WO2024201640A1 - 電気化学セル - Google Patents
電気化学セル Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024201640A1 WO2024201640A1 PCT/JP2023/012123 JP2023012123W WO2024201640A1 WO 2024201640 A1 WO2024201640 A1 WO 2024201640A1 JP 2023012123 W JP2023012123 W JP 2023012123W WO 2024201640 A1 WO2024201640 A1 WO 2024201640A1
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- electrode layer
- region
- hydrogen electrode
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- central portion
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
- C25B1/042—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water by electrolysis of steam
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
- C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
- C25B11/031—Porous electrodes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/1213—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material
- H01M8/1226—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material characterised by the supporting layer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrochemical cell.
- electrochemical cells electrolysis cells, fuel cells, etc.
- a cell body having an electrolyte layer disposed between a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer see, for example, Patent Document 1.
- the objective of the present invention is to provide an electrochemical cell that can suppress deterioration of the central portion of the first electrode layer.
- the electrochemical cell according to the first aspect of the present invention comprises a cell body.
- the cell body has a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer.
- the first electrode layer includes a central portion and an outer peripheral portion surrounding the central portion.
- the central portion and the outer peripheral portion each contain nickel and an ion-conductive material.
- the nickel content in the central portion is lower than the nickel content in the outer peripheral portion.
- the electrochemical cell according to the second aspect of the present invention is the same as the first aspect and includes a metal support that supports the cell body.
- the metal support has a main surface on which the first electrode layer is formed and a plurality of communication holes formed in the main surface.
- the electrochemical cell according to the third aspect of the present invention is related to the first or second aspect and further comprises a metal support supporting the cell body and having a plurality of communicating holes formed in a main surface.
- the central portion has a first region within 5 ⁇ m of a first surface in contact with the metal support, a second region within 5 ⁇ m of a second surface in contact with the electrolyte layer, and a third region between the first and second regions.
- the nickel content in the first region is lower than the nickel content in the third region.
- the electrochemical cell according to the fourth aspect of the present invention is the electrochemical cell according to the third aspect, wherein the nickel content in the second region is lower than the nickel content in the third region.
- the electrochemical cell according to a fifth aspect of the present invention is the electrochemical cell according to the third or fourth aspect, and the central portion has a fourth region disposed inside at least one of the plurality of communicating holes, and the nickel content in the fourth region is lower than the nickel content in the third region.
- the present invention provides an electrochemical cell that can suppress deterioration of the central portion of the first electrode layer.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view of an electrolysis cell according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA of FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged view of FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an electrolysis cell 100 according to the first modification.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view of an electrolysis cell 1 according to an embodiment.
- Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA of Fig. 1.
- Fig. 2 shows a cross section passing through a geometric center CP of a hydrogen electrode layer 6, which will be described later.
- Electrolytic cell 1 is an example of an "electrochemical cell” according to the present invention. Electrolytic cell 1 is a so-called metal-supported electrolytic cell.
- the electrolytic cell 1 is formed in a plate shape extending in the X-axis and Y-axis directions.
- the electrolytic cell 1 is formed in a rectangular shape extending in the Y-axis direction when viewed in a plan view from the Z-axis direction perpendicular to the X-axis and Y-axis directions.
- the planar shape of the electrolytic cell 1 is not particularly limited, and may be a polygon other than a rectangle, an ellipse, a circle, etc.
- the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction are the surface directions of the electrolytic cell 1
- the Z-axis direction is the thickness direction of the electrolytic cell 1.
- the electrolysis cell 1 includes a metal support 10, a cell body 20, and a flow path member 30.
- the metal support 10 supports the cell main body 20.
- the metal support 10 is formed in a plate shape.
- the metal support 10 may be in the shape of a flat plate or a curved plate.
- the metal support 10 may have any thickness as long as it can support the electrolysis cell 1, and may have any thickness, for example, 0.1 mm or more and 2.0 mm or less.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the metal support 10 is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 10 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 /° C. or more and 18 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 /° C. or less.
- the metal support 10 has a plurality of communication holes 11, a first main surface 12, and a second main surface 13.
- Each communication hole 11 penetrates the metal support 10 from the first main surface 12 to the second main surface 13. Each communication hole 11 opens to the first main surface 12 and the second main surface 13. The opening of each communication hole 11 on the first main surface 12 side is covered by the hydrogen electrode layer 6. The opening of each communication hole 11 on the second main surface 13 side is connected to a flow path 30a described later.
- Each communication hole 11 can be formed by mechanical processing (e.g., punching), laser processing, or chemical processing (e.g., etching).
- each communication hole 11 is formed linearly along the Z-axis direction.
- each communication hole 11 may be inclined with respect to the Z-axis direction, and may not be linear.
- the communication holes 11 may be connected to each other.
- the first main surface 12 is provided on the opposite side to the second main surface 13.
- the cell main body 20 is disposed on the first main surface 12.
- the flow path member 30 is bonded to the second main surface 13.
- the metal support 10 is made of a metal material.
- the metal support 10 is made of an alloy material containing Cr (chromium).
