WO2024203446A1 - 陽イオン交換膜、イオン交換膜セル及び電気透析装置 - Google Patents
陽イオン交換膜、イオン交換膜セル及び電気透析装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024203446A1 WO2024203446A1 PCT/JP2024/010205 JP2024010205W WO2024203446A1 WO 2024203446 A1 WO2024203446 A1 WO 2024203446A1 JP 2024010205 W JP2024010205 W JP 2024010205W WO 2024203446 A1 WO2024203446 A1 WO 2024203446A1
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- cation exchange
- membrane
- cyano complex
- exchange membrane
- binder resin
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
- B01D61/46—Apparatus therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J39/00—Cation exchange; Use of material as cation exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties
- B01J39/08—Use of material as cation exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties
- B01J39/16—Organic material
- B01J39/18—Macromolecular compounds
- B01J39/19—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J47/00—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor
- B01J47/12—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cation exchange membrane, an ion exchange membrane cell and an electrodialysis device using the same, and a method for producing a cation exchange membrane.
- distillation can handle a wide range of salt concentrations and water qualities and has excellent resistance to contamination, but it requires a large amount of energy consumption and is particularly unsuitable for treating dilute solutions.
- ions are concentrated by dehydration, as in the RO membrane method.
- the use of a driving force solute (DS) has the advantage of not applying pressure and not requiring electricity, but otherwise has the same problems as the RO membrane.
- the brine concentration (BC) method can concentrate at a higher salt concentration than the RO membrane by connecting FO membrane modules in series in multiple stages, but on the other hand, it requires a larger membrane area than the RO membrane method because it refluxes part of the concentrated liquid.
- the Donnan dialysis method uses DS to concentrate and separate ions, as in the FO membrane method, so it does not require electricity, but it is necessary to separate the DS and the target ions.
- each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, but since actual treated water contains not only impurities but also various ions, with the exception of the ion exchange method, there are problems with scale formation due to these ions and reduced energy efficiency for the targeted ion concentration.
- ED is a technology for concentrating and desalination of ions using ion exchange membranes.
- concentration process ions are moved and concentrated, so it is particularly effective when separating and concentrating membrane pollutants or specific trace ions.
- high-concentration salt treatment requires electricity, it is a technology that allows high-concentration treatment, like the BC method.
- ions other than the target ion are also concentrated at the same time. In this case, when divalent cations such as calcium ions are concentrated, scale is formed in the membrane, on the membrane surface, or in the solution flow path, leading to membrane destruction and reduced system efficiency (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- the objective of the present invention is to provide a cation exchange membrane that is highly selective for specific cations, particularly ammonium ions, and also has high energy efficiency during dialysis.
- the present inventors began to study ion exchange membranes with high selectivity for specific ions, and proceeded with the study of ion exchange membranes with high selective permeability for ammonium ions as a specific target ion.
- a membrane made by mixing particles of metal cyano complexes (Patent Documents 1 and 2), known as adsorbents for ammonium ions and cesium ions, with a binder, becomes a cation exchange membrane with high selective permeability for ammonium ions.
- Adsorbents are used primarily in batch processing, since they adsorb the target ions and retain the target ions in the adsorbent.
- ion exchange membranes selectively and continuously move only the target ions through the membrane using driving forces such as electrical force and diffusion force.
- driving forces such as electrical force and diffusion force.
- adsorbents are used in particulate form, but ion exchange membranes can only fulfill their role by being made into a thin film. For these reasons, it was not previously thought possible to make a cation exchange membrane using a metal cyano complex, which is an adsorbent. This is how the present invention was completed.
- a cation exchange membrane having a cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin (2) The cation exchange membrane according to the above (1), wherein the mass ratio of the metal cyano complex to the binder resin is from 0.2:1 to 5:1. (3) The cation exchange membrane according to (1) or (2) above, having a membrane resistance of 0.2 to 15 ⁇ cm 2 . (4) The cation exchange membrane according to any one of (1) to (3) above, wherein the binder resin is a resin having no ion exchange capacity and/or a resin having low ion exchange capacity.
- An electrodialysis apparatus comprising an anode, a cathode, a cation exchange membrane, and an anion exchange membrane, the cation exchange membrane being the cation exchange membrane according to any one of (1) to (6) above.
- a method for producing a cation exchange membrane comprising mixing metal cyano complex particles, a binder resin and a solvent, dispersing the metal cyano complex particles in the mixed solution, and then coating or casting the mixed solution to remove the solvent.
- a method for producing a cation exchange membrane comprising mixing metal cyano complex particles, a binder resin and a solvent, dispersing the metal cyano complex particles in the mixed solution, applying or casting the mixed solution to a cation exchange layer to remove the solvent, and then applying a mixture of a resin that forms another cation exchange layer not containing a metal cyano complex and a solvent to the cation exchange layer to remove the solvent, or adhering another cation exchange membrane not containing a metal cyano complex.
- the present invention is further characterized by the following items.
- the cation exchange membrane of (ii) above which has another cation exchange layer on one or both sides of the cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin.
- An electrodialysis apparatus comprising an anode, a cathode, a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange membrane, the cation exchange membrane being the cation exchange membrane of (i) or (ii) above.
- the cation exchange membrane of the present invention has excellent selective permeability to specific cations, particularly ammonium ions.
- the ion exchange membrane cell of the present invention can be used in devices such as electrodialysis to selectively concentrate specific cations, particularly ammonium ions.
- the electrodialysis device of the present invention can selectively concentrate specific cations, particularly ammonium ions.
- the cation exchange membrane, ion exchange membrane cell, and electrodialysis device of the present invention can increase energy efficiency during dialysis.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the use of the ion exchange membrane cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the ground metal cyano complex used in Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the ground metal cyano complex used in Example 2.
- FIG. 4 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the membrane prepared in Example 2.
- FIG. 5 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the membrane prepared in Example 3.
- FIG. 6 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the membrane prepared in Example 4.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the measuring device and measuring conditions for the membrane resistance used in the examples and comparative examples.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the use of the ion exchange membrane cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the ground metal cyano complex used in Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an electrodialysis test apparatus used in the examples and comparative examples.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the results of the electrodialysis test of Example 1.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the results of the electrodialysis test of Example 2.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the results of the electrodialysis test of Example 3.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the results of the electrodialysis test of Example 4.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the results of the electrodialysis test of Example 5.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing the results of the electrodialysis test of Example 9.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the results of an electrodialysis test of a comparative example.
- the cation exchange membrane of the present invention is a cation exchange membrane having a cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex having cation exchange ability and a binder resin.
- the metal cyano complex in the present invention is not particularly limited, but for example, the composition is represented by A x M [M' (CN) 6 ] y.zH 2 O.
- the metal atom M is preferably one or more metal atoms selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, zinc, lanthanum, europium, gadolinium, lutetium, barium, strontium, and calcium, more preferably one or more metal atoms selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc, and particularly preferably one or more metal atoms selected from the group consisting of manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc.
- the metal atom M' is preferably one or more metal atoms selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, and copper, more preferably one or more metal atoms selected from the group consisting of manganese, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, and platinum, and more preferably one or more metal atoms selected from the group consisting of iron and cobalt.
- A is a monovalent or more polyvalent cation, preferably one or more cations selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, ammonium, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals, and more preferably one or more cations selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium.
- M-M' cyano complex when M and M' are identified, it is called M-M' cyano complex.
- x is preferably 0 to 3, more preferably 0 to 2.5, and even more preferably 0 to 2.
- y is preferably 0.1 to 1.5, more preferably 0.4 to 1.3, and even more preferably 0.5 to 1.
- z is preferably 0 to 6, more preferably 0.5 to 5.5, and even more preferably 1 to 5.
- the crystal structure of the metal cyano complex is generally a face-centered cubic structure, but is not necessarily limited thereto.
- K 0.67 Zn[Fe(CN) 6 ] 0.67 ⁇ zH 2 O has a hexagonal crystal.
- the number of cyano groups coordinated to M' is generally six, but some of them may be substituted with nitro groups, and there is no problem as long as the number is within 4 to 8.
- the synthesis method of the metal cyano complex but a method that can realize the desired composition uniformly is preferable.
- the surface of the complex may be modified with various materials for convenience of processing. As a specific method, for example, the methods described in JP-A-2006-256954 and JP-A-2013-173077 can be used, and nanoparticles with a large specific surface area are desirable.
