WO2024123219A1 - Communication et détection conjointes - Google Patents

Communication et détection conjointes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024123219A1
WO2024123219A1 PCT/SE2022/051149 SE2022051149W WO2024123219A1 WO 2024123219 A1 WO2024123219 A1 WO 2024123219A1 SE 2022051149 W SE2022051149 W SE 2022051149W WO 2024123219 A1 WO2024123219 A1 WO 2024123219A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
signalling
data
sensing
communication
transmission
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE2022/051149
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert Baldemair
Håkan BJÖRKEGREN
Original Assignee
Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
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Application filed by Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) filed Critical Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
Priority to PCT/SE2022/051149 priority Critical patent/WO2024123219A1/fr
Publication of WO2024123219A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024123219A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0053—Allocation of signaling, i.e. of overhead other than pilot signals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/003—Transmission of data between radar, sonar or lidar systems and remote stations
    • G01S7/006—Transmission of data between radar, sonar or lidar systems and remote stations using shared front-end circuitry, e.g. antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/005—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission adapting radio receivers, transmitters andtransceivers for operation on two or more bands, i.e. frequency ranges
    • H04B1/0067—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission adapting radio receivers, transmitters andtransceivers for operation on two or more bands, i.e. frequency ranges with one or more circuit blocks in common for different bands
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/0008—Modulated-carrier systems arrangements for allowing a transmitter or receiver to use more than one type of modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
    • H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
    • H04L27/345—Modifications of the signal space to allow the transmission of additional information
    • H04L27/3461—Modifications of the signal space to allow the transmission of additional information in order to transmit a subchannel
    • H04L27/3472—Modifications of the signal space to allow the transmission of additional information in order to transmit a subchannel by switching between alternative constellations

Definitions

  • This disclosure pertains to wireless communication and radar technology, in particular for high frequencies.
  • the approaches described may be utilised for one or more different frequencies ranges. For example, they may be implemented for frequency ranges (e.g., carrier bandwidth and/or system bandwidth) for sensing signalling and/or communication signalling of 1 GHz or more, 2GHz or more, 5 GHz or more, or 6 GHz or more, or 10 GHz or more, and/or for millimeter 15 wave communication, in particular for radio carrier frequencies around and/or above 52.6 GHz, which may be considered high radio frequencies (high frequency) and/or millimetre waves.
  • the carrier frequency/ies may be between 52.6 and 140 GHz, e.g. with a lower border between 52.6, 55, 60, 71 GHz and/or a higher border between 71, 72, 90, 114, 140 GHz or higher, in particular between 55 and 90 GHz, or between 60 and 72 20
  • Communicating using or utilising a carrier and/or beam may correspond to operating using or utilising the carrier and/or beam, and/or may comprise transmitting 35 on the carrier and/or beam and/or receiving on the carrier and/or beam. Operation may be based on and/or associated to a numerology, which may indicate a subcarrier spacing and/or duration of an allocation unit and/or an equivalent thereof, e.g., in comparison to an OFDM based system.
  • a subcarrier spacing or equivalent frequency interval may for example correspond to 960 kHz, or 1920 kHz, e.g. representing the bandwidth of a 40 subcarrier or equivalent.
  • the approaches are particularly advantageously implemented in a future 6th Generation (6G) telecommunication network or 6G radio access technology or network (RAT /RAN), in particular according to 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project, a standardisation organization).
  • 6G 6th Generation
  • RAT /RAN 6G radio access technology
  • a suitable RAN may in particular be a RAN according to NR, for example 45 release 18 or later, or LTE Evolution.
  • the approaches may also be used with other RAT, for example future 5.5G systems or IEEE based systems.
  • ND of symbol time intervals wherein on a first subset of the ND symbol time intervals, data is carried by modulation symbols of a first modulation type, and on a second subset of the ND symbol time intervals, data is carried by modulation symbols of a second modulation type.
  • a transmitting radio node for a wireless communication network is considered.
  • the 55 transmitting radio node is adapted for joint communication and sensing operation.
  • the transmitting radio node is adapted for transmitting data signalling covering a number ND of symbol time intervals, wherein on a first subset of the ND symbol time intervals, data is carried by modulation symbols of a first modulation type, and on a second subset of the
  • data is carried by modulation symbols of a second modulation 60 type.
  • the receiving radio node is adapted for joint communication and sensing operation.
  • the method comprises receiving data signalling covering a number ND of symbol time intervals, wherein on a first subset of the ND symbol time intervals, data 65 is carried by modulation symbols of a first modulation type, and on a second subset of the ND symbol time intervals, data is carried by modulation symbols of a second modulation type.
  • a receiving radio node for a wireless communication network is proposed.
  • the receiving radio node is adapted for joint communication and sensing operation.
  • the receiving 70 radio node is adapted for receiving data signalling covering a number ND of symbol time intervals, wherein on a first subset of the ND symbol time intervals, data is carried by modulation symbols of a first modulation type, and on a second subset of the ND symbol time intervals, data is carried by modulation symbols of a second modulation type.
  • a transmitting radio node may be a radio node, e.g. a network node or a wireless device, 75 e.g. according to a communications standard.
  • a receiving radio node may be a radio node, e.g. a network node or wireless device, e.g. according to a communications standard. It may be considered that a transmitting radio node is also a receiving radio node, and/or that a radio node perform both a transmitting and receiving as described herein, e.g. in a mono-static scenario (in which the same data signalling and response is transmitted 80 and received, or in a multi-static scenarion, in which different data signallings may be transmitted and received, e.g.
  • Receiving data signalling may comprise receiving data signalling on the first subset and/or the second subset and/or reference signalling associated thereto.
  • Receiving, e.g. as sensing operation may comprise 85 evaluating signalling on the second subset, e.g. determining received constelllation points of the second modulation type and/or decoding the data; it may not be necessary to decode the data signalling, and/or signalling on the first subset may be ignored in some cases, e.g. with the exception of reference signalling (which may be uised for sensing).
  • Receiving for communication may comprise decoding and/or demodulating the signalling 90 on all symbol time intervals.
  • Receiving data signalling in general may be for sensing, or for communication, or for both (e.g., if the intended receivers are the same).
  • the radio node is a wireless device, it may be considered that receiving may be based on a scheduling assignment and/or a configuration, and/or that transmitting may be based on a scheduling grant and/or a configuration.
  • a network node e.g. as transmitting radio 95 node, or receiving radio node, or coordinating node, may be adapted to schedule and/or configure accordingly, e.g. with an assignment and/or grant and/or configuration. It may be considered to utilise control signalling representing both a scheduling assignment and a grant, e.g. scheduling both data to be received, and allocating resources for transmission.
  • the signalling on the second subset may be intended for sensing and potentially for 100 communication; the signalling in the first subset (unless, in some cases, if it comprises reference signalling)) may be intended for communication, but it may be considered that it may not be intended for sensing, e.g. to be not evaluated or considered for processing as sensing signalling.
  • a target may only reflect a part of the signalling, which may allow the intended 105 receivers to be the same or different. Some signalling may be grazed, such that a reflection may arrive at the intended receiver of the da ⁇ a signalling with short path delay, or follow a more complicated path, which may increase path delay and/or pathloss.
  • Data may represent bits, e.g. from a data block, and/or user data, and/or error coding bits, and/or control information, and/or may be associated to a data channel, e.g. a 110 physical data channel like PDSCH or PSSCH or PUSCH, and/or a transport channel and/or a logical channel.
  • the data may be associated to a physical layer control channel, e.g. PUCCH or PSCCH or PDCCH.
  • Data signalling may be signalling carrying the data, and may comprise and/or carry reference signalling, in particular DM-
  • the reference signalling may be known to a receiver and/or a receiving radio node. Reference signalling may be on one or more symbol time intervals of the ND symbol time intervals.
  • the ND symbol time intervals may be sequential in time domain, and/or contiguous and/or continuous in time domain, and/or each of the ND symbol time intervals may be neighbouring in 120 time domain to at least one other of the ND symbol time intervals.
  • the first and second subsets may be disjunct, not sharing symbol time intervals; however, they may pertain to the same contiguous or sequential time interval, e.g. such that a symbol time interval of the second subset is interspersed between two intervals of the first subset or similar.
  • the ND may be 2 or larger, or 4 or larger, or 8 or larger, or 24 or larger, or 30 or larger.
  • the 125 first subset may comprise one or more symbol time intervals, and/or the second subset may comprise one or more symbol time intervals.
  • the number of symbol time intervals of the second subset may be smaller than the number of symbol time intervals of the first set, e.g. half or less, or a third or less of the number of symbol time intervals of the first set.
  • the modulation order of the second modulation type may be smaller than 130 the modulation order of the first modulation type, wherein the modulation order may indicate how many bits may be represented by one modulation symbol.
  • the ND symbol time intervals may be cover a transmission time interval, and/or represent one occurrence of data signalling, and/or may carry one or more data blocks, and/or may correspond to one scheduling occurrence or transmission occurence (e.g., scheduled or triggered or 135 indicated by one and/or a single physical layer control information message like a single scheduling assignment or grant).
  • Data on the second subset may comprise predefined (e.g., in a standard) and/or configured information, e.g. configured with higher layer signalling and/or physical layer signalling, and/or may represent information and/or coding known to the receiver. It may be considered that on symbols of the second subset, there are 140 transmitted one or more radar data blocks, which predefined or preconfigured content.
  • the first and second modulation types may be different. Different modulation types may differ, e.g., in terms of modulation order, and/or number and/or form of constellations 145 available (alphabet), and/or tytpe of modulation (e.g., QAM or PSK).
  • the first modulation type may be one of 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM, or another QAM modulation.
  • the second modulation type may be one of QPSK, BPSK, any PSK, Al-optimized PSK, sub-set of 16QAM/64QAM/256QAM with same magnitude.
  • the first modulation type and/or the second modulation type may be indicated in control signalling, e.g. a schedul- 150 ing assignment and/or scheduling grant.
  • the data signalling and/or its configuration may be indicated to a plurality of radio nodes.
  • a transmission power level for transmission on the first subset may be the same or different than a transmission power level on the second subset.
  • the transmission power level may be indicated and/or represented by power or energy per subcarrier on which data is 155 transmitted, and/or power or energy per symbol time interval.
  • the ttransmission power level on the second subset may be larger than on the first subset, or smaller, e.g. depending on the first and/or second modulation type and/or a distance to a target and/or a signal quality or strength, e.g. as determined by an intended receiver of the data signalling, and/or based on whether the intended receivers for the data signalling and the sensing 160 receiver are the same or different.
  • modulation types of higher order e.g. for the first and/or second modulation type
  • higher power levels may be used than for lower modulation orders.
  • lower power levels may be used.
  • the data signalling may be intended for a first receiver, and/or the data signalling may 165 be intended as sensing signalling for a second receiver.
  • First and second receiver may be the same, or different.
  • the transmission power level on the second subset may be larger than the transmission power level on the first subset, e.g. allowing improved reception of a reflected (part) of the signalling, without necessarily accessing the data on the first subset.
  • the transmission power may be lower on the second subset than the first subset, in particular for higher modulation orders, optimising error rate for data.
  • the data signalling may be configured and/or scheduled, e.g. with control signalling.
  • the control signalling may indicate the presence and/or position and/or number of symbol time intervals of the second subset, and/or which radar data block and/or blocks may be 175 used, e.g. to be received or transmitted.
  • the configuration and/or scheduling may be performed by a network node, with a scheduling assignment to indicate the data signalling is to be received by a receiving radio node, or with a scheduling grant to indicate resources for transmission of data signalling.
  • the first modulation type may be based on a first set of mod- 180 ulation symbols, wherein the first set of modulation symbols may comprise modulation symbols with different magnitudes.
  • the first set of modulation symbols may represent an alphabet of modulation symbols and/or constellation points, which may be mapped to different bit combinations (each combination may represent a number of bits according to the modulation order).
  • One or more symbols may have different magnitude (or 185 amplitude), wheras some may have the same.
  • Modulation symbols and/or constellation points of the first set may be mapped to symbol time intervals of the first subset of symbol time intervals, e.g. onto subcarriers of a frequency domain allocation for the symbol time intervals.
  • the second modulation type may be based on a second set of modulation 190 symbols, wherein the second set of modulation symbols may comprise modulation symbols of the same magnitude (or amplitude); this may be considered as modulation or alphabet with constant or same magnitude or amplitude.
