WO2024156896A2 - Synthèse enzymatique de sondes polynucléotidiques - Google Patents

Synthèse enzymatique de sondes polynucléotidiques Download PDF

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WO2024156896A2
WO2024156896A2 PCT/EP2024/051963 EP2024051963W WO2024156896A2 WO 2024156896 A2 WO2024156896 A2 WO 2024156896A2 EP 2024051963 W EP2024051963 W EP 2024051963W WO 2024156896 A2 WO2024156896 A2 WO 2024156896A2
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blocked
initiator
alkyne
blocking group
azide
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WO2024156896A3 (fr
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Thomas YBERT
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Dna Script
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/26—Preparation of nitrogen-containing carbohydrates
    • C12P19/28—N-glycosides
    • C12P19/30—Nucleotides
    • C12P19/34—Polynucleotides, e.g. nucleic acids, oligoribonucleotides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y207/00—Transferases transferring phosphorus-containing groups (2.7)
    • C12Y207/07—Nucleotidyltransferases (2.7.7)
    • C12Y207/07031—DNA nucleotidylexotransferase (2.7.7.31), i.e. terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to methods, kits and compositions for template- free enzymatic synthesis of polynucleotide probes having predetermined sequences and a plurality of attached fluorescent dyes and/or quencher molecules.
  • methods of the invention include a method of synthesizing a polynucleotide probe having a predetermined sequence and a plurality of labels with the following steps: a) providing an initiator having a 3 ’-terminal nucleotide having a free 3’- hydroxyl; b) repeating elongation cycles comprising steps of: (i) contacting under elongation conditions the initiator or elongated fragments having free 3’-O-hydroxyls with a 3’-O-blocked nucleoside triphosphate and a template-independent DNA polymerase so that the initiator or elongated fragments are elongated by incorporation of a 3’-O-blocked nucleoside triphosphate to form 3’-O-blocked elongated fragments, and (ii) deblocking the elongated fragments to form elongated fragments having free 3 ’-hydroxyls, until the polynucleotide probe is formed, where
  • Fig. 1A illustrates the basic steps of template-free enzymatic synthesis of polynucleotides.
  • Figs. IB- IE illustrate the steps of one embodiment of the method of the invention for synthesizing polynucleotide probes.
  • the practice of the present invention may employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques and descriptions of organic chemistry, molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), cell biology, and biochemistry, which are within the skill of the art.
  • conventional techniques may include, but are not limited to, preparation and use of synthetic peptides, synthetic polynucleotides, monoclonal antibodies, nucleic acid cloning, amplification, sequencing and analysis, and related techniques. Protocols for such conventional techniques can be found in product literature from manufacturers and in standard laboratory manuals, such as Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series (Vols.
  • polynucleotide probe refers to a polynucleotide that has a predetermined nucleotide sequence (typically the complement of a target polynucleotide) and that has one or more labels covalently attached.
  • labels may include dyes, quenchers, linkers, reactive groups, and the like, as described more fully below.
  • polynucleotide probes of the invention each have a plurality of labels attached.
  • polynucleotide probes each may have two labels attached.
  • the two labels may be attached such that one label is at a 5’ end of the polynucleotide probe and the other label is at a 3’ end of the polynucleotide probe.
  • one label is attached to a 3’ terminal nucleotide and the second label is attached to a 5’ terminal nucleotide.
  • such first label is a fluorescent dye and such second label is a fluorescent quencher that is capable of quenching the fluorescent emissions of the first label when both are attached to the same probe.
  • labels refers to any moiety that may be used directly or indirectly to detect the presence and/or quantity of a target nucleic acid to which the polynucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing. Typically, such detection is based on the appearance of a fluorescent signal and the intensity of a fluorescent signal, respectively.
  • labels are selected from the group consisting of fluorescent dyes and fluorescent quenchers, with the proviso that a polynucleotide probe comprises at least one fluorescent dye.
  • fluorescent dyes and fluorescent quenchers are commercially available, e.g. Molecular Probes (ThermoFisher).
  • the length of the polynucleotide probe is selected so that when hybridized to a target nucleic acid the fluorescent dye and the fluorescent quencher are within a fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) distance of one another so that no or minimal fluorescent emissions are emitted from the probe.
  • FRET fluorescence resonant energy transfer
  • methods of the invention for synthesizing a polynucleotide probe comprise the general steps of: (a) providing an initiator having a 3’-terminal nucleotide having a free 3 ’-hydroxyl; (b) repeating elongation cycles comprising steps of: (i) contacting under elongation conditions the initiator or elongated fragments having free 3’-O-hydroxyls with a 3’-O-blocked nucleoside triphosphate and a template-independent DNA polymerase so that the initiator or elongated fragments are elongated by incorporation of a 3’-O-blocked nucleoside triphosphate to form 3’-O-blocked elongated fragments, and (ii) deblocking the elongated fragments to form elongated fragments having free 3 ’-hydroxyls, until the polynucleotide of the polynucleotide probe is formed, wherein at least one of the 3’
  • nucleoside triphosphate having a 3 ’-alternative blocking group or 3’-O-altemative blocking group is contacted with said elongated fragments having free 3’-hydroxyls
  • the alternative blocking group has a reactive moiety and may be the same or different than the blocking group
  • the step of deblocking is omitted.
  • the initiator is attached by its 5’ end to a solid support which facilitates the addition and removal of reagents in the synthesis process.
  • the initiator comprises a 3 ’-penultimate deoxyinosine and a completed polynucleotide probe is released from the initiator by treating the attached polynucleotide probe with endonuclease V.
  • the 3’ terminal nucleotide is thymidine.
  • the invention was a discovery that endonuclease V was unexpectedly able to cleave a polynucleotide probe from the initiator even when the first nucleotide of the polynucleotide probe contained a bulky label, such as a fluorescent dye.
  • the invention is in part a discovery that terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferases (TdTs) were available that had the capability of incorporating 3’-O-blocked-(alkyne/azide)- nucleoside triphosphates.
