WO2024162004A1 - 電磁波制御用素子 - Google Patents
電磁波制御用素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024162004A1 WO2024162004A1 PCT/JP2024/001137 JP2024001137W WO2024162004A1 WO 2024162004 A1 WO2024162004 A1 WO 2024162004A1 JP 2024001137 W JP2024001137 W JP 2024001137W WO 2024162004 A1 WO2024162004 A1 WO 2024162004A1
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- electromagnetic wave
- control element
- liquid crystal
- electrode
- wave control
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1343—Electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/14—Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
- H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
- H01Q3/36—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means with variable phase-shifters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
Definitions
- the technology disclosed herein relates to an electromagnetic wave control element that uses a metasurface structure.
- Electromagnetic waves such as the high-frequency radio waves (millimeter waves, terahertz waves) required for high-capacity wireless communication, tend to travel in a straight line. This requires a reflector that can bend the direction of electromagnetic waves in any direction.
- a normal reflector only reflects electromagnetic waves in a fixed direction, and the reflection direction is a regular reflection with the angle of incidence and the angle of emission being equal. This means that there are significant limitations to the range in which the direction of electromagnetic waves can be changed, making it difficult to deliver the electromagnetic waves to the desired location.
- a metasurface structure is a structure that uses metamaterials. Metamaterials are artificial materials that exhibit properties not found in natural materials, such as having a negative refractive index for electromagnetic waves.
- a metasurface structure is an arrangement of multiple microstructures that are metamaterials. The microstructures resonate with the electromagnetic waves that pass through them, and modulate the phase of the electromagnetic waves through the resonance effect. By changing the resonance conditions of the microstructures, it is possible to change the amount of modulation of the phase of the electromagnetic waves.
- An electromagnetic wave control element uses a metasurface structure to control the phase of the incident electromagnetic waves, thereby controlling the direction of the electromagnetic waves.
- the electromagnetic wave control element described in the non-patent document uses a liquid crystal layer to change the resonance conditions of the microstructure.
- the refractive index for electromagnetic waves changes by changing the orientation state of the liquid crystal compound. This change in refractive index changes the resonance conditions of the microstructure.
- the electromagnetic wave control element described in the non-patent document controls the amount of modulation of the phase of the electromagnetic wave through changes in the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer.
- One of the performance indicators of an electromagnetic wave control element is the switching time required to switch the emission direction of electromagnetic waves, such as the direction of electromagnetic wave reflection. By shortening the time required to switch the emission direction, it is possible to respond more quickly to changes over time in areas where wireless communication users are densely concentrated, for example. The needs of users who use wireless communication are expected to continue to increase, and as a result, there is a demand for even shorter switching times for the emission direction.
- the technology disclosed herein provides an electromagnetic wave control element having a metasurface structure using a liquid crystal layer, which is capable of switching the emission direction of electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz in a shorter time than conventional techniques.
- the electromagnetic wave control element has a liquid crystal layer in which the orientation state of the liquid crystal compound changes depending on the voltage, a metasurface structure in which a plurality of microstructures are arranged, and an electrode pair for applying a voltage, which is composed of a first electrode and a second electrode, and acts on electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz, and the liquid crystal layer contains a methine compound.
- the methine compound may have a methine structure.
- the liquid crystal layer may contain a liquid crystal compound having a methine structure.
- At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode may be a microstructure.
- the first electrode and the second electrode may be provided as elements independent of the microstructure.
- One of the first electrode and the second electrode may be a patterned electrode.
- the microstructure may include a metal.
- the microstructure may include an oxide semiconductor.
- An electric field may be generated by voltage in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer.
- An electric field may be generated by the voltage in a direction that intersects with the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer.
- One of the first electrode and the second electrode may also serve as a reflective layer that reflects electromagnetic waves.
- It has a waveguide that guides the incident electromagnetic wave in a direction along the arrangement direction of the microstructures, and a portion of the electromagnetic wave guided within the waveguide may be emitted in a direction intersecting the arrangement direction.
- a portion of the wall defining the waveguide may have an opening formed therein for emitting electromagnetic waves.
- the waveguide member that constitutes the waveguide may function as the first electrode or the second electrode.
- the opening may function as a microstructure.
- the electromagnetic wave control element according to the technology disclosed herein has a metasurface structure using a liquid crystal layer, and the reflection direction of electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz can be switched in a shorter time than before.
- FIG. 1A and 1B are diagrams illustrating an example of use of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- 1A to 1C are diagrams showing an example of a metasurface structure used in an electromagnetic wave control element.
- 1A and 1B are diagrams illustrating a mechanism by which the emission direction of an electromagnetic wave is changed in an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram conceptually illustrating an example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a liquid crystal orientation pattern in an electromagnetic wave control element.
- 1 is a diagram showing the relationship between an applied voltage and the amount of phase delay of an electromagnetic wave.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of a liquid crystal orientation pattern in an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of a liquid crystal orientation pattern in an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of a liquid crystal orientation pattern in an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of a liquid crystal orientation pattern in an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of a liquid crystal orientation pattern in an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of a liquid crystal orientation pattern in an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 1 shows a leaky wave antenna using an electromagnetic wave control element.
- FIG. 31 is a plan view conceptually illustrating an example of the electromagnetic wave control element of FIG. 30.
- FIG. 32 is a perspective view conceptually showing a subunit of the electromagnetic wave control element of FIG. 31.
- FIG. 33 is a diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a subunit of FIG. 32.
- FIG. 33 conceptually illustrates another example of the subunit of FIG. 32.
- FIG. 31 is a diagram conceptually illustrating another example of the electromagnetic wave control element
- the electromagnetic wave reflecting device 2 shown in FIG. 1 uses an electromagnetic wave control element 10 according to the technology of the present disclosure.
- the electromagnetic wave reflecting device 2 can reflect the highly rectilinear electromagnetic waves RW radiated from an antenna ANT arranged behind a building BL toward an area AR1 in front of the building BL, which is in the shadow when viewed from the antenna ANT.
- the electromagnetic wave reflecting device 2 can also change the reflection direction of the electromagnetic waves RW to different directions in multiple areas AR1 and AR2. For example, there are cases where the area where there are many users changes depending on the time of day, such as there being many users using wireless communication in area AR1 during the daytime and many in area AR2 during the nighttime. In such a case, the electromagnetic wave reflecting device 2 can change the area to which the electromagnetic waves RW are supplied by changing the reflection direction of the electromagnetic waves RW depending on the time of day.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 has a metasurface structure 12 and is a reflection-type electromagnetic wave control element that reflects the traveling direction of the electromagnetic wave RW in a desired direction.
- the metasurface structure 12 is a structure that uses a metamaterial.
- a metamaterial is an artificial material that exhibits properties not found in natural materials, such as having a negative refractive index for electromagnetic waves.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 is configured with a plurality of unit cells UC arranged two-dimensionally, and the two-dimensional plane formed by the arrangement of the plurality of unit cells UC becomes the reflection surface of the electromagnetic wave RW.
- Each unit cell UC includes a microstructure 14 as a metamaterial, and constitutes the smallest unit that can actively change the phase of the electromagnetic wave RW on the reflection surface.
- the microstructure 14 is made of metal, for example.
- the microstructure 14 has a size on the order of the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic wave RW or less, and functions as a resonator that resonates by interacting with the incident electromagnetic wave RW.
- the microstructure 14 can be considered equivalent to a resonant circuit in which, for example, a coil and a capacitor are connected in series to resonate an alternating current.
- the phase of the incident electromagnetic wave RW changes due to the resonant effect of the microstructure 14.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 acts on electromagnetic waves RW with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz. Electromagnetic waves RW in this frequency band are also called high-frequency radio waves (millimeter waves or terahertz waves), and while they are capable of high-capacity wireless communication, they also have a high degree of linearity.
- the metasurface structure 12 is configured to act on electromagnetic waves RW with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz.
- the wavelength of electromagnetic waves RW with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz is 1 to 3 mm, and the size of the microstructures 14 that make up the metasurface structure 12 is, for example, on the order of about half the wavelength. By making the size of the microstructures 14 equal to or less than the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves RW, the microstructures 14 resonate with the electromagnetic waves RW that pass through them, and function as a phase modulation element that modulates the phase of the electromagnetic waves RW.