  • Modulation symbols and/or constellation points of the second set may be mapped to symbol time intervals of the second subset of symbol time intervals, e.g. onto subcarriers of a frequency domain allocation for the 195 symbol time intervals.
  • modulation symbols of the second modulation type are mapped to a comb in frequency domain. This may be dependent on the size of the frequency domain allocation. For example, it may be considered that below a threshold size, all subcarriers are mapped 200 to, and above a threshold size, a comb is used. There may be multiple thresholds, with different comb sizes, e.g. increasing comb sizes for increasing thresholds (e.g., comb-2 after reaching a first threshold, comb-3 after reaching a second, larger threshold, etc.). A threshold may be predefined, e.g. in a standard.
  • a comb and/or combs and/or threshold/s may be indicated with control signalling, e.g. signalling 205 scheduling or configuring the data signalling.
  • Configuring may be with higher layer signalling, e.g., RRC layer signalling, or MAC layer signalling, or RLC layer signalling.
  • the second modulation type may correspond to a subset of the modulation symbols of the first modulation type. This may in particular be useful when using a predefined radar data block, which may be easily representable by the limited subset.
  • the 210 subset may represent a lower modulation order.
  • the subset may correspond to modulation symbols and/or constellation points of the same and/or constant magnitude or amplitude.
  • one data block may be carried on each symbol time interval.
  • the data signalling may be configured by physical layer control signalling and/or higher layer signalling, e.g. on RRC and/or MAC and/or RLC layer/s. Cofiguring by physical layer control signalling may comprise and/or represent scheduling and/or allocating resources, and/or may pertain to triggering and/or activating a configuration configured by higher layer signalling. 220
  • sensing signalling scheme overlapping with configured (e.g., scheduled or allocated or configured with higher layer) data signalling in time domain for one or more overlapping symbol time intervals, wherein the second subset may comprise the one or more overlapping symbol time intervals.
  • the sensing signalling scheme may configure or schedule reference signalling for sensing, and/or 225 specific signalling for sensing. For the overlapping symbol time intervals, the sensing may be continued based on the data signalling.
  • Sensing and/or radar operation may be used interchangeably.
  • Sensing operation may be 230 performed in a sensing mode.
  • Communication may be performed in a communication mode.
  • Different antenna arrangements and/or different nodes may operate in different modes; in some cases, different antenna arrangements of the same radio node may operate in different modes, e.g. using frequency domain multiplexing (e.g., in addition to and/or overlaid on time domain multiplexing).
  • Sensing operation may comprise transmitting 235 and/or receiving sensing signalling.
  • Sensing signalling may be signalling intended to be bounced of one more targets, e.g. to determine a presence, and/or a location, and/or velocity, and/or speed of the target/s from the reflected signalling.
  • Sensing operation may be mono-static, or in some cases bistatic or multi-static.
  • a radio node adapted for joint sensing and communication may operation may be adapted for transmitting sens- 240 ing signalling, and/or receiving sensing signalling, and/or monostatic sensing operation and/or multistatic sensing operation, and/or for transmitting communication signalling and/or receiving communication signalling, and/or for processing communication signalling, and/or for processing sensing signalling, e.g. for evaluating sensing signalling and/or determining a position and/or presence and/or speed and/or velocity of a target 245 based on sensing signalling and/or information representative thereof.
  • a radio node adapted for joint communication and sensing may be adapted for communication, and/or sensing, based on signalling which may at times be sensing signalling and/or communication signalling, or only one thereof, or switch between sensing signalling and/or communication signalling.
  • sensing signalling, and/or 250 signalling intended for sensing like data signalling may be considered and/or represent pulses of sensing signalling, which may occur periodically or aperiodically.
  • the communication signalling is based on a multi-carrier waveform, e.g. an OFDM wave-form, for example a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form, and/or that the communication signalling is based on a waveform with cyclic appendix.
  • a cyclic 255 appendix may generally be a cyclic prefix, or a cyclic suffix.
  • the appendix may represent a repetition of a part of signalling carried by a symbol at its start (suffix) or end (prefix), which may be appended at the opposite of the symbol (end or start); e.g. a cyclic prefix may be considered a repetition of the signalling at the end of the symbol it pertains to.
  • a cyclic appendix may be associated to a specific symbol, it may have a duration shorter 260 than the symbol duration, e.g. less than 1/4 of the symbol duration, or less than 1/6.
  • the radio node may operate in TDD mode, e.g. switching between DL periods and UL periods.
  • a DL period may be a period in which the radio node operates using DL transmissions
  • an UL period may be a period in which the radio node operates using UL transmissions (e.g., a network node may transmit during DL, and receive during UL, and 265 vice versa for a wireless device).
  • TDD guard period between DL and UL periods and/or between UL and DL periods, which may comprise a number of symbol time intervals, e.g. 10 or more symbols, or 12 or more symbols; there may be the same duration for guard periods for DL/UL and UL/DL, or different ones.
  • Time domain multiplexing of sensing signalling and communication signalling may refer to and/or include and/or comprise and/or represent switching between communication mode and sensing mode such that at different times, different modes are used at least for a part of the circuitry and/or antenna 275 arrangements and/or signalling associated to the radio node.
  • An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements and/or sub-arrays and/or panels; different antenna arrangements may comprise different antenna elements and/or sub-arrays and/or panels.
  • UL period 285 durations may be the same as DL period durations, or different.
  • the distribution and/or duration of DL and UL periods may be referred to as TDD pattern; the TDD pattern may be dynamically controllable (e.g., with DCI signalling), and/or configured or configurable, e.g. with higher layer signalling like RRC signalling or RLC signalling, and/or may be semi-statically configurable or configured.
  • the TDD pattern may describe the smallest 290 time domain distribution of DL period/s and/or UL period/s and/or TDD guard period/s repeated over time, e.g.
  • operating in sensing mode may comprise both transmission and reception by the same radio node, independent of the TDD period associated to a communication mode.
  • a sensing mode and/or sensing interval may be inserted and/or embedded and/or multiplexed into a time period nominally associated to DL and/or UL and/or a TDD guard period, in particular a DL/UL guard period.
  • the sensing signalling and communication signalling may be transmitted by the same transmitting node, e.g. the radio node, or by different nodes.
  • the radio node transmits both communication signalling and sensing signalling, and may additionally monitor for and/or receive a reflection of the sensing signalling, e.g. in a mono-static scenario.
  • the radio node may receive the communication signalling and the sensing signalling, and/or may additionally transmit the sensing signalling, e.g. in a mono-static scenario.
  • the radio may transmit 305 the communication signalling and receive (and/or monitor for) the sensing signalling, and additionally may transmit the sensing signalling, or vice versa.
  • the receiving sensing signalling may comprise, and/or be based on monitoring for the sensing signalling, e.g. utilising one or more reception beams and/or beam sweeping.
  • Received or monitored for sensing signalling may represent reflected and/or diffracted 310 sensing signalling, e.g. after impacting a target object and/or obstacle.
  • Operation using sensing signalling and communication signalling may pertain to a specific time period, e.g. a joint operation interval, in which both communication and sensing is performed.
  • Sensing signalling being frequency multiplexed (also 315 known as being frequency domain multiplexed, or frequency duplexed) with communication signalling may refer to the sensing signalling having a different location in frequency domain than the communication signalling, e.g. in non-overlapping parts of the spectrum (non-overlapping bandwidths).
  • sensing signalling may occupy a first frequency bandwidth
  • the communication signalling may occupy a second frequency 320 bandwidth, wherein the first and second frequency bandwidths may be non-overlapping and/or disjunct and/or separated in frequency domain.
  • the radio node may for example be a wireless device or user equipment or terminal, or a network node or signalling radio node or base station. Thus, sensing functionality may be provided by common participants of a wireless communication network. 325 It may be considered that the radio node is adapted for utilising a number NP of antenna sub- arrays and/or panels, wherein NP may be an integer number of 4 or larger.
  • An antenna sub-array may comprise a plurality of antenna elements, e.g. 4 or more, or 10 or more, or 50 or more, or 100 or more.
  • An antenna sub-array, and/or the antenna elements associated thereto and/or comprised therein, may be associated and/or connected 330 or connectable to one and/or the same antenna circuitry, and/or be jointly controllable for analog and/or digital beam-forming, and/or be operable for joint transmission or reception.
  • a panel may comprise a support structure, e.g. plastics and/or metallic material and/or wood, supporting one or more antenna sub-arrays, which additionally may support additional circuitry like antenna circuitry and/or interface circuitry.
  • Each antenna 335 sub-array may be associated for one communication direction (e.g., reception or transmission) and/or one functionality, e.g. sensing or communication.
  • NP may be an even number, wherein it may be considered that NP/2 antenna sub-arrays (and/or their antenna elements) may be associated to a 340 first polarisation (e.g., horizontal or vertical or left-circular or right-circular, or any other suitable polarisation) and the other NP/2 antenna sub- arrays are associated to a second polarisation, which may be orthogonal to the first polarisation.
  • first polarisation may be horizontal with the second polarisation being vertical, or the first polarisation may be left-circular and the second polarisation may be right-circular.
  • an antenna arrangement associated to a radio node may comprise one or more antenna sub-arrays, in particular an even number of antenna sub-arrays.
  • different antenna sub-arrays and/or panels may be used for different functions, e.g. transmission or reception, and/or sensing or communication.
  • the polari- 350 sation of an antenna element may be associated to a specific operation direction, e.g. for transmission or reception. Depending on signalling direction (transmission or reception), polarisation may be different.
  • an antenna sub-array may be associated to a first polarisation for transmission, and a second polarisation for reception, or vice versa.
  • the sensing signalling is transmitted and/or received, e.g. by the radio node, utilising a first set of antenna elements and/or antenna subarrays and/or antenna panels
  • the communication signalling is transmitted and/or received, e.g., by the radio node, utilising a second set of antenna elements and/or an- 360 tenna sub-arrays and/or antenna panels.
  • the first set may comprise different sub-arrays and/or antenna elements and/or antenna panels than the second set.
  • the first set may comprise one or more antenna sub-arrays and/or panels, e.g. NC sub-arrays and/or panels, in particular an even number.
  • the NC and/or NS subarrays and/or panels may comprise equal number of antenna sub-arrays and/or panels associated to first and second polarisations (in general, an antenna sub-array may be considered associated to a polarisation if all its antenna elements are associated to the same polarisation). It may be considered that different antenna sub-arrays are used for 370 transmitting sensing signalling and receiving signalling, wherein the same polarisation may be associated to transmitting and receiving of sensing signalling.
  • the sensing signalling and the communication signalling are transmitted and/or received in an operation time interval, for example a slot, or an integer number N of symbol time intervals or allocation units or block symbols.
  • the operation 375 time interval may correspond to 1 ms or less, or 0.5 ms or less, or .1 ms or less, and/or N may be 1000 or less, or 300 or less, or 200 or less, or 100 or less, or 20 or less.
  • the radio node may operate both signalling types in short timescales.
  • the sensing signalling and communication signalling may be operated time multiplexed, or simultaneously, or both (in different sub- intervals). 380
  • the sensing signalling and the communication signalling may be transmitted and/or received at least partly, or fully, overlapping in time, e.g. in an operation time interval, or one or more sub-intervals thereof.
  • Partly overlapping in time may refer to part of the sensing signalling not overlapping with the communication signalling, fully overlapping may refer to all of the sensing signalling overlapping with communication 385 signalling (in time domain, in particular within the operation time interval and/or one or more sub-intervals thereof).
  • the sensing signalling may in general be transmitted in a sensing time interval, and a reflection of the sensing signalling may be monitored for (and/or received) in a monitoring time interval, wherein the sensing time interval and the monitoring time 390 interval may at least partly, or fully, overlap in time.
  • the sensing time interval and/or the monitoring time interval may be part of an operation time interval, e.g. comprised therein, for example as sub-intervals, or covering the operation time interval.
  • a first antenna sub-array and/or antenna panel may be used for 395 transmitting sensing signalling
  • a second antenna sub-array and/or antenna panel may be used for monitoring and/or receiving a reflection of the sensing signalling.
  • Two or more antenna sub- arrays and/or panels may be use ' ? or communicating utilising communication signalling., e.g. during the operation time interval.
  • the first and second sub-array and/or panel may be of different polarisation. In particular for large NP (e.g., 8 or larger), 400 this may facilitate sensing operation with comparatively low impact on communication operation.