- the uniform nanoparticle production method described in JP-A-2013-173077 is appropriate.
- the metal cyano complex is provided as a powder or a slurry dispersed in water, but is not limited to that form. As described later, it is important that the metal cyano complex and the binder resin are mixed uniformly, so it is desirable to select an appropriate combination of the form of the metal cyano complex and the binder. As described in Japanese Patent No. 5035767 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 2008/081923, the dispersibility of the metal cyano complex in various solvents can be controlled by adding metal ions, ferrocyanide ions, organic molecules, etc. to the particle surface.
- the binder resin in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can fix the metal cyano complex particles to form a layer or film containing the metal cyano complex particles.
- the binder resin in the present invention is preferably one that has excellent dispersibility of the metal cyano complex particles, that is, one in which the complex particles are uniformly dispersed without being unevenly distributed in the resin. From the viewpoint of ease of mixing with the metal cyano complex particles, one that has plasticity, especially thermoplasticity, is preferred. From the same viewpoint of ease of mixing with the metal cyano complex particles, one that disperses in water or disperses or dissolves in an organic solvent can be used, but one that can be dissolved in a general-purpose organic solvent is preferred.
- a plastic binder resin is one that has the property of being deformed by applying an external force and not returning to its original shape even when the force is removed (in the case of having a support described below, it has this property together with the support), and includes polymers that have plasticity at room temperature and polymers that have thermoplasticity that soften when heated to make it easier to mold and harden again when cooled.
- the binder resin in the present invention is preferably one that has no ion exchange capacity or one that has a low ion exchange capacity that is lower than that of conventional ion exchange membranes.
- a binder resin having a low ion exchange capacity means one that has an ion exchange group but has a smaller ion exchange capacity than that of conventional ion exchange membranes.
- ion exchange groups examples include cation exchange groups (anionic groups ) such as -CF2SO3H, -SO3H, -CF2COOH , -COOH , -PO3H2 , -Phenolic OH, -C( CF3 ) 3OH , and -CF2SO2NHR ; anion exchange groups (cationic groups) such as -N( CH3 ) 3OH , -N( CH2OH )( CH3 ) 2OH , -S( CH3 ) 2OH , -P( CH3 ) 3OH , -NH2 , -NH, and aniline( NH2 ); and the anionic groups and cationic groups described below.
- anionic groups anionic groups
- anionic groups such as -CF2SO3H, -SO3H, -CF2COOH , -COOH , -PO3H2 , -Phenolic OH, -C( CF3
- the ion exchange capacity in the case of having low ion exchange capacity is preferably 0.001 to 0.2 meq/g, more preferably 0.005 to 0.1 meq/g, more preferably 0.01 to 0.05 meq/g, and even more preferably 0.01 to 0.02 meq/g.
- binder resins that do not have ion exchange capacity include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose triacetate, and polyvinyl alcohol.
- polyolefins may be used as the binder resin in the present invention. Polyolefins are polymers of compounds having double bonds in the molecule.
- polyethylene and aliphatic olefin polymers such as polypropylene, polybutylene, and polybutadiene, aromatic olefin polymers such as polystyrene, poly ⁇ -methylstyrene, and polydivinylbenzene, oxygen-containing olefin polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, and the above-mentioned polyvinyl alcohol, nitrogen-containing olefin polymers such as polyacrylonitrile and poly N-methylpyrrolidone, halogen-containing olefin polymers such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, and the above-mentioned polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene, can be mentioned.
- aromatic olefin polymers such as polystyrene, poly ⁇ -methylstyrene, and polydivinylbenzene
- oxygen-containing olefin polymers such as polymethyl
- polystyrene resins may be used alone or in combination.
- copolymers or graft copolymers of two or more of the above-mentioned olefins can be used.
- polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene ether, modified polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, and the like can be mentioned.
- one type of binder resin may be used, or two or more types may be used.
- a binder resin having cation exchange capacity is used in the present invention
- the effect of the present invention of excellent selective permeability for ammonium ions may be reduced, and in the case where a binder resin having anion exchange capacity is used, there is a risk that anions may also be permeated. Therefore, in the case where a binder resin having an ion exchange group is used in the present invention, it is preferable that the ion exchange capacity is within the above range in which the binder resin has low ion exchange capacity, whether it has a cation exchange group or an anion exchange group.
- a cationic or anionic ion exchange group may be introduced into a binder resin such as a nonionic polymer that does not have an ion exchange group, or a cationic polymer or an anionic polymer may be mixed into a binder resin such as a nonionic polymer that does not have an ion exchange group.
- a cationic polymer is a polymer that contains a cationic group (positively charged group) in the molecular chain, and the cationic group may be contained in the main chain, side chain, or end.
- Examples of cationic groups in cationic polymers include ammonium groups, iminium groups, sulfonium groups, and phosphonium groups, as well as the cationic groups described above.
- Polymers that contain functional groups that can be converted into ammonium groups or iminium groups in water, such as amino groups and imino groups, are also included in the cationic polymer of the present invention. Among these, ammonium groups are preferred from the viewpoint of industrial availability.
- ammonium group any of primary ammonium groups (ammonium groups), secondary ammonium groups (alkylammonium groups, etc.), tertiary ammonium groups (dialkylammonium groups, etc.), and quaternary ammonium groups (trialkylammonium groups, etc.) can be used, but quaternary ammonium groups (trialkylammonium groups, etc.) are more preferred.
- the cationic polymer may contain only one type of cationic group, or may contain multiple types of cationic groups.
- the counter anion of the cationic group is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include halide ions, hydroxide ions, phosphate ions, and carboxylate ions.
- the cationic polymer may contain only one type of counter anion, or may contain multiple types of counter anions.
- the cationic polymer used in the present invention may be a polymer consisting of only structural units containing a cationic group, or may be a polymer consisting of both structural units containing a cationic group and structural units not containing a cationic group. In addition, these polymers may have crosslinking properties.
- the cationic polymer may be composed of only one type of polymer, or may contain multiple types of polymers. It may also be a mixture of a polymer containing a cationic group and a polymer not containing a cationic group.
- An anionic polymer is a polymer containing an anionic group (negatively charged group) in the molecular chain, and the anionic group may be contained in any of the main chain, side chain, and terminal.
- the anionic group in the anionic polymer include sulfonate groups, carboxylate groups, and phosphonate groups, as well as the above-mentioned anionic groups.
- Polymers containing functional groups, such as sulfonic acid groups, carboxyl groups, and phosphonic acid groups, a part of which can be converted to sulfonate groups, carboxylate groups, and phosphonate groups in water, are also included in the anionic polymer of the present invention.
- Anionic polymers may contain only one type of anionic group, or may contain multiple types of anionic groups.
- the counter anion of the anionic group is not particularly limited, and examples include hydrogen ions and alkali metal ions. Among these, alkali metal ions are preferred because they cause less corrosion problems in equipment.
- the anionic polymer may contain only one type of counter cation, or may contain multiple types of counter cations.
- the anionic polymer used in the present invention may be a polymer consisting of only structural units containing an anionic group, or may be a polymer consisting of both structural units containing an anionic group and structural units not containing an anionic group.
- the anionic polymer may be a polymer consisting of only one type of polymer, or may contain multiple types of polymers. In addition, it may be a mixture of a polymer containing an anionic group and a polymer not containing an anionic group.
- the cation exchange layer containing the metal cyano complex and the binder resin in the present invention may contain a third component other than the binder resin in order to increase the dispersibility of the metal cyano complex in the binder resin.
- the third component can be added to the binder resin, with the priority being given to increasing the dispersibility of the metal cyano complex.
- This third component is mixed with the binder resin, unlike direct surface treatment of the metal cyano complex particles themselves.
- the third component include the above-mentioned nonionic polymers, cationic polymers, anionic polymers, etc.
- the cation exchange layer containing the metal cyano complex and the binder resin in the present invention is a cation exchange layer in which the metal cyano complex particles are dispersed in the binder resin.
- the cation exchange layer in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a layer in which the metal cyano complex particles are fixed by the binder resin.
- the metal cyano complex particles may be fixed by embedding all or a part of the particle surface of the metal cyano complex in the binder resin, or the metal cyano complex particles may be fixed by filling the gaps between the metal cyano complex particles with the binder resin.
- the cation exchange layer in the present invention may be composed only of the metal cyano complex and the binder resin, or may contain components other than the metal cyano complex and the binder resin.