- the overall traveling direction of the electromagnetic wave RW can be considered as the normal direction to the straight line connecting the wavefronts of the multiple electromagnetic waves RW.
- the phase delay amount of the electromagnetic wave RW that is incident on and reflected from each of the multiple unit cells UC arranged in one dimension is considered to be gradually increased from the unit cell UC on the right to the unit cell UC on the left. In this case, even if the straight line connecting the wavefronts of the individual incident electromagnetic waves RW is parallel to the reflecting surface, the straight line connecting the wavefronts of the individual electromagnetic waves RW reflected by each unit cell UC is inclined with respect to the reflecting surface.
- the outgoing direction OUT which is the traveling direction of the electromagnetic wave RW emitted from the reflecting surface, changes by an angle ⁇ with respect to the incident direction IN of the electromagnetic wave RW.
- the traveling direction of the electromagnetic wave RW can be controlled by performing phase modulation, i.e., controlling the amount of phase delay, for each unit cell UC.
- the electromagnetic wave reflection device 2 can change the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave RW in a direction other than specular reflection by using the metasurface structure 12.
- the electromagnetic wave reflection device 2 can change the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave RW in a direction other than specular reflection by using the metasurface structure 12.
- the amount of phase delay in each unit cell UC it is possible to actively change the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave RW.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 uses a liquid crystal layer 20 as an element that actively changes the resonance conditions of the microstructures 14 of the metasurface structure 12.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 has, in this order, a first electrode layer 26, a liquid crystal layer 20, and a metasurface structure 12 including a plurality of microstructures 14.
- the liquid crystal layer 20 is provided on a support 24.
- the first electrode layer 26 is provided to completely cover the surface of the support 24 opposite the liquid crystal layer 20.
- Each unit cell UC is composed of a microstructure 14, a liquid crystal layer 20, and a first electrode layer 26.
- the microstructure 14 is provided individually for each unit cell UC.
- the remaining components, the support 16, the liquid crystal layer 20, the support 24, and the first electrode layer 26, are not independent components for each unit cell UC, but are integrally formed in areas corresponding to multiple unit cells UC.
- the first electrode layer 26 and the support 24, and the liquid crystal layer 20 and the support 16 are attached using an adhesive (adhesive or adhesive) as necessary.
- an adhesive adhesive or adhesive
- OCA Optical Clear Adhesive
- the microstructure 14 is formed of a conductive material, for example, and serves as an electrode that constitutes an electrode pair with the first electrode layer 26.
- a power source 28 is connected to each microstructure 14 to apply a voltage between the microstructure 14 and the first electrode layer 26. This makes it possible to control the magnitude of the voltage applied to each unit cell UC.
- the first electrode layer 26 is a common electrode common to each unit cell UC, and the microstructure 14 of each unit cell UC functions as an individual electrode.
- the first electrode layer 26 that functions as a common electrode is an example of a "first electrode” according to the technology of this disclosure, and the individual electrode that the microstructure 14 also serves as is an example of a "second electrode.”
- the microstructure 14 as the second electrode and the first electrode layer 26 as the first electrode are an example of an "electrode pair for applying a voltage.”
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 is a reflective type, and the first electrode layer 26 also serves as a reflective layer that reflects the electromagnetic wave RW.
- the orientation state (hereinafter also referred to as the orientation pattern) of the liquid crystal compound LC changes due to the application of a voltage.
- the alignment direction of the microstructures 14 of each unit cell UC is a direction (X direction or Y direction in the figure) perpendicular to the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 20 (Z direction in the figure).
- the microstructures 14 and the first electrode layer 26 are arranged on both sides of the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 20.
- a voltage is applied between the microstructures 14 and the first electrode layer 26 of each unit cell UC.
- the application of the voltage generates an electric field in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 20, and the orientation state of the liquid crystal compound LC of each unit cell UC changes.
- the orientation state of the liquid crystal compound LC of each unit cell UC can be adjusted by adjusting the voltage applied to each unit cell UC.
- the liquid crystal compound LC has a cross section that is approximately elliptical with a major axis and a minor axis.
- the liquid crystal compound LC is oriented with its major axis along the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 20.
- this alignment state is also referred to as "vertical alignment.”
- the alignment state of the liquid crystal compound LC changes.
- the alignment state of the liquid crystal compound LC in the region corresponding to the microstructures 14 changes depending on the magnitude of the applied voltage, and the liquid crystal compound LC is tilted with respect to the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 20.
- the liquid crystal compound LC is oriented with its major axis aligned along a direction perpendicular to the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 20.
- the alignment state with the maximum tilt angle is also referred to as "horizontal alignment”.
- the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20 increases as the inclination of the liquid crystal compound LC increases, i.e., the angle of the long axis of the liquid crystal compound LC is closer to the principal surface direction of the liquid crystal layer 20 (X-direction or Y-direction in FIG. 5). Conversely, the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20 decreases as the inclination of the liquid crystal compound LC decreases, i.e., the angle of the long axis of the liquid crystal compound LC is closer to the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 20 (Z-direction in the figure).
- Such a change in the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20 of each unit cell UC changes the resonance condition of the microstructure 14, and changes the amount of phase delay of the incident electromagnetic wave RW.
- the amount of phase delay of the unit cell UC in the lower row of FIG. 5 is greater than that of the unit cell UC in the upper row of FIG. 5.
- the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20 changes with respect to the electromagnetic wave RW passing through each unit cell UC. Since the refractive index and the dielectric constant are positively correlated, the change in the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20 changes the resonance condition of the microstructure 14 functioning as a resonator. The change in the resonance condition of the microstructure 14 appears as a change in the amount of phase delay of the electromagnetic wave RW. Therefore, by changing the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20, the amount of phase delay of the electromagnetic wave RW can be changed.
- the change in the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20 also causes a change in the amount of phase delay of the electromagnetic wave RW by itself. Since the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20 of each unit cell UC changes depending on the voltage V applied to each unit cell UC, the relationship between the voltage V and the amount of phase delay of the electromagnetic wave RW is, for example, as shown in FIG. 6.
- the electromagnetic wave RW when an electromagnetic wave RW is incident on the electromagnetic wave control element 10 from the microstructure 14 side, the electromagnetic wave RW passes through the microstructure 14 and the liquid crystal layer 20 in this order. Furthermore, the electromagnetic wave RW is reflected by the first electrode layer 26, which also serves as a reflective layer, and passes through the liquid crystal layer 20 and the microstructure 14 again in this order, and is emitted from the electromagnetic wave control element 10. The electromagnetic wave RW is reflected after passing through such an input/output path. In the input/output path, the electromagnetic wave RW passing through each unit cell UC is phase-modulated by resonance with the microstructure 14 and by passing through the liquid crystal layer 20.
- the resonance condition of the microstructure 14 is determined according to the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20, and the electromagnetic wave RW is phase-modulated by resonance according to the condition.
- the electromagnetic wave RW is also phase-modulated according to the magnitude of the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20.
- the reflection direction of the electromagnetic wave RW reflected by the electromagnetic wave control element 10 is controlled by controlling the amount of phase delay of the electromagnetic wave RW for each unit cell UC through the applied voltage V.
- a normal reflector can only change the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave RW in the direction of specular reflection, but the electromagnetic wave control element 10 uses the metasurface structure 12, making it possible to change the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave RW in a direction other than specular reflection.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 uses the metasurface structure 12, making it possible to change the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave RW in a direction other than specular reflection.
- by actively changing the amount of phase delay in each unit cell UC it becomes possible to actively change the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave RW.
- the electromagnetic wave RW emitted from the electromagnetic wave control element 10 may be made to converge toward a single focal point, or conversely, may be made to diverge.
- the direction of travel of the emitted electromagnetic wave RW can be controlled by adjusting the voltage applied to each unit cell UC, thereby adjusting the amount of phase delay of the electromagnetic wave RW for each unit cell UC.
- the metasurface structure 12 like known metasurface structures, is formed by two-dimensionally arranging microstructures 14, which are metamaterials, on a support 16.
- the microstructures 14 are two-dimensionally arranged at equal intervals in the X and Y directions that are perpendicular to each other.
- all of the microstructures 14 are the same.
- the support 16 there are no limitations on the support 16, and any known sheet-like material can be used as long as it can support the microstructure 14 and can transmit the electromagnetic waves RW of 0.1 to 0.3 THz, which are the frequency to be controlled by the electromagnetic wave control element 10.