- Examples of such metal materials include Fe-Cr alloy steel (stainless steel, etc.) and Ni-Cr alloy steel.
- Cr content in the metal support 10 can be 4% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less.
- the metal support 10 may contain Ti (titanium) and Zr (zirconium).
- the Ti content in the metal support 10 is not particularly limited, but may be 0.01 mol% or more and 1.0 mol% or less.
- the Al content in the metal support 10 is not particularly limited, but may be 0.01 mol% or more and 0.4 mol% or less.
- the metal support 10 may contain Ti as TiO2 (titania) and Zr as ZrO2 (zirconia).
- the metal support 10 may have an oxide film on its surface that is formed by oxidation of the constituent elements of the metal support 10.
- a typical example of the oxide film is a chromium oxide film.
- the chromium oxide film covers at least a portion of the surface of the metal support 10.
- the chromium oxide film may also cover at least a portion of the inner wall surface of each communication hole 11.
- the cell body 20 is disposed on the metal support 10.
- the cell body 20 is supported by the metal support 10.
- the cell body 20 has a hydrogen electrode layer 6 (cathode), an electrolyte layer 7, a reaction prevention layer 8, and an oxygen electrode layer 9 (anode).
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6, electrolyte layer 7, reaction prevention layer 8, and oxygen electrode layer 9 are stacked in this order in the Z-axis direction from the metal support 10 side.
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6, electrolyte layer 7, and oxygen electrode layer 9 are required components, while the reaction prevention layer 8 is optional.
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6 is an example of a "first electrode layer” according to the present invention.
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6 is disposed between the metal support 10 and the electrolyte layer 7.
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6 is formed on the first main surface 12 of the metal support 10. In this embodiment, a portion of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 is disposed inside each of the communication holes 11 of the metal support 10. A detailed configuration of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 will be described later.
- a source gas is supplied to the hydrogen electrode layer 6 through each of the communication holes 11.
- the source gas contains at least H2O .
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6 produces H 2 from the source gas in accordance with the electrochemical reaction of water electrolysis shown in the following formula (1).
- Hydrogen electrode layer 6 H 2 O+2e ⁇ ⁇ H 2 +O 2 ⁇ (1)
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6 When the source gas contains CO 2 in addition to H 2 O, the hydrogen electrode layer 6 produces H 2 , CO, and O 2 ⁇ from the source gas in accordance with the co-electrochemical reactions shown in the following formulas (2), (3), and (4).
- Hydrogen electrode layer 6 CO 2 + H 2 O + 4e ⁇ ⁇ CO + H 2 + 2O 2 ⁇ (2)
- Electrochemical reaction of CO2 CO2 + 2e- ⁇ CO + O2 -... (4)
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6 is a porous body with electronic conductivity.
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6 contains nickel (Ni) and an oxide ion conductive material.
- Ni functions as an electronic conductor. In the case of co-electrolysis, Ni also functions as a thermal catalyst to promote the thermal reaction between the generated H2 and the CO2 contained in the feed gas to maintain an appropriate gas composition for methanation, reverse water gas shift reaction, etc.
- Ni exists in the form of nickel oxide (NiO) in an oxidizing atmosphere and in the form of metallic Ni in a reducing atmosphere.
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6 is exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere when the electrolytic cell 1 is stopped, and is exposed to a reducing atmosphere when the electrolytic cell 1 is in operation and during the reduction treatment carried out before the operation of the electrolytic cell 1.
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6 expands/contracts with the oxidation/reduction of Ni.
- the oxide ion conductive material is an example of the "ion conductive material" according to the present invention.
- the oxide ion conductive material include YSZ, CSZ, ScSZ, GDC, SDC, (La, Sr) (Cr, Mn) O 3 , (La, Sr) TiO 3 , Sr 2 (Fe, Mo) 2 O 6 , (La, Sr) VO 3 , (La, Sr) FeO 3 , LDC (lanthanum doped ceria), LSGM (lanthanum gallate), and a mixture of two or more of these.
- the thickness of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 10 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 /° C. or more and 13 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 /° C. or less.
- the method for forming the hydrogen electrode layer 6 is not particularly limited, and may be a sintering method, a spray coating method (thermal spraying, aerosol deposition, aerosol gas deposition, powder jet deposition, particle jet deposition, cold spray, etc.), a PVD method (sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, etc.), a CVD method, etc.
- the electrolyte layer 7 is disposed between the hydrogen electrode layer 6 and the oxygen electrode layer 9.
- the reaction prevention layer 8 is disposed between the electrolyte layer 7 and the oxygen electrode layer 9, so that the electrolyte layer 7 is sandwiched between the hydrogen electrode layer 6 and the reaction prevention layer 8.
- the electrolyte layer 7 covers the hydrogen electrode layer 6 and also covers the area of the first main surface 12 of the metal support 10 that is exposed from the hydrogen electrode layer 6.
- the electrolyte layer 7 transfers O 2- generated in the hydrogen electrode layer 6 to the oxygen electrode layer 9.