  • TdTs terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferases
  • step (b) refers to the “click” pair consisting of the alkyne group and the azido group and circumstances in which the groups may be attached to either of two moieties intended to be ligated or coupled. That is, for example, the expression indicates that if it is desired to ligate chemical moieties R1 and R2, that it may be accomplished by either carrying out a “click” reaction between R1-N3 and R2-C ⁇ CH or carrying out a “click” reaction between Rl- C ⁇ CH and R2-N3.
  • a 3’-O-blocked-(alkyne/azide)-nucleoside triphosphate is to be understood as a 3’-O-blocked-alkyne-nucleoside triphosphate or a 3 ’-O-blocked- azidenucleoside triphosphate.
  • the expression “-(protected alkyne/protected azide)-“ denotes the same relationship, except that deprotection must be carried out prior to performance of a “click” reaction.
  • the step of reacting or implementing a “click” reaction in reference to alkyne and azide groups means a (3+2) cycloaddition reaction between azide and alkyne groups forming a 1,2,3-triazole ring.
  • azide and alkyne moieties are complementary moieties in the context of the present invention, as they are able to chemically react together in order to form a product.
  • this cycloaddition is performed according to the method described by, e.g. Sharpless et al, U.S. patent 7763736; Carell et al, U.S. patent 8129315; and the like, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • this cycloaddition is implemented via the strain promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) click chemistry method (Agard NJ et al.,. A comparative study of bioorthogonal reactions with azides. ACS Chem Biol. 2006 Nov 21;l(10):644-8. doi: 10.1021/cb6003228. PMID: 17175580), and preferably this cycloaddition is implemented via the SPAAC chemistry using dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) which is described for example in Eeftens et al. (Eeftens JM, van der Torre J, Bumham DR, Dekker C.
  • DBCO dibenzocyclooctyne
  • the click chemistry is implemented via SPAAC using DBCO -containing labels and azide- containing nucleoside trisphosphates.
  • 3’-O-blocked-(alkyne/azide)- nucleoside triphosphates are 3’-O-NH2-alkyne-nucleoside triphosphates.
  • Such monomers may be synthesized from 3’-oxime-nucleoside starting materials using conventional chemistry, e.g. Winz et al, Nucleic Acids Research, 43(17): el 10 (2015); Carell et al, U.S. patent 8129315; Sharpless et al, U.S. patent 7375234; and the like, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • 3’-O-NH2-5-alkyne-deoxyuridine triphosphates may be synthesized from 3’-oxime-5-iodo-deoxyuridine starting material.
  • alkyne groups and azide groups are attached to nucleobases, usually via a linker, at conventional positions for labeling nucleotides, e.g. 7-purine and 5- pyrimidine.
  • elongation cycles may also include one or more washing steps.
  • elongation cycles include a single washing step implemented after the deprotection step.
  • elongation cycles may include a washing step after each “contacting” step as well as after each “deblocking” step.
  • additional steps such as capping steps, further washing steps may be implemented.
  • a monomer in the final elongation cycle a monomer may be added to which an additional label is covalently coupled through an alternative blocking group.
  • the alternative blocking group may be the same or different than the blocking group of the other monomers (i.e., non-final monomers).
  • the “alternative blocking” group may be the same as the “blocking” groups because both the -NH2 and the -azidomethyl groups have a blocking function and are reactive to selected complementary groups.
  • the blocking groups are not reactive to a selected complementary group, then it is advantageous to employ an alternative blocking group in the monomer of the final cycle which has such reactivity, e.g. an azidomethyl or an amine.
  • the alternative blocking group of the final monomer may either be attached directly to the 3’ carbon nucleoside triphosphate (e.g. Lui et al, Nucleic Acids Resesarch, 35(21): 7140-7149 (2007) disclosing 3’-azido-(2’,3’)-dideoxy-dNTPs) or may be attached indirectly to the 3’ carbon via the 3’ oxygen (e.g. Guo et al, Acc. Chem.
  • the final monomer of the polynucleotide may be a 3 ’-azido-2’, 3 ’-dideoxynucleoside triphosphate.
  • such monomer may be a 3’-O-azidomethyl-nucleoside triphosphate. Either case is advantageous since labels having an alkyne group may be readily coupled to the 3’ end of the polynucleotide probe via a “click” reaction.
  • the click reactions may be ordered in any convenient manner.
  • the specificity of which label attaches to which nucleobase requires careful consideration.
  • completion of the click reaction to attach the corresponding label for each newly added nucleobase before the next downstream nucleobase is added to the polynucleotide chain thus allows to simplify the supply of nucleobases to be labelled, increases the specificity of the label positioning at the correct nucleobase, and allows a more complete click reaction to be performed at each labeled nucleobase.
  • a fluorescent quencher may be a Black Hole Quencher (BHQ) dye. Azide derivatives of BHQ dyes may be synthesized as disclosed in Chevalier et al, Chem. Eur. J., 19: 1686-1699 (2013).
  • the azide-BHQ dyes then may be converted into aldehyde-BHQ dyes by click reacting an alkyne- aldehyde linker (e.g. Biosearch Technologies) with the azide-BHQ dye.
  • the first label may be selected from the group of fluorescent dyes consisting of 6-carboxyfluoresein (FAM) and tetrachlorofluorescein (TET) and a second label may be tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA).
  • enzymatic cleavage may be effected by a variety of enzymes and corresponding cleavable nucleotides or linkages.
  • enzymatic cleavage is carried out with an endonuclease V activity that cleaves a single stranded DNA containing a deoxyinosine, as described in Figs. IB- IE.
  • cleavable nucleotides may be nucleotide analogs such as deoxyuridine or 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine that are recognized by specific glycosylases (e.g.
  • cleavage by glycosylases and/or endonucleases may require a double stranded DNA substrate.
  • cleavable nucleotides include nucleotides comprising base analogs cleavable by endonuclease III which include, but are not limited to, urea, thymine glycol, methyl tartonyl urea, alloxan, uracil glycol, 6-hydroxy-5,6- dihydrocytosine, 5-hydroxy hydantoin, 5-hydroxycytocine, trans-l-carbamoyl-2-oxo-4,5- dihydrooxyimidazolidine, 5,6-dihydrouracil, 5-hydroxycytosine, 5-hydroxyuracil, 5- hydroxy-6-hydrouracil, 5-hydroxy-6-hydrothymine, 5,6-dihydrothymine.