- the support 16 include metal substrates having an oxide insulating layer, such as silicon substrates having silicon oxide, supports made of oxides such as silicon oxide, supports made of semiconductors such as germanium and chalcogenide glass, polyacrylic resin films such as polymethyl methacrylate, cellulose resin films such as cellulose triacetate, cycloolefin polymer films (for example, trade name "Arton” manufactured by JSR Corporation, trade name “ZEONOR” manufactured by Zeon Corporation), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films, resin films such as polycarbonate films and polyvinyl chloride films, and glass plates.
- metal substrates having an oxide insulating layer such as silicon substrates having silicon oxide, supports made of oxides such as silicon oxide, supports made of semiconductors such as germanium
- the thickness of the support 16 is appropriately set depending on the material from which the support 16 is formed so as to satisfy these conditions.
- the support 16 is not a required component of the metasurface structure 12, and the support 16 may be omitted.
- the metasurface structure 12 may be formed by arranging the microstructures 14 directly on the surface of the liquid crystal layer 20.
- the metasurface structure 12 is composed of microstructures 14, which are metamaterials, spaced apart and arranged two-dimensionally on a plane. More specifically, it is composed of an arrangement of unit cells UC, each of which basically consists of one microstructure 14 and the space surrounding the microstructure 14.
- the shape of the metasurface structure is basically the same as that of a known metasurface structure. Therefore, in the electromagnetic wave control element 10 according to the technology disclosed herein, various known metasurface structures can be used. That is, in the technology disclosed herein, there are no limitations on the shape and material of the microstructures 14, the arrangement of the microstructures 14, or the pitch, which is the interval between the microstructures 14.
- the metasurface structure 12 may be designed by a known method according to the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave RW to be controlled by the electromagnetic wave control element 10 and the target reflection characteristics (for example, the range of controllable reflection directions).
- the amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic wave RW reflected by the microstructures 14 used may be calculated using commercially available simulation software, and the arrangement of the microstructures 14 may be set so as to achieve the desired distribution of phase modulation amount.
- phase modulation occurs due to the refractive index and further the interaction between the refractive index and the microstructures 14, and the amount of phase modulation is determined by the resonance characteristics of the microstructures 14, which change depending on the refractive index.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 is intended to control electromagnetic waves RW with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz. Therefore, in the metasurface structure 12, the microstructures 14 are selected so as to provide a desired phase difference to the electromagnetic waves RW of this frequency, and the arrangement of the microstructures is set. Specifically, when controlling electromagnetic waves RW with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz, the wavelength range of the electromagnetic waves RW is approximately 1 to 3 mm, so the size of the microstructures 14 is selected to be within that wavelength range.
- the number of microstructures 14 that one unit cell UC has is basically one, but the technology of the present disclosure is not limited to this. That is, in the electromagnetic wave control element related to the technology of the present disclosure, one unit cell UC may have multiple microstructures 14 as necessary depending on the reflection characteristics, size, material and shape of the microstructures 14, and size of the unit cell UC. In this case, one unit cell UC may have different microstructures 14. However, because the unit cell UC is the smallest unit capable of actively changing the phase of the electromagnetic wave RW, even when one unit cell UC has multiple microstructures 14, the amount of phase modulation is determined for each unit cell UC.
- microstructure 14 there is no limitation on the material for forming the microstructure 14, and various materials used as microstructures in known metasurface structures can be used.
- materials for forming the microstructure 14 include metals and dielectrics. In the case of metals, copper, gold, and silver are preferred examples because of their low optical loss.
- composites consisting of metal particles and binders, and oxide semiconductors can also be used as materials for forming the microstructure 14.
- dielectrics silicon, titanium oxide, and germanium are preferred examples because they have a large refractive index and can increase the amount of phase modulation. Note that, as shown in FIG. 4, when the microstructure 14 also serves as an electrode that forms an electrode pair with the first electrode layer 26, the microstructure 14 is formed of a conductor.
- microstructure 14 there are no limitations on the shape of the microstructure 14, and various shapes used as microstructures in known metasurface structures can be used. Examples include a cross-shaped solid like a cross of rectangular parallelepipeds, a rectangular parallelepiped shape, a cylindrical shape, a V-shaped solid like a rectangular parallelepiped connected at its ends as shown in JP 2018-046395 A, an approximately H-shaped solid like an H-beam, and an approximately C-shaped solid like a C-channel. As shown in JP 2018-046395 A, various shapes can be used for the V-shaped solid and the cross-shaped solid by adjusting the angle between the two rectangular parallelepipeds. In addition, a solid having a bottom shape as shown in Figure 5 of "Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(9), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091689" can also be used.
- microstructures 14 may be of the same type, or multiple types may be used in combination. Furthermore, the same microstructures 14 may be arranged in the same orientation in the XY plane, or in different orientations. Furthermore, microstructures 14 of the same orientation and those of different orientations may be mixed. However, in the electromagnetic wave control element 10 according to the technology disclosed herein, it is preferable to use only one type of microstructure 14 and to arrange all of the microstructures 14 in the same orientation.
- the metasurface structure 12 is preferably configured such that the same microstructures 14, all of which have the same structure, are arranged two-dimensionally at equal intervals in the mutually orthogonal X and Y directions.
- the technology disclosed herein is not limited to this, and multiple types of microstructures may be used in combination as described above, and the arrangement intervals and arrangement of the microstructures 14 may also differ in the surface direction of the support 16.
- the metasurface structure 12 uses all the same microstructures 14.
- the microstructures 14 in the metasurface structure 12 are spaced at equal intervals, and even more preferable that they are spaced at equal intervals in both the orthogonal X and Y directions.
- the liquid crystal layer 20 is a layer in which the liquid crystal compound LC is aligned in a preset state, and as described above, the alignment state of the liquid crystal compound LC changes when a voltage is applied.
- the liquid crystal compound LC when no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal compound LC is vertically aligned.
- the liquid crystal compound LC When a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer 20, the liquid crystal compound LC is aligned at an angle to the thickness direction in response to the voltage, and at most becomes horizontally aligned.
- the change in alignment of the liquid crystal compound LC is not limited to changing from a vertical alignment to a horizontal alignment or vice versa, but may change from a state tilted to the thickness direction to a horizontal or vertical alignment, may change from a horizontal or vertical alignment to a state tilted to the thickness direction, or may change at an angle from a state tilted to the thickness direction to a state tilted to the thickness direction.
- the liquid crystal layer 20 may be formed by a known method, for example, on the surface of an alignment film described below.
- the liquid crystal layer 20 contains a methine compound.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 has good responsiveness and can quickly switch the reflection direction of electromagnetic waves RW with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz. The above points will be described in more detail later.
- the liquid crystal layer 20 is formed on the support 24.
- the support 24 is basically the same as the support 16 described above.
- the support 24 on which the liquid crystal layer 20 is formed may further have an alignment film for aligning the liquid crystal compound LC in a predetermined state on the surface of the main body on which the liquid crystal layer 20 is formed, with the support 16 described above being the main body.
- Various known alignment films can be used.
- Examples include a rubbed film made of an organic compound such as a polymer, an obliquely evaporated film of an inorganic compound, a film having a microgroove, and a film in which LB (Langmuir-Blodgett) films of organic compounds such as ⁇ -tricosanoic acid, dioctadecylmethylammonium chloride, and methyl stearyl acid are accumulated by the Langmuir-Blodgett method.
- LB Lightmuir-Blodgett
- a so-called photo-alignment film which is formed by irradiating a photo-alignable material with polarized or non-polarized light, can also be used.
- These alignment films may be formed by a known method according to the material forming the main body.
- the surface of the support 24 that forms the liquid crystal layer 20 opposite the liquid crystal layer 20 is entirely covered with a first electrode layer 26.
- the first electrode layer 26 is an electrode that changes the orientation of the liquid crystal compound LC in the liquid crystal layer 20, and also acts as a reflective layer that reflects electromagnetic waves RW with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz that are incident from the metasurface structure 12 side, as described above.
- the first electrode layer 26 there are no limitations on the first electrode layer 26, and any sheet-like material made of various known materials can be used as long as it has sufficient conductivity and can reflect electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz.