- the electrolyte layer 7 is made of a dense material having oxide ion conductivity.
- the electrolyte layer 7 can be made of, for example, YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia, e.g., 8YSZ), GDC (gadolinium-doped ceria), ScSZ (scandia-stabilized zirconia), SDC (samarium-doped ceria), LSGM (lanthanum gallate), or the like.
- the porosity of the electrolyte layer 7 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0.1% to 7%.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 7 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the electrolyte layer 7 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 /° C. to 12 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 /° C.
- the method for forming the electrolyte layer 7 is not particularly limited, and methods such as baking, spray coating, PVD, and CVD can be used.
- reaction prevention layer 8 The reaction prevention layer 8 is disposed between the electrolyte layer 7 and the oxygen electrode layer 9. The reaction prevention layer 8 is disposed on the opposite side of the electrolyte layer 7 to the hydrogen electrode layer 6. The reaction prevention layer 8 prevents the constituent elements of the electrolyte layer 7 from reacting with the constituent elements of the oxygen electrode layer 9 to form a layer with high electrical resistance.
- the reaction prevention layer 8 is made of an oxide ion conductive material.
- the reaction prevention layer 8 can be made of GDC, SDC, etc.
- the porosity of the reaction prevention layer 8 is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, 0.1% to 50%.
- the thickness of the reaction prevention layer 8 is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the method for forming the reaction prevention layer 8 is not particularly limited, and a baking method, a spray coating method, a PVD method, a CVD method, etc. can be used.
- the oxygen electrode layer 9 is an example of a "second electrode layer” according to the present invention.
- the oxygen electrode layer 9 is disposed on the opposite side of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 with respect to the electrolyte layer 7.
- the reaction prevention layer 8 is disposed between the electrolyte layer 7 and the oxygen electrode layer 9, and therefore the oxygen electrode layer 9 is connected to the reaction prevention layer 8. If the reaction prevention layer 8 is not disposed between the electrolyte layer 7 and the oxygen electrode layer 9, the oxygen electrode layer 9 would be connected to the electrolyte layer 7.
- the oxygen electrode layer 9 produces O 2 from O 2 ⁇ transferred from the hydrogen electrode layer 6 via the electrolyte layer 7 in accordance with the chemical reaction of the following formula (5).
- the oxygen electrode layer 9 is made of a porous material having oxide ion conductivity and electron conductivity, and may be made of a composite material of one or more of (La,Sr)(Co,Fe) O3 , (La,Sr) FeO3 , La(Ni,Fe) O3 , (La,Sr) CoO3 , and (Sm,Sr) CoO3 and an oxide ion conductive material (such as GDC).
- the porosity of the oxygen electrode layer 9 is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, 20% or more and 60% or less.
- the thickness of the oxygen electrode layer 9 is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the method for forming the oxygen electrode layer 9 is not particularly limited, and a firing method, a spray coating method, a PVD method, a CVD method, etc. can be used.
- the flow path member 30 is joined to the second main surface 13 of the metal support 10.
- the flow path member 30 forms a flow path 30a between itself and the metal support 10.
- a source gas is supplied to the flow path 30a.
- the source gas supplied to the flow path 30a is supplied to the hydrogen electrode layer 6 of the cell main body 20 through each communication hole 11 of the metal support 10.
- the flow path member 30 can be made of, for example, an alloy material.
- the flow path member 30 may be made of the same material as the metal support 10. In this case, the flow path member 30 may be substantially integral with the metal support 10.
- the flow path member 30 has a frame body 31 and an interconnector 32.
- the frame body 31 is an annular member that surrounds the side of the flow path 30a.
- the frame body 31 is joined to the second main surface 13 of the metal support body 10.
- the interconnector 32 is a plate-shaped member for electrically connecting an external power source or another electrolysis cell in series with the electrolysis cell 1.
- the interconnector 32 is joined to the frame body 31.
- the frame body 31 and the interconnector 32 are separate members, but the frame body 31 and the interconnector 32 may be an integrated member.
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6 has a central portion 6a and an outer peripheral portion 6b.
- the central portion 6a is a portion including the geometric center CP of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 in plan view.
- the planar shape of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 in plan view is rectangular, and the planar shape of the central portion 6a in plan view is also rectangular.
- the central portion 6a is located inside the hydrogen electrode layer 6.
- the planar shape of the central portion 6a is similar to the planar shape of the hydrogen electrode layer 6.
- the predetermined magnification is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, 1.2 times or more and 4 times or less. In this embodiment, the predetermined magnification is 2.0 times, and when the outer edge of the central portion 6a is enlarged by 2 times, it becomes congruent with the outer edge of the hydrogen electrode layer 6.
- the planar shape and size of each of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 and the central portion 6a can be changed as appropriate. Therefore, the planar shapes of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 and the central portion 6a may each be a shape other than a rectangle (for example, a polygon other than a rectangle, an ellipse, a circle, etc.). The planar shape of the central portion 6a may also be different from the planar shape of the hydrogen electrode layer 6. The total area of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 in a planar view can be 1.44 to 16 times the area of the central portion 6a in a planar view.