- the cation exchange membrane of the present invention may be composed only of the cation exchange layer containing the metal cyano complex and the binder resin, or may contain, in addition to the cation exchange layer containing the metal cyano complex and the binder resin, other cation exchange layers, supports, etc., as described below.
- the cation exchange membrane of the present invention is composed only of a cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin
- the cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin is in a membrane form
- the cation exchange membrane of the present invention is a cation exchange membrane containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin.
- the cation exchange layer or cation exchange membrane containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin has excellent selective permeability for ammonium ions.
- the ratio of the content of the metal cyano complex to the binder resin in the cation exchange layer containing the metal cyano complex and the binder resin is not particularly limited, but the mass ratio of the metal cyano complex to the binder resin is preferably 0.2:1 to 5:1, preferably 0.5:1 to 3:1, more preferably 0.75:1 to 2:1, and even more preferably 0.9:1 to 1.8:1. That is, the mass ratio of the metal cyano complex to 1 mass of the binder resin is preferably 0.2 to 5, preferably 0.5 to 3, more preferably 0.75 to 2, and even more preferably 0.9 to 1.8.
- the membrane resistance may be high and the selective permeability of monovalent cations, particularly ammonium ions, may be low.
- the content of the metal cyano complex is greater than the upper limit of the preferred mass ratio range, the mechanical strength of the membrane may decrease, and the selective permeability of ammonium ions in particular may decrease.
- the particle diameter of the metal cyano complex particles contained in the cation exchange layer in the present invention is not particularly limited, but the crystallite size evaluated using the Scherrer's law from the line width of the X-ray pattern using X-ray structural diffraction method is preferably 2 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.005 to 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the metal cyano complex may exist as a primary particle of crystallite size, a primary particle in which multiple crystallites are bonded, or a secondary particle in which the primary particles are aggregated by intermolecular forces, etc., and when present as a primary particle in the cation exchange layer, the primary particle diameter is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, and when present as a secondary particle, the secondary particle diameter is preferably 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the primary particle diameter in the cation exchange layer is preferably 0.005 to 1.0 ⁇ m, and the secondary particle diameter is preferably 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the primary particle diameter and secondary particle diameter in the cation exchange layer can be determined by observation with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the primary particles and secondary particles have shapes such as amorphous, nearly elliptical, nearly spherical, etc., and the length of the line that is the maximum when a straight line is drawn between two points on the outer edge of the particle in an SEM image is referred to as the primary particle diameter or secondary particle diameter.
- the above-mentioned preferred range means that 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more of the number of metal cyano complex particles in the cation exchange layer are within the range.
- "preferably 5 ⁇ m or less” means that 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more of the number of metal cyano complex particles are 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the primary particle diameter or secondary particle diameter exceeds 5 ⁇ m, the area through which cations pass becomes narrow, which may increase the membrane resistance, and the membrane surface may become uneven, which may cause the membrane to break starting from there, thereby reducing the mechanical strength. Furthermore, if the primary particle size or secondary particle size is larger than 5 ⁇ m, the amount of binder resin attached to the particles may become sparse, resulting in one or more gaps where neither particles nor resin are present, and there is a risk that cations may short-pass through the gaps.
- the thickness of the cation exchange layer containing the metal cyano complex and the binder resin in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 to 300 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the cation exchange layer is too thin, the mechanical strength may decrease, and if the thickness is too thick, the electrical resistance may increase.
- the cation exchange membrane of the present invention or the cation exchange layer in the case where the cation exchange membrane of the present invention is composed only of the cation exchange layer containing the metal cyano complex and the binder resin, has a membrane resistance representing electrical resistance of preferably 0.2 to 15 ⁇ cm 2 , more preferably 0.3 to 10 ⁇ cm 2 , or even more preferably 0.5 to 5 ⁇ cm 2 .
- the cation exchange layer contains metal cyano complex particles at a predetermined mass ratio to the binder resin, in other words, at a predetermined content ratio in the cation exchange layer, and adjacent particles contact each other, and cations can pass through the layer while moving through the particles in a so-called rosary-like manner through the contact sites.
- the cation exchange membrane of the present invention may have another cation exchange layer on one or both sides of the cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin.
- the other cation exchange layer refers to a cation exchange layer that is not a cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin.
- a cation exchange layer that does not contain a metal cyano complex is preferable, and a cation exchange layer having an ion exchange capacity of 0.2 meq/g or more is more preferable.
- the other cation exchange layer it is preferable that it does not contain a metal cyano complex and a binder resin.
- not containing a metal cyano complex or not containing a binder resin does not exclude the inclusion of a trace amount of a metal cyano complex or a binder resin to the extent that it does not inhibit the action of the other cation exchange layer in the present invention.
- a cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin cations and/or anions move through the gaps formed as described above, which may make it difficult to separate and recover the target cations or reduce the current efficiency.
- the anions move in the cation exchange layer in the present invention in the opposite direction to the cations.
- the permeation of cations and anions in the gaps can be prevented, the separation and recovery of the target cations can be facilitated, and a decrease in current efficiency can be prevented.
- the mechanical strength of the ion exchange membrane can be improved.
- the material of the other cation exchange layer is not particularly limited, and any material that can be used as a cation exchange membrane can be used, but a material that has high adhesion with the binder resin is preferable, and further, a material that has low membrane resistance and high mechanical strength is preferable. Examples of materials constituting the other cation exchange layer include sulfonated polyethersulfone and polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.
- polyvinyl alcohol copolymers examples include PVA-b-PSS and PVA-b-VBTAC described in WO2016/133170.
- the anionic polymer described above in the cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin can be mentioned.
- a mixture of a resin having no ion exchange capacity and a resin having ion exchange capacity, such as polyethersulfone and sulfonated polyethersulfone may be used.
- a resin having no ion exchange capacity may be used as a base material.
- a nonionic polymer in a cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin may be used as a resin having no ion exchange capacity, and the ion exchange group for imparting ion exchange capacity may be the ion exchange group (anionic group) described above.
- Another cation exchange layer in the present invention may be a cation exchange layer formed of an anionic polymer.
- the thickness of the other cation exchange layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m, and more preferably 2 to 50 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the other cation exchange layer is too thin, the mechanical strength may decrease, and if the thickness is too thick, the membrane resistance may become too high.
- the ratio of the thickness of the cation exchange layer containing the metal cyano complex and the binder resin to the thickness of the other cation exchange layer is preferably 1:0.1 to 1:100, more preferably 1:0.3 to 1:50, and even more preferably 1:0.5 to 1:10.
- the ratio of the thickness of the other cation exchange layer is preferably 0.1 to 100, more preferably 0.3 to 50, and even more preferably 0.5 to 10.
- the thickness of the cation exchange membrane in which another cation exchange layer is provided on one or both sides of the cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 to 400 ⁇ m, more preferably 20 to 200 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 25 to 120 ⁇ m.
- the membrane resistance of the cation exchange membrane in which another cation exchange layer is provided is preferably 0.5 to 10 ⁇ cm 2 , or 0.7 to 5 ⁇ cm 2 .
- the cation exchange membrane of the present invention may have a support.
- the support may be in the cation exchange layer containing the metal cyano complex and the binder resin, or in the case where another cation exchange layer is present, it may be in the other cation exchange layer, or it may be on one or both sides of the cation exchange membrane of the present invention.
- the support There are no particular limitations on the support as long as it has openings, and examples of the support include a mesh, a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, various porous membranes, etc.
- the method for producing the ion exchange membrane of the present invention is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include a method in which metal cyano complex particles, a binder resin, and a solvent are mixed, the metal cyano complex particles are thoroughly dispersed in the mixed solution, and the mixed solution is applied, cast, or the like, to remove the solvent and form a membrane.
- the method for forming the other cation exchange layer is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include a method in which a resin forming the other cation exchange layer is mixed with a solvent, and the mixture is applied onto a cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin, and the solvent is removed, and a method in which a cation exchange membrane forming the other cation exchange layer is bonded to a cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin.
- the metal cyano complex particles used in the production of the cation exchange membrane of the present invention preferably have a crystallite size of 2 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.005 to 0.5 ⁇ m, evaluated using an X-ray structure diffraction method and Scherrer's law from the line width of the X-ray pattern.