  • sensing signalling and communication signalling occupy the same frequency spectrum, e.g. the same carrier.
  • Frequency multiplexing may generally refer to different locations of the frequency spectrum being assigned to sensing signalling and communica- 405 tion signalling, e.g. different parts of the carrier bandwidth; additionally, different bandwidths may be assigned to sensing signalling and communication signalling. Spectrum re-use thusly may be provided. This may refer to operation time interval/s.
  • the sensing signalling may occupy a bandwidth (first frequency bandwidth, or first bandwidth) of 350 MHz or less, or 300 MHz or less, and/or 10% or 410 less of a carrier or system bandwidth, or 5% or less of a carrier or system bandwidth, and/or 10% or less of the bandwidth (second frequency bandwidth, or second bandwidth) used for communication signalling, and/or 7% or less of the bandwidth used for communication signalling.
  • This may refer to operation time interval/s; outside of such, different bandwidth sizes may be used, e.g.
  • the full carrier/system bandwidth may be applied for communication signalling.
  • bandwidth limitation may be ameliorated.
  • sensing signalling may occupy a first frequency bandwidth (or first bandwidth), and the communication signalling may occupy a second frequency bandwidth 420
  • the second frequency bandwidth may be larger in size than the first frequency bandwidth, e.g. it may be SM times the size, wherein SM may be 3 or more, or 5 or more, or 10 or more, or
  • the gap may correspond to a bandwidth smaller than the second frequency 425 bandwidth, and/or may be smaller than the first frequency bandwidth.
  • the gap may correspond to a guard bandwidth, e.g. limiting interference between the first and second frequency bandwidths.
  • the communication signalling may be based on an OFDM wave-form, for example a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form. This may facilitated reliable communication 430 with high capacity.
  • Sensing signalling may generally be represented by reference signalling.
  • Sensing signalling of different types may differ in terms of numerology and/or wave-form and/or modula- 435 tion symbol sequence and/or sequence root and/or duration and/or frequency bandwidth and/or density (e.g., in time domain and/or frequency domain) and/or code and/or timing, in particular regarding periodicity) and/or beam shape or beam size.
  • the communication signalling and/or sensing signalling may be based on an OFDM waveform, e.g. OFDM and/or SC-FDM.
  • Transmitting and/or receiving sensing signalling may 440 be considered operating utilising sensing signalling. It may be considered that operating utilising communication signalling, and/or communicating utilising communication signalling, may comprise transmitting the communication signalling and/or receiving the communication signalling.
  • operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise operating in 445 the same direction (e.g., both operations comprise or consists of transmitting, or both comprise or consist of receiving), or in different directions (for either or both operations, or between operations and/or for one operation).
  • different use cases and types of setup may be considered.
  • operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise transmitting the sensing 450 signalling and/or receiving the sensing signalling.
  • receiving sensing signalling may comprise receiving reflections of the sensing signalling; the reflections may be shifted in time relative to the transmitting signalling (due to propagation delay); the shift in time may two symbol time intervals or less, or one symbol time interval or less, or the duration of a cyclic prefix or less.
  • the range of the sensing signalling may be configured 455 accordingly.
  • operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise performing sensing and/or determining the presence (or absence) of an object and/or determining one or more properties of one or more objects (sensing targets).
  • the communication signalling is based on an OFDM waveform, e.g. OFDM, or DFT-s-OFDM, or pulse-shaped DFT-s-OFDM.
  • a wave-form 460 is particularly suitable for wireless communication at high frequencies and/or with high communication loads.
  • the sensing signalling may be based on an OFDM wave-form, e.g. OFDM, or DFT-s-OFDM, or pulse-shaped DFT-s-OFDM, or an OFTS based wave-form.
  • the sensing signalling wave-form may be based on the same wave-form as the communication signalling, which allows easy reuse of configurations and circuitries. 465
  • it may be based on a different wave-form, allowing flexibility, e.g. for different use cases and functionalities.
  • the radio node may be a wireless device or user equipment or terminal. Alternatively, it may be a network node or signalling rad ⁇ node.
  • a radio node adapted for wireless communication may be a radio node adapted for transmitting and/or receiving commu- 470 nication signalling.
  • Communication signalling may be. and/or comprise, data signalling and/or control signalling and/or reference signalling, e.g. according to a wireless communication standard like a 3GPP standard or IEEE standard.
  • a radio node adapted for sensing operation and/or radar operation may be adapted for, and/or be configured or configurable, for transmitting and/or receiving signalling for sensing or radar function- 475 ality, in particular according to a configuration for sensing and/or processing signalling.
  • the radio node may share circuitry like processing circuitry and/or radio circuitry and/or antenna circuitry and/or antenna elements and/or sub-arrays between communication signalling and sensing operation and/or sensing signalling.
  • the sensing operation may be mono-static and/or multi-static.
  • Sensing signalling may be reference signalling, and/or 480 may be communication signalling and/or signalling dedicated for sensing.
  • Sensing signalling may have different types of signalling, e.g. based on, or associated to use and/or object and/or sensing function (e.g., which parameters of an object are to be determined).
  • Multiplexing communication signalling and sensing signalling in a multiplexing time interval may correspond to the communication signalling and the sensing signalling being 485 transmitted in the multiplexing time interval, e.g. by the same node or different nodes.
  • Operating utilising communication signalling may comprise transmitting and/or receiving communication signalling.
  • Operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise transmitting and/or receiving sensing signalling.
  • a radio node may be adapted for mono-static operation. In this case, it may be adapted for full-duplex operation, transmitting and 490 receiving in fully or at least partially overlapping time intervals (e.g., corresponding to, and/or at least partially overlapping with, the multiplexing time interval), such that it may receive reflected sensing signalling it transmitted itself (due to the large speed of radio waves, the reflected sensing signalling will often be received while the radio node still transmits sensing signalling).
  • the radio circuitry and/or processing circuitry and/or 495 antenna circuitry of a radio node may be adapted both for handling communication signalling and sensing signalling.
  • the radio node may be adapted for full-duplex operation, and/or half-duplex operation.
  • Full duplex may refer to transmitting and receiving at the same time, e.g. using the same or different circuitries, and/or using different antenna sub-arrays or separately operable antenna sub-arrays or antenna elements.
  • the sensing signalling may be beam-formed.
  • the communication signalling may be beam-formed. Different beams, in particular narrower beams, may be used for the sensing signalling than the communication signalling. In some cases, the beam shapes of sensing signalling may be different for different occurrences and/or signalling types and/or functionalities of sensing signalling. Beam-switching may be performed when switching from 505 communication signalling to sensing signalling, and vice versa.
  • Sensing signalling may be transmitted with a sensing beam and/or isotropically or with a default beam; it may be received with a reception beam, or with a default or isotropic reception.
  • a sensing beam may be swept through a spatial angle, e.g. according to a sweeping scheme to perform sensing in the spatial angle. 510
  • a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form may be a wave-form constructed by performing a DFT- spreading operation on modulation symbols mapped to a frequency interval (e.g., subcarriers), e.g. to provide a time- variable signal.
  • a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form may also be referred to a SC-FDM wave-form. It may be considered to provide good PAPR characteristics, allowing optimised operation of power amplifiers, in particular for high 515 frequencies.
  • the approaches described herein may also be applicable to SingleCarrier based wave-forms, e.g. FDE-based wave-forms.
  • Communication e.g. on data channel/s and/or control channel/s, may be based on, and/o utilise, a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form, or a Single-Carrier based wave-form.
  • Communication may in particular on multiple communication links and/or beams and/or 520 with multiple targets (e.g., TRPs or other forms of transmission sources also receiving) and/or multiple layers at the same time; different reference signallings for multiple transmission or reception may be based on different sequence roots and/or combs and/or cyclic shifts. Thus, high throughput may be achieved, with low interference.
  • different reference signallings e.g., of the same type
  • FIG. 6 showing an exemplary network node.
  • JCAS Joint communication and sensing
  • 6G wireless cellular communication
  • it may be considered using cellular communication (radio) nodes (base stations/UEs) to sense the environment by either using the communication-specific signals and/or dedicated sensing signals, and provide information such as location, shape, speed, etc. of the objects in the surrounding.
  • radio radio nodes
  • joint communication and sensing may comprise and/or be based on utilising radio nodes for a communication network for sensing and/or radar operation, 555 e.g. sharing radio circuitry and/or antennas and/or resources.
  • Tighter integration of communication and sensing may be provided. By reusing existing macro infrastructure, sensing can be added at low cost. Sensing can be using both to improve network performance and to add new features such as traffic monitoring and surveillance. If the same hardware is used for radar and communication, performance 560 and capacity of both systems may suffer. Radar signalling may be considered sensing signalling and vice versa in this discussion. For example, to monitor a traffic intersection, detect approaching vehicles and their speed, a large part of available resources may be used for radar operation, lowering resources available for communication. Approaches described herein facilitate efficient operation of joint communication and sensing, with 565 limited impact of sensing operation on communication capabilities.
  • Sensing can be done either using a single node, i.e. the transmitter and receiver are co-located and/or associated to the same radio node (mono-static) or multiple nodes, in which case the transmitter (s) and receiver(s) may be in different locations (multi-static); in some variants of multi-static approaches, one or more nodes may be have transmitter 570 and receiver and/or may operate for transmitting and receiving.
  • One particular challenge with the mono-static scenario in joint communications and sensing is that if the same radio node is used for simultaneous transmission and reception, then it has to be capable of full-duplex communication (the received sigi ’s will be shifted in time to the transmitted one, but usually overlap in time).
  • a multi-static scenario may not require simultaneous transmission and reception from the same node.
  • one challenge in using communication nodes in multi-static scenario is that the neighbouring nodes must be in different duplex directions (uplink and 585 downlink, or sidelink, or transmission and reception modes), which means that different time division duplex (TDD) configurations in the two cells may be used.
  • TDD time division duplex
  • sensing may improve network performance and/or add new features such as traffic monitoring and surveillance. If the same hardware is used for radar and communication, performance and capacity of both systems may suffer in comparison to using separated dedicated equipment for both. If, for example, a traffic intersection is 595 monitored, to detect approaching vehicles and their speed, significant parts of the available resources (e.g., half) may be required for radar operation.
  • the available carrier or system bandwidth in 6G at high frequencies is expected to be very wide, e.g. covering one GHz or more, in particular 5GHz or more. There are several regions with ⁇ 6GIIz contiguous spectra (bandwidth) available for high frequencies (above 600
  • Sensing also referred to as active sensing, may generally refer to transmitting signalling and/or receiving reflection/s of this signalling, e.g. radar signalling and/or communication signalling; Sensing may comprise and/or be based on processing received (reflected) signalling to determine one or more properties of a target object, e.g. position and/or 605 speed (total speed, or a component thereof, e.g. to direction of the receiver) and/or shape and/or size and/or velocity (total, or a component thereof) and/or surface structure and/or reflexivity of a reflecting object, e.g.
  • a target object e.g. position and/or 605 speed (total speed, or a component thereof, e.g. to direction of the receiver) and/or shape and/or size and/or velocity (total, or a component thereof) and/or surface structure and/or reflexivity of a reflecting object, e.g.
  • the receiving node may be informed about the one or more signalling characteristics, e.g. based on configuration (e,g, higher layer signalling like RRC signalling or MAC layer signalling, or Fl signalling, or X2 signalling, or physical layer 615 signalling) .
  • Sensing signal processing is described in the following.
  • a signal or signalling like radar signalling is transmitted to probe the environment, and the received reflections are used to estimate for example position and/or speed and/or velocity of the object/s in a range covered by the signalling.
  • the duration, bandwidth, and periodicity of the signalling or signal there are certain requirements on the duration, bandwidth, and periodicity of the signalling or signal to be used.
  • a sequence of wave- forms or symbols or signals with chip duration T and signal integration duration of T ⁇ nt with periodicity T r are transmitted for a duration T (there is one transmission or signalling occurrence 625 in each T r ).
  • the choice of these parameters determine range (sensing range, if waveforms are identical), range resolution, velocity or speed (speed or velocity range), and speed/velocity resolution for sensing targets.
  • L and M may represent integer numbers (of chips or symbols in a period corresponding to the periodicity, and number of transmission occurrences in Tf, respectively).