- the first electrode layer 26 include metal layers such as copper, aluminum, gold, and silver, inorganic conductive materials such as ITO (tin-doped indium oxide), organic conductive materials such as polythiophenes, typified by PEDOT (poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), and graphene.
- ITO in-doped indium oxide
- organic conductive materials such as polythiophenes, typified by PEDOT (poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- graphene graphene.
- Inorganic conductive materials, organic conductive materials, and graphene are transparent to visible light, but act as reflective layers for electromagnetic waves of the above frequencies.
- the thickness of the first electrode layer 26 can be set appropriately depending on the material from which the first electrode layer 26 is made so that the electromagnetic waves to be controlled can be reflected with the required reflectance.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 is a reflective electromagnetic wave control element having a metasurface structure 12 and a liquid crystal layer 20.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 power is supplied to each microstructure 14 to change the alignment state of the liquid crystal compound LC in the corresponding region of the liquid crystal layer 20, thereby forming regions with different refractive indices for each unit cell UC, thereby reflecting electromagnetic waves RW with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz in the desired direction.
- the power supplied to each microstructure 14 i.e., the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 20
- the reflection direction of the incident electromagnetic waves RW can be switched.
- an electromagnetic wave control element using a conventional metasurface structure and liquid crystal layer as shown in non-patent literature takes time to switch the reflection direction of the electromagnetic wave RW.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 ensures high responsiveness by the liquid crystal layer 20 containing a methine compound, preferably by the liquid crystal layer 20 containing a liquid crystal compound having a methine structure, and more preferably by forming the liquid crystal layer 20 from a liquid crystal compound having a methine structure, thereby enabling the reflection direction of the incident electromagnetic wave RW to be switched in a short time.
- ⁇ n is an index of the anisotropy of the refractive index (also called birefringence) in the liquid crystal layer 20.
- ⁇ n is the difference between the refractive index when the liquid crystal compound LC is vertically oriented in the liquid crystal layer 20 and the refractive index when the liquid crystal compound LC is horizontally oriented. Since ⁇ n can be increased by including a methine compound, in the technology disclosed herein, it is possible to reduce the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 20 required to provide the electromagnetic wave RW with the necessary refractive index, i.e., the necessary phase difference.
- the orientation of the liquid crystal compound LC changes quickly when the applied voltage is changed.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 10 according to the technology disclosed herein, it is possible to increase the response speed to changes in the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 20 and to switch the reflection direction of the incident electromagnetic wave RW in a short time.
- Rc1 to Rc3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and Rc1 to Rc3 may be bonded to form a ring structure.
- the number of methine structures in the methine compound is not particularly limited as long as it is 1 or more, and preferably 2 or more. There is no particular upper limit on the number of methine structures, but it is often 7 or less, and more often 5 or less.
- the methine compound may be a compound that exhibits liquid crystallinity or may not exhibit liquid crystallinity, and is preferably a compound that exhibits liquid crystallinity. In other words, the methine compound is preferably a liquid crystal compound having a methine structure.
- Rc1 to Rc3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and Rc1 to Rc3 may combine to form a ring structure.
- n represents an integer from 1 to 7, and when n is 2 or more, Rc1 to Rc3 may be the same or different. n is preferably 1 to 5, and more preferably 1 to 4.
- A1 and A2 each independently represent a ring structure which may have a substituent, and A1 (and its substituent) and Rc1, and A2 (and its substituent) and Rc3 may be bonded to form a ring structure.
- the ring structure may be a monocyclic ring, a condensed ring of two or more rings, or a ring in which a plurality of monocyclic rings are bonded by a single bond (e.g., a biphenyl ring, a terphenyl ring).
- Examples of the ring structure include a hydrocarbon ring, an aromatic ring, and a heterocyclic ring, and the heterocyclic ring may form a hydrocarbon ring or an aromatic ring condensed ring.
- heteroatom of the heterocyclic ring an N atom, an O atom, or an S atom is preferable.
- the heterocycle include a pyridine ring, a piperidine ring, a furan ring, a furfuran ring, a thiophene ring, a pyrrole ring, a quinoline ring, a morpholine ring, an indole ring, an imidazole ring, a pyrazole ring, a carbazole ring, a phenothiazine ring, a phenoxazine ring, an indoline ring, a triazine ring, a pyrrolidone ring, a thiazole ring, a pyrazine ring, a thiadiazine ring, a benzoquinoline ring, a thiadiazole ring, and a thienothiazole ring.
- the substituents of A1 and A2 include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aralkyl groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, halogen atoms, cyano groups, nitro groups, mercapto groups, hydroxy groups, amino groups, amido groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, alkylthio groups, arylthio groups, acyloxy groups, amino groups, alkylamino groups, dialkylamino groups, carbonamido groups, sulfonamido groups, sulfamoylamino groups, oxycarbonylamino groups, oxysulfonylamino groups, ureido groups, thioureido groups, acyl groups, oxycarbonyl groups, carbamoyl groups, sulfonyl groups, sulfinyl groups, sulfamoyl groups, carboxy groups (including salts), sulfo groups (including salts), and groups that
- the methine compound may be a cyanine compound, a squarylium compound, an oxonol compound, a merocyanine compound, a hemicyanine compound, or a streptocyanine compound.
- squarylium compounds and merocyanine compounds are more preferred.
- the squarylium compound is preferably a compound represented by the following general formula (2):
- D1 and D2 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ring or heterocyclic group.
- Rc4 and Rc5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent
- n1 and n2 each independently represent an integer from 0 to 4, and when there are multiple Rc4s or Rc5s, they may be the same or different, and multiple Rc4s, multiple Rc5s, Rc4 and D1, or Rc5 and D2 may form a ring.
- squarylium compounds have a zwitterionic structure inside the molecule, but the cationic atom, anionic atom, single bond, and double bond notation have multiple tautomeric structures. Therefore, the bond type and charge structure in the above general formula (2) are not specified.
- merocyanine compound a compound represented by the following general formula (3) is preferred.
- D represents a substituted or unsubstituted donor ring structure
- A represents a substituted or unsubstituted acceptor ring structure.
- Rc6 to Rc9 represent hydrogen atoms or substituents
- n represents an integer from 0 to 4, and when there are multiple Rc7s or Rc8s, they may be the same or different, and multiple Rc7s, multiple Rc8s, Rc6 and D, or Rc9 and A may form a ring.
- Preferred structures for D include a 5-membered ring containing a substituted nitrogen atom, which may have a substituent, as represented by the following general formula (4), or a 6-membered ring containing a substituted nitrogen atom, which may have a substituent, as represented by the following general formula (5).
- Rc10 in general formula (4) represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, which may have a substituent.
- the 5-membered ring in general formula (4) may form a condensed ring structure with another ring.
- Rc11 in general formula (5) represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, which may have a substituent, and may have a condensed ring structure represented by a dotted line.
- a preferred structure for A is a 5-membered ring or 6-membered ring containing a carbonyl carbon, which may have a substituent, as represented by the following general formula (6).
- the ring structure of general formula (6) may form a condensed ring structure with another ring.
- Specific structures of general formulas (4), (5), and (6) include those described on pages 194 to 234 of "The Theory of the Photographic Process, 4th Edition (by T. H. James)".
- the liquid crystal composition of the present disclosure may further contain a liquid crystal compound other than a methine compound.
- a liquid crystal compound other than a methine compound a known compound can be optimally used in order to adjust the various physical properties for use as an electromagnetic wave control element.
- the liquid crystal compound has a high ⁇ n from the viewpoint of increasing the ⁇ n of the liquid crystal composition containing the methine compound.
- ⁇ n is preferably 0.20 or more, more preferably 0.25 or more, and most preferably 0.30 or more.
- methine compounds in the liquid crystal composition there are no particular limitations on the content of methine compounds in the liquid crystal composition, but from the viewpoint of increasing ⁇ n, it is preferably 3% or more, more preferably 5% or more, and most preferably 10% or more.
- the ⁇ n of the liquid crystal layer 20 is preferably 0.35 or more. By making the ⁇ n of the liquid crystal layer 20 0.35 or more, it is preferable in that the liquid crystal layer 20 can be made thinner and the reflection direction of the electromagnetic wave RW can be switched more quickly.
- the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 20 contains a methine compound, so that the liquid crystal layer 20 can be made thin.