- the outer peripheral portion 6b is a portion that surrounds the central portion 6a in a plan view.
- the outer peripheral portion 6b is formed in a ring shape in a plan view.
- the planar shape of the outer peripheral portion 6b can be changed as appropriate according to the planar shapes of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 and the central portion 6a.
- the central portion 6a and the outer peripheral portion 6b each contain Ni and an oxide ion conductive material.
- the Ni content in the central portion 6a is lower than the Ni content in the outer peripheral portion 6b. This deliberately reduces the current flowing through the central portion 6a, where heat tends to build up, and prevents the temperature difference from occurring between the central portion 6a and the outer peripheral portion 6b. This prevents current concentration due to a rise in temperature in the central portion 6a, and the resulting further temperature rise, preventing deterioration of the central portion 6a.
- the expansion/contraction of the first region 61 caused by the oxidation-reduction cycle can be reduced, thereby preventing the central portion 6a from peeling off from the metal support 10.
- the Ni content in each of the central portion 6a and the outer peripheral portion 6b is calculated as follows:
- the method for measuring the Ni content in the central portion 6a will be described. First, a cross section of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 along the Z-axis direction, passing through the geometric center CP, is exposed. Next, the Ni content is measured at four locations on the geometric center CP that divide the central portion 6a into five equal parts in the Z-axis direction. Next, the Ni content in the central portion 6a is calculated by averaging the four measured values obtained.
- the value of the Ni content in the central portion 6a is not particularly limited, but can be 20 mol% or more and 50 mol% or less.
- the method for measuring the Ni content in the outer peripheral portion 6b will now be described.
- the distance between one end of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 and the geometric center CP in the X-axis direction is "100”
- the Ni content is measured at four locations that divide the outer peripheral portion 6b into five equal parts in the Z-axis direction, at positions "90" away from the geometric center CP in the X-axis direction.
- the Ni content in the outer peripheral portion 6b is calculated by averaging the four measured values.
- the value of the Ni content in the outer peripheral portion 6b is not particularly limited, but can be 25 mol% or more and 55 mol% or less.
- the Ni content is calculated using the following method. First, a Ni composition mapping image on the cross section is obtained at 5,000 to 10,000 times magnification using an SEM device (FE-SEM JSM-7900F, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) and an EDS device (JED-2300) attached to the SEM device. Next, Ni particle portions are identified in the Ni composition mapping image by performing binarization processing using image analysis using image analysis software Image-Pro manufactured by MEDIACYBERNETICS. The Ni content is then calculated by dividing the total area of the Ni particle portions by the total area of the backscattered electron image.
- SEM device FE-SEM JSM-7900F, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- JED-2300 EDS device
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the central portion 6a shown in FIG.
- the central portion 6a has a first region 61, a second region 62, a third region 63, and a fourth region 64.
- the first region 61 is a region of the central portion 6a within 5 ⁇ m in the Z-axis direction from the first surface S1 that contacts the metal support 10.
- the second region 62 is a region of the central portion 6a within 5 ⁇ m in the Z-axis direction from the second surface S2 that contacts the electrolyte layer 7.
- the third region 63 is a region of the central portion 6a between the first region 61 and the second region 62.
- the fourth region 64 is a region of the central portion 6a that is located inside the communication hole 11 formed in the metal support 10. The fourth region 64 exerts an anchor effect on the metal support 10 by being engaged with the communication hole 11.
- the first to third regions 61 to 63 are required components, while the fourth region 64 is optional.
- the fourth region 64 only needs to be present inside at least one of the multiple communication holes 11 formed in the metal support 10. Therefore, the number of fourth regions 64 may be the same as the number of communication holes 11, or may be less than the number of communication holes 11.
- the first surface S1 of the central portion 6a contacts the first main surface 12 of the metal support 10.
- an approximation line of the first surface S1 obtained by the least squares method is used in a cross section along the Z-axis direction.
- the region of the surface of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 that contacts the first main surface 12 of the metal support 10 is approximated as a straight line by the least squares method, and the obtained approximation line is regarded as the first surface S1 of the hydrogen electrode layer 6.
- the region of the surface of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 that contacts the first main surface 12 of the metal support 10 does not include the inner surface of the communication hole 11 of the metal support 10.
- the second surface S2 of the central portion 6a is in contact with the hydrogen electrode layer side surface S3 of the electrolyte layer 7.
- an approximation line of the second surface S2 obtained by the least squares method is used in a cross section along the Z-axis direction. Specifically, the region of the surface of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 that is in contact with the hydrogen electrode layer side surface S3 of the electrolyte layer 7 is approximated as a straight line by the least squares method, and the obtained approximation line is taken as the second surface S2 of the hydrogen electrode layer 6.
- Each of the first to fourth regions 61 to 64 contains Ni and an oxide ion conductive material.