  • a sensing signal design may be tailored to meet fundamental requirements on: Range resolution (R r ) representing the minimum distinguishable distance between two objects; and/or
  • Speed or Velocity range (u M ), representing the maximum range of speed or velocity of moving object that can be measured.
  • Speed or Velocity resolution (u r ), representing the smallest change in the speed or velocity of the moving object that can be measured.
  • the parameters of a sensing signal may include a bandwidth, like a minimum bandwidth, and/or a duration like a minimum duration of the sensing signal, and/or a a minimum and/or maximum repetition periodicity, and/or a minimum duration of the sensing frame (a time interval in which sensing signalling may be transmitted), may be designed such above sensing requirement/s are met.
  • Table 1 below shows the relationship 645 between the sensing requirements and the se ing signal parameters, with c denoting the lo speed of light, f c representing the carrier frequency.
  • the reflected signal (e.g., reflected from one or more objects and/or from 650 the surrounding) is received, and may be matched and/or filtered with the transmitted wave-form to give the delay (e.g., representing the distance of the object), and/or the phase rotation between consecutive wave forms, e.g. representing the Doppler shift due to the movement of the object.
  • the above-mentioned signal generation and receiver processing may be common to all types of sensing methods and signals, and is 655 not limited to a pulse radar.
  • the choice of wave-form may depend on what wave-form is more suitable for both communication and sensing, although this is not a requirement, and the wave-forms for the two systems may be different.
  • the wave-form may comprise, and/or be based on, and/or represent, and/or be one or several OFDM or DFT- S-OFDM symbols ( or even sub-symbols), and/or block symbols, as it is the common wave-form used in most of the existing wireless access links (used for wireless and/or cellular communication).
  • a sensing signal may be based on OFDM symbols, in particular 665 a train of OFDM symbols as sensing signalling; such train may be repeated a plurality of times, e.g.
  • a train of symbols may represent a sequence of symbols, each of which may carry and/or represent a sequence of modulation symbols (e.g., for a OFDM based wave-form), which may be mapped to frequency domain; each symbol may carry the same or a different sequence.
  • a sequence may be mapped over multiple symbols, e.g. frequency first.
  • a common receiver processing may comprise and/or be based on performing an FFT per sequence occurrence, e.g. a train of symbols, for example transforming delay domain into subcarrier (frequency) domain, and an IFFT per subcarrier across the sequence occurrences, for example transforming time-domain into Doppler domain. Then peaks, 675 e.g. all peaks, beyond a threshold may be identified, and the delay and Doppler values associated with each peak (representing a target) may be considered corresponding to delay and velocity or speed of the target.
  • an FFT per sequence occurrence e.g. a train of symbols, for example transforming delay domain into subcarrier (frequency) domain
  • an IFFT per subcarrier across the sequence occurrences
  • peaks, 675 e.g. all peaks, beyond a threshold may be identified, and the delay and Doppler values associated with each peak (representing a target) may be considered corresponding to delay and velocity or speed of the target.
  • a signal may be transmitted to probe the environment and the received reflections may be used to estimate position/speed of the objects in the range.
  • a sequence of pulses is transmitted, as shown in Figure 1.
  • the reflected signal may be received and may be matched filtered with the transmitted waveform to give the delay (indicative of the distance of the object), as well as the phase rotation between consecutive waveforms to give the doppler shift (indicative of velocity) due to the movement of the object.
  • the choice of waveform may depend on what waveform is more suitable for both communication and sensing, although this is not a requirement, and the waveforms for the two systems can be same or different.
  • the waveform may comprise one or several OFDM or DFTS-OFDM symbols (or even sub-symbols), as it is the common waveform used in most of the existing wireless access links and is used in the following 690 description.
  • a common receiver processing may perform (after frequency-domain matched filtering) an IFFT per symbol time interval or block symbol (transforming subcarrier domain into delay-domain) and an FFT per delay sample/peak (across symbols) (transforming timedomain into Doppler domain). Then all peaks beyond a threshold are identified and 695 the delay and Doppler values associated with each peak (target) may be considered to correspond to range and velocity of the target.
  • Sensing signals may be of different types.
  • One possibility is to insert dedicated sensing reference signals into the transmission timing structure, e.g. OFDM time-frequency grid (OFDM may be used, or another multicarrier transmission scheme).
  • OFDM time-frequency grid
  • These reference 700 signals could either be based on existing communication reference signals or based on a new design.
  • a good reference signal design has a sharp (periodic) autocorrelation function (in the ideal case a Dirac response) which can be achieved by mapping a constant-modulus sequence to used subcarriers.
  • An IFFT may be used to convert the frequency-domain matched filtered signal to delay-domain, where a peak in the output 710 indicates a target.
  • Figure 2 shows an example with 300 used subcarriers and an IFFT size of 512, the wireless channel is assumed to only insert a delay of 140 samples. It can be seen that the IFFT output also has its peak at position 140.
  • Figure 2 IFFT output of received and frequency-domain matched filtered signal.
  • the solid line is the IFFT output obtained for a transmitted signal that is flat in frequency-domain.
  • the dashed curve is obtained when the transmitted signal is constructed as a randomly selected sequence of 64QAM modulation symbols mapped to used 720 subcarriers.
  • an already schedule or ongoing communication transmission may be used as sensing signal (e.g., if the transmission points into the right direction and the transmitted signal enables the required sensing metric, e.g. range resolution).
  • the transmitted data signal may be used. This may as- 725 sume the receiver - prior to sensing - successfully demodulates the data, or knows the signalling form used for the data transmission, and/or knows the data content and/or modulation and/or signalling used. This may in particular be the case for mono-static scenarios, or for bistatic scenarios, in which the intended receiver of the data signalling may be the receiver of the sensing signalling as well.
  • information regarding 730 the transmitted signalling may be provided to a sensing receiver, e.g. a network node, and/or information regarding the received sensing signalling may be provided to a radio node informed about the transmitted data signalling.
  • the obtained IFFT output is shown by the dashed line in Figure 2. It can be seen the dashed curve has higher sidelobes which leads to worse sensing results: In case of noise, sidelobes are easier confused with the mainlobe, 745 i.e. a wrong peak and thus a wrong range may be determined. It may be considered using equalization, i.e. dividing the received signal by the transmitted signal in frequency domain, i.e.
  • a data transmission modulated with modulation symbols taken from a modulation alphabet without constant magnitude property may be complemented with one or more symbols, where the modulation symbols are restricted to 755 modulation symbols with same magnitude (e.g. QPSK, BPSK, any PSK, Al-optimized PSK, sub-set of 16QAM/64QAM/256QAM with same magnitude, . . . ).
  • the sensing may then performed on these symbols.
  • modulation symbols on a comb may be modulated to modulation symbols that have the same/constant magnitude.
  • the symbol time intervals carrying symbols of constant magnitude, and/or symbols having contant magnitude may be used for sensing; this may include reference signalling, e.g.
  • a data transmission modulated with modulation symbols taken from a modulation al- 765 phabet without constant magnitude property is complemented with one or more symbols where the modulation symbols are restricted to modulation symbols with same magnitude (e.g. QPSK, BPSK, any PSK, Al-optimized PSK, subset of 16QAM/64QAM/256 with same magnitude, . . . ).
  • modulation symbols taken from a modulation al- 765 phabet without constant magnitude property
  • a scheduled and/or actually transmitted transmission may comprise data signalling of different modulations.
  • Modulation symbols of constant or same magnitude may be taken, for example, from a BPSK, QPSK, PSK, Al-optimized PSK, etc. modulation alphabet.
  • a subset of the original modulation alphabet 785 may be used; this subset would be defined as modulation symbols having the same or constant magnitude; for example the corner points in a 16QAM or 64QAM.
  • Figure 3 shows an example in which into a transmission using 64QAM, an OFDM symbol with QPSK modulation symbols is inserted. The sensing can in this case be based on the reference signal (which is flat in frequency- domain) and the inserted QPSK symbol. 790
  • the likelihood of making a decoding error is less for the lower-order modulation symbols (assuming same average transmit power). Same bit error rate could be achieved with lower power, providsing a power saving opportunity. If the transmitter is a UE, the phase introduced by the 795
  • UE power amplifier may change when going from average TX power 1 (normal transmission power for data) to TX power 2 (lower power for the data used for sensing) to TX power 1, which may make invalid a channel estimate that has been obtained in the first “TX power 1” phase. Keeping the average power the same may avoid this problem.
  • the transmitted constellation points may be determined by just inspecting the received modulation symbols and making a hard decision; thus, it may be that the transmitted modulation symbol can be quickly determined, without needing decoding (for use in sensing; for the aspect, 805 more time-intensive decoding may be done). If the above phase changes are no problem (or do not occur) and the transmitter is not yet sending at full power, the power can be even increased to decrease likelihood of wrong (hard) modulation symbol decisions.
  • transmission power e.g., for TX power 2
  • TX power 2 may be set based on 1) satisfactory decoding performance for communication reception; and/or 2) 810 satisfactory modulation symbol detection for sensing.
  • Inserting an OFDM symbol with modulation symbols that carry fewer bits decreases the amount of coded bits that can be carried by the data transmissions. This needs to be accounted for when determining the transport block size, code block size, code rate, etc. Alternatively, this is not accounted for and coded bits that cannot be mapped to 815 modulation symbols are punctured; however, this may lead to performance degradation, especially if the amount of skipped coded bits is large.
  • FIG. 4 shows an example in which in a transmission using 64QAM modulation symbols, two symbols carry, on a comb-4, QPSK modulation symbols.
  • the communication receiver 825 may be made aware of the change in modulation alphabet. This could for example be indicated via DCI or combined signaling of RRC (that such a modulation alphabet switch can happen and a few different switching points) and DCI (which switching point).
  • a UE may be configured with a certain radar reference signal time grid and when a data transmission overlaps, such grid points it would use a 830 modulation alphabet with constant magnitude property.
  • Radio node 10 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 20, which may comprise a controller connected to a memory. Any module of the radio node 10, e.g. a communicating module or determining 835 module, may be implemented in and/or executable by, the processing circuitry 20, in particular as module in the controller. Radio node 10 also comprises radio circuitry 22 providing receiving and transmitting or transceiving functionality (e.g., one or more transmitters and/or receivers and/or transceivers), the radio circuitry 22 being connected or connectable to the processing circuitry.
  • processing circuitry which may also be referred to as control circuitry
  • Any module of the radio node 10 e.g. a communicating module or determining 835 module, may be implemented in and/or executable by, the processing circuitry 20, in particular as module in the controller.
  • Radio node 10 also comprises radio circuitry 22 providing receiving and transmitting or transceiving functionality (e.g., one or more transmitters and/or receivers and/or transcei
  • Radio circuitry 24 of the radio node 10 840 is connected or connectable to the radio circuitry 22 to collect or send and/or amplify signals.
  • Radio circuitry 22 and the processing circuitry 20 controlling it are configured for cellular communication with a network, e.g. a RAN as described herein, and/or for sidelink communication (which may be within coverage of the cellular network, or out of coverage; and/or may be considered non-cellular communication and/or be associated 845 to a non-cellular wireless communication network).
  • Radio node 10 may generally be adapted to carry out any of the methods of operating a radio node like terminal or UE disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and/or modules, e.g. software modules. It may be considered that the radio node 10 comprises, and/or is connected or connectable, to a power supply.
  • a DFE may be 850 considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associated to radio circuitry and/or antenna circuitry.
  • Radio node 100 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 120, 855 which may comprise a controller connected to a memory. Any module, e.g. transmitting module and/or receiving module and/or configuring module of the node 100 may be implemented in and/or executable by the processing circuitry 120.
  • the processing circuitry 120 is connected to control radio circuitry 122 of the node 100, which provides receiver and transmitter and/or transceiver functionality (e.g., comprising one or more transmitters 860 and/or receivers and/or transceivers).
  • An antenna circuitry 124 may be connected or connectable to radio circuitry 122 for signal reception or transmittance and/or amplification.
  • Node 100 may be adapted to carry out any of the methods for operating a radio node or network node disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and/or modules.
  • the antenna circuitry 124 may be connected 865 to and/or comprise an antenna array.
  • the node 100 respectively its circuitry, may be adapted to perform any of the methods of operating a network node or a radio node as described herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and/or modules.
  • the radio node 100 may generally comprise communication circuitry, e.g. for communication with another network node, like a radio node, and/or 870 with a core network and/or an internet or local net, in particular with an information system, which may provide information and/or data to be transmitted to a user equipment.