- the metal cyano complex particles used may exist as primary particles of crystallite size, primary particles in which a plurality of crystallites are bonded, or secondary particles in which primary particles are aggregated by intermolecular forces, etc., but when they exist as primary particles, the primary particle diameter is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, and when they exist as secondary particles, the secondary particle diameter is preferably 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the primary particle diameter of the metal cyano complex particles used is preferably 0.005 to 1.0 ⁇ m, and the secondary particle diameter is preferably 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the primary particle diameter and secondary particle diameter can be determined by a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in paragraph [0021] above. It is preferable to uniformly disperse the metal cyano complex particles in the binder resin so that the primary particle diameter and secondary particle diameter of the metal cyano complex particles in the manufactured cation exchange layer are within the preferred particle diameter ranges in the cation exchange layer described above.
- a mixed solution of metal cyano complex particles, binder resin and solvent is applied to a support such as a net, nonwoven fabric, woven fabric, porous membrane, etc., and the mixed solution is impregnated into the support or the support is immersed in the mixed solution, and then the solvent is removed to produce a cation exchange membrane having a support.
- the solvent is not particularly limited, but it is preferable that the binder resin is easily dispersed or dissolved and the metal cyano complex particles are easily dispersed.
- the solvent examples include hydrocarbons such as benzene, xylene, toluene, hexane, etc., alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, etc., ketones such as acetone, methyl isopropyl ketone, cyclohexane, etc., ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, etc., esters such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, etc., nitrogen-containing compounds such as isopropylamine, diethanolamine, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, etc., and at least one of these can be appropriately selected and used.
- hydrocarbons such as benzene, xylene, toluene, hexane, etc.
- alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, etc.
- ketones such as acetone, methyl iso
- FIG. 1 shows an example of the use of the ion exchange membrane cell of the present invention, in which the ion exchange membrane cells of the present invention are stacked for an electrodialysis device.
- another cation exchange layer is provided on one side, it is preferable to face the cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin to the anode side.
- a dilute side solution is passed through the anode side of the cation exchange membrane of the present invention, and a concentrated side solution is passed through the cathode side.
- a solution containing various ions is introduced into the dilute side, and while the introduced solution passes between the anion exchange membrane and the cation exchange membrane of the present invention, for example, ammonium ions as specific cations in the solution selectively permeate the cation exchange membrane of the present invention and move to the concentrated side. In this way, ammonium ions are concentrated on the concentrated side.
- Various ions may be present in the dilute side solution, and specific cations can be selectively concentrated due to the selectivity of the cation exchange membrane of the present invention.
- the various cations present in the dilute side solution are not particularly limited, but may include, for example, alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, and other monovalent to trivalent cations, such as ammonium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, lithium ions, calcium ions, magnesium ions, and hydrogen ions, as well as heavy metal ions such as silver ions, copper, zinc, and mercury.
- the various anions present in the dilute side solution are not particularly limited, but may include, for example, hydroxide ions, chloride ions, bromine ions, fluorine ions, iodide ions, carbonate ions, nitrate ions, sulfate ions, and phosphate ions.
- the solution introduced into the concentrate side is not particularly limited, but may include, for example, raw water to be concentrated, water in which specific ions in the raw water are concentrated, or water, and may contain the various ions contained in the dilute side solution.
- water tap water, industrial water, pure water, and the like can be used.
- the description of a gasket with a mesh arranged between the ion exchange membrane and the ion exchange membrane, a power source for supplying power to the anode and cathode, piping for supplying solutions to the dilute side and concentrate side, a pump, and the like is omitted. These can be, for example, those commonly used in electrodialysis devices.
- the cation exchange membrane and electrodialysis device of the present invention when another cation exchange layer is provided on one side, by orienting the cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin to the anode side, i.e., by orienting the other cation exchange layer to the cathode side, the effect of preventing the movement of anions from the cathode side to the anode side can be further improved, and the current efficiency can be increased.
- the cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin is orientated to the cathode side, i.e., when the other cation exchange layer is orientated to the anode side, if the specific cation is ammonium ion, cations other than ammonium ion are distributed in high concentration in the other cation exchange layer, so that the selectivity for ammonium ion may decrease, and the blocking ability for anions may decrease compared to when the other cation exchange layer is orientated to the cathode side.
- another cation exchange layer is provided on one or both sides of the cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin.
- another cation exchange layer it can be applied not only to the cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin, but also to the cation exchange layer containing an inorganic cation exchanger and a binder resin.
- the other cation exchange layer refers to a cation exchange layer that is not a cation exchange layer containing an inorganic cation exchanger and a binder resin.
- the inorganic ion exchanger is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include tantalum antimonate, zirconium phosphate, polyantimonic acid, and crystalline antimonic acid.
- the inorganic cation exchanger in the cation exchange membrane of the present invention having another cation exchange layer on one or both sides of the cation exchange layer containing an inorganic ion exchanger and a binder resin is not zeolite, which is difficult to use for the direct purpose of ion exchange and is prone to agglomeration of crushed particles.
- the binder resin and other components in the cation exchange layer containing an inorganic cation exchanger and a binder resin, the raw materials in the cation exchange membrane such as the other cation exchange layer, and the manufacturing method and manufacturing conditions are the same as those described above for the cation exchange membrane having a cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin.
- the polymers, adsorbents, and ion exchange membranes used in the examples and comparative examples were prepared as follows. 1. Polyethersulfone (Sumikaexcel PES (grade: 5900P), manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., hereinafter referred to as PES) 2. Sulfonated polyethersulfone (EW0710, manufactured by Konishi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., hereinafter referred to as SPES) 3. Metal cyano complex K 2 Cu 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 2 (hereinafter also referred to as KCuHCF) 4. Metal cyano complex K 2 Zn 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 2 (hereinafter also referred to as KZnHCF) 5. Standard cation exchange membrane Neosepta (registered trademark) CSE (manufactured by Astom Corporation)
- KZnHCF Preparation of KZnHCF
- a raw material solution C in which 0.38 moles of zinc salt was dissolved in 537 mL of water was mixed with a raw material solution D in which 0.26 moles of potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate was dissolved in 551 mL of water to obtain a KZnHCF slurry containing 100 g of KZnHCF (assumed to be tetrahydrate).
- potassium sulfate which is a by-product, was removed by decantation and centrifugation to obtain a washed KZnHCF slurry.
- 41 g of potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate was added and the mixture was shaken for 3 days to obtain a surface-treated KZnHCF slurry.
- Example 1 The washed KCuHCF slurry was dried, and 2 g of the dried KCuHCF was placed in a mortar and crushed 4000 times using a pestle.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the crushed KCuHCF particles formed secondary particles, and the secondary particle diameter was determined from the SEM image in the same manner as in paragraph [0021] to be 0.2 ⁇ m or less.
- PES was added to N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) so that the concentration of PES was 20% by mass, and dissolved by stirring with a magnetic stirrer while heating to 60° C. in an oil bath.
- DMAc N,N-dimethylacetamide
- the crushed KCuHCF particles were added to the previously prepared DMAc solution of PES so that the mass ratio of KCuHCF:PES was 1:1, and the mixture was mixed with a magnetic stirrer for 1 hour to disperse in the DMAc solution of PES. The mixture was then degassed in an ultrasonic bath for 10 minutes. The solution thus obtained was applied to a glass plate using a film applicator (KT-3405, Cortic) with the applicator set at a height of 0.3 mm, and molded into a film. The mixture was then dried on a hot plate at 60° C. for 1 hour to evaporate DMAc, thereby obtaining a film containing KCuHCF (hereinafter also referred to as KCuHCF film). The obtained film was immersed in ion-exchanged water and peeled off from the glass plate. The secondary particle diameter of the KCuHCF particles in the KCuHCF film was also approximately the same as the secondary particle diameter after pulverization.
- Example 2 The washed KZnHCF slurry was dried, and 2 g of the dried KZnHCF was placed in a mortar and crushed 4000 times using a pestle. The image of the crushed KZnHCF particles observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is shown in FIG. 3. The crushed KZnHCF particles formed secondary particles, and the secondary particle diameter was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and was within the range of 0.5 to 1.0 ⁇ m. A membrane containing KZnHCF (hereinafter also referred to as a KZnHCF membrane) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the metal cyano complex was changed from KCuHCF to KZnHCF.
- a KZnHCF membrane A membrane containing KZnHCF (hereinafter also referred to as a KZnHCF membrane) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the metal cyano complex was changed from KCuHCF to KZnHCF.