- the Ni content in the first region 61 is preferably lower than the Ni content in the third region 63. This reduces the expansion/contraction of the first region 61 caused by the redox cycle, and further prevents the central portion 6a from peeling off from the metal support 10. Furthermore, the electronic conductivity and catalytic performance of the third region 63 can be improved. This makes it possible to both prevent peeling of the central portion 6a and maintain electrode performance.
- the Ni content in the second region 62 is preferably lower than the Ni content in the third region 63. This allows the expansion/contraction to be reduced not only in the first region 61 but also in the second region 62, making it possible to suppress the increase in internal resistance caused by the deterioration of adhesion between the hydrogen electrode layer 6 and the electrolyte layer 7 when oxidation-reduction cycles are repeated, while maintaining electrode performance.
- the Ni content in the fourth region 64 is preferably lower than the Ni content in the third region 63. This reduces the expansion/contraction of the fourth region 64 caused by the redox cycle, thereby suppressing changes in the shape of the fourth region 64. As a result, the anchoring effect of the fourth region 64 can be maintained.
- Ni content in the first to fourth regions 61 to 64 is calculated using the same method, as described below.
- the method for measuring the Ni content in the first region 61 will now be described.
- the Ni content is measured at three locations (randomly selected) spaced apart in the planar direction at the center of the thickness direction of the first region 61 on the geometric center CP.
- the Ni content in the first region 61 is calculated by averaging the three measured values obtained.
- the value of the Ni content in the first region 61 is not particularly limited, but can be 20 mol% or more and 45 mol% or less.
- the Ni content in the second region 62 is measured at three locations (randomly selected) spaced apart in the planar direction at the center of the thickness direction of the second region 62 on the geometric center CP.
- the Ni content in the second region 62 is calculated by averaging the three measured values obtained.
- the value of the Ni content in the second region 62 is not particularly limited, but can be 20 mol% or more and 45 mol% or less.
- the Ni content in the third region 63 is measured at four locations that divide the third region 63 into five equal parts in the Z-axis direction on the geometric center CP.
- the Ni content in the third region 63 is calculated by averaging the four measured values obtained.
- the value of the Ni content in the third region 63 is not particularly limited, but can be 30 mol% or more and 50 mol% or less.
- the method for measuring the Ni content in the fourth region 63 will be described. First, in the cross section of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 used to measure the Ni content in the central portion 6a, the through hole 11 passing through the geometric center CP or the through hole 11 closest to the geometric center CP is identified. Next, the Ni content is measured at three locations (randomly selected) spaced apart in the planar direction in the thickness direction central portion of the fourth region 63 arranged inside the identified through hole 11. Next, the Ni content in the fourth region 64 is calculated by averaging the three measured values obtained. The value of the Ni content in the fourth region 64 is not particularly limited, but can be 20 mol% or more and 45 mol% or less.
- the first main surface 12 of the metal support 10 is not planar (for example, if the metal support 10 is made of a porous metal), it is difficult to identify the first surface S1 of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 using the first main surface 12 of the metal support 10.
- Figure 4 is a cross section of the electrolysis cell 100 along the Z-axis direction (thickness direction).
- the electrolysis cell 100 has the same configuration as the electrolysis cell 1 according to the above embodiment, except that the metal support 110 is made of a porous metal.
- the metal support 110 has metal particles 111 connected in a three-dimensional mesh pattern and a plurality of interconnected communication holes 112.
- the first main surface 113 of the metal support 10 has projections and recesses formed along the outer edges of the metal particles 111.
- the second surface S2 of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 is identified by the hydrogen electrode layer side surface S3 of the electrolyte layer 7.
- the intersection P where it intersects with the metal particles 111 is identified.
- the intersection P is identified for each cluster of metal particles 111 that are separated on the cross section.
- the metal particles 111 are divided into three clusters, so intersections P1 to P3 are identified in Figure 4.
- the lines sequentially connecting the intersections P1 to P3 with straight lines are defined as the first surface S1 of the hydrogen electrode layer 6.
- the first surface S1 of the hydrogen electrode layer 6 can be identified based on the hydrogen electrode layer side surface S3 of the electrolyte layer 7.
- the hydrogen electrode layer 6 has the fourth region 64 , but it is not essential that the hydrogen electrode layer 6 has the fourth region 64 .
- the metal support type electrolytic cell 1 has been described as an example of an electrolytic cell.
- the electrolytic cell according to the present invention may be a flat plate type that does not include a metal support 10.
- the electrolysis cell 1 has been described as an example of an electrochemical cell, but the electrochemical cell is not limited to the electrolysis cell.
- An electrochemical cell is a general term for an element in which a pair of electrodes are arranged so that an electromotive force is generated from an overall oxidation-reduction reaction in order to convert electrical energy into chemical energy, and an element for converting chemical energy into electrical energy.
- the electrochemical cell includes, for example, a fuel cell using oxide ions or protons as a carrier.
- the electrochemical cell may be a metal support type or a flat plate type.
- a slurry for the hydrogen electrode layer was prepared by mixing GDC powder, NiO powder, butyral resin, polymethyl methacrylate beads as a pore-forming material, a plasticizer, a dispersant, and a solvent.