  • a DFE may be considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associated to radio circuitry and/or antenna circuitry.
  • the wireless device and/or network node may operate in, and/or the commu- 875 nication signalling may be in TDD operation. It should be noted that the transmission of signalling from transmission sources may be synchronised and simultaneous; a shift in time may occur due to different propagation times, e.g. due to different beams and/or source locations.
  • a data block may refer to a transport block, or a code block or a code block bundle.
  • a 880 code block may comprise and/or represent a number of (information) bits representing information (e.g., data or control information), to which there may be associated, and/or which may further include, bits for error detection coding, e.g. CRC.
  • the bits for error detection coding may be determined based on the (information) bits, and/or may be error detection bits for the (information) bits.
  • a code block bundle may comprise one or more 885 code blocks; wherein each code block may have associated to it, and/or comprise, error correction bits.
  • the error correction bits in a code block bundle may each pertain to an associated code block; error correction bits may be specific to only one code block, e.g.
  • Error correction bit/s associated to a code 890 block may be associated to a single code block; this may refer to the error correction bits indicating correctness/incorrectness of the single code block, and/or calculated and/or determined based only on (information) bits of the single code block.
  • Information bits may represent data and/or control information, e.g. associated to a data channel (data in- formation/bits) and/or control channel (control information/bits) code block bundle may 895 be a data block without error correction cod ir, g pertaining to more than one code block.
  • a transport block may comprise error detection coding pertaining to a plurality of code blocks, e.g. covering the code blocks it consists of.
  • a transport block may comprise one or more code blocks. It may be considered that a data block may be associated to, and or subject to, and/or correspond to, a, one and/or a single acknowledgement process, e.g. 900 a specific HARQ process, which may correspond to and/or be represented by a HARQ identifier.
  • a code block may correspond to a subpattern of an acknowledgement information bit pattern. In some cases, a data block may correspond and/or pertain and/or be subject to a plurality of acknowledgement processes, e.g. if there is one acknowledgement process per code block of the data block. 905
  • a data block may comprise and/or represent information bits, which may be data bits (e.,g., user data) and/or control information bits; the information bits may be associated to one or more data or control channels, e.g. transport channels and/or logical channels, and/or may be mapped to a specific and/or single physical channel, in particular a physical data channel, or in some cases, a physical control channel (in which case it may or may 910 not be associated to a higher layer channel like a transport channel or logical channel).
  • a data block may represent bits intended for transmission, e.g. encapsulating one or more higher layer data packets, e.g. one or more MAC layer data packets, e.g. one or more PDUs (Protocol Data Unit) and/or SDUs (Service Data Unit); error correction bits, e.g.
  • a network node may in general comprise processing circuitry and/or radio circuitry, in particular a receiver and/or transceiver and/or transmitter, for transmitting reference signalling and/or a beam switch indication and/or for 930 beam switching and/or to control beam switch and/or control beam-forming and/or receive and/or transmit signalling like communication signalling and/or sensing signalling.
  • the second radio node may in particular be 'mplemented as a network node, e.g. a net- work radio node and/or base station or a relay node or IAB node.
  • the second radio node may be implemented as a wireless 935 device or terminal, e.g. a user equipment.
  • sensing signalling may be based on the same wave-form as the communication signalling. However, it may be based on a different wave-form in some variants.
  • the sensing signalling may be OFDM based, for example, regular OFDM, or spread OFDM like DFT-s-OFDM, and/or pulse-shaped OFDM, or filter-bank based, or Single Carrier 940 based.
  • the communication signalling may be OFDM based, for example, regular OFDM, or spread OFDM like DFT-s-OFDM, and/or pulse-shaped OFDM , or filter-bank based, or Single Carrier based.
  • the sensing signalling may be transmitted in a transmission timing structure corresponding to the transmission timing structure associated to the communication signalling, e.g.
  • the timing structure e.g., symbol duration or allocation unit duration
  • types of modulation symbols carried by signalling may be based on the wave-form used.
  • a block symbol may represent and/or correspond to an extension in time domain, e.g. a time interval.
  • a block symbol duration (the length of the time interval) 950 may correspond to the duration of an OFDM symbol or a corresponding duration, and/or may be based and/or defined by a subcarrier spacing used (e.g., based on the numerology) or equivalent, and/or may correspond to the duration of a modulation symbol (e.g., for OFDM or similar frequency domain multiplexed types of signalling). It may be considered that a block symbol comprises a plurality of modulation symbols, e.g.
  • subcar- 955 rier spacing and/or numerology or equivalent in particular for time domain multiplexed types (on the symbol level for a single transmitter) of signalling like single-carrier based signalling, e.g. SC-FDE or SC-FDMA (in particular, FDF-SC-FDMA or pulse-shaped SC-FDMA).
  • the number of symbols may be based on and/or defined by the number of subcarrier to be DFTS-spread (for SC-FDMA) and/or be based on a number of FFT 960 samples, e.g. for spreading and/or mapping, and/or equivalent, and/or may be predefined and/or configured or configurable.
  • a block symbol in this context may comprise and/or contain a plurality of individual modulation symbols, which may be for example 1000 or more, or 3000 or more, or 3300 or more.
  • the number of modulation symbols in a block symbol may be based and/or be dependent on a bandwidth scheduled for transmission 965 of signalling in the block symbol.
  • a block symbol and/or a number of block symbols (an integer smaller than 20, e.g. equal to or smaller than 14 or 7 or 4 or 2 or a flexible number) may be a unit (e.g., allocation unit) used for scheduling and/or allocation of resources, in particular in time domain.
  • a frequency 970 range and/or frequency domain allocation and/or bandwidth allocated for transmission may be associated with a frequency 970 range and/or frequency domain allocation and/or bandwidth allocated for transmission.
  • An allocation unit, and/or a block symbol may be associated to a specific (e.g., physical) channel and/or specific type of signalling, for example reference signalling.
  • a block symbol associated to a channel that also is associated to a form of reference signalling and/or pilot signalling and/or tracking signalling associated to the 975 channel, for example for timing purposes and/or decoding purposes (such signalling may comprise a low number of modulation symbols and/or resource elements of a block symbol, e.g. less than 10% or less than 5% or less than 1% of the modulation symbols and/or resource elements in a block symbol).
  • resource elements there may be associated resource elements; a resource element may be represented in time/frequency domain, e.g.
  • a block symbol may comprise, and/or to a block symbol may be associated, a structure allowing and/or comprising a number of modulation symbols, and/or association to one or more channels (and/or the structure may dependent on the channel the block symbol is associated to and/or 985 is allocated or used for), and/or reference signalling (e.g., as discussed above), and/or one or more guard periods and/or transient periods, and/or one or more affixes (e.g., a prefix and/or suffix and/or one or more infixes (entered inside the block symbol)), in particular a cyclic prefix and/or suffix and/or infix.
  • a prefix and/or suffix and/or infix e.g., a prefix and/or suffix and/or one or more infixes (entered inside the block symbol)
  • a cyclic affix may represent a repetition of signalling and/or modulation symbol/s used in the block symbol, with 990 possible slight amendments to the signalling structure of the affix to provide a smooth and/or continuous and/or differentiable connection between affix signalling and signalling of modulation symbols associated to the content of the block symbol (e.g., channel and/or reference signalling structure).
  • an affix may be included into a modulation symbol.
  • an affix may be represented by a sequence of modulation symbols within the block symbol. It may be considered that in some cases a block symbol is defined and/or used in the context of the associated structure.
  • Communicating may comprise transmitting or receiving. It may be considered that communicating like transmitting signalling is based on a SC-FDM based wave- form, and/or 1000 corresponds to a Frequency Domain Filtered (FDF) DFTS-OFDM wave-form.
  • FDF Frequency Domain Filtered
  • the approaches may be applied to a Single Carrier based wave-form, e.g. a SC-FDM or SC-FDE- wave-form, which may be pulse-shaped/FDF-based.
  • SC- FDM may be considered DFT-spread OFDM, such that SC-FDM and DFTS-OFDM may be used interchangeably.
  • the signalling e.g., first signalling 1005 and/or second signalling
  • beam/s in particular, the first received beam and/or second received beam
  • the received beam and the transmission beam of the first beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and/or spatial extensions
  • the received beam and the transmission beam of the second beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different 1010 angular and/or spatial extensions.
  • the received beam and/or transmission beam of the first and/or second beam pair have angular extension of 20 degrees or less, or 15 degrees or less, or 10 or 5 degrees or less, at least in one of horizontal or vertical direction, or both; different beams may have different angular extensions.
  • An extended guard interval or switching protection interval may have a duration corresponding 1015 to essentially or at least N CP (cyclic prefix) durations or equivalent duration, wherein N may be 2, or 3 or 4.
  • An equivalent to a CP duration may represent the CP duration associated to signalling with CP (e.g., SC-FDM-based or OFDM-based) for a wave-form without CP with the same or similar symbol time duration as the signalling with CP.
  • Pulse-shaping (and/or performing FDF for) a modulation symbol and/or signalling may comprise mapping the modulation symbol (and/or the sample associated to it after FFT) to an associated second subcarrier or part of the bandwidth, and/or applying a shaping operation regarding the power and/or amplitude and/or phase of the modulation symbol on the first subcarrier and the second subcarrier, wherein the shaping operation may be according to a shaping function.
  • Pulse-shaping signalling may comprise pulse-shaping one or more symbols; pulse-shaped signalling may in general comprise at least one pulse-shaped symbol. Pulse-shaping may be performed based on a Nyquist-hlter. It may be considered that pulse-shaping is performed based on periodically extending a frequency distribution of modulation symbols (and/or associated samples after FFT) over a first number of subcarrier to a larger, second 1030 number of subcarriers, wherein a subset of the first number of subcarriers from one end of the frequency distribution is appended at the other end of the first number of subcarriers.
  • communicating may be based on a numerology (which may, e.g., be represented by and/or correspond to and/or indicate a subcarrier spacing and/or symbol time length) and/or an SC-FDM based wave- form (including a FDF-DFTS-FDM based 1035 wave-form) or a single-carrier based wave-form.
  • a numerology which may, e.g., be represented by and/or correspond to and/or indicate a subcarrier spacing and/or symbol time length
  • SC-FDM based wave- form including a FDF-DFTS-FDM based 1035 wave-form
  • a single-carrier based wave-form including a FDF-DFTS-FDM based 1035 wave-form
  • Communicating may comprise and/or be based on beamforming, e.g.
  • a beam is produced by performing analog beamforming to provide the beam, e.g. a beam corresponding to a reference beam.
  • signalling may be adapted, e.g. based on movement of the communication partner.
  • a beam may for example be produced by performing analog beamforming to provide a beam corresponding to a reference beam. This allows efficient postprocessing of a digitally formed beam, without requiring 1045 changes to a digital beamforming chain and/or without requiring changes to a standard defining beam forming precoders.
  • a beam may be produced by hybrid beamforming, and/or by digital beamforming, e.g. based on a precoder.
  • a beam is produced by hybrid 1050 beamforming, e.g. by analog beamforming performed on a beam representation or beam formed based on digital beamforming.
  • Monitoring and/or performing cell search may be based on reception beamforming, e.g. analog or digital or hybrid reception beamforming.
  • the numerology may determine the length of a symbol time interval and/or the duration of a cyclic prefix.
  • the approaches described herein are particularly suitable to SC-FDM, 1055 to ensure orthogonality, in particular subcarrier orthogonality, in corresponding systems, but may be used for other wave-forms.
  • Communicating may comprise utilising a waveform with cyclic prefix.
  • the cyclic prefix may be based on a numerology, and may help keeping signalling orthogonal.
  • Communicating may comprise, and/or be based on performing cell search, e.g. for a wireless device or terminal, or may comprise transmitting 1060 cell identifying signalling and/or a selection indication, based on which a radio node receiving the selection indication may select a signalling bandwidth from a set of signalling bandwidths for performing cell search.
  • a beam or beam pair may in general be targeted at one radio node, or a group of radio nodes and/or an area including one or more radio nodes.
  • a beam or beam 1065 pair may be receiver-specific (e.g., UE-specffic), such that only one radio node is served per beam/beam pair.
  • a beam pair switch or switch of received beam (e.g., by using a different reception beam) and/or transmission beam may be performed at a border of a transmission timing structure, e.g. a slot border, or within a slot, for example between symbols.