- the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 20 is preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the reflective electromagnetic wave control element is not limited to the configuration shown in FIG. 4, and various configurations can be exemplified.
- the microstructure 14 constituting the metasurface structure 12 also acts as an electrode.
- the technology disclosed herein is not limited to this, and a second electrode 30 (see FIG. 7, etc.) constituting an electrode pair with the first electrode layer 26 may be provided in correspondence with the microstructure 14.
- the first electrode layer 26, which is an example of a first electrode, and the second electrode 30 may be provided as elements independent of the microstructure 14.
- the second electrode 30 may be formed of the same material as the first electrode layer 26.
- a power source 28 is connected to each electrode or to the microstructure 14 serving as an electrode, as in the example shown in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 7 a configuration in which a second electrode 30 is provided on the microstructure 14 is exemplified.
- the second electrode 30 may be provided between the microstructure 14 and the support 16.
- FIG. 9 a configuration can also be used in which the first electrode layer 26 in the configuration shown in FIG. 4 is patterned to form a pattern electrode, which is provided only in the area corresponding to the microstructure 14. In this configuration, the electromagnetic wave RW incident on the area without the first electrode layer 26 is transmitted.
- the reflective electromagnetic wave control element may have a microstructure 14 adjacent to the liquid crystal layer 20, and a metasurface structure 12 between the layered electrodes.
- the microstructure 14 may be provided on the liquid crystal layer 20 side of the support 16, and a layered second electrode 30, i.e., a common electrode shared by multiple unit cells UC, like the first electrode layer 26, may be provided on the opposite side of the support 16 from the liquid crystal layer 20.
- the second electrode 30 is patterned to have multiple openings to form a patterned electrode, so that the electromagnetic wave RW can pass through the second electrode 30.
- the microstructure 14 may also be arranged on the support 24, and the metasurface structure 12 may be provided on both sides of the liquid crystal layer 20.
- the electromagnetic wave control element according to the technology disclosed hereinabove is a reflection-type electromagnetic wave control element that, when electromagnetic waves RW having a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz are incident, reflects the incident electromagnetic waves RW and allows them to travel in a desired direction, but the technology disclosed herein is not limited to this.
- the electromagnetic wave control element according to the technology disclosed herein may be a transmission-type electromagnetic wave control element that refracts and transmits electromagnetic waves RW having a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz, allowing them to travel in a desired direction.
- electromagnetic waves RW refer to electromagnetic waves having a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz.
- FIG. 12 conceptually illustrates an example of a transmission type electromagnetic wave control element.
- the transmission type electromagnetic wave control element according to the technology disclosed below is basically the same as the reflection type electromagnetic wave control element described above, except that it does not have the first electrode layer 26 that serves as a reflection layer, and the functions of each component are also the same. Therefore, the same components are given the same reference numerals, and the explanation will mainly focus on the different parts.
- the transmissive electromagnetic wave control element 36 shown in FIG. 12 has the same configuration as the reflective electromagnetic wave control element 10 shown in FIG. 4, except that it does not have the first electrode layer 26. That is, the electromagnetic wave control element 36 has a metasurface structure 12 and a liquid crystal layer 20.
- the metasurface structure 12 is formed by two-dimensionally arranging microstructures 14 that serve as resonators on a support 16, and the liquid crystal layer 20 is formed on a support 24.
- the microstructures 14 serve as both the first electrode and the second electrode. That is, in the electromagnetic wave control element 36, a power source 28 is provided by connecting adjacent microstructures 14.
- this electromagnetic wave control element 36 power is supplied from the power source 28 to the microstructures 14, and a voltage is applied in the in-plane direction to the liquid crystal layer 20 between adjacent microstructures 14.
- the in-plane direction is the direction that intersects with the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 20.
- the orientation state of the liquid crystal compound LC in this region of the liquid crystal layer 20 changes in response to the applied voltage, and the refractive index changes.
- regions with different refractive indices in the in-plane direction can be formed.
- the electromagnetic wave RW is phase-modulated by resonance with the microstructure 14 as it passes through the metasurface structure 12, and is further phase-modulated by passing through the liquid crystal layer 20. Since the electromagnetic wave control element 36 does not have the first electrode layer 26 that serves as a reflective layer, the electromagnetic wave RW passes through the liquid crystal layer 20 and is emitted from the electromagnetic wave control element 36.
- the liquid crystal layer 20 has different refractive indices in the surface direction, so the phase difference given to the electromagnetic wave RW passing through the liquid crystal layer 20 differs depending on each region in the surface direction.
- the electromagnetic wave RW has a different apparent optical path length depending on the phase difference given depending on the incident region, and the electromagnetic wave RW that passes through a region with a long optical path length is emitted from the liquid crystal layer 20 later than the electromagnetic wave RW that passes through a region with a short optical path length.
- the electromagnetic wave RW that is incident on and transmitted through the electromagnetic wave control element 36 is not transmitted in a straight line, but is refracted to align the wavefront before being transmitted.
- the electromagnetic wave RW that is incident from the normal direction is not transmitted in the normal direction, but is transmitted in a direction tilted relative to the normal.
- each microstructure 14 i.e., the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 20
- the refractive index of the transmitted electromagnetic wave RW i.e., the emission direction of the electromagnetic wave RW.
- the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 20 it is possible to focus or diverge the transmitted electromagnetic wave RW, and it is also possible to switch the degree of focusing and divergence of the transmitted electromagnetic wave RW.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 36 since the liquid crystal layer 20 contains a methine compound, it is possible to quickly switch the refractive index, i.e., the traveling direction of the transmitted electromagnetic wave RW.
- the ⁇ n of the liquid crystal layer 20 is not limited, but is preferably large.
- the ⁇ n of the liquid crystal layer 20 is preferably 0.2 or more, more preferably 0.3 or more, and even more preferably 0.4 or more.
- the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 20 there is no restriction on the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 20, and the thickness that can give the electromagnetic wave RW the necessary phase difference may be appropriately set according to the material forming the liquid crystal layer 20.
- the liquid crystal layer 20 in the transmission type electromagnetic wave control element 36 also contains a methine compound, so the liquid crystal layer 20 can be made thin.
- the electromagnetic wave RW that is the subject of the technology is an electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz, that is, an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength of 1 to 3 mm.
- the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 20 in the transmission type electromagnetic wave control element 36 is preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 300 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 200 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 20 500 ⁇ m or less it is preferable in that the transmission direction of the electromagnetic wave RW can be switched more quickly.
- the transmission type electromagnetic wave control element is not limited to the electromagnetic wave control element 36 shown in FIG. 12, and various configurations can be exemplified.
- a power source 28 is connected to each electrode or to the microstructure 14 that also serves as an electrode, as in the example shown in FIG. 12.
- the microstructure 14 constituting the metasurface structure 12 also acts as an electrode.
- the technology of the present disclosure is not limited to this, and a first electrode 32 and a second electrode 30 may be provided corresponding to the microstructure 14. As an example of this configuration, as conceptually shown in FIG.
- a configuration in which a first electrode 32 is provided on one microstructure 14 and a second electrode 30 is provided on the other microstructure 14 in two adjacent microstructures 14 is exemplified.
- a first electrode 32 may be provided between one microstructure 14 and the support 16
- a second electrode 30 may be provided between the other microstructure 14 and the support 16.
- the transmissive electromagnetic wave control element may have a plurality of metasurface structures.
- the microstructures 14 may be arranged on the surface of the support 24 opposite the liquid crystal layer 20 to form a metasurface structure 12.
- the microstructures 14 facing each other across the liquid crystal layer 20 are made to act as an electrode pair, that is, a first electrode and a second electrode.
- a first electrode 32 and a second electrode 30 may also be provided corresponding to the microstructures 14.
- this configuration as conceptually shown in FIG.
- a first electrode 32 is provided on the surface of one microstructure 14, and a second electrode 30 is provided on the surface of the other microstructure 14.
- a first electrode 32 may be provided between one microstructure 14 and the support 24, and a second electrode 30 may be provided between the other microstructure 14 and the support 16.
- a transmission-type electromagnetic wave control element having a plurality of metasurface structures may be one in which the microstructures 14 constituting the metasurface structure 12 are arranged with a shift in the plane direction, as conceptually shown in FIG. 18.
- the microstructures 14 facing each other across the liquid crystal layer 20 act as an electrode pair, i.e., a first electrode and a second electrode.