- the slurry for the hydrogen electrode layer was then printed on the first main surface of the metal support by the doctor blade method to form a hydrogen electrode layer compact.
- a slurry for the electrolyte layer was prepared by mixing YSZ powder, butyral resin, plasticizer, dispersant, and solvent.
- the electrolyte slurry was then printed using a doctor blade method to cover the green body of the hydrogen electrode layer, forming a green body for the electrolyte layer.
- a slurry for the reaction prevention layer was prepared by mixing GDC powder, polyvinyl alcohol, and a solvent.
- the slurry for the reaction prevention layer was then printed on the electrolyte layer compact by the doctor blade method to form a reaction prevention layer compact.
- the molded bodies of the hydrogen electrode layer, electrolyte layer, and reaction prevention layer arranged in sequence on the metal support were fired in air (1050°C, 1 hour) to form the hydrogen electrode layer, electrolyte layer, and reaction prevention layer.
- a slurry for the oxygen electrode layer was prepared by mixing (La, Sr) (Co, Fe) O3 powder, polyvinyl alcohol, and a solvent.
- the slurry for the oxygen electrode layer was then printed on the reaction prevention layer by a doctor blade method to form a compact for the oxygen electrode layer.
- the oxygen electrode layer compact was sintered in air (1000°C, 1 hour) to form the oxygen electrode.
- Examples 1 to 5 Electrolytic cells according to Examples 1 to 5 were fabricated in the same manner as in Comparative Examples 1 and 2, except that the hydrogen electrode layer had a double structure.
- the slurry for the central portion was prepared by mixing GDC powder, NiO powder, butyral resin, polymethyl methacrylate beads as a pore-forming material, a plasticizer, a dispersant, and a solvent.
- the Ni content in the central portion was changed as shown in Table 1 by adjusting the amount of NiO powder added.
- the slurry for the central portion was then printed on the first main surface of the metal support by the doctor blade method to form a molded body for the central portion of the hydrogen electrode layer.
- a slurry for the outer periphery was prepared by mixing GDC powder, NiO powder, butyral resin, polymethyl methacrylate beads as a pore-forming material, a plasticizer, a dispersant, and a solvent.
- the amount of NiO powder added was adjusted to change the Ni content in the outer periphery as shown in Table 1.
- the slurry for the outer periphery was then printed on the first main surface by the doctor blade method so as to surround the central molded body, thereby forming the outer periphery molded body of the hydrogen electrode layer.
- Step-state durability evaluation First, the electrolytic cells of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were heated to 750° C., and hydrogen was supplied to the hydrogen electrode layer from the flow passages in the flow passage member to reduce NiO contained in the hydrogen electrode layer to Ni.
- cell voltage after steady-state durability the cell voltage after 1000 hours of holding the current density fixed at 0.5 A/cm 2 while supplying the mixed gas.
- Electrolytic cells according to Examples 6 to 11 were fabricated in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 5 above, except that the central portion of the hydrogen electrode layer was made into a multi-layer structure.
- the slurry for the first region was prepared by mixing GDC powder, NiO powder, butyral resin, polymethyl methacrylate beads as a pore-forming material, a plasticizer, a dispersant, and a solvent.
- the Ni content in the first region was changed as shown in Table 2 by adjusting the amount of NiO powder added.
- the slurry for the first region was printed on the first main surface of the metal support by the doctor blade method to form a molded body of the first region in the center of the hydrogen electrode layer.
- a slurry for the third region was prepared by mixing GDC powder, NiO powder, butyral resin, polymethylmethacrylate beads as a pore-forming material, a plasticizer, a dispersant, and a solvent.
- the Ni content in the third region was changed as shown in Table 2 by adjusting the amount of NiO powder added.
- the slurry for the third region was printed on the molded body of the first region by the doctor blade method to form a molded body of the third region in the center of the hydrogen electrode layer.
- a slurry for the second region was prepared by mixing GDC powder, NiO powder, butyral resin, polymethylmethacrylate beads as a pore-forming material, a plasticizer, a dispersant, and a solvent.
- the Ni content in the second region was changed as shown in Table 2 by adjusting the amount of NiO powder added.
- the slurry for the second region was then printed on the molded body of the third region by the doctor blade method to form a molded body of the second region in the center of the hydrogen electrode layer.
- 100 redox cycles were performed in which a process of supplying a mixed gas of water vapor and hydrogen (mixing ratio 90:10) to the hydrogen electrode layer for 10 hours, a process of supplying a mixed gas of water vapor and hydrogen (mixing ratio 98:2) to the hydrogen electrode layer for 10 hours, and a process of supplying a mixed gas of water vapor and hydrogen (mixing ratio 90:10) to the hydrogen electrode layer for 10 hours were sequentially performed.