  • Some tuning of radio circuitry, e.g. for receiving and/or transmitting, may be 1070 performed.
  • Beam pair switching may comprise switching from a second received beam to a first received beam, and/or from a second transmission beam to a first transmission beam.
  • Switching may comprise inserting a guard period to cover retuning time; however, circuitry may be adapted to switch sufficiently quickly to essentially be instantaneous; this may in particular be the case when digital reception beamforming is used to switch 1075 reception beams for switching received beams.
  • a reference beam may be a beam comprising reference signalling, based on which for example a of beam signalling characteristics may be determined, e.g. measured and/or estimated.
  • a signalling beam may comprise signalling like control signalling and/or data signalling and/or reference signalling.
  • a reference beam 1080 may be transmitted by a source or transmffi g radio node, in which case one or more beam signalling characteristics may be reported to it from a receiver, e.g. a wireless device. However, in some cases it may be received by the radio node from another radio node or wireless device. In this case, one or more beam signalling characteristics may be determined by the radio node.
  • a signalling beam may be a transmission beam, or a 1085 reception beam.
  • a set of signalling characteristics may comprise a plurality of subsets of beam signalling characteristics, each subset pertaining to a different reference beam.
  • a reference beam may be associated to different beam signalling characteristics.
  • a beam signalling characteristic may represent and/or indicate a signal strength and/or signal quality of a beam and/or a delay charac- 1090 teristic and/or be associated with received and/or measured signalling carried on a beam.
  • Beam signalling characteristics and/or delay characteristics may in particular pertain to, and/or indicate, a number and/or list and/or order of beams with best (e.g., lowest mean delay and/or lowest spread/range) timing or delay spread, and/or of strongest and/or best quality beams, e.g. with associated delay spread.
  • a beam signalling characteristic 1095 may be based on measurement/s performed on reference signalling carried on the reference beam it pertains to. The measurement/s may be performed by the radio node, or another node or wireless device. The use of reference signalling allows improved accuracy and/or gauging of the measurements.
  • a beam and/or beam pair may be represented by a beam identity indication, e.g. a beam or beam pair number.
  • Such an in- 1100 dication may be represented by one or more signalling sequences (e.g., a specific reference signalling sequences or sequences), which may be transmitted on the beam and/or beam pair, and/or a signalling characteristic and/or a resource/s used (e.g., time/frequency and/or code) and/or a specific RNTI (e.g., used for scrambling a CRC for some messages or transmissions) and/or by information provided in signalling, e.g. control signalling 1105 and/or system signalling, on the beam and/or beam pair, e.g. encoded and/or provided in an information held or as information element in some form of message of signalling, e.g. DCI and/or MAC and/or RRC signalling.
  • signalling sequences e.g., a specific reference signalling sequences or sequences
  • a signalling characteristic and/or a resource/s used e.g., time/frequency and/or code
  • a reference beam may in general be one of a set of reference beams, the second set of reference beams being associated to the set of signalling beams.
  • the sets being associated 1110 may refer to at least one beam of the first set being associated and/or corresponding to the second set (or vice versa), e.g. being based on it, for example by having the same analog or digital beamforming parameters and/or precoder and/or the same shape before analog beamforming, and/or being a modified form thereof, e.g. by performing additional analog beamforming.
  • the set of signalling beams may be referred to as a first set of beams
  • a 1115 set of corresponding reference beams may be referred to as second set of beams.
  • a reference beam and/or reference beams and/or reference signalling may correspond to and/or carry random access signalling, e.g. a random access preamble.
  • a reference beam or signalling may be transmitted by another radio node.
  • the signalling may indicate which beam is used for transmitting.
  • the reference beams may 1120 be beams receiving the random access signalling.
  • Random access signalling may be used for initial connection to the radio node and/or a cell provided by the radio node, and/or for reconnection. Utilising random access signalling facilitates quick and early beam selection.
  • the random access signalling may be on a random access channel, e.g. based on broadcast information provided by the radio node (the radio node performing the beam selection), 1125 e.g. with synchronisation signalling (e.g., SSB block and/or associated thereto).
  • the reference signalling may correspond to synchronisation signalling, e.g. transmitted by the radio node in a plurality of beams.
  • the characteristics may be reported on by a node receiving the synchronisation signalling, e.g. in a random access process, e.g. a msg3 for contention resolution, which may be transmitted on a physical uplink shared channel 1130 based on a resource allocation provided by the radio node.
  • a delay characteristic (which may correspond to delay spread information) and/or a measurement report may represent and/or indicate at least one of mean delay, and/or delay spread, and/or delay distribution, and/or delay spread distribution, and/or delay spread range, and/or relative delay spread, and/or energy (or power) distribution, and/or 1135 impulse response to received signalling, and/or the power delay profile of the received signals, and/or power delay profile related parameters of the received signal.
  • a mean delay may represent the mean value and/or an averaged value of the delay spread, which may be weighted or unweighted.
  • a distribution may be distribution over time/delay, e.g. of received power and/or energy of a signal.
  • a range may indicate an interval of the delay 1140 spread distribution over time/delay, which may cover a predetermined percentage of the delay spread respective received energy or power, e.g. 50% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, or 100%.
  • a relative delay spread may indicate a relation to a threshold delay, e.g. of the mean delay, and/or a shift relative to an expected and/or configured timing, e.g. a timing at which the signalling would have been expected based on the scheduling, and/or 1145 a relation to a cyclic prefix duration (which may be considered on form of a threshold).
  • Energy distribution or power distribution may pertain to the energy or power received over the time interval of the delay spread.
  • a power delay profile may pertain to representations of the received signals, or the received signals energy/power, across time/delay.
  • Power delay profile related parameters may pertain to metrics computed from the power delay 1150 profile. Different values and forms of delay spread information and/or report may be used, allowing a wide range of capabilities.
  • the kind of information represented by a measurement report may be predefined, or be configured or configurable, e.g. with a measurement configuration and/or reference signalling configuration, in particular with higher layer signalling like RRC or MAC signalling and/or physical layer signalling like 1155
  • different beam pair may differ in at least one beam; for example, a beam pair using a first received beam and a first transmission beam may be considered to be different from a second beam pair using the first received beam and a second transmission beam.
  • a transmission beam using no precoding and/or beamforming, for example using 1160 the natural antenna profile, may be considered as a special form of transmission beam of a transmission beam pair.
  • a beam may be indicated to a radio node by a transmitter with a beam indication and/or a configuration, which for example may indicate beam parameters and/or time/frequency resources associated to the beam and/or a transmission mode and/or antenna profile and/or antenna port and/or precoder associated to the 1165 beam.
  • Different beams may be provided with different content, for example different received beams may carry different signalling; however, there may be considered cases in which different beams carry the same signalling, for example the same data signalling and/or reference signalling.
  • the beams may be transmitted by the same node and/or transmission point and/or antenna arrangement, or by different nodes and/or transmission 1170 points and/or antenna arrangements.
  • Communicating utilising a beam pair or a beam may comprise receiving signalling on a received beam (which may be a beam of a beam pair), and/or transmitting signalling on a beam, e.g. a beam of a beam pair.
  • a received beam may be a beam carrying 1175 signalling received by the radio node (for reception, the radio node may use a reception beam, e.g. directed to the received beam, or be non-beamformed).
  • a transmission beam may be a beam used by the radio node to transmit signalling.
  • a beam pair may consist of a received beam and a transmission beam.
  • the transmission beam and the received beam of a beam pair may be associated to each and/or correspond to each other, e.g. 1180 such that signalling on the received beam and signalling on a transmission beam travel essentially the same path (but in opposite directions), e.g. at least in a stationary or almost stationary condition.
  • first and second do not necessarily denote an order in time; a second signalling may be received and/or transmitted before, or in some cases simultaneous to, first signalling, or vice versa.
  • the 1185 received beam and transmission beam of a beam pair may be on the same carrier or frequency range or bandwidth part, e.g. in a TDD operation; however, variants with FDD may be considered as well.
  • Different beam pairs may operate on the same frequency ranges or carriers or bandwidth parts (e.g., such that transmission beams operate on the same frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part, and received beams on the same 1190 frequency range or carriers or bandwidth paR Rhe transmission beam and received beams may be on the same or different ranges or carriers or BWPs).
  • Communicating utilizing a first beam pair and/or first beam may be based on, and/or comprise, switching from the second beam pair or second beam to the first beam pair or first beam for communicating.
  • the switching may be controlled by the network, for example a network node (which may 1195 be the source or transmitter of the received beam of the first beam pair and/or second beam pair, or be associated thereto, for example associated transmission points or nodes in dual connectivity).
  • a network node which may 1195 be the source or transmitter of the received beam of the first beam pair and/or second beam pair, or be associated thereto, for example associated transmission points or nodes in dual connectivity.
  • Such controlling may comprise transmitting control signalling, e.g. physical layer signalling and/or higher layer signalling.
  • the switching may be performed by the radio node without additional control signalling, for example based 1200 on measurements on signal quality and/or signal strength of beam pairs (e.g., of first and second received beams), in particular the first beam pair and/or the second beam pair.
  • the first beam pair may be switched to the first beam pair (or first beam) if the signal quality or signal strength measured on the second beam pair (or second beam) is considered to be insufficient, and/or worse than corresponding measurements on the first beam pair 1205 indicate.
  • Measurements performed on a beam pair (or beam) may in particular comprise measurements performed on a received beam of the beam pair.
  • the timing indication may be determined before switching from the second beam pair to the first beam pair for communicating.
  • the synchronization may be in place and/or the timing indication may be available for synchronising) when starting communication 1210 utilizing the first beam pair or first beam.
  • the timing indication may be determined after switching to the first beam pair or first beam.
  • a reception beam of a node 1215 may be associated to and/or correspond to a transmission beam of the node, e.g. such that the (spatial) angle of reception of the reception beam and the (spatial) angle of transmission of the transmission beam at least partially, or essentially or fully, overlap and/or coincide, in particular for TDD operation and/or independent of frequency. Spatial correspondence between beams may be considered in some cases, e.g.
  • a beam 1220 pair (e.g., transmission beam of a transmitting node and reception beam of a receiving node) may be considered to comprise corresponding beams (e.g., the reception beam is suitable and/or the best beam to receive transmissions on the transmission beam, e.g.
  • each of such beams there may be an associated or corresponding complementary beam of the 1225 respective node (e.g., to a transmission beam of a beam pair, there may be associated a reception beam of the transmitting node, and/or to the reception beam of a beam pair, there may be associated a transmitting beam of the receiving node; if the beams (e.g., at least essentially or substantially) overlap (e.g., in spatial angle), in some cases a beam pair may be considered to indicate four beams (or actually, two beam pairs). 1230
  • QCL Quasi- CoLocation
  • QCL type QCL class
  • QCL identity QCL identity
  • beams or signal or signallings sharing such may be considered to be Quasi-Colocated.
  • Quasi-Colocated beams or signals or signallings may be considered (e.g., by a receiver) as the same beam or originating from the same transmit- 1235 ter or transmission source, at least in regard to the QCL characteristic or set or class or identity, and/or to share the characteristic/s.
  • QCL characteristics may pertain to propagation of signalling, and/or one or more delay characteristics, and/or pathloss, and/or signal quality, and/or signal strength, and/or beam direction, and/or beam shape (in particular, angle or area, e.g. area of coverage), and/or Doppler shift, and/or Doppler 1240 spread, and/or delay spread, and/or time synchronisation, and/or frequency synchronisation, and/or one or more other parameters, e.g. pertaining to a propagation channel and/or spatial RX param eter/s (which may refer to reception beam and/or transmission beam, e.g. shape or coverage or direction).
  • a QCL characteristic may pertain to a specific channel (e.g., physical layer channel like a control channel or data channel) and/or 1245 reference signalling type and/or antenna port.
  • Different QCL classes or types may pertain to different QCL characteristics or sets of characteristics;
  • a QCL class may define and/or pertain to one or more criteria and/or thresholds and/or ranges for one or more QCL characteristics beams have to fulfill to be considered Quasi-Colocated according to this class;
  • a QCL identity may refer to and/or represent all beams being quasi-colocated, 1250 according to a QCL class.
  • a QCL indication may be seen as a form of beam indication, e.g. pertaining to all beams belonging to one QCL class and/or QCL identity and/or quasi-colocated beams.
  • a QCL identity 1255 may be indicated by a QCL indication.