- the secondary particle diameter of the KZnHCF particles in the KZnHCF membrane was also almost the same as the secondary particle diameter after crushing.
- the obtained membrane was immersed in ion-exchanged water and peeled off from the glass plate.
- the cross section and the membrane surface of the prepared membrane were observed with a scanning electron microscope, and the results are shown in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 4(a) shows the results of observing a cross section
- FIG. 4(b) shows the results of observing a film surface.
- Example 3 A membrane containing KZnHCF was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that the compounding ratio (mass ratio) of KZnHCF to PES, KZnHCF:PES, was set to 1.5:1.
- the cross section and the membrane surface of the prepared membrane were observed with a scanning electron microscope, and the results are shown in Figure 5.
- Figure 5(a) shows the cross section
- Figure 5(b) shows the membrane surface.
- Example 4 A membrane containing KZnHCF was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that the compounding ratio (mass ratio) of KZnHCF to PES, KZnHCF:PES, was set to 1.9:1.
- the cross section and the membrane surface of the prepared membrane were observed with a scanning electron microscope, and the results are shown in Figure 6.
- Figure 6(a) shows the cross section
- Figure 6(b) shows the membrane surface.
- Example 5 A solution in which the same crushed KZnHCF particles as those used in Example 2 were dispersed in a DMAc solution of PES was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2. The prepared solution was applied to a glass plate in the same manner as in Example 2 to form a film. Then, it was dried on a hot plate at 60 ° C. for 30 minutes to evaporate a part of the DMAc. Meanwhile, SPES was added to DMAc and dissolved so that the concentration of SPES was 20 mass%. The solution in which SPES was dissolved in DMAc was dropped onto the previously dried membrane containing KZnHCF and applied using a film applicator. After application, the glass plate was dried on a hot plate at 60 ° C.
- a membrane having a cation exchange layer containing KZnHCF and a cation exchange layer by SPES (hereinafter also referred to as a composite membrane).
- the obtained composite membrane was immersed in ion-exchanged water and peeled off from the glass plate.
- Example 6 A composite membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the compounding ratio (mass ratio) of KZnHCF to PES was set to 1.5:1.
- Example 7 A composite membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 6, except that the cation exchange layer made of SPES was made thicker than that in Example 6.
- Example 8 A composite membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the compounding ratio (mass ratio) of KZnHCF to PES was set to KZnHCF:PES of 2.0:1.
- the thickness of the resulting film was measured using a film thickness meter (ABS Digimatic Blade Thickness, Mitutoyo Corporation).
- FIG. 7 shows the measurement device and measurement conditions for the membrane resistance.
- an aqueous NH 4 Cl solution (NH 4 Cl concentration 0.5 mol/L) was placed as a measurement solution in an acrylic cell with a current-carrying area of 0.949 cm 2 having a platinum electrode, and the solution resistance (R 0 ) was measured at 25° C. with a measurement frequency of 10 kHz using an LCR meter.
- a sample film was sandwiched between the two cells, and the resistance (R 1 ) was measured in the same manner.
- the membrane resistance (R m ) was calculated from the following formula (1), and the membrane specific resistance K m [ ⁇ cm] was obtained from formula (2) by dividing the obtained membrane resistance by the membrane thickness.
- R 1 [ ⁇ cm 2 ] is the measured resistance measured by sandwiching the sample film between the two cells
- R 0 [ ⁇ cm 2 ] is the solution resistance measured without sandwiching the sample film
- R m [ ⁇ cm 2 ] is the membrane resistance.
- K m [ ⁇ cm] is the membrane resistivity
- d [cm] is the membrane thickness.
- Electrododialysis The measurement membrane was sandwiched between an apparatus with an effective membrane area of 4.0 cm 2 (2.0 cm x 2.0 cm) as shown in Figure 8, and a mixed salt solution of 0.1 M NH 4 Cl, 0.1 M NaCl and 0.2 M CaCl 2 was placed in two cells under an atmosphere of 25 ° C., and electrodialysis was performed for about 120 minutes at a constant current of 90 mA using a DC stabilized power supply (PMC35-2A, Kikusui Electronics Co., Ltd.) between Ag and AgCl electrodes, and the solution in the cell was sampled at predetermined intervals.
- a DC stabilized power supply PMC35-2A, Kikusui Electronics Co., Ltd.
- P NH4 Na and P NH4 Ca represent the ion selective permeability coefficient [-].
- ⁇ [-] represents the current efficiency
- z i [-] represents the valence of the cation
- I [A] represents the current
- F [C mol -1 ] represents the Faraday constant.
- the effective membrane area is the membrane area through which ion permeation actually occurs.
- Example 1 The membrane thickness of the KCuHCF membrane obtained in Example 1 was 61 ⁇ m, the membrane resistivity of this membrane was 1885 ⁇ cm, and the membrane resistance was 11.5 ⁇ cm 2.
- FIG. 9 This figure shows the time change in the ion concentration of the concentrated side and the diluted side of NH 4 + , Na + and Ca 2+ ions. All three types of cations moved from the diluted side to the concentrated side due to the applied DC voltage, and the permeation flux was calculated using formula (3) from the slope of the time-concentration curve, and the ion selectivity coefficient was calculated from formulas (4) and (5).
- Example 2 The membrane thickness of the KZnHCF membrane obtained in Example 2 was 36 ⁇ m, the membrane resistivity of this membrane was 937 ⁇ cm, and the membrane resistance was 3.37 ⁇ cm 2.
- FIG. 10 This figure shows the time change in the ion concentration of the concentrated side and the diluted side of NH 4 + , Na + and Ca 2+ ions. All three types of cations moved from the diluted side to the concentrated side due to the applied DC voltage, and the permeation flux was calculated using formula (3) from the slope of the time-concentration curve, and the ion selectivity coefficient was calculated from formulas (4) and (5).
- Example 3 The membrane thickness of the KZnHCF membrane obtained in Example 3 was 45 ⁇ m, the membrane resistivity of this membrane was 416 ⁇ cm, and the membrane resistance was 1.86 ⁇ cm 2.
- FIG. 11 This figure shows the time change in the ion concentration of the concentrated side and the diluted side of NH 4 + , Na + and Ca 2 + ions. All three types of cations moved from the diluted side to the concentrated side due to the applied DC voltage, and the permeation flux was calculated using formula (3) from the slope of the time-concentration curve, and the ion selectivity coefficient was calculated from formulas (4) and (5).
- Example 4 The membrane thickness of the KZnHCF membrane obtained in Example 4 was 57 ⁇ m, the membrane resistivity of this membrane was 93 ⁇ cm, and the membrane resistance was 0.53 ⁇ cm 2.
- FIG. 12 This figure shows the time change in the ion concentration of the concentrated side and the diluted side of NH 4 + , Na + and Ca 2+ ions. All three types of cations moved from the diluted side to the concentrated side due to the applied DC voltage, and the permeation flux was calculated using formula (3) from the slope of the time-concentration curve, and the ion selectivity coefficient was calculated from formulas (4) and (5).
- Example 5 The composite membrane obtained in Example 5 had a membrane thickness of 49 ⁇ m for the KZnHCF membrane and 24 ⁇ m for the SPES membrane, and the membrane specific resistance of the entire membrane including both was 272 ⁇ cm, and the membrane resistance was 1.99 ⁇ cm 2.
- the results of electrodialysis using this membrane are shown in FIG. 13.
- the composite membrane was installed so that the SPES membrane was facing the cathode side, and electrodialysis was performed. This figure shows the time change in the ion concentration of NH 4 + , Na + and Ca 2+ ions on the concentrated side and the diluted side.
- Example 6 (Measurement Results of Example 6)
- the KZnHCF membrane had a thickness of 45 ⁇ m
- the SPES membrane had a thickness of 14 ⁇ m
- the overall membrane resistivity of the combined membrane was 550 ⁇ cm
- the membrane resistance was 3.05 ⁇ cm2.
- the composite membrane was installed so that the SPES membrane faced the cathode side, and electrodialysis was performed.
- the ion selectivity coefficient was calculated in the same manner as in Example 5.
- P NH4 Na was 15.0
- P NH4 Ca was 31.2.
- the current efficiency at this time was 0.95.
- Example 7 (Measurement Results of Example 7)
- the KZnHCF membrane had a thickness of 45 ⁇ m
- the SPES membrane had a thickness of 42.7 ⁇ m
- the overall membrane resistivity of the combined membrane was 348 ⁇ cm
- the membrane resistance was 3.06 ⁇ cm2.