  • cleavable nucleotides include nucleotides comprising base analogs cleavable by formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase which include, but are not limited to, 7,8- dihydro-8-oxoguanine, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoinosine, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenine, 7,8-dihydro- 8-oxonebularine, 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine, 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5- formamidopyrimidine, 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-N-methylformamidopyrimidine, 5- hydroxycytosine, 5 -hydroxy uracil.
  • cleavable nucleotides include nucleotides comprising base analogs cleavable by hNeil 1 which include, but are not limited to, guanidinohydantoin, spiroiminodihydantoin, 5-hydroxyuracil, thymine glycol.
  • cleavable nucleotides include nucleotides comprising base analogs cleavable by thymine DNA glycosylase which include, but are not limited to, 5- formylcytosine and 5-carboxycytosine.
  • cleavable nucleotides include nucleotides comprising base analogs cleavable by human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase which include, but are not limited to, 3-methyladenine, 3-methylguanine, 7- methylguanine, 7-(2-chloroehyl)-guanine, 7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-guanine, 7-(2-ethoxyethyl)- guanine, l,2-bis-(7-guanyl)ethane, l,N6-ethenoadenine, l,N2-ethenoguanine, N2,3- ethenoguanine, N2,3-ethanoguanine, 5-formyluracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil, hypoxanthine.
  • cleavable nucleotides include 5-methylcytosine cleavable by 5- methylcytosine DNA glycosylase
  • Figs. 1B-1E illustrate the steps of an exemplary embodiment of the method of template-free enzymatic synthesis of labeled polynucleotide probes which employs initiators with a penultimate deoxyinosine, 3’-O-NH2-nucleoside triphosphate monomers, alkyne-derivatized monomers, and an aldehyde-derivatized label to couple to the 3’-O- amine of the final nucleotide of the probe.
  • Fig. IB shows initiators (1000) attached by their 5’ ends to solid support (1050).
  • Each initiator (1020) has a 3 ’-penultimate deoxyinosine (1040) next to 3’-terminal nucleotide (1060) that has a free 3’ hydroxyl.
  • Such initiators on solid supports (which is a starting material for the present invention) may be produced using conventional chemical nucleic acid synthesis.
  • a polynucleotide product (1104) having terminal 3’- O-NH2 groups is formed.
  • At least one of the nucleotides incorporated has a base with a reactive group (e.g.
  • a member of a click pair such as a 3’-O-NH2-(5-alkyne)-deoxyuridine triphosphate (designated as “U*”, 1101).
  • a first label is attached (1140) by “click” reacting an azide-dervatized first label (R1-N3) to the alkyne of U* to give first label on the probe, Rl (1141).
  • the click reaction to attach R1 may be delayed to a subsequent elongation cycle.
  • synthesis of the probe may continue by the coupling of additional nucleotides until the next nucleotide analog, such as U*, is incorporated (1170, Fig.
  • Plurally labeled polynucleotide probe (1146) is then cleaved from initiators (1020) and support (1050) by treating the attached product with an endonuclease V activity which recognizes the presence of the deoxyinosine and cleaves the strand on the 3’ side (1121 in Fig. IE) of terminal nucleotide (1060) of the initiators.
  • the endonuclease V activity is provided by using a prokaryotic endonuclease V.
  • the endonuclease V is an E. coli endonuclease V.
  • the term “endonuclease V activity” means an enzyme activity that catalyzes the following cleavage reaction in a single stranded DNA: 5’ ...NNINNNN ...-3’ 5’-... NNIN + 5’-PO4-
  • N is any nucleotide and I is deoxyinosine.
  • Cleavage (1120) of polynucleotides (1146) by an endonuclease V activity releases polynucleotide probe (1150) which includes a 5 ’-monophosphate that optionally may be removed by a step of treating with a 5 ’-phosphatase.
  • Enzymes with endonuclease V activity are available from commercial enzyme suppliers, for example, New England Biolabs (Beverly, MA, USA), NzyTech (Lisbon, Portugal). Such enzymes may be used with the supplier’s recommended cleavage buffers (e.g. 50mM K-Ac, 20mM Tris-Ac, lOmM Mg-Ac, ImM DTT at pH 7.9).
  • cleavage buffers e.g. 50mM K-Ac, 20mM Tris-Ac, lOmM Mg-Ac, ImM DTT at pH 7.9
  • Typical cleavage conditions are as follows: 70U of Endo V in 50pl of Nzytech buffer at 37°C for 500 pmol synthesis scale on resin. Typical cleavage times are from 5 to 60 minutes, or from 10 to 30 minutes.
  • endonuclease activity of the above enzymes may be heat inactivated by incubation at 65°C or higher for 20 minutes.
  • the Nzytech endonuclease V comprises a His tag that allows convenient removal of the enzyme from reaction mixtures in preparation of final products.
  • templates-free (or equivalently, “template-independent”) enzymatic DNA synthesis comprise repeated cycles of steps, such as are illustrated in Fig. 1A, in which a predetermined nucleotide is coupled to an initiator or growing chain in each cycle.
  • the general elements of template-free enzymatic synthesis is described in the following references: Ybert et al, International patent publication WO/2015/ 159023; Ybert et al, International patent publication WO/2017/216472; Hyman, U.S. patent 5436143; Hiatt et al, U.S.
  • Initiator polynucleotides (100) are provided, for example, attached to solid support (102), which have free 3’-hydroxyl groups (103). To the initiator polynucleotides (100) (or elongated initiator polynucleotides in subsequent cycles) are added a 3’-O- protected-dNTP and a template-free polymerase, such as a TdT or variant thereof (e.g.
  • the 3’-O- protection group may be removed, or deprotected, and the desired sequence may be cleaved from the original initiator polynucleotide (110).