  • a beam, and/or a beam indication may be considered to refer and/or represent a to a QCL identity, and/or to represent quasi-colocated beams or signals or signallings.
  • Transmission on multiple layers may refer to transmission of communication signalling and/or reference signalling simultaneously in one or more beams 1260 and/or using a plurality of transmission sources, e.g. controlled by one network node or one wireless device.
  • the layers may refer to layers of transmission; a layer may be considered to represent one data or signalling stream.
  • Different layers may carry different data and/or data streams, e.g., to increase data throughput. In some cases, the same data or data stream may be transported on different layers, e.g. to increase reliability. 1265
  • Multi-layer transmission may provide diversh , e.g. transmission diversity and/or spatial diversity. It may be considered that multi-layer transmission comprises 2, or more than 2 layers; the number of layers of transmission may be represented by a rank or rank indication.
  • a transmission source may in particular comprise, and/or be represented by, and/or 1270 associated to, an antenna or group of antenna elements or antenna sub-array or antenna array or transmission point or TRP or TP (Transmission Point) or access point.
  • a transmission source may be represented or representable, and/or correspond to, and/or associated to, an antenna port or layer of transmission, e.g. for multi-layer transmission.
  • Different transmission sources may in particular comprise different and/or 1275 separately controllable antenna element/s or (sub-)arrays and/or be associated to different antenna ports.
  • analog beamforming may be used, with separate analog control of the different transmission sources.
  • An antenna port may indicate a transmission source, and/or a one or more transmission parameter, in particular of reference signalling associated to the antenna port.
  • a transmission source may represent a target for reception, e.g. if it is implemented as a TRP or AP (Access Point).
  • reference signalling may be and/or comprise CSI-RS and/or PT-RS and/or DMRS, e.g. transmitted by the network node.
  • the reference 1290 signalling may be transmitted by a UE, e.g. to a network node or other UE, in which case it may comprise and/or be Sounding Reference signalling.
  • Other, e.g. new, forms of reference signalling may be considered and/or used.
  • a modulation symbol of reference signalling respectively a resource element carrying it may be associated to a cyclic prefix. 1295
  • Data signalling may be on a data channel, for example on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a dedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and/or high reliability, e.g. a URLLC channel.
  • Control signalling may be on a control channel, for example on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and/or comprise one or more DCI messages or SCI messages.
  • Reference signalling may be associated to control signalling and/or data signalling, e.g. 1300
  • Reference signalling may com ⁇ ise DM-RS and/or pilot signalling and/or discovery signalling and/or synchronisation signalling and/or sounding signalling and/or phase tracking signalling and/or cell-specific reference signalling and/or user-specific signalling, in particular CSI-RS.
  • Reference signalling in general may be signalling with one 1305 or more signalling characteristics, in particular transmission power and/or sequence of modulation symbols and/or resource distribution and/or phase distribution known to the receiver.
  • the receiver can use the reference signalling as a reference and/or for training and/or for compensation.
  • the receiver can be informed about the reference signalling by the transmitter, e.g.
  • Reference signalling may be signalling comprising one or more reference symbols and/or structures. Reference signalling may be adapted for gauging and/or estimating and/or representing transmission conditions, 1315 e.g. channel conditions and/or transmission path conditions and/or channel (or signal or transmission) quality.
  • the transmission characteristics (e.g., signal strength and/or form and/or modulation and/or timing) of reference signalling are available for both transmitter and receiver of the signalling (e.g., due to being predefined and/or configured or configurable and/or being communicated).
  • Different types of 1320 reference signalling may be considered, e.g. pertaining to uplink, downlink or sidelink, cell-specific (in particular, cell- wide, e.g., CRS) or device or user specific (addressed to a specific target or user equipment, e.g., CSI-RS), demodulation-related (e.g., DMRS) and/or signal strength related, e.g. power-related or energy-related or amplitude-related
  • references to specific resource structures like an allocation unit and/or block symbol and/or block symbol group and/or transmission timing structure and/or symbol and/or slot and/or mini-slot and/or subcarrier and/or carrier may pertain to a specific numerology, which may be predefined and/or configured or configurable.
  • a transmission timing structure may represent a time interval, which may cover one or more symbols. Some 1330 examples of a transmission timing structure are transmission time interval (TTI), subframe, slot and mini-slot.
  • TTI transmission time interval
  • a slot may comprise a predetermined, e.g. predefined and/or configured or configurable, number of symbols, e.g. 6 or 7, or 12 or 14.
  • a mini-slot may comprise a number of symbols (which may in particular be configurable or configured) smaller than the number of symbols of a slot, in particular 1, 2, 3 or 4, or more symbols, 1335 e.g. less symbols than symbols in a slot.
  • a transmission timing structure may cover a time interval of a specific length, which may be dependent on symbol time length and/or cyclic prefix used.
  • a transmission timing structure may pertain to, and/or cover, a specific time interval in a time stream, e.g. synchronized for communication.
  • Timing structures used and/or scheduled for transmission, e.g. slot and/or mini-slots may be scheduled in 1340 relation to, and/or synchronized to, a timing structure provided and/or defined by other transmission timing structures.
  • Such transmission timing structures may define a timing grid, e.g., with symbol time intervals within individual structures representing the smallest timing units. Such a timing grid may for example be defined by slots or subframes
  • a trans- 1345 mission timing structure may have a duration (length in time) determined based on the durations of its symbols, possibly in addition to cyclic prehx/es used.
  • the symbols of a transmission timing structure may have the same duration, or may in some variants have different duration.
  • the number of symbols in a transmission timing structure may be predefined and/or configured or configurable, and/or be dependent on numerology.
  • the 1350 timing of a mini-slot may generally be configured or configurable, in particular by the network and/or a network node. The timing may be configurable to start and/or end at any symbol of the transmission timing structure, in particular one or more slots.
  • a transmission quality parameter may in general correspond to the number R of retransmissions and/or number T of total transmissions, and/or coding (e.g., number of coding 1355 bits, e.g. for error detection coding and/or error correction coding like FEC coding) and/or code rate and/or BLER and/or BER requirements and/or transmission power level (e.g., minimum level and/or target level and/or base power level P0 and/or transmission power control command, TPC, step size) and/or signal quality, e.g. SNR and/or SIR and/or SINR and/or power density and/or energy density. 1360
  • coding e.g., number of coding 1355 bits, e.g. for error detection coding and/or error correction coding like FEC coding
  • code rate and/or BLER and/or BER requirements e.g., minimum level and/or target level and/or base power level P0 and/or transmission power control command, TPC, step size
  • a buffer state report may comprise information representing the presence and/or size of data to be transmitted (e.g., available in one or more buffers, for example provided by higher layers).
  • the size may be indicated explicitly, and/or indexed to range/s of sizes, and/or may pertain to one or more different channel/s and/or acknowledgement processes and/or higher layers and/or channel groups/s, e.g, 1365 one or more logical channel/s and/or transport channel/s and/or groups thereof:
  • the structure of a BSR may be predefined and/or configurable of configured, e.g. to override and/or amend a predefined structure, for example with higher layer signalling, e.g. RRC signalling.
  • a short BSR 1370 may concatenate and/or combine information of a long BSR, e.g. providing sums for data available for one or more channels and/or or channels groups and/or buffers, which might be represented individually in a long BSR; and/or may index a less-detailed range scheme for data available or buffered.
  • a BSR may be used in lieu of a scheduling request, e.g. by a network node scheduling or allocating (uplink) resources for the transmitting radio 1375 node like a wireless device or UE or IAB no ⁇ 0 .
  • program product comprising instructions adapted for causing processing and/or control circuitry to carry out and/or control any method described herein, in particular when executed on the processing and/or control circuitry.
  • carrier medium arrangement carrying and/or storing a program product 1380 as described herein.
  • a carrier medium arrangement may comprise one or more carrier media.
  • a carrier medium may be accessible and/or readable and/or receivable by processing or control circuitry. Storing data and/or a program product and/or code may be seen as part of carrying data and/or a program product and/or code.
  • a carrier medium 1385 generally may comprise a guiding/transporting medium and/or a storage medium.
  • a guiding/transporting medium may be adapted to carry and/or carry and/or store signals, in particular electromagnetic signals and/or electrical signals and/or magnetic signals and/or optical signals.
  • a carrier medium, in particular a guiding/transporting medium may be adapted to guide such signals to carry them.
  • a carrier medium in particular a 1390 guiding/transporting medium, may comprise the electromagnetic held, e.g. radio waves or microwaves, and/or optically transmissive material, e.g. glass fiber, and/or cable.
  • a storage medium may comprise at least one of a memory, which may be volatile or nonvolatile, a buffer, a cache, an optical disc, magnetic memory, Hash memory, etc.
  • a system comprising one or more radio nodes as described herein, in particular a network 1395 node and a user equipment, is described.
  • the system may be a wireless communication system, and/or provide and/or represent a radio access network.
  • Providing in- 1400 formation may comprise providing information for, and/or to, a target system, which may comprise and/or be implemented as radio access network and/or a radio node, in particular a network node or user equipment or terminal.
  • Providing information may comprise transferring and/or streaming and/or sending and/or passing on the information, and/or offering the information for such and/or for download, and/or triggering such 1405 providing, e.g. by triggering a different system or node to stream and/or transfer and/or send and/or pass on the information.
  • the information system may comprise, and/or be connected or connectable to, a target, for example via one or more intermediate systems, e.g. a core network and/or internet and/or private or local network. Information may be provided utilising and/or via such intermediate system/s. Providing information may be 1410 for radio transmission and/or for transmission via an air interface and/or utilising a RAN or radio node as described herein. Connecting the information system to a target, and/or providing information, may be based on a target indication, and/or adaptive to a target indication.
  • a target indication may indicate the target, and/or one or more parameters of transmission pertaining to the target and/or the paths or connections over which the in- 1415 formation is provided to the target.
  • Such parameter/s may in particular pertain to the air interface and/or radio access network and/or radio node and/or network node.
  • Example parameters may indicate for example type and/or nature of the target, and/or transmission capacity (e.g., data rate) and/or latency and/or reliability and/or cost, respectively one or more estimates thereof.
  • the target indication may be provided by the target, or 1420 determined by the information system, e.g. based on information received from the target and/or historical information, and/or be provided by a user, for example a user operating the target or a device in communication with the target, e.g. via the RAN and/or air interface.
  • a user may indicate on a user equipment communicating with the information system that information is to be provided via a RAN, e.g. by selecting 1425 from a selection provided by the information system, for example on a user application or user interface, which may be a web interface.
  • An information system may comprise one or more information nodes.
  • An information node may generally comprise processing circuitry and/or communication circuitry.
  • an information system and/or an information node may be implemented as a computer and/or a computer arrangement, 1430 e.g. a host computer or host computer arrangement and/or server or server arrangement.
  • an interaction server e.g., web server of the information system may provide a user interface, and based on user input may trigger transmitting and/or streaming information provision to the user (and/or the target) from another server, which may be connected or connectable to the interaction server and/or be part of the information 1435 system or be connected or connectable thereto.
  • the information may be any kind of data, in particular data intended for a user of for use at a terminal, e.g. video data and/or audio data and/or location data and/or interactive data and/or game-related data and/or environmental data and/or technical data and/or traffic data and/or vehicular data and/or circumstantial data and/or operational data.
  • the information provided by the informa- 1440 tion system may be mapped to, and/or mappable to, and/or be intended for mapping to, communication or data signalling and/or one or more data channels as described herein (which may be signalling or channel/s of an air interface and/or used within a RAN and/or for radio transmission). It may be considered that the information is formatted based on the target indication and/or target, e.g. regarding data amount and/or data 1445 rate and/or data structure and/or timing, which in particular may be pertaining to a mapping to communication or data signalling and/or a data channel. Mapping information to data signalling and/or data channel/s may be considered to refer to using the signalling/ channel/s to carry the data, e.g.
  • a target indication generally may com- 1450 prise different components, which may have different sources, and/or which may indicate different characteristics of the target and/or communication path/s thereto.
  • a format of information may be specifically selected, e.g. from a set of different formats, for information to be transmitted on an air interface and/or by a RAN as described herein. This may be particularly pertinent since an air interface may be limited in terms of capacity and/or 1455 of predictability, and/or potentially be cost sensitive.
  • the format may be selected to be adapted to the transmission indication, which may in particular indicate that a RAN or radio node as described herein is in the path (which may be the indicated and/or planned and/or expected path) of information between the target and the information system.