- the composite membrane was installed so that the SPES membrane faced the cathode side, and electrodialysis was performed.
- the ion selectivity coefficient was calculated in the same manner as in Example 5.
- P NH4 Na was 13.3
- P NH4 Ca was 25.8.
- the current efficiency at this time was 0.94.
- Example 8 (Measurement Results of Example 8)
- the KZnHCF membrane had a thickness of 58 ⁇ m
- the SPES membrane had a thickness of 19 ⁇ m
- the overall membrane resistivity of the combined membrane was 197 ⁇ cm
- the membrane resistance was 1.52 ⁇ cm2.
- the composite membrane was installed so that the SPES membrane faced the cathode side, and electrodialysis was performed.
- the ion selectivity coefficient was calculated in the same manner as in Example 5.
- P NH4 Na was 12.6, and P NH4 Ca was 10.3.
- the current efficiency at this time was 0.97.
- Example 9 In Example 9, the composite membrane obtained in Example 5 was installed so that the SPES membrane was directed to the anode side, and electrodialysis was performed. The results are shown in FIG. 14. This figure shows the time change in the ion concentration of the concentrated side and the diluted side of NH 4 + , Na + and Ca 2 + ions. All three types of cations moved from the diluted side to the concentrated side due to the applied DC voltage, and the permeation flux was calculated using formula (3) from the slope of the time-concentration curve, and the ion selectivity coefficient was calculated using formulas (4) and (5). As a result, P NH4 Na was 2.4 and P NH4 Ca was 3.3. This indicates that NH 4 + was selectively permeated 2.4 times more than Na + , and that NH 4 + was selectively permeated 3.3 times more than Ca 2 + . The current efficiency at this time was 0.87.
- Examples 5 to 8 by providing a cation exchange layer not containing a metal cyano complex on one side of a cation exchange layer containing a metal cyano complex and a binder resin, it was possible to increase the current efficiency while maintaining excellent selective permeability for NH 4 + relative to Na + and Ca 2+ (an ion selective permeability that exceeds 10 can be said to be excellent).
- the cation exchange membrane of the present invention has excellent selective permeability to ammonium ions, and can therefore be used in a variety of applications for concentrating ammonium ions, such as in various water treatment processes for wastewater, etc.
- the cation exchange membrane of the present invention can also be suitably used in electrodialysis devices, Donnan dialysis devices, etc.
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Abstract
Description
(1)金属シアノ錯体とバインダー樹脂とを含む陽イオン交換層を有する陽イオン交換膜。
(2)質量比で金属シアノ錯体:バインダー樹脂が0.2:1~5:1である上記(1)に記載の陽イオン交換膜。
(3)膜抵抗が0.2~15Ωcm2である上記(1)又は(2)に記載の陽イオン交換膜。
(4)バインダー樹脂が、イオン交換能を有さない樹脂及び/又は低イオン交換能を有する樹脂である上記(1)~(3)のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜。
(5)低イオン交換能を有する樹脂のイオン交換容量が0.001~0.2meq/gである上記(4)に記載の陽イオン交換膜。
(6)金属シアノ錯体とバインダー樹脂とを含む陽イオン交換層の片面又は両面に、金属シアノ錯体を含まない他の陽イオン交換層を有する上記(1)~(5)のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜。
(7)陰イオン交換膜と上記(1)~(6)のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜とが対向して配置されたイオン交換膜セル。
(8)陽極、陰極、陽イオン交換膜及び陰イオン交換膜を備える電気透析装置であって、前記陽イオン交換膜が上記(1)~(6)のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜である電気透析装置。
(9)金属シアノ錯体粒子、バインダー樹脂及び溶媒を混合し、前記金属シアノ錯体粒子を混合溶液中に分散させ、前記混合溶液を塗布又はキャストして溶媒を除去する陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
(10)金属シアノ錯体粒子、バインダー樹脂及び溶媒を混合し、前記金属シアノ錯体粒子を混合溶液中に分散させ、前記混合溶液を塗布又はキャストして溶媒を除去した陽イオン交換層に、金属シアノ錯体を含まない他の陽イオン交換層を形成する樹脂を溶媒と混合したものを塗布して溶媒を除去する、又は金属シアノ錯体を含まない他の陽イオン交換膜を接着する陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
また、本発明は以下に示す事項により特定されるものである。
(i)金属シアノ錯体とバインダー樹脂とを含む陽イオン交換層を有する陽イオン交換膜。
(ii)金属シアノ錯体とバインダー樹脂とを含む陽イオン交換層の片面又は両面に、他の陽イオン交換層を有する上記(ii)の陽イオン交換膜。
(iii)バインダー樹脂が、イオン交換能を有さない樹脂及び/又は低イオン交換能を有する樹脂である上記(i)又は(ii)の陽イオン交換膜。
(iv)陰イオン交換膜と上記(i)又は(ii)の陽イオン交換膜とが対向して配置されたイオン交換膜セル。
(v)陽極、陰極、陽イオン交換膜及び陰イオン交換膜を備える電気透析装置であって、前記陽イオン交換膜が上記(i)又は(ii)の陽イオン交換膜である電気透析装置。
1.ポリエーテルスルホン(スミカエクセルPES(グレード:5900P)、住友化学株式会社製、以下PESという。)
2.スルホン化ポリエーテルスルホン(EW0710、小西化学工業製、以下SPESという。)
3.金属シアノ錯体 K2Cu3[Fe(CN)6]2(以下、KCuHCFともいう。)
4.金属シアノ錯体 K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2(以下、KZnHCFともいう。)
5.標準陽イオン交換膜 Neosepta(登録商標)CSE(株式会社アストム製)
硫酸銅5水和物97gを555mLの水に溶解させた原料溶液Aと、フェロシアン化カリウム3水和物110gを555mLの水に溶解させた原料溶液Bとを混合させることにより、KCuHCF100g(四水和物と仮定)を含有するKCuHCFスラリーを得た。次に、デカンテーション法及び遠心分離法により副生成物である硫酸カリウムを取り除き、洗浄済みのKCuHCFスラリーを得た。さらに、フェロシアン化カリウム3水和物41gを添加し、3日間振盪することにより、表面処理済みのKCuHCFスラリーを得た。
亜鉛塩0.38モルを537mLの水に溶解させた原料溶液Cと、フェロシアン化カリウム3水和物0.26モルを551mLの水に溶解させた原料溶液Dとを混合させることにより、KZnHCF100g(四水和物と仮定)を含有するKZnHCFスラリーを得た。次に、デカンテーション法及び遠心分離法により副生成物である硫酸カリウムを取り除き、洗浄済みのKZnHCFスラリーを得た。さらに、フェロシアン化カリウム3水和物41gを添加し、3日間振盪することにより、表面処理済みのKZnHCFスラリーを得た。