  • cleavage may be carried out using any of a variety of single strand cleavage techniques, for example, by inserting a cleavable nucleotide at a predetermined location within the original initiator polynucleotide.
  • An exemplary cleavable nucleotide may be a uracil nucleotide which is cleaved by uracil DNA glycosylase.
  • the 3’-O-protection groups are removed to expose free 3’-hydroxyls (103) and the elongated initiator polynucleotides are subjected to another cycle of nucleotide addition and deprotection.
  • the terms “protected” and “blocked” in reference to specified groups are used interchangeably and are intended to mean a moiety is attached covalently to the specified group that prevents a chemical change to the group during a chemical or enzymatic process.
  • the prevented chemical change is a further, or subsequent, extension of the extended fragment (or “extension intermediate”) by an enzymatic coupling reaction.
  • an “initiator” (or equivalent terms, such as, “initiating fragment,” “initiator nucleic acid,” “initiator oligonucleotide,” or the like) usually refers to a short oligonucleotide sequence with a free 3 ’-hydroxyl at its end, which can be further elongated by a template-free polymerase, such as TdT.
  • the initiating fragment is a DNA initiating fragment.
  • the initiating fragment is an RNA initiating fragment.
  • an initiating fragment possesses between 3 and 100 nucleotides, in particular between 3 and 20 nucleotides.
  • the initiating fragment is single-stranded. In alternative embodiments, the initiating fragment may be double-stranded.
  • an initiator oligonucleotide may be attached to a synthesis support by its 5 ’end; and in other embodiments, an initiator oligonucleotide may be attached indirectly to a synthesis support by forming a duplex with a complementary oligonucleotide that is directly attached to the synthesis support, e.g. through a covalent bond.
  • a synthesis support is a solid support which may be a discrete region of a solid planar solid, or may be a bead.
  • an initiator may comprise a non-nucleic acid compound having a free hydroxyl to which a TdT may couple a 3’-O-protected dNTP, e.g. Baiga, U.S. patent publications US2019/0078065 and US2019/0078126.
  • polynucleotides with the desired nucleotide sequence may be released from initiators and the solid supports by cleavage.
  • a wide variety of cleavable linkages or cleavable nucleotides may be used for this purpose.
  • cleaving the desired polynucleotide leaves a natural free 5 ’-hydroxyl on a cleaved strand; however, in alternative embodiments, a cleaving step may leave a moiety, e.g. a 5 ’-phosphate, that may be removed in a subsequent step, e.g. by phosphatase treatment.
  • an ordered sequence of nucleotides are coupled to an initiator nucleic acid using a template-free polymerase, such as TdT, in the presence of 3’-O-protected dNTPs in each synthesis step.
  • a template-free polymerase such as TdT
  • the method of synthesizing an oligonucleotide comprises the steps of (a) providing an initiator having a free 3 ’-hydroxyl (100); (b) reacting (104) under extension conditions the initiator or an extension intermediate having a free 3 ’-hydroxyl with a template-free polymerase in the presence of a 3’-O-protected nucleoside triphosphate to produce a 3’-O-protected extension intermediate (106); (c) deprotecting the extension intermediate to produce an extension intermediate with a free 3’-hydroxyl (108); and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) (110) until the polynucleotide is synthesized.
  • an initiator is provided as an oligonucleotide attached to a solid support, e.g. by its 5’ end.
  • the above method may also include washing step after each reaction, or extension, step, as well as after each de-protecting step.
  • the step of reacting may include a sub-step of removing unincorporated nucleoside triphosphates, e.g. by washing, after a predetermined incubation period, or reaction time. Such predetermined incubation periods or reaction times may be a few seconds, e.g. 30 sec, to several minutes, e.g. 30 min.
  • base protecting moieties for exocyclic amines are selected so that hydrogens of the protected nitrogen cannot participate in hydrogen bonding, thereby preventing the formation of such secondary structures. That is, base protecting moieties may be employed to prevent the formation of hydrogen bonds, such as are formed in normal base pairing, for example, between nucleosides A and T and between G and C.
  • the base protecting moieties may be removed and the polynucleotide product may be cleaved from the solid support, for example, by cleaving it from its initiator.
  • elongation reactions may be performed at higher temperatures using thermal stable template-free polymerases.
  • a thermal stable template-free polymerase having activity above 40°C may be employed; or, in some embodiments, a thermal stable template-free polymerase having activity in the range of from 40-85°C may be employed; or, in some embodiments, a thermal stable template-free polymerase having activity in the range of from 40-65°C may be employed.
  • elongation conditions may include adding solvents to an elongation reaction mixture that inhibit hydrogen bonding or base stacking.
  • solvents include water miscible solvents with low dielectric constants, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, and the like.
  • elongation conditions may include the provision of chaotropic agents that include, but are not limited to, n- butanol, ethanol, guanidinium chloride, lithium perchlorate, lithium acetate, magnesium chloride, phenol, 2-propanol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, thiourea, urea, and the like.
  • elongation conditions include the presence of a secondary-structure- suppressing amount of DMSO.
  • elongation conditions may include the provision of DNA binding proteins that inhibit the formation of secondary structures, wherein such proteins include, but are not limited to, single-stranded binding proteins, helicases, DNA glycolases, and the like.
  • 3’ -O-blocked dNTPs without base protection may be purchased from commercial vendors or synthesized using published techniques, e.g. U.S. patent 7057026; Guo et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 105(27): 9145-9150 (2008); Benner, U.S. patents 7544794 and 8212020; International patent publications W02004/005667, WO91/06678; Canard et al, Gene (cited herein); Metzker et al, Nucleic Acids Research, 22: 4259-4267 (1994); Meng et al, J. Org. Chem., 14: 3248-3252 (3006); U.S. patent publication 2005/037991. 3 ’-O-blocked dNTPs with base protection may be synthesized as described below.
  • Fig. 1A may further include a step (e) removing base protecting moieties, which in the case of acyl or amidine protection groups may (for example) include treating with concentrated ammonia.
  • the above method may also include one or more capping steps in addition to washing steps after the reacting, or extending, step A first capping step may cap, or render inert to further extensions, unreacted 3’-OH groups on partially synthesized polynucleotides.