  • a (communication) path of information may represent the interface/s (e.g., air and/or ca- 1460 ble interfaces) and/or the intermediate system/s (if any), between the information system and/or the node providing or transferring the information, and the target, over which the information is, or is to be, passed on.
  • a path may be (at least partly) undetermined when a target indication is provided, and/or the information is provided/transferred by the information system, e.g.
  • Information and/or a format used for information may be packet-based, and/or be mapped, and/or be mappable and/or be intended for mapping, to packets.
  • there may be considered a method for operating a target device comprising providing a target indicating to an information system.
  • a target device may be considered, the target device 1470 being adapted for providing a target indication to an information system.
  • a target indication tool adapted for, and/or comprising an indication module for, providing a target indication to an information system.
  • the target device may generally be a target as described above.
  • a target indication tool may comprise, and/or be implemented as, software and/or application or app, and/or web 1475 interface or user interface, and/or may comprise one or more modules for implementing actions performed and/or controlled by the tool.
  • the tool and/or target device may be adapted for, and/or the method may comprise, receiving a user input, based on which a target indicating may be determined and/or provided.
  • the tool and/or target device may be adapted for, and/or the method may comprise, receiving 1480 information and/or communication signalling carrying information, and/or operating on, and/or presenting (e.g., on a screen and/or as audio or as other form of indication), information.
  • the information may be based on received information and/or communication signalling carrying information.
  • Presenting information may comprise processing received information, e.g. decoding and/or transforming, in particular between different formats, 1485 and/or for hardware used for presenting.
  • Operating on information may be independent of or without presenting, and/or proceed or succeed presenting, and/or may be without user interaction or even user reception, for example for automatic processes, or target devices without (e.g., regular) user interaction like MTC devices, of for automotive or transport or industrial use.
  • the information or communication signalling may be expected and/or 1490 received based on the target indication.
  • Presenting and/or operating on information may generally comprise one or more processing steps, in particular decoding and/or executing and/or interpreting and/or transforming information.
  • Operating on information may generally comprise relaying and/or transmitting the information, e.g. on an air interface, which may include mapping the information onto signalling (such mapping may generally 1495 pertain to one or more layers, e.g.
  • the information may be imprinted (or mapped) on communication signalling based on the target indication, which may make it particularly suitable for use in a RAN (e.g., for a target device like a network node or in particular a UE or terminal).
  • the tool may generally be adapted for use on a 1500 target device, like a UE or terminal.
  • the tool may provide multiple functionalities, e.g. for providing and/or selecting the target indication, and/or presenting, e.g. video and/or audio, and/or operating on and/or storing received information.
  • Providing a target indication may comprise transmitting or transferring the indication as signalling, and/or carried on signalling, in a RAN, for example if the target device is a UE, or the 1505 tool for a UE. It should be noted that such provided information may be transferred to the information system via one or more additionally communication interfaces and/or paths and/or connections.
  • the target indication may be a higher-layer indication and/or the information provided by the information system may be higher-layer information, e.g. application layer or user-layer, in particular above radio layers like transport layer and 1510 physical layer.
  • the target indication may be mapped on physical layer radio signalling, e.g.
  • a user input may for example represent a selection from a plurality of possible transmission modes or formats, and/or paths, e.g. in terms of data rate and/or packaging and/or size of information to be provided by the information system.
  • a numerology and/or subcarrier spacing may indicate the bandwidth (in fre- 1520 quency domain) of a subcarrier of a carrier, and/or the number of subcarriers in a carrier and/or the numbering of the subcarriers in a carrier, and/or the symbol time length.
  • Different numerologies may in particular be different in the bandwidth of a subcarrier.
  • all the subcarriers in a carrier have the same bandwidth associated to them.
  • the numerology and/or subcarrier spacing may be different between carriers 1525 in particular regarding the subcarrier bandwidth.
  • a symbol time length, and/or a time length of a timing structure pertaining to a carrier may be dependent on the carrier frequency, and/or the subcarrier spacing and/or the numerology.
  • different numerologies may have different symbol time lengths, even on the same carrier.
  • signalling may generally comprise one or more (e.g., modulation) symbols and/or signals 1530 and/or messages.
  • a signal may comprise or represent one or more bits.
  • An indication may represent signalling, and/or be implemented as a signal, or as a plurality of signals.
  • One or more signals may be included in and/or represented by a message, signalling, in particular control signalling, may comprise a plurality of signals and/or messages, which may be transmitted on different carriers and/or be associated to different signalling processes, 1535 e.g. representing and/or pertaining to one or more such processes and/or corresponding information.
  • An indication may comprise signalling, and/or a plurality of signals and/or messages and/or may be comprised therein, which may be transmitted on different carriers and/or be associated to different acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g.
  • signalling associated to a channel 1540 may be transmitted such that represents signalling and/or information for that channel, and/or that the signalling is interpreted by the transmitter and/or receiver to belong to that channel.
  • Such signalling may generally comply with transmission parameters and/or format/s for the channel.
  • An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements (radiating ele- 1545 ments), which may be combined in antenna arrays.
  • An antenna array or sub-array may comprise one antenna element, or a plurality of antenna elements, which may be arranged e.g. two dimensionally (for example, a panel) or three dimensionally. It may be considered that each antenna array or sub-array or element is separately controllable, respectively that different antenna arrays are controllable separately from each other.
  • a single an- 1550 tenna element /radiator may be considered the smallest example of a sub-array. Examples of antenna arrays comprise one or more multi-antenna panels or one or more individually controllable antenna elements.
  • An antenna arrangement may comprise a plurality of antenna arrays.
  • an antenna arrangement is associated to a (specific and/or single) radio node, e.g. a configuring or informing or scheduling radio 1555 node, e.g. to be controlled or controllable by the radio node.
  • An antenna arrangement associated to a UE or terminal may be smaller (e.g., in size and/or number of antenna elements or arrays) than the antenna arrangement associated to a network node.
  • Antenna elements of an antenna arrangement may be configurable for different arrays, e.g. to change the beamforming characteristics.
  • antenna arrays may be formed 1560 by combining one or more independently or separately controllable antenna elements or sub-arrays.
  • the beams may be provided by analog beamforming, or in some variants by digital beamforming, or by hybrid beamforming combing analog and digital beamforming.
  • the informing radio nodes may be configured with the manner of beam transmission, e.g. by transmitting a corresponding indicator or indication, for example as beam identify in- 1565 dication. However, there may be considered cases in which the informing radio node/s are not configured with such information, and/or operate transparently, not knowing the way of beamforming used.
  • An antenna arrangement may be considered separately controllable in regard to the phase and/or amplitude/power and/or gain of a signal feed to it for transmission, and/or separately controllable antenna arrangements may comprise an inde- 1570 pendent or separate transmit and/or receive unit and/or ADC (analog- Digit al- Converter, alternatively an ADC chain) or DCA (Digital-to-analog Converter, alternatively a DCA chain) to convert digital control information into an analog antenna feed for the whole antenna arrangement (the ADC/DCA may be considered part of, and/or connected or connectable to, antenna circuitry) or vice versa.
  • ADC analog- Digit al- Converter
  • DCA Digital-to-analog Converter
  • a scenario in which an ADC or DCA is 1575 controlled directly for beamforming may be considered an analog beamforming scenario; such controlling may be performed after encoding/decoding and7or after modulation symbols have been mapped to resource elements. This may be on the level of antenna arrangements using the same ADC/DCA, e.g. one antenna element or a group of antenna elements associated to the same ADC/DCA.
  • Digital beamforming may correspond to a 1580 scenario in which processing for beamforming is provided before feeding signalling to the ADC/DCA, e.g. by using one or more precoder/s and/or by precoding information, for example before and/or when mapping modulation symbols to resource elements.
  • Such a precoder for beamforming may provide weights, e.g.
  • DFT beamforming may be considered a form of digital beamforming, wherein a DFT procedure is used to form one or more beams. Hybrid forms of beamforming may be considered.
  • a beam may be defined by a spatial and/or angular and/or spatial angular distribution 1590 of radiation and/or a spatial angle (also referred to as solid angle) or spatial (solid) angle distribution into which radiation is transmitted (for transmission beamforming) or from which it is received (for reception beamforming).
  • Reception beamforming may comprise only accepting signals coming in from a reception beam (e.g., using analog beamforming to not receive outside reception beam/s), and/or sorting out signals that do not come 1595 in in a reception beam, e.g. in digital postprocessing, e.g. digital beamforming.
  • a beam may have a solid angle equal to or smaller than 4*pi sr (4*pi correspond to a beam covering all directions), in particular smaller than 2* pi, or pi, or pi/2, or pi/4 or pi/8 or pi/16. In particular for high frequencies, smaller beams may be used. Different beams may have different directions and/or sizes (e.g., solid angle and/or reach).
  • a beam 1600 may have a main direction, which may be defined by a main lobe (e.g., center of the main lobe, e.g. pertaining to signal strength and/or solid angle, which may be averaged and/or weighted to determine the direction), and may have one or more sidelobes.
  • a lobe may generally be defined to have a continuous or contiguous distribution of energy and/or power transmitted and/or received, e.g. bounded by one or more contiguous or contiguous 1605 regions of zero energy (or practically zero energy).
  • a main lobe may comprise the lobe with the largest signal strength and/or energy and/or power content.
  • sidelobes usually appear due to limitations of beamforming, some of which may carry signals with significant strength, and may cause multi-path effects.
  • a sidelobe may generally have a different direction than a main lobe and/or other side lobes, however, due to reflections 1610 a sidelobe still may contribute to transmitted and/or received energy or power.
  • a beam may be swept and/or switched over time, e.g., such that its (main) direction is changed, but its shape (angular/solid angle distribution) around the main direction is not changed, e.g. from the transmitter’s views for a transmission beam, or the receiver’s view for a reception beam, respectively.
  • Sweeping may correspond to continuous or near continuous 1615 change of main direction (e.g., such that after each change, the main lobe from before the change covers at least partly the main lobe after the change, e.g. at least to 50 or 75 or 90 percent).
  • Switching may correspond to switching direction non-continuously, e.g. such that after each change, the main lobe from before the change does not cover the main lobe after the change, e.g. at most to 50 or 25 or 10 percent.
  • Signal strength may be a representation of signal power and/or signal energy, e.g. as seen from a transmitting node or a receiving node.
  • a beam with larger strength at transmission (e.g., according to the beamforming used) than another beam does may not necessarily have larger strength at the receiver, and vice versa, for example due to interference and/or obstruction and/or dispersion and/or absorption and/or reflection 1625 and/or attrition or other effects influencing a beam or the signalling it carries.
  • Signal quality may in general be a representation of how well a signal may be received over noise and/or interference.
  • a beam with better signal quality than another beam does not necessarily have a larger beam strength than the other beam.
  • Signal quality may be represented for example by SIR, SNR, SINR, BER, BLER, Energy per resource element 1630 over noise/interference or another corresponding quality measure.
  • Signal quality and/or signal strength may pertain to, and/or may be measured with respect to, a beam, and/or specific signalling carried by the beam, e.g. reference signalling and/or a specific channel, e.g. a data channel or control channel.
  • Signal strength may be represented by received signal strength, and/or relative signal strength, e.g. in comparison to a reference signal 1635
  • Uplink or sidelink signalling may be OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) or SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) signalling.
  • Downlink signalling may in particular be OFDMA signalling.
  • signalling like communication signalling and/or sensing signalling is not limited thereto (Filter-Bank 1640 based signalling and/or Single- Carrier based signalling, e.g. SC-FDE signalling, may be considered alternatives).
  • a radio node may generally be considered a device or node adapted for wireless and/or radio (and/or millimeter wave) frequency communication, and/or for communication utilising an air interface, e.g. according to a communication standard. 1645
  • a radio node may be a network node, or a user equipment or terminal.
  • a network node may be any radio node of a wireless communication network, e.g. a base station and/or gNodeB (gNB) and/or eNodeB (eNB) and/or relay node and/or micro/nano/pico/femto node and/or transmission point (TP) and/or access point (AP) and/or other node, in particular for a RAN or other wireless communication network as described herein. 1650
  • a wireless device, user equipment or terminal may represent an end device for communication utilising the wireless communication network, and/or be implemented as a user equipment according to a standard.
  • Examples of user equipments may comprise a phone like a smartphone, a personal communication device, a 