- a first electrode 32 and a second electrode 30 may be provided corresponding to the microstructures 14.
- FIG. 18 As an example of this configuration, as conceptually shown in FIG.
- a first electrode 32 is provided on the surface of one microstructure 14, and a second electrode 30 is provided on the surface of the other microstructure 14.
- a first electrode 32 may be provided between one microstructure 14 and the support 24, and a second electrode 30 may be provided between the other microstructure 14 and the support 16.
- a first electrode layer 26A may be provided to completely cover the surface of the support 24 opposite the liquid crystal layer 20, and an electrode pair may be formed by the microstructure 14 and the first electrode layer 26A.
- the first electrode layer 26A may be a patterned electrode patterned to have a plurality of openings, allowing the electromagnetic wave RW to pass through.
- a second electrode 30 may be provided on the microstructure 14, as conceptually shown in FIG. 22, and an electrode pair may be formed by the first electrode layer 26A and the second electrode 30.
- the microstructures 14 may be provided penetrating the electromagnetic wave control element in the thickness direction, as conceptually shown in FIG. 23.
- the microstructures 14 may also serve as electrodes, as in the above-mentioned examples, or a first electrode and/or a second electrode may be provided corresponding to each microstructure 14.
- a dielectric layer 34 may be provided on the side of the support 24 opposite the liquid crystal layer 20, and a first electrode layer 26A patterned to have a plurality of openings through which the electromagnetic wave RW passes may be provided on the side of the dielectric layer 34 opposite the support 24.
- the orientation pattern of the liquid crystal compound LC in the liquid crystal layer 20 is such that when no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal compound LC is vertically aligned, and when a voltage is applied, the angle with respect to the thickness direction increases according to the applied voltage, and finally the liquid crystal orientation pattern becomes horizontal.
- the technology of the present disclosure is not limited to this, and various liquid crystal orientation patterns can be used. An example is shown below. Note that in the example shown below, as in FIG. 5, only the liquid crystal layer 20, the microstructure 14, and the first electrode layer 26 are shown in order to simplify the operation.
- the microstructure 14 and the first electrode layer 26 are shown as examples of electrodes, but the technology of the present disclosure is not limited to this, and the liquid crystal orientation pattern shown below can be used in all of the configurations shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 7 to FIG. 24. The same is true for FIG. 5 in this respect.
- the liquid crystal orientation pattern of the liquid crystal layer 20 may be, as conceptually shown in FIG. 25, a liquid crystal orientation pattern in which the liquid crystal compound LC is horizontally aligned when no voltage is applied, and when a voltage is applied, the angle with respect to the plane direction of the liquid crystal layer 20 increases according to the applied voltage, and finally becomes vertically aligned.
- the liquid crystal orientation pattern of the liquid crystal layer 20 may be, as conceptually shown in FIG.
- a hybrid orientation in which the orientation of the liquid crystal compound LC changes from horizontal to vertical in the thickness direction may be used.
- this liquid crystal alignment pattern as an example, as shown in FIG. 27, when a voltage is applied from a state in which no voltage is applied, the alignment of the liquid crystal compound LC becomes closer to a vertical alignment depending on the applied voltage.
- a voltage may be applied in a direction intersecting the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 20, as shown in Figs. 12 to 14.
- the liquid crystal compound LC when no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal compound LC is horizontally aligned with its longitudinal direction perpendicular to the paper surface, and when a voltage is applied, it rotates in the plane direction according to the applied voltage, and finally becomes horizontally aligned with its longitudinal direction corresponding to the horizontal direction in the figure.
- Fig. 28 when no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal compound LC is horizontally aligned with its longitudinal direction perpendicular to the paper surface, and when a voltage is applied, it rotates in the plane direction according to the applied voltage, and finally becomes horizontally aligned with its longitudinal direction corresponding to the horizontal direction in the figure.
- the liquid crystal compound LC when no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal compound LC is horizontally aligned with its longitudinal direction corresponding to the horizontal direction in the figure, and when a voltage is applied, it rotates in the plane direction according to the applied voltage, and finally becomes horizontally aligned with its longitudinal direction corresponding to the vertical direction in the paper surface.
- the polarization state (i.e., polarized state) of the electromagnetic wave RW may be unpolarized, linearly polarized, circularly polarized, or elliptically polarized. Note that when the electromagnetic wave RW is linearly polarized and the microstructures 14 are two-dimensionally arranged in the orthogonal X and Y directions, it is preferable to make the electromagnetic wave RW incident so that the polarization direction of the electromagnetic wave RW coincides with the X or Y direction.
- a reflective electromagnetic wave control element 10 an example of which is shown in FIG. 4
- a transmissive electromagnetic wave control element 36 an example of which is shown in FIG. 12.
- examples are shown in which these types of electromagnetic wave control elements are used as components of an electromagnetic wave reflecting device 2.
- the uses of the electromagnetic wave control element are not limited to the uses described above, and may be other uses. As an example of other uses, for example, by combining it with a waveguide that guides the electromagnetic wave RW, it can be used as a component of a so-called leaky wave antenna.
- an electromagnetic wave control element 110 is incorporated into a leaky wave antenna 100.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 110 is similar to the electromagnetic wave control element 10 in that it has the function of controlling the traveling direction of the electromagnetic wave RW. Furthermore, in the electromagnetic wave control element 110, the same components as those in the electromagnetic wave control element 10 are given the same reference numerals and the description thereof is omitted.
- the leaky wave antenna 100 transmits electromagnetic waves RW in the same manner as the antenna ANT shown in FIG. 1.
- the leaky wave antenna 100 can change the direction in which the electromagnetic waves RW are emitted, for example, by emitting the electromagnetic waves RW toward area AR1 in one time period and emitting the electromagnetic waves RW toward area AR2 in another time period.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 110 is composed of multiple subunits 110A and multiple electromagnetic wave generating sources 112.
- the multiple subunits 110A have a rectangular parallelepiped shape, and each subunit 110A is arranged in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
- the multiple electromagnetic wave generating sources 112 are assigned to each subunit 110A.
- the subunit 110A is composed of a metasurface structure 12 in which a plurality of microstructures 14 are arranged one-dimensionally, and a waveguide member 120, and has a rectangular parallelepiped shape as a whole.
- the waveguide member 120 is provided with its longitudinal direction aligned with the arrangement direction of the microstructures 14.
- the waveguide member 120 is disposed so as to contact one surface of the support 24 opposite to the liquid crystal layer 20.
- the waveguide member 120 is, for example, a tubular member in the shape of a square cylinder with a rectangular cross section.
- the internal space defined by the inner wall of the waveguide member 120 constitutes a waveguide 120A that guides the electromagnetic wave RW.
- An electromagnetic wave generating source 112 is disposed on one end side of the waveguide member 120, and the electromagnetic wave generating source 112 transmits an electromagnetic wave RW into the waveguide 120A.
- the waveguide 120A guides the electromagnetic wave RW transmitted from the electromagnetic wave generating source 112 and incident on the waveguide 120A in a direction along the arrangement direction of the microstructures 14.
- the electromagnetic wave RW propagates in the waveguide 120A while being reflected by the inner wall of the waveguide member 120.
- an opening 121 is formed in a part of the wall surface facing the support 24, which emits the electromagnetic wave RW in a direction intersecting the arrangement direction of the microstructures 14.
- the opening 121 is formed corresponding to the position of each of the multiple microstructures 14. In this example, the opening 121 emits the electromagnetic wave RW in the Z direction, which is the normal direction of the XY plane, which is the arrangement surface on which the microstructures 14 are arranged.
- the unit cell UC is configured to include at least one microstructure 14 and an opening 121.
- the microstructure 14 and the waveguide member 120 serve as an electrode pair of a first electrode and a second electrode.
- An electric field is generated in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 20 by applying a voltage to each unit cell UC.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 110 can control the amount of phase delay of the electromagnetic wave RW by controlling the voltage applied to each unit cell UC. This makes it possible to control the emission direction of the electromagnetic wave RW that is emitted from the opening 121 and passes through the liquid crystal layer 20 and the microstructure 14.
- the liquid crystal layer 20 has a higher responsiveness than conventional devices, so the electromagnetic wave control element 110 can also switch the emission direction of the electromagnetic wave RW with a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz in a shorter time than conventional devices.