洗浄済みのKCuHCFスラリーを乾燥させ、乾燥後のKCuHCFを乳鉢に2g入れて、乳棒を用いて4000回擂壊粉砕した。粉砕後のKCuHCF粒子を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)(キーエンス製VE-8800)で観察した画像を図2に示す。粉砕後のKCuHCF粒子は二次粒子を形成し、その二次粒子径を段落[0021]と同様の方法でSEM画像から求めたところ、0.2μm以下であった。PESの濃度が20質量%となるように、PESをN,N-ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)に加え、オイルバス内で60℃に加温しながらマグネチックスターラーで攪拌して溶解させた。粉砕後のKCuHCF粒子を、質量比でKCuHCF:PESが1:1となるように、先に調製したPESのDMAc溶液に加え、マグネチックスターラーで1時間混合してPESのDMAc溶液中に分散させた。その後、超音波バス内で10分間脱泡した。こうして得られた溶液を、フィルムアプリケーター(コーティック社、KT-3405)を用いてガラス板上にアプリケーターの設定高さを0.3mmとして塗布し、フィルム状に成型した。その後、ホットプレート上で60℃、1時間乾燥してDMAcを蒸発させてKCuHCFを含有する膜(以下、KCuHCF膜ともいう。)を得た。得られた膜はイオン交換水に浸漬させてガラス板から剥離した。KCuHCF膜中のKCuHCF粒子の二次粒子径も粉砕後の二次粒子径とほぼ同じであった。
洗浄済みのKZnHCFスラリーを乾燥させ、乾燥後のKZnHCFを乳鉢に2g入れて、乳棒を用いて4000回擂壊粉砕した。粉砕後のKZnHCF粒子を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察した画像を図3に示す。粉砕後のKZnHCF粒子は二次粒子を形成し、その二次粒子径を実施例1と同様に測定したところ、0.5~1.0μmの範囲内であった。金属シアノ錯体をKCuHCFからKZnHCFにかえた以外は実施例1と同様にして、KZnHCFを含有する膜(以下、KZnHCF膜ともいう。)を得た。KZnHCF膜中のKZnHCF粒子の二次粒子径も粉砕後の二次粒子径とほぼ同じであった。得られた膜はイオン交換水に浸漬させてガラス板から剥離した。作製した膜の断面と膜表面を走査型電子顕微鏡で観察した結果を図4に示す。図4(a)は断面の観察結果であり、図4(b)は膜表面の観察結果である。
KZnHCFとPESとの配合比(質量比)であるKZnHCF:PESを1.5:1とした以外は実施例2と同様にして、KZnHCFを含有する膜を得た。作製した膜の断面と膜表面を走査型電子顕微鏡で観察した結果を図5に示す。図5(a)は断面の観察結果であり、図5(b)は膜表面の観察結果である。
KZnHCFとPESとの配合比(質量比)であるKZnHCF:PESを1.9:1とした以外は実施例2と同様にして、KZnHCFを含有する膜を得た。作製した膜の断面と膜表面を走査型電子顕微鏡で観察した結果を図6に示す。図6(a)は断面の観察結果であり、図6(b)は膜表面の観察結果である。
実施例2で使用したものと同じ粉砕後のKZnHCF粒子をPESのDMAc溶液中に分散させた溶液を実施例2と同様に調製した。調製した溶液を、実施例2と同様にガラス板状に塗布してフィルム状に成型した。その後、ホットプレート上で60℃、30分乾燥し、DMAcの一部を蒸発させた。一方で、SPESの濃度が20質量%となるように、SPESをDMAcに加えて溶解させた。SPESをDMAcに溶解させた溶液を、先に乾燥させたKZnHCFを含有する膜上に滴下し、フィルムアプリケーターを用いて塗布した。塗布後、ガラス板をホットプレート上で60℃、1時間以上乾燥してDMAcを蒸発させてKZnHCFを含有する陽イオン交換層とSPESによる陽イオン交換層とを有する膜(以下、複合膜ともいう。)を得た。得られた複合膜はイオン交換水に浸漬させてガラス板から剥離した。
KZnHCFとPESとの配合比(質量比)であるKZnHCF:PESを1.5:1とした以外は実施例5と同様にして、複合膜を得た。
実施例6と同様にして複合膜を得た。ただし、SPESによる陽イオン交換層を実施例6より厚くした。
KZnHCFとPESとの配合比(質量比)であるKZnHCF:PESを2.0:1とした以外は実施例5と同様にして、複合膜を得た。
得られた膜の膜厚を膜厚計(ABSデジマチックブレードシックネス、株式会社ミツトヨ)を用いて測定した。
図7に膜抵抗の測定装置と測定条件を示す。最初に白金電極を有する通電面積0.949cm2のアクリルセルに測定溶液としてNH4Cl水溶液(NH4Cl濃度0.5mol/L)を入れ、LCRメーターにより測定周波数10kHzにより25℃における溶液抵抗(R0)を測定した。その後、2つのセルに間に試料膜を挟み、同様に抵抗(R1)を測定した。膜抵抗(Rm)を以下の式(1)から算出し、得られた膜抵抗を膜厚で除することで式(2)から膜比抵抗Km[Ωcm]を求めた。式(1)中、R1[Ωcm2]は2つのセルに間に試料膜を挟んで測定した測定抵抗であり、R0[Ωcm2]は試料膜を挟まずに測定した溶液抵抗であり、Rm[Ωcm2]は膜抵抗である。式(2)中、Km[Ωcm]は膜比抵抗であり、d[cm]は膜厚である。
図8に示すような有効膜面積が4.0cm2 (2.0cm×2.0cm)の装置に測定膜を挟み、25℃雰囲気下、0.1M NH4Cl、0.1M NaCl及び0.2M CaCl2の混合塩溶液を2つのセルに入れ、Ag・AgCl電極の間に直流安定化電源(PMC35-2A、菊水電子工業株式会社)を用いて90mAの定電流で約120分間電気透析を行い、所定時間毎にセル内の溶液をサンプリングした。その後、イオンクロマトグラフでサンプリングした溶液中のNH4+、Na+及びCa2+イオンの濃度を定量することで、これらのイオンの濃度の時間変化を測定した。これらの値より以下の式を用いて、それぞれのイオンの流束を算出した。式(3)中、Ji[mol・m-2・s-1]は透過流束を表し、V[m3]は濃縮側溶液の体積を表し、S[m2]は有効膜面積を表し、t[s]は電流を流した時間を表し、ΔCi/Δt[mol・m-3・s-1]は初期濃度勾配を表す。また、iはNH4 +、Na+又はCa2+を表す。式(4)及び(5)中、PNH4 Na及びPNH4 Caはイオン選択透過係数[-]を表す。式(6)中、η[-]は電流効率を表し、zi[-]はカチオンの価数を表し、I[A]は電流を表し、F[C・mol-1]はファラデー定数を表す。ここで有効膜面積とは、実際にイオン透過が行われる膜面積である。
実施例1で得られたKCuHCF膜の膜厚は61μmであり、この膜の膜比抵抗は1885Ωcm、膜抵抗は11.5Ωcm2であった。この膜を使用した電気透析の結果を図9に示す。この図は、NH4 +、Na+及びCa2+イオンの濃縮側と希釈側のイオン濃度の時間変化を示している。印加された直流電圧により、この3種類の陽イオンは全て希釈側から濃縮側へと移動しており、その時間―濃度曲線の傾きから式(3)を用いて透過流束を算出し、式(4)及び(5)よりイオン選択係数を算出した。その結果、PNH4 Naが1.86となり、PNH4 Caが1.46となった。これはNa+よりも1.86倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示しており、またCa2+よりも1.46倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示している。またこの時の電流効率は0.82であった。
実施例2で得られたKZnHCF膜の膜厚は36μmであり、この膜の膜比抵抗は937Ωcm、膜抵抗は3.37Ωcm2であった。この膜を使用した電気透析の結果を図10に示す。この図は、NH4 +、Na+及びCa2+イオンの濃縮側と希釈側のイオン濃度の時間変化を示している。印加された直流電圧により、この3種類の陽イオンは全て希釈側から濃縮側へと移動しており、その時間―濃度曲線の傾きから式(3)を用いて透過流束を算出し、式(4)及び(5)よりイオン選択係数を算出した。その結果、PNH4 Naが13.5となり、PNH4 Caが34.2となった。これはNa+よりも13.5倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示しており、またCa2+よりも34.2倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示している。またこの時の電流効率は0.89であった。
実施例3で得られたKZnHCF膜の膜厚は45μmであり、この膜の膜比抵抗は416Ωcm、膜抵抗は1.86Ωcm2であった。この膜を使用した電気透析の結果を図11に示す。この図は、NH4 +、Na+及びCa2+イオンの濃縮側と希釈側のイオン濃度の時間変化を示している。印加された直流電圧により、この3種類の陽イオンは全て希釈側から濃縮側へと移動しており、その時間―濃度曲線の傾きから式(3)を用いて透過流束を算出し、式(4)及び(5)よりイオン選択係数を算出した。その結果、PNH4 Naが34.6となり、PNH4 Caが40.4となった。これはNa+よりも34.6倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示しており、またCa2+よりも40.4倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示している。またこの時の電流効率は0.88であった。
実施例4で得られたKZnHCF膜の膜厚は57μmであり、この膜の膜比抵抗は93Ωcm、膜抵抗は0.53Ωcm2であった。この膜を使用した電気透析の結果を図12に示す。この図は、NH4 +、Na+及びCa2+イオンの濃縮側と希釈側のイオン濃度の時間変化を示している。印加された直流電圧により、この3種類の陽イオンは全て希釈側から濃縮側へと移動しており、その時間―濃度曲線の傾きから式(3)を用いて透過流束を算出し、式(4)及び(5)よりイオン選択係数を算出した。その結果、PNH4 Naが4.2となり、PNH4 Caが4.2となった。これはNa+よりも4.2倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示しており、またCa2+よりも4.2倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示している。またこの時の電流効率は0.52であった。
