団から取り出されなかった残りの種子、および/または該種子と実質的に同一の条件下で得られた別の種子に対して光を照射してスペクトルデータを取得し、該スペクトルデータに第4工程で選択された判別モデルを適用することで各種子の判別スコアを決定する工程、
(第6工程)第5工程で決定された判別スコアに基づいて、判別スコアの閾値を決定する工程、
(第7工程)第5工程で決定された各種子の判別スコアと第6工程で決定された判別スコアの閾値とを比較することで、所望の形質を有すると予測される種子を回収する工程。 - 2以上の所望の形質を有する植物種子の選別方法である、請求項1記載の選別方法。
- 形質が、発芽能、発芽勢、遺伝子型、ストレス耐性、休眠性、病害抵抗性、虫害抵抗性、QTL特性、食味性、出穂期、および形態学的な特徴からなる群から選択される形質の少なくとも1つである、請求項1または2記載の選別方法。
- 2以上の所望の形質の予測が、以下の(i)~(iii)のいずれかの方法によって行われることを特徴とする、請求項1または2記載の選別方法:
(i)形質ごとの良否に着目して形質ごとの判別モデルにより個別に種子をスコア化し、すべてのスコアが閾値以上のものを良種子と予測する方法、
(ii)形質ごとの良否は顧みず、所望の形質のすべてが良好である場合を良好とし、それ以外の場合は不良とすることで単一の判別モデルを選択し、当該単一の判別モデルにより種子をスコア化し、スコアが閾値以上のものを良種子と予測する方法、
(iii)形質ごとの良否に着目して形質ごとの判別モデルを選択した後に、当該形質ごとの判別モデルを用いて得られたスコアを統合して統合スコアとし、該統合スコアの順位に基づき、各種子の良否を予測する方法。 - 判別モデルの精度を評価する工程をさらに含む、請求項1または2記載の選別方法。
- 植物が園芸作物である、請求項1または2記載の選別方法。
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| WO2005111583A1 (ja) * | 2004-05-17 | 2005-11-24 | The New Industry Research Organization | 近赤外線分光法による野菜等の成分の非破壊検査法、及び同装置 |
| WO2016084452A1 (ja) * | 2014-11-28 | 2016-06-02 | 住友林業株式会社 | 近赤外光を用いた樹木の種子選別方法 |
| KR102112088B1 (ko) * | 2018-12-31 | 2020-05-18 | 충남대학교산학협력단 | 초분광영상기술을 이용한 편백나무 우량종자 선별방법 |
| WO2022175309A1 (en) * | 2021-02-17 | 2022-08-25 | KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA | Methods for analyzing plant material, for determining plant material components and for detecting plant diseases in plant material |
-
2024
- 2024-05-29 WO PCT/JP2024/019621 patent/WO2024248014A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2024-05-29 JP JP2025524117A patent/JPWO2024248014A1/ja active Pending
- 2024-05-29 CN CN202480036354.3A patent/CN121219571A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005111583A1 (ja) * | 2004-05-17 | 2005-11-24 | The New Industry Research Organization | 近赤外線分光法による野菜等の成分の非破壊検査法、及び同装置 |
| WO2016084452A1 (ja) * | 2014-11-28 | 2016-06-02 | 住友林業株式会社 | 近赤外光を用いた樹木の種子選別方法 |
| KR102112088B1 (ko) * | 2018-12-31 | 2020-05-18 | 충남대학교산학협력단 | 초분광영상기술을 이용한 편백나무 우량종자 선별방법 |
| WO2022175309A1 (en) * | 2021-02-17 | 2022-08-25 | KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA | Methods for analyzing plant material, for determining plant material components and for detecting plant diseases in plant material |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| TIGABU MULUALEM, DANESHVAR ABOLFAZL, JINGJING REN, WU PENGFEI, MA XIANGQING, ODÉN PER CHRISTER: "Multivariate Discriminant Analysis of Single Seed Near Infrared Spectra for Sorting Dead-Filled and Viable Seeds of Three Pine Species: Does One Model Fit All Species?", FORESTS, MOLECULAR DIVERSITY PRESERVATION INTERNATIONAL (MDPI) AG., vol. 10, no. 6, pages 469, XP093244245, ISSN: 1999-4907, DOI: 10.3390/f10060469 * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| JPWO2024248014A1 (ja) | 2024-12-05 |
| CN121219571A (zh) | 2025-12-26 |
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