- the microstructure 14 is provided separately from the opening 121, but as shown in Fig. 34, the opening 121 may function as the microstructure. That is, the opening 121 itself may function as a resonator that generates a phase delay for the electromagnetic wave RW.
- the opening 121 can also function as a resonator by forming it to a size equal to or smaller than the wavelength range of the electromagnetic wave RW and devising a shape, etc. Then, by controlling the resonance condition of the opening 121 by changing the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20, it is possible to control the amount of phase delay of the electromagnetic wave RW for each unit cell UC.
- an electrode pair of a first electrode 32 and a second electrode 30 is provided for each unit cell UC between the support 24 and the liquid crystal layer 20. Then, by applying a voltage to these electrode pairs, an electric field is generated in a direction intersecting the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 20, and the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 20 is changed for each unit cell UC.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 110 is described as being configured with a rectangular parallelepiped subunit 110A, but may be configured in other ways than those shown in Figs. 32 and 33.
- the electromagnetic wave control element 110 may be configured by arranging metasurface structures 12 radially around one electromagnetic wave generating source 112.
- the electromagnetic wave generating source 112 radially generates electromagnetic waves RW.
- a waveguide member (not shown) is provided corresponding to the metasurface structure 12 in which a plurality of microstructures 14 are arranged.
- the waveguide member is provided with an opening that outputs a portion of the electromagnetic waves RW propagating through the waveguide in a direction intersecting the arrangement direction of the microstructures 14. This allows the electromagnetic waves RW to be output.
- the various modified examples shown in Figures 7 to 29 for the reflective or transmissive electromagnetic wave control element 10 may be combined as appropriate where applicable.
- a liquid crystal composition 1 was prepared according to the following composition.
- Compound 2-1 10.00 parts by mass PTU-3-S 13.48 parts by mass PTU-5-S 13.48 parts by mass PGU-3-S 13.48 parts by mass PPTU-5-S 8.99 parts by mass CPU-2-S 25.18 parts by mass CPU-4-S 15.28 parts by mass D-1c 0.11 parts by mass
- Liquid crystal composition 2 was prepared in the same manner as in liquid crystal composition 1, except that compound 2-2 below was used instead of compound 2-1.
- Liquid Crystal composition 3 was prepared in the same manner as in liquid crystal composition 1, except that compound 2-3 shown below was used instead of compound 2-1.
- Liquid crystal composition 4 was prepared in the same manner as in liquid crystal composition 1, except that compound 3-1 below was used instead of compound 2-1.
- Liquid Crystal composition 5 was prepared in the same manner as in liquid crystal composition 1, except that compound 3-2 below was used instead of compound 2-1.
- Liquid Crystal composition 6 was prepared in the same manner as in liquid crystal composition 1, except that compound 3-3 shown below was used instead of compound 2-1.
- Comparative liquid crystal composition x was prepared in the same manner as in liquid crystal composition 1, except that compound 2-1 was not used.
- Example 1 A patterned gold (Au) film was formed by deposition in the center of a 2.5 mm square quartz substrate, and a metasurface structure was formed by arranging multiple microstructures. At this time, as the pattern of the microstructures, 40 0.32 mm square microstructures were arranged vertically and 40 horizontally at a period of 0.4 mm. In addition, the 40 microstructures arranged horizontally were connected with a thin wire-like metal pattern with a width of 0.05 mm and a length of 2.5 mm for voltage application, and used as the first electrode. An alignment film made of polyimide was formed on the first electrode.
- a gold (Au) film was formed on the front surface of another 2.5 mm square quartz substrate by similar vapor deposition to form a second electrode.
- An alignment film made of polyimide was formed on the second electrode.
- the quartz substrate on which the first electrode was formed and the quartz substrate on which the second electrode was formed were bonded together with the electrode surfaces facing inward.
- the thickness of the spacer was set so that the optical path length ( ⁇ n ⁇ thickness) was 25 ⁇ m.
- the liquid crystal composition 1 was filled into the cavity between the electrodes formed by the spacer.
- the electromagnetic wave control element of Example 1 was created, which functions as a reflector capable of changing the direction of electromagnetic waves like the electromagnetic wave control element 10 described above.
- Electromagnetic wave controlling elements of Examples 2 to 6 were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that liquid crystal composition 1 was changed to any one of liquid crystal compositions 2 to 6 shown in Table 1 below.
- ⁇ n which is an index of refractive index anisotropy (also called birefringence)
- ⁇ n for an electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 250 GHz (i.e., 0.25 THz) was measured by the method disclosed in Applied Optics, Vol. 44, No. 7, p1150 (2005).
- ⁇ n was measured by filling the above composition into a variable short-circuited waveguide and holding it in a static magnetic field of 0.3 T for 3 minutes to align the dichroic dye in the composition.
- An electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 250 GHz was input into the variable short-circuited waveguide, and the amplitude ratio of the reflected wave to the incident wave was measured. Measurements were performed by changing the direction of the static magnetic field and the tube length of the variable short-circuited waveguide, and the refractive indices ne and no of the two axes were determined.
- ⁇ n was calculated from ne-no.
- the switching time of the reflection direction of the electromagnetic wave incident on the electromagnetic wave control element produced was evaluated by the method shown in FIG. 36.
- the applied voltage of the electromagnetic wave control element was adjusted in advance so that the electromagnetic wave incident from the normal direction of the reflection surface was reflected in the direction of 30°.
- a signal with a frequency of about 14 GHz was generated by a frequency generator, and the frequency was multiplied by 18 times by a multiplier to generate a signal with a frequency of 250 GHz.
- the electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 250 GHz emitted from the emitter was focused by a resin lens and made to enter the electromagnetic wave control element.
- the intensity of the reflected electromagnetic wave reflected by the electromagnetic wave control element and focused by the resin lens and the horn antenna was detected by a Schottky diode.
- the applied voltage was readjusted to change the reflection direction of the electromagnetic wave in the electromagnetic wave control element from the direction of 30° to the direction of 0°.
- the time when the intensity of the electromagnetic wave detected by the Schottky diode became 1/10 was defined as the switching time of the reflection direction of the electromagnetic wave.
- a numerical range expressed using “ ⁇ ” means a range that includes the numerical values written before and after “ ⁇ ” as the lower and upper limits.
- “same” includes the error range generally accepted in the technical field.
- a and/or B is synonymous with “at least one of A and B.”
- a and/or B means that it may be just A, or just B, or a combination of A and B.
- the same idea as “A and/or B” is also applied when three or more things are linked together with “and/or.”
- Additional Item 1 a liquid crystal layer in which the orientation state of liquid crystal compounds changes depending on a voltage; A metasurface structure having a plurality of microstructures arranged thereon; an electrode pair configured by a first electrode and a second electrode for applying a voltage; An electromagnetic wave control element which acts on electromagnetic waves having a frequency of 0.1 to 0.3 THz and in which a liquid crystal layer contains a methine compound.
- Additional Note 2 2. The electromagnetic wave control element according to claim 1, wherein the methine compound has a methine structure.
- Additional Note 3 3. The electromagnetic wave control element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the liquid crystal layer contains a liquid crystal compound having a methine structure.
- Additional Item 4" 4. The electromagnetic wave control element according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a microstructure. "Additional Item 5" 5. The electromagnetic wave control element according to any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising a first electrode and a second electrode as elements independent of the microstructure. "Additional Item 6” 6. The electromagnetic wave control element according to claim 1, wherein one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a pattern electrode. "Additional Item 7" 7. The electromagnetic wave control element according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the microstructure includes a metal. “Additional Item 8" 8. The electromagnetic wave control element according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the microstructure includes an oxide semiconductor. "Appendix 9" 9.
- "Additional Item 15” 15. The electromagnetic wave control element according to claim 14, wherein an opening for emitting electromagnetic waves is formed in a part of a wall surface defining the waveguide.
- “Additional Item 16” 16 16. The electromagnetic wave control element according to claim 14, wherein a waveguide member constituting the waveguide functions as the first electrode or the second electrode.