- Oxidation-reduction cycle deterioration rate (%) 100 ⁇ (cell voltage after oxidation-reduction cycle durability ⁇ initial cell voltage)/initial cell voltage (7)
- the cross section along the thickness direction of the hydrogen electrode layer and the metal support was observed using an SEM (magnification 1000x) in 10 fields at 200 ⁇ m intervals in the surface direction from each end of the interface between the center of the hydrogen electrode layer and the metal support to check for the presence or absence of interfacial peeling (areas where the non-bonded area at the interface continues for 50 ⁇ m or more in the surface direction).
- SEM magnification 1000x
- Example 6 to 11 in which the Ni content in the first region in the center of the hydrogen electrode layer was lower than the Ni content in the third region, interfacial peeling was suppressed after the oxidation-reduction cycle durability evaluation compared to Example 4. This result was obtained because the expansion/contraction of the first region caused by the oxidation-reduction cycle was reduced. Furthermore, in Examples 6 to 11, the electrolytic cell performance in the initial evaluation was improved compared to Example 2. This result was obtained because the electronic conductivity and catalytic performance in the third region were improved. In this way, Examples 6 to 11 were able to achieve both peeling suppression and electrode performance maintenance.
- Electrolysis cell 10
- Metal support 11 Through hole 12
- First main surface 13
- Second main surface 20
- Cell body 6
- Hydrogen electrode layer 6a
- Central portion 6b
- Outer periphery 61
- First region 62
- Second region 63
- Third region 64
- Fourth region 7
- Electrolyte layer 8
- Reaction prevention layer 9
- Oxygen electrode layer 30a Flow path member 30a Flow path
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
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- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
図1は、実施形態に係る電解セル1の平面図である。図2は、図1のA-A断面図である。図2には、後述する水素極層6の幾何中心CPを通る断面が図示されている。
金属支持体10は、セル本体部20を支持する。金属支持体10は、板状に形成される。金属支持体10は、平板状であってもよいし、曲板状であってもよい。
セル本体部20は、金属支持体10上に配置される。セル本体部20は、金属支持体10によって支持される。セル本体部20は、水素極層6(カソード)、電解質層7、反応防止層8、及び酸素極層9(アノード)を有する。
水素極層6は、本発明に係る「第1電極層」の一例である。水素極層6は、金属支持体10及び電解質層7の間に配置される。水素極層6は、金属支持体10の第1主面12上に形成される。本実施形態では、水素極層6の一部が、金属支持体10の各連通孔11の内側に配置されている。水素極層6の詳細な構成については後述する。
・水素極層6:H2O+2e-→H2+O2-・・・(1)
・水素極層6:CO2+H2O+4e-→CO+H2+2O2-・・・(2)
・H2Oの電気化学反応:H2O+2e-→H2+O2-・・・(3)
・CO2の電気化学反応:CO2+2e-→CO+O2-・・・(4)
電解質層7は、水素極層6及び酸素極層9の間に配置される。本実施形態では、電解質層7及び酸素極層9の間に反応防止層8が配置されているので、電解質層7は、水素極層6及び反応防止層8の間に挟まれている。
反応防止層8は、電解質層7及び酸素極層9の間に配置される。反応防止層8は、電解質層7を基準として水素極層6の反対側に配置される。反応防止層8は、電解質層7の構成元素が酸素極層9の構成元素と反応して電気抵抗の大きい層が形成されることを抑制する。
酸素極層9は、本発明に係る「第2電極層」の一例である。酸素極層9は、電解質層7を基準として水素極層6の反対側に配置される。本実施形態では、電解質層7及び酸素極層9の間に反応防止層8が配置されているので、酸素極層9は反応防止層8に接続される。電解質層7及び酸素極層9の間に反応防止層8が配置されない場合、酸素極層9は電解質層7に接続される。
・酸素極層9:2O2-→O2+4e-・・・(5)
流路部材30は、金属支持体10の第2主面13に接合される。流路部材30は、金属支持体10との間に流路30aを形成する。流路30aには、原料ガスが供給される。流路30aに供給された原料ガスは、金属支持体10の各連通孔11を介して、セル本体部20の水素極層6に供給される。
図1及び図2に示すように、水素極層6は、中央部6a及び外周部6bを有する。
図3は、図2に示された中央部6aを拡大した図である。
以上、本発明の実施形態について説明したが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではなく、本発明の趣旨を逸脱しない限りにおいて種々の変更が可能である。