  • Such capping step is usually implemented after a coupling steps, and whenever a capping compound is used, it is selected to be unreactive with protection groups of the monomer just coupled to the growing strands.
  • capping steps may be implemented by coupling (for example, by a second enzymatic coupling step) a capping compound that renders the partially synthesized polynucleotide incapable of further couplings, e.g. with TdT.
  • Such capping compounds may be a dideoxy nucleoside triphosphate.
  • non-extended strands with free 3’- hydroxyls may be degraded by treating them with a 3 ’-exonuclease activity, e.g. Exo I.
  • strands that fail to be deblocked may be treated to either remove the strand or render it inert to further extensions.
  • a second capping step may be implemented after a deprotection step, to render the affected strands inert from any subsequent coupling or deprotection any 3’-0 protection, or blocking groups.
  • Capping compounds of such second capping step are selected so that they do not react with free 3 ’-hydroxyls that may be present.
  • such second capping compound may be a conjugate of an aldehyde group and a hydrophobic group. The latter group permits separation based on hydrophobicity, e.g. Andrus, U.S. patent 5047524.
  • reaction conditions for an elongation step may comprising the following: 2.0 pM purified TdT; 125-600 pM 3’-O-blocked dNTP (e.g.
  • 3’-O-NH2-blocked dNTP about 10 to about 500 mM potassium cacodylate buffer (pH between 6.5 and 7.5) and from about 0.01 to about 10 mM of a divalent cation (e.g. C0CI2 or MnCh), where the elongation reaction may be carried out in a 50 pL reaction volume, at a temperature within the range RT to 45°C, for 3 minutes.
  • a divalent cation e.g. C0CI2 or MnCh
  • reaction conditions for a deblocking step may comprise the following: 700 mM NaNCh; 1 M sodium acetate (adjusted with acetic acid to pH in the range of 4.8-6.5), where the deblocking reaction may be carried out in a 50 pL volume, at a temperature within the range of RT to 45°C for 30 seconds to several minutes. Washes may be performed with the cacodylate buffer without the components of the coupling reaction (e.g. enzyme, monomer, divalent cations).
  • the coupling reaction e.g. enzyme, monomer, divalent cations
  • the steps of deblocking and/or cleaving may include a variety of chemical or physical conditions, e.g. light, heat, pH, presence of specific reagents, such as enzymes, which are able to cleave a specified chemical bond.
  • Guidance in selecting 3’-O-blocking groups and corresponding de -blocking conditions may be found in the following references, which are incorporated by reference: Benner, U.S. patents 7544794 and 8212020; U.S. patent 5808045; U.S. patent 8808988; International patent publication WO91/06678; and references cited below.
  • the cleaving agent (also sometimes referred to as a de-blocking reagent or agent) is a chemical cleaving agent, such as, for example, dithiothreitol (DTT).
  • a cleaving agent may be an enzymatic cleaving agent, such as, for example, a phosphatase, which may cleave a 3’-phosphate blocking group. It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that the selection of deblocking agent depends on the type of 3 ’-nucleotide blocking group used, whether one or multiple blocking groups are being used, whether initiators are attached to living cells or organisms or to solid supports, and the like, that necessitate mild treatment.
  • a phosphine such as tris(2- carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) can be used to cleave a 3’O-azidomethyl groups
  • palladium complexes can be used to cleave a 3’O-allyl groups
  • sodium nitrite can be used to cleave a 3’0-amino group.
  • the cleaving reaction involves TCEP, a palladium complex or sodium nitrite.
  • two or more blocking groups may be removed using orthogonal de-blocking conditions.
  • the following exemplary pairs of blocking groups may be used in parallel synthesis embodiments. It is understood that other blocking group pairs, or groups containing more than two, may be available for use in these embodiments of the invention.
  • deprotection conditions that is, conditions that do not disrupt cellular membranes, denature proteins, interfere with key cellular functions, or the like.
  • deprotection conditions are within a range of physiological conditions compatible with cell survival.
  • enzymatic deprotection is desirable because it may be carried out under physiological conditions.
  • specific enzymatically removable blocking groups are associated with specific enzymes for their removal.
  • ester- or acyl-based blocking groups may be removed with an esterase, such as acetylesterase, or like enzyme, and a phosphate blocking group may be removed with a 3’ phosphatase, such as T4 polynucleotide kinase.
  • esterase such as acetylesterase, or like enzyme
  • a phosphate blocking group may be removed with a 3’ phosphatase, such as T4 polynucleotide kinase.
  • 3’-O-phosphates may be removed by treatment with as solution of 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.5) 10 mM MgCh , 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and one Unit T4 polynucleotide kinase. The reaction proceeds for one minute at a temperature of 37 °C.
  • a "3'-phosphate-blocked” or “3’-phosphate-protected” nucleotide refers to nucleotides in which the hydroxyl group at the 3'-position is blocked by the presence of a phosphate containing moiety.
  • 3'-phosphate -blocked nucleotides in accordance with the invention are nucleotidyl-3'-phosphate monoester/nucleotidyl-2',3'- cyclic phosphate, nuclcotidyl-2'-phosphate monoester and nucleotidyl-2' or 3'- alkylphosphate diester, and nucleotidyl-2' or 3'-pyrophosphate.
  • Thiophosphate or other analogs of such compounds can also be used, provided that the substitution does not prevent dephosphorylation resulting in a free 3 ’-OH by a phosphatase.
  • the modified nucleotides comprise a modified nucleotide or nucleoside molecule comprising a purine or pyrimidine base and a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety having a removable 3 ’-OH blocking group covalently attached thereto, such that the 3’ carbon atom has attached a group of the structure:-O-Z wherein -Z is any of - C(R’) 2 -O-R”, -C(R’)2-N(R”)2, -C(R’) 2 -N(H)R”, -C(R’) 2 -S-R” and -C(R’) 2 -F, wherein each R” is or is part of a removable protecting group; each R’ is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl, substituted alkyl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, acyl, cyano, alkoxy,
  • R’ of the modified nucleotide or nucleoside is an alkyl or substituted alkyl, with the proviso that such alkyl or substituted alkyl has from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and from 0 to 4 oxygen or nitrogen heteroatoms.