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Abstract
Description
膜、等が例示される。また、配向膜としては、光配向性の素材に偏光または非偏光を照射して配向膜とした、いわゆる光配向膜も利用可能である。これらの配向膜は、本体の形成材料に応じた公知の方法で形成すればよい。
A1及びA2が有する置換基としては、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アラルキル基、アリール基、ヘテロ環基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基、メルカプト基、ヒドロキシ基、アミノ基、アミド基、アルコキシ基、アリールオキシ基、アルキルチオ基、アリールチオ基、アシルオキシ基、アミノ基、アルキルアミノ基、ジアルキルアミノ基、カルボンアミド基、スルホンアミド基、スルファモイルアミノ基、オキシカルボニルアミノ基、オキシスルホニルアミノ基、ウレイド基、チオウレイド基、アシル基、オキシカルボニル基、カルバモイル基、スルホニル基、スルフィニル基、スルファモイル基、カルボキシ基(塩を含む)、スルホ基(塩を含む)、および、これらの基を組み合わせた基が挙げられる。これらの基は、さらにこれらの基で置換されていてもよい。
することにより共振器として機能させることができる。そして、開口部121の共振条件を、液晶層20の屈折率の変化によって制御することで、ユニットセルUC毎に電磁波RWの位相の遅れ量を制御することが可能である。
下記組成にて、液晶組成物1を調製した。
化合物2-1 10.00質量部
PTU-3-S 13.48質量部
PTU-5-S 13.48質量部
PGU-3-S 13.48質量部
PPTU-5-S 8.99質量部
CPU―2-S 25.18質量部
CPU-4-S 15.28質量部
D-1c 0.11質量部
液晶組成物1の化合物2-1の代わりに、下記化合物2-2を用いた以外は同様にして、液晶組成物2を調製した。
液晶組成物1の化合物2-1の代わりに、下記化合物2-3を用いた以外は同様にして、液晶組成物3を調製した。
液晶組成物1の化合物2-1の代わりに、下記化合物3-1を用いた以外は同様にして、液晶組成物4を調製した。
液晶組成物1の化合物2-1の代わりに、下記化合物3-2を用いた以外は同様にして、液晶組成物5を調製した。
液晶組成物1の化合物2-1の代わりに、下記化合物3-3を用いた以外は同様にして、液晶組成物6を調製した。
液晶組成物1の化合物2-1を使用しないこと以外は同様にして、比較例の液晶組成物xを調製した。
(実施例1)
2.5mm角の石英基板上の中央部に、パターン化した金(Au)膜を蒸着法により形成し、複数の微細構造体を配列してなるメタサーフェス構造体とした。このとき、微細構造体のパターンとして、0.32mmの正方形の微細構造を、0.4mm周期で、縦に40個、横に40個配列させた。また、横方向に配列した40個の微細構造は、電圧印加のため幅0.05mm、長さ2.5mmの細線上の金属パターンで接続し、第1電極とした。第1電極上にはポリイミドよりなる配向膜を形成した。
液晶組成物1を下記の表1に示す液晶組成物2~6のいずれかに変えたほかは、実施例1と同様の方法により実施例2~6の電磁波制御用素子を作製した。
屈折率の異方性(複屈折性ともいう)の指標であるΔnは次のように評価した。周波数が250GHz(すなわち、0.25THz)の電磁波に対するΔnは、Applied Optics,Vol.44,No.7,p1150(2005)に開示された方法で測定した。Δnは、可変短絡導波管に上記組成物を充填し、0.3Tの静磁場内に3分保持して、組成物中の二色性色素を配列させた。可変短絡導波管に周波数が250GHzの電磁波を入力し、入射波に対する反射波の振幅比を測定した。静磁場の向きと可変短絡導波管の管長を変えて測定し、2つの軸のそれぞれの屈折率ne,noを決定した。Δnは、ne-noから計算した。
図36に模式的に示す方法によって、作製した電磁波制御用素子へ入射した電磁波の反射方向の切り替え時間を評価した。まず、電磁波制御用素子については、反射面の法線方向から入射した電磁波が30°の方向へ反射されるように印加電圧を予め調整した。そして、エミッタにおいて、周波数発生器で約14GHzの周波数の信号を生成し、逓倍器で周波数を18倍とすることで、250GHzの周波数の信号を生成した。図36に示すように、エミッタから出射する250GHzの周波数の電磁波を樹脂レンズで集束させ、電磁波制御用素子に入射させた。そして、電磁波制御用素子において反射し、樹脂レンズとホーンアンテナで集束した反射電磁波の強度をショットキーダイオードで検出した。次に、印加電圧を再調整することにより、電磁波制御用素子における電磁波の反射方向を、30°の方向から0°の方向に変更した。このとき、ショットキーダイオードで検出される電磁波の強度が1/10となる時間を電磁波の反射方向の切り替え時間とした。
「付記項1」
電圧によって液晶化合物の配向状態が変化する液晶層と、
複数の微細構造体を配列してなるメタサーフェス構造体と、
第1電極および第2電極によって構成され、電圧を印加するための電極対と、を有し、
周波数が0.1~0.3THzの電磁波に作用するものであり、かつ、液晶層がメチン化合物を含む、電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項2」
メチン化合物が、メチン構造を有する、付記項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項3」
液晶層がメチン構造を有する液晶化合物を含む、付記項1又は付記項2に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項4」
第1電極および第2電極の少なくとも一方が微細構造体である、付記項1~付記項3のうちのいずれか1項に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項5」
微細構造体とは独立した要素として、第1電極と第2電極を有する、付記項1~付記項4のうちのいずれか1項に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項6」
第1電極および第2電極の一方は、パターン電極である、付記項1~付記項5のうちのいずれか1項に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項7」
微細構造体が、金属を含む、付記項1~付記項6のうちのいずれか1項に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項8」
微細構造体が、酸化物半導体を含む、付記項1~付記項7のうちのいずれか1項に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項9」
液晶層の厚さ方向に、電圧による電界が発生する、付記項1~付記項8のうちのいずれか1項に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項10」
液晶層の厚さ方向と交差する方向に、電圧による電界が発生する、付記項1~付記項9のうちのいずれか1項に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項11」
電磁波を反射する反射型である、付記項1~付記項10のうちのいずれか1項に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項12」
第1電極および第2電極の一方は、電磁波を反射する反射層を兼ねる、付記項11に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項13」
電磁波を透過する透過型である、付記項1~付記項12のうちのいずれか1項に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項14」
入射する電磁波を、微細構造体の配列方向に沿う方向に導波する導波路を有しており、導波路内を導波する電磁波の一部を配列方向と交差する方向に出射する、付記項1~付記項13のうちのいずれか1項に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項15」
導波路を画定する壁面の一部に、電磁波を出射する開口部が形成されている、付記項14に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項16」
導波路を構成する導波路部材は、第1電極または第2電極として機能する、付記項14又は付記項15に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
「付記項17」
開口部が微細構造体として機能する、付記項15又は付記項16に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
Claims (17)
- 電圧によって液晶化合物の配向状態が変化する液晶層と、
複数の微細構造体を配列してなるメタサーフェス構造体と、
第1電極および第2電極によって構成され、前記電圧を印加するための電極対と、を有し、
周波数が0.1~0.3THzの電磁波に作用するものであり、かつ、前記液晶層がメチン化合物を含む、電磁波制御用素子。 - 前記メチン化合物が、メチン構造を有する、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記液晶層がメチン構造を有する液晶化合物を含む、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記第1電極および前記第2電極の少なくとも一方が前記微細構造体である、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記微細構造体とは独立した要素として、前記第1電極と前記第2電極を有する、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記第1電極および前記第2電極の一方は、パターン電極である、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記微細構造体が、金属を含む、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記微細構造体が、酸化物半導体を含む、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記液晶層の厚さ方向に、前記電圧による電界が発生する、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記液晶層の厚さ方向と交差する方向に、前記電圧による電界が発生する、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記電磁波を反射する反射型である、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記第1電極および前記第2電極の一方は、電磁波を反射する反射層を兼ねる、請求項11に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記電磁波を透過する透過型である、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 入射する前記電磁波を、前記微細構造体の配列方向に沿う方向に導波する導波路を有しており、前記導波路内を導波する前記電磁波の一部を前記配列方向と交差する方向に出射する、請求項1に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記導波路を画定する壁面の一部に、前記電磁波を出射する開口部が形成されている、請求項14に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記導波路を構成する導波路部材は、前記第1電極または前記第2電極として機能する、請求項14に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
- 前記開口部が前記微細構造体として機能する、請求項15に記載の電磁波制御用素子。
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