上記実施形態では、金属支持体10の第1主面12が平面状(すなわち、図3に示すように、Z軸方向に沿った断面において直線状)である場合、水素極層6の第1面S1は、金属支持体10の第1主面12によって特定されることとした。
上記実施形態において、水素極層6は、第4領域64を有することとしたが、第4領域64を有していなくてもよい。
上記実施形態では、電解セルの一例として、メタルサポート型の電解セル1について説明したが、本発明に係る電解セルは、金属支持体10を備えていない平板型であってもよい。
上記実施形態では、電気化学セルの一例として電解セル1について説明したが、電気化学セルは電解セルに限られない。電気化学セルとは、電気エネルギーを化学エネルギーに変えるため、全体的な酸化還元反応から起電力が生じるように一対の電極が配置された素子と、化学エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変えるための素子との総称である。従って、電気化学セルには、例えば、酸化物イオン或いはプロトンをキャリアとする燃料電池が含まれる。電気化学セルは、メタルサポート型であってもよいし、平板型であってもよい。
比較例1,2に係る電解セルを次の通り作製した。
水素極層を二重構造にしたこと以外は上記比較例1,2と同じ工程にて実施例1~5に係る電解セルを作製した。
まず、実施例1~5及び比較例1,2の電解セルを750℃まで昇温した状態で、流路部材内の流路から水素極層に水素を供給することによって、水素極層が含有するNiOをNiに還元した。
定常劣化率(%)=100×(定常耐久後セル電圧-初期セル電圧)/初期セル電圧・・・(6)
定常耐久評価後、水素極層及び金属支持体の厚み方向に沿った断面において、水素極層の中央部と金属支持体の界面の各端から面方向に200μm間隔で10視野ずつSEM(倍率1000倍)を用いて観察し、界面剥離(界面における非接合領域が面方向に50μm以上続いている部分)の有無を確認した。
水素極層の中央部を多層構造にしたこと以外は上記実施例1~5と同じ工程にて実施例6~11に係る電解セルを作製した。
まず、上述した実施例2,4と実施例6~11の電解セルを750℃まで昇温させた状態で、流路部材内の流路から水素極層に水素を供給することによって、水素極層が含有するNiOをNiに還元した。
初期セル電圧の測定に続いて、実施例2,4と実施例6~11の電解セルについて酸化還元サイクル耐久評価を行った。
酸化還元サイクル劣化率(%)=100×(酸化還元サイクル耐久後セル電圧-初期セル電圧)/初期セル電圧・・・(7)
10 金属支持体
11 連通孔
12 第1主面
13 第2主面
20 セル本体部
6 水素極層
6a 中央部
6b 外周部
61 第1領域
62 第2領域
63 第3領域
64 第4領域
7 電解質層
8 反応防止層
9 酸素極層
30 流路部材
30a 流路
Claims (5)
- 第1電極層と、第2電極層と、前記第1電極層及び前記第2電極層の間に配置される電解質層とを有するセル本体部を備え、
前記第1電極層は、中央部と、前記中央部を取り囲む外周部とを含み、
前記中央部及び前記外周部それぞれは、ニッケルとイオン伝導性材料とを含有し、
前記中央部におけるニッケルの含有率は、前記外周部におけるニッケルの含有率より低い、
電気化学セル。 - 前記セル本体部を支持する金属支持体を備え、
前記金属支持体は、前記第1電極層が形成される主面と、前記主面に形成された複数の連通孔とを有する、
請求項1に記載の電気化学セル。 - 前記セル本体部を支持し、主面に形成された複数の連通孔を有する金属支持体を更に備え、
前記中央部は、
前記金属支持体と接触する第1面から5μm以内の第1領域と、
前記電解質層と接触する第2面から5μm以内の第2領域と、
前記第1領域及び前記第2領域の間の第3領域と、
を有し、
前記第1領域におけるニッケルの含有率は、前記第3領域におけるニッケルの含有率より低い、
請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学セル。 - 前記第2領域におけるニッケルの含有率は、前記第3領域におけるニッケルの含有率より低い、
請求項3に記載の電気化学セル。 - 前記中央部は、前記複数の連通孔のうち少なくとも1つの内側に配置される第4領域を有し、
前記第4領域におけるニッケルの含有率は、前記第3領域におけるニッケルの含有率より低い、
請求項3に記載の電気化学セル。
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005085524A (ja) * | 2003-09-05 | 2005-03-31 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | 固体酸化物型燃料電池 |
| JP2009059699A (ja) * | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-19 | Technical Univ Of Denmark | 電気化学的および電子的装置の水平傾斜構造 |
| WO2011036729A1 (ja) * | 2009-09-28 | 2011-03-31 | 株式会社 東芝 | 固体酸化物型燃料電池 |
| JP2016066616A (ja) * | 2014-09-19 | 2016-04-28 | 大阪瓦斯株式会社 | 電気化学素子、固体酸化物形燃料電池セル、およびこれらの製造方法 |
| WO2017014069A1 (ja) * | 2015-07-17 | 2017-01-26 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 燃料電池用電解質層-アノード複合部材およびその製造方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005085524A (ja) * | 2003-09-05 | 2005-03-31 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | 固体酸化物型燃料電池 |
| JP2009059699A (ja) * | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-19 | Technical Univ Of Denmark | 電気化学的および電子的装置の水平傾斜構造 |
| WO2011036729A1 (ja) * | 2009-09-28 | 2011-03-31 | 株式会社 東芝 | 固体酸化物型燃料電池 |
| JP2016066616A (ja) * | 2014-09-19 | 2016-04-28 | 大阪瓦斯株式会社 | 電気化学素子、固体酸化物形燃料電池セル、およびこれらの製造方法 |
| WO2017014069A1 (ja) * | 2015-07-17 | 2017-01-26 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 燃料電池用電解質層-アノード複合部材およびその製造方法 |
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