  • -Z of the modified nucleotide or nucleoside is of formula -C(R’)2-N3.
  • Z is an azidomethyl group.
  • Z is a cleavable organic moiety with or without heteroatoms having a molecular weight of 200 or less. In other embodiments, Z is a cleavable organic moiety with or without heteroatoms having a molecular weight of 100 or less.
  • Z is a cleavable organic moiety with or without heteroatoms having a molecular weight of 50 or less. In some embodiments, Z is an enzymatically cleavable organic moiety with or without heteroatoms having a molecular weight of 200 or less. In other embodiments, Z is an enzymatically cleavable organic moiety with or without heteroatoms having a molecular weight of 100 or less. In other embodiments, Z is an enzymatically cleavable organic moiety with or without heteroatoms having a molecular weight of 50 or less. In other embodiments, Z is an enzymatically cleavable ester group having a molecular weight of 200 or less.
  • Z is a phosphate group removable by a 3 ’-phosphatase.
  • 3’- phosphatases may be used with the manufacturer’s recommended protocols: T4 polynucleotide kinase, calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase, recombinant shrimp alkaline phosphatase (e.g. available from New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA)
  • the 3’-blocked nucleotide triphosphate is blocked by either a 3’-O-azidomethyl, 3’-O-NH2 or 3’-O-allyl group.
  • 3’-O- blocking groups of the invention include 3’-O-methyl, 3’-O-(2-nitrobenzyl), 3’-O-allyl, 3’- 0-amine, 3’-O-azidomethyl, 3’-O-tert-butoxy ethoxy, 3’-O-(2-cyanoethyl), 3’-O-nitro, and 3’-O-propargyl.
  • the 3’-blocked nucleotide triphosphate is blocked by either a 3’-O-azidomethyl or a 3’-O-NH2.
  • Synthesis and use of such 3 ’-blocked nucleoside triphosphates are disclosed in the following references: U.S. patents 9410197; 8808988; 6664097; 5744595; 7544794; 8034923; 8212020; 10472383; Guo et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 105(27): 9145-9150 (2008); and like references.
  • 3’-O- protection groups are electrochemically labile groups. That is, deprotection or cleavage of the protection group is accomplished by changing the electrochemical conditions in the vicinity of the protection group which result in cleavage. Such changes in electrochemical conditions may be brought about by changing or applying a physical quantity, such as a voltage difference or light to activate auxiliary species which, in turn, cause changes in the electrochemical conditions at the site of the protection group, such as an increase or decrease in pH.
  • electrochemically labile groups include, for example, pH-sensitive protection groups that are cleaved whenever the pH is changed to a predetermined value.
  • electrochemically labile groups include protecting groups which are cleaved directly whenever reducing or oxidizing conditions are changed, for example, by increasing or decreasing a voltage difference at the site of the protection group.
  • enzymatic synthesis methods employ TdT variants that display increased incorporation activity with respect to 3’-O-modified nucleoside triphosphates.
  • TdT variants may be produced using techniques described in Champion et al, U.S. patent 10435676, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • a TdT variant is employed having an amino acid sequence at least 60 percent identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a substitution at a first arginine at position 207 and a substitution at a second arginine at position 325, or functionally equivalent residues thereof.
  • a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) variant is employed that has an amino acid sequence at least sixty percent identical to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 with a substitution of arginine (“first arginine”) at position 207 with respect to SEQ ID NOs 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12 and 13, at position 206 with respect to SEQ ID NO 5, at position 208 with respect to SEQ ID NOs 8 and 10, at position 205 with respect to SEQ ID NO 11, at position 216 with respect to SEQ ID NO 14 and at position 210 with respect to SEQ ID NO 15; and a substitution of arginine (“second arginine”) at position 325 with respect to SEQ ID NOs 2, 9 and 13, at position 324 with respect to SEQ ID NOs 3 and 4, at position 320 with respect to SEQ ID NO 320, at position 331 with respect to SEQ ID NOs 6 and 8, at position 323 with respect to S
  • the above percent identity value is at least 80 percent identity with the indicated SEQ ID NOs; in some embodiments, the above percent identity value is at least 90 percent identity with the indicated SEQ ID NOs; in some embodiments, the above percent identity value is at least 95 percent identity with the indicated SEQ ID NOs; in some embodiments, the above percent identity value is at least 97 percent identity; in some embodiments, the above percent identity value is at least 98 percent identity; in some embodiments, the above percent identity value is at least 99 percent identity.
  • the percent identity values used to compare a reference sequence to a variant sequence do not include the expressly specified amino acid positions containing substitutions of the variant sequence; that is, the percent identity relationship is between sequences of a reference protein and sequences of a variant protein outside of the expressly specified positions containing substitutions in the variant.
  • the percent homology would be in regard to sequences 1-24, 26-80 and 82-100.
  • such 3’-O-modified nucleotide may comprise a 3’-O-NH2- nucleoside triphosphate, a 3’-O-azidomethyl-nucleoside triphosphate, a 3’-O-allyl- nucleoside triphosphate, a 3’0 — (2-nitrobenzyl)-nucleoside triphosphate, or a 3’-O- propargyl-nucleoside triphosphate.
  • the above TdT variants have substitutions at the first and second arginines as shown in Table 1.
  • TdT variants for use with methods of the invention include one or more of the further substitutions of methionine, cysteine or glutamic acid, as shown in Table 1.
  • Further specific TdT variants that may be used in methods of the invention are set forth in Table 2.
  • Each of the TdT variants DS1001 through DS1018 of Table 2 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60 percent identical to SEQ ID NO 2 and comprises the substitutions at the indicated positions.
  • TdT variants DS 1001 through DS 1018 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80 percent identical to SEQ ID NO 2 and comprises the substitutions at the indicated positions; in some embodiments, TdT variants DS1001 through DS1018 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 90 percent identical to SEQ ID NO 2 and comprises the substitutions at the indicated positions; in some embodiments, TdT variants DS1001 through DS1018 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 95 percent identical to SEQ ID NO 2 and comprises the substitutions at the indicated positions; in some embodiments, TdT variants DS 1001 through DS 1018 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 97 percent identical to SEQ ID NO 2 and comprises the substitutions at the indicated positions; in some embodiments, TdT variants DS1001 through DS1018 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 98 percent identical to SEQ ID NO 2 and comprises the substitutions at the indicated positions; in some embodiments, TdT variants DS1001 through DS1018 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 99 percent
  • TdT variants of the invention as described above each comprise an amino acid sequence having a percent sequence identity with a specified SEQ ID NO, subject to the presence of indicated substitutions.
  • the number and type of sequence differences between a TdT variant of the invention described in this manner and the specified SEQ ID NO may be due to substitutions, deletion and/or insertions, and the amino acids substituted, deleted and/or inserted may comprise any amino acid.
  • such deletions, substitutions and/or insertions comprise only naturally occurring amino acids.
  • substitutions comprise only conservative, or synonymous, amino acid changes, as described in Grantham, Science, 185: 862-864 (1974). That is, a substitution of an amino acid can occur only among members of its set of synonymous amino acids.
  • sets of synonymous amino acids that may be employed are set forth in Table 3A.
  • sets of synonymous amino acids that may be employed are set forth in Table 3B.
  • Polynucleotide probes of the invention may be used in Taqman real-time PCR assays, for example, using commercially available kits.
  • a Taqman real-time PCR assay is the same as a PCR assay with the addition of a concentration of polynucleotide probe which is within about a factor of two of the primer concentrations.
  • the amplified fragment is in the range of from about 50 to about 150 base pairs.
  • the length of the polynucleotide probe may be in the range of from 10 to 30 nucleotides, or in the range of from 15 to 25 nucleotides, or in the range of from 20 to 22 nucleotides.
  • the assay uses Taq DNA polymerase, or an equivalent polymerase, that has 5’— >3’ exonuclease activity.
  • “Functionally equivalent” in reference to amino acid positions in two or more different TdTs means (i) the amino acids at the respective positions play the same functional role in an activity of the TdTs, and (ii) the amino acids occur at homologous amino acid positions in the amino acid sequences of the respective TdTs. It is possible to identify positionally equivalent or homologous amino acid residues in the amino acid sequences of two or more different TdTs on the basis of sequence alignment and/or molecular modelling. In some embodiments, functionally equivalent amino acid positions belong to sequence motifs that are conserved among the amino acid sequences of TdTs of evolutionarily related species, e.g. genus, families, or the like.
  • Mutagenesis activities consist in deleting, inserting or substituting one or several amino-acids in the sequence of a protein or in the case of the invention of a polymerase.
  • L238A denotes that amino acid residue (Leucine, L) at position 238 of a reference, or wild type, sequence is changed to an Alanine (A).
  • A132V/I/M denotes that amino acid residue (Alanine, A) at position 132 of the parent sequence is substituted by one of the following amino acids: Valine (V), Isoleucine (I), or Methionine (M).
  • the substitution can be a conservative or non-conservative substitution.
  • conservative substitutions are within the groups of basic amino acids (arginine, lysine and histidine), acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (glutamine, asparagine and threonine), hydrophobic amino acids (methionine, leucine, isoleucine, cysteine and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine), and small amino acids (glycine, alanine and serine).
  • basic amino acids arginine, lysine and histidine
  • acidic amino acids glutmic acid and aspartic acid
  • polar amino acids glutamine, asparagine and threonine
  • hydrophobic amino acids methionine, leucine, isoleucine, cysteine and valine
  • aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine
  • small amino acids glycine, alanine and serine
  • PCR Polymerase chain reaction
  • PCR is a reaction for making multiple copies or replicates of a target nucleic acid flanked by primer binding sites, such reaction comprising one or more repetitions of the following steps: (i) denaturing the target nucleic acid, (ii) annealing primers to the primer binding sites, and (iii) extending the primers by a nucleic acid polymerase in the presence of nucleoside triphosphates.
  • the reaction is cycled through different temperatures optimized for each step in a thermal cycler instrument.
  • a double stranded target nucleic acid may be denatured at a temperature >90°C, primers annealed at a temperature in the range 50-75°C, and primers extended at a temperature in the range 72-78°C.
  • PCR encompasses derivative forms of the reaction, including but not limited to, RT-PCR, real-time PCR, nested PCR, quantitative PCR, multiplexed PCR, and the like. Reaction volumes range from a few hundred nanoliters, e.g. 200 nL, to a few hundred pL, e.g. 200 pL.
  • Reverse transcription PCR or “RT-PCR,” means a PCR that is preceded by a reverse transcription reaction that converts a target RNA to a complementary single stranded DNA, which is then amplified, e.g. Tecott et al, U.S. patent 5,168,038, which patent is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Real-time PCR means a PCR for which the amount of reaction product, i.e. amplicon, is monitored as the reaction proceeds.
  • Polynucleotide or “oligonucleotide” are used interchangeably and each mean a linear polymer of nucleotide monomers or analogs thereof.
  • Monomers making up polynucleotides and oligonucleotides are capable of specifically binding to a natural polynucleotide by way of a regular pattern of monomer-to-monomer interactions, such as Watson-Crick type of base pairing, base stacking, Hoogsteen or reverse Hoogsteen types of base pairing, or the like.
  • Such monomers and their intemucleosidic linkages may be naturally occurring or may be analogs thereof, e.g. naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring analogs.
  • Non-naturally occurring analogs may include PNAs, phosphorothioate intemucleosidic linkages, bases containing linking groups permitting the attachment of labels, such as fluorophores, or haptens, and the like.
  • PNAs phosphorothioate intemucleosidic linkages
  • bases containing linking groups permitting the attachment of labels such as fluorophores, or haptens, and the like.
  • Polynucleotides typically range in size from a few monomeric units, e.g. 5-40, when they are usually referred to as “oligonucleotides,” to several thousand monomeric units.