実施例5で得られた複合膜は、KZnHCF膜の膜厚は49μmであり、SPES膜の膜厚は24μmであり、両者を合わせた膜全体の膜比抵抗は272Ωcm、膜抵抗は1.99Ωcm2であった。この膜を使用した電気透析の結果を図13に示す。実施例5では、SPES膜を陰極側に向けるように複合膜を設置して電気透析を行った。この図は、NH4 +、Na+及びCa2+イオンの濃縮側と希釈側のイオン濃度の時間変化を示している。印加された直流電圧により、この3種類の陽イオンは全て希釈側から濃縮側へと移動しており、その時間―濃度曲線の傾きから式(3)を用いて透過流束を算出し、式(4)及び(5)よりイオン選択係数を算出した。その結果、PNH4 Naが9.0となり、PNH4 Caが26.3となった。これはNa+よりも9.0倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示しており、またCa2+よりも26.3倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示している。またこの時の電流効率は0.94であった。実施例5で得られた複合膜は、実施例2で得られた膜に比べて電流効率が高くなった。また、機械的強度も向上した。
実施例6で得られた複合膜は、KZnHCF膜の膜厚は45μmであり、SPES膜の膜厚は14μmであり、両者を合わせた膜全体の膜比抵抗は550Ωcm、膜抵抗は3.05Ωcm2であった。実施例6では、SPES膜を陰極側に向けるように複合膜を設置して電気透析を行った。実施例5と同様にイオン選択係数を算出した。その結果、PNH4 Naが15.0となり、PNH4 Caが31.2となった。またこの時の電流効率は0.95であった。
実施例7で得られた複合膜は、KZnHCF膜の膜厚は45μmであり、SPES膜の膜厚は42.7μmであり、両者を合わせた膜全体の膜比抵抗は348Ωcm、膜抵抗は3.06Ωcm2であった。実施例7では、SPES膜を陰極側に向けるように複合膜を設置して電気透析を行った。実施例5と同様にイオン選択係数を算出した。その結果、PNH4 Naが13.3となり、PNH4 Caが25.8となった。またこの時の電流効率は0.94であった。
実施例8で得られた複合膜は、KZnHCF膜の膜厚は58μmであり、SPES膜の膜厚は19μmであり、両者を合わせた膜全体の膜比抵抗は197Ωcm、膜抵抗は1.52Ωcm2であった。実施例8では、SPES膜を陰極側に向けるように複合膜を設置して電気透析を行った。実施例5と同様にイオン選択係数を算出した。その結果、PNH4 Naが12.6となり、PNH4 Caが10.3となった。またこの時の電流効率は0.97であった。
実施例9では、実施例5で得られた複合膜をSPES膜を陽極側に向けるように複合膜を設置して電気透析を行った。その結果を図14に示す。この図は、NH4 +、Na+及びCa2+イオンの濃縮側と希釈側のイオン濃度の時間変化を示している。印加された直流電圧により、この3種類の陽イオンは全て希釈側から濃縮側へと移動しており、その時間―濃度曲線の傾きから式(3)を用いて透過流束を算出し、式(4)及び(5)よりイオン選択係数を算出した。その結果、PNH4 Naが2.4となり、PNH4 Caが3.3となった。これはNa+よりも2.4倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示しており、またCa2+よりも3.3倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示している。またこの時の電流効率は0.87であった。
比較例としてアストム社製の標準陽イオン交換膜であるCSEを使用して、実施例と同じ条件で電気透析した。この膜の膜厚は160μmであり、その膜比抵抗は113Ωcm、膜抵抗は1.80Ωcm2である。この膜を用いた電気透析の結果を図15に示す。その結果、PNH4 Naが1.81となり、PNH4 Caが0.98となった。この時の電流効率は0.97であった。これはNa+よりも1.81倍NH4 +が選択的に透過したことを示している。この膜では、PNH4 Caの値が1以下になったことからNH4 +よりもCa2+が1.02倍、選択的に透過したことを示している。
Claims (10)
- 金属シアノ錯体とバインダー樹脂とを含む陽イオン交換層を有する陽イオン交換膜。
- 質量比で金属シアノ錯体:バインダー樹脂が0.2:1~5:1である請求項1に記載の陽イオン交換膜。
- 膜抵抗が0.2~15Ωcm2である請求項1又は2に記載の陽イオン交換膜。
- バインダー樹脂が、イオン交換能を有さない樹脂及び/又は低イオン交換能を有する樹脂である請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜。
- 低イオン交換能を有する樹脂のイオン交換容量が0.001~0.2meq/gである請求項4に記載の陽イオン交換膜。
- 金属シアノ錯体とバインダー樹脂とを含む陽イオン交換層の片面又は両面に、金属シアノ錯体を含まない他の陽イオン交換層を有する請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜。
- 陰イオン交換膜と請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜とが対向して配置されたイオン交換膜セル。
- 陽極、陰極、陽イオン交換膜及び陰イオン交換膜を備える電気透析装置であって、前記陽イオン交換膜が請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の陽イオン交換膜である電気透析装置。
- 金属シアノ錯体粒子、バインダー樹脂及び溶媒を混合し、前記金属シアノ錯体粒子を混合溶液中に分散させ、前記混合溶液を塗布又はキャストして溶媒を除去する陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
- 金属シアノ錯体粒子、バインダー樹脂及び溶媒を混合し、前記金属シアノ錯体粒子を混合溶液中に分散させ、前記混合溶液を塗布又はキャストして溶媒を除去した陽イオン交換層に、金属シアノ錯体を含まない他の陽イオン交換層を形成する樹脂を溶媒と混合したものを塗布して溶媒を除去する、又は金属シアノ錯体を含まない他の陽イオン交換膜を接着する陽イオン交換膜の製造方法。
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| PCT/JP2024/010205 Ceased WO2024203446A1 (ja) | 2023-03-30 | 2024-03-15 | 陽イオン交換膜、イオン交換膜セル及び電気透析装置 |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPWO2024203446A1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN121038897A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2024203446A1 (ja) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS53123390A (en) * | 1977-04-04 | 1978-10-27 | Tokuyama Soda Co Ltd | Production of ion exchanger |
| JPS631452A (ja) * | 1986-06-19 | 1988-01-06 | Toagosei Chem Ind Co Ltd | イオン交換紙,イオン交換体及びイオン交換紙の製造方法 |
| JP2011200856A (ja) * | 2009-10-27 | 2011-10-13 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology | 陽イオンの処理及び回収方法、これに用いられる材料及び処理装置 |
| JP2019034273A (ja) * | 2017-08-15 | 2019-03-07 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | アンモニウムイオンまたは/およびアンモニアを含有する水溶液の製造方法、アンモニウム塩の製造方法およびその製造装置 |
| WO2020080302A1 (ja) * | 2018-10-15 | 2020-04-23 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 二酸化炭素を用いたアンモニア化学種脱離方法、アンモニア化学種供給剤、およびアンモニア化学種吸着・脱離装置 |
-
2024
- 2024-03-15 JP JP2025510493A patent/JPWO2024203446A1/ja active Pending
- 2024-03-15 CN CN202480022298.8A patent/CN121038897A/zh active Pending
- 2024-03-15 WO PCT/JP2024/010205 patent/WO2024203446A1/ja not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS53123390A (en) * | 1977-04-04 | 1978-10-27 | Tokuyama Soda Co Ltd | Production of ion exchanger |
| JPS631452A (ja) * | 1986-06-19 | 1988-01-06 | Toagosei Chem Ind Co Ltd | イオン交換紙,イオン交換体及びイオン交換紙の製造方法 |
| JP2011200856A (ja) * | 2009-10-27 | 2011-10-13 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology | 陽イオンの処理及び回収方法、これに用いられる材料及び処理装置 |
| JP2019034273A (ja) * | 2017-08-15 | 2019-03-07 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | アンモニウムイオンまたは/およびアンモニアを含有する水溶液の製造方法、アンモニウム塩の製造方法およびその製造装置 |
| WO2020080302A1 (ja) * | 2018-10-15 | 2020-04-23 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 二酸化炭素を用いたアンモニア化学種脱離方法、アンモニア化学種供給剤、およびアンモニア化学種吸着・脱離装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPWO2024203446A1 (ja) | 2024-10-03 |
| CN121038897A (zh) | 2025-11-28 |
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