  • oligonucleotides typically range in size from a few monomeric units, e.g. 5-40, when they are usually referred to as “oligonucleotides,” to several thousand monomeric units.
  • ATGCCTG a sequence of letters (upper or lower case)
  • A denotes deoxyadenosine
  • C denotes deoxycytidine
  • G denotes deoxyguanosine
  • T denotes thymidine
  • I denotes deoxyinosine
  • U denotes uridine, unless otherwise indicated or obvious from context.
  • polynucleotides comprise the four natural nucleosides (e.g. deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine, deoxythymidine for DNA or their ribose counterparts for RNA) linked by phosphodiester linkages; however, they may also comprise non-natural nucleotide analogs, e.g. including modified bases, sugars, or intemucleosidic linkages.
  • nucleosides e.g. deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine, deoxythymidine for DNA or their ribose counterparts for RNA
  • non-natural nucleotide analogs e.g. including modified bases, sugars, or intemucleosidic linkages.
  • oligonucleotide or polynucleotide substrate requirements for activity e.g. single stranded DNA, RNA/DNA duplex, or the like
  • selection of appropriate composition for the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide substrates is well within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill, especially with guidance from treatises, such as Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning, Second Edition (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1989), and like references.
  • the oligonucleotide and polynucleotide may refer to either a single stranded form or a double stranded form (i.e. duplexes of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide and its respective complement). It will be clear to one of ordinary skill which form or whether both forms are intended from the context of the terms usage.
  • Primer means an oligonucleotide, either natural or synthetic that is capable, upon forming a duplex with a polynucleotide template, of acting as a point of initiation of nucleic acid synthesis and being extended from its 3’ end along the template so that an extended duplex is formed.
  • Extension of a primer is usually carried out with a nucleic acid polymerase, such as a DNA or RNA polymerase.
  • the sequence of nucleotides added in the extension process is determined by the sequence of the template polynucleotide.
  • primers are extended by a DNA polymerase.
  • Primers usually have a length in the range of from 14 to 40 nucleotides, or in the range of from 18 to 36 nucleotides. Primers are employed in a variety of nucleic amplification reactions, for example, linear amplification reactions using a single primer, or polymerase chain reactions, employing two or more primers. Guidance for selecting the lengths and sequences of primers for particular applications is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, as evidenced by the following references that are incorporated by reference: Dieffenbach, editor, PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition (Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York, 2003).
  • sequence identity refers to the number (or fraction, usually expressed as a percentage) of matches (e.g., identical amino acid residues) between two sequences, such as two polypeptide sequences or two polynucleotide sequences.
  • sequence identity is determined by comparing the sequences when aligned so as to maximize overlap and identity while minimizing sequence gaps.
  • sequence identity may be determined using any of a number of mathematical global or local alignment algorithms, depending on the length of the two sequences. Sequences of similar lengths are preferably aligned using a global alignment algorithm (e.g.
  • Needleman and Wunsch algorithm Needleman and Wunsch, 1970 which aligns the sequences optimally over the entire length, while sequences of substantially different lengths are preferably aligned using a local alignment algorithm (e.g. Smith and Waterman algorithm (Smith and Waterman, 1981) or Altschul algorithm (Altschul et al., 1997; Altschul et al., 2005)). Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software available on internet web sites such as http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ or ttp://www.ebi. ac.uk/Tools/emboss/.
  • substitution refers to the replacement of an amino acid residue by another selected from the naturally-occurring standard 20 amino acid residues, rare naturally occurring amino acid residues (e.g. hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, allohydroxylysine, 6-N-methylysine, N-ethylglycine, N-methylglycine, N-ethylasparagine, allo-isoleucine, N-methylisoleucine, N-methylvaline, pyroglutamine, aminobutyric acid, ornithine, norleucine, norvaline), and non-naturally occurring amino acid residue, often made synthetically, (e.g. cyclohexyl- alanine).
  • rare naturally occurring amino acid residues e.g. hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, allohydroxylysine, 6-N-methylysine, N-ethylglycine, N-methylglycine, N-ethylasparagine, allo-isoleucine, N
  • substitution refers to the replacement of an amino acid residue by another selected from the naturally-occurring standard 20 amino acid residues.
  • the sign “+” indicates a combination of substitutions.
  • the amino acids are herein represented by their one-letter or three-letters code according to the following nomenclature: A: alanine (Ala); C: cysteine (Cys); D: aspartic acid (Asp); E: glutamic acid (Glu); F: phenylalanine (Phe); G: glycine (Gly); H: histidine (His); I: isoleucine (He); K: lysine (Lys); L: leucine (Leu); M: methionine (Met); N: asparagine (Asn); P: proline (Pro); Q: glutamine (Gin); R: arginine (Arg); S: serine (Ser); T: threonine (Thr); V: valine (Vai); W: tryptophan
  • L238A denotes that amino acid residue (Leucine, L) at position 238 of the parent sequence is changed to an Alanine (A).
  • A132V/I/M denotes that amino acid residue (Alanine, A) at position 132 of the parent sequence is substituted by one of the following amino acids: Valine (V), Isoleucine (I), or Methionine (M).
  • V Valine
  • I Isoleucine
  • M Methionine
  • conservative substitutions are within the groups of basic amino acids (arginine, lysine and histidine), acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (glutamine, asparagine and threonine), hydrophobic amino acids (methionine, leucine, isoleucine, cysteine and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine), and small amino acids (glycine, alanine and serine).
  • basic amino acids arginine, lysine and histidine
  • acidic amino acids glutmic acid and aspartic acid
  • polar amino acids glutamine, asparagine and threonine
  • hydrophobic amino acids methionine, leucine, isoleucine, cysteine and valine
  • aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine
  • small amino acids glycine, alanine and serine

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des procédés de synthèse enzymatique de sondes polynucléotidiques marquées à l'aide d'ADN polymérases sans gabarit.
PCT/EP2024/051963 2023-01-26 2024-01-26 Synthèse enzymatique de sondes polynucléotidiques WO2024156896A2 (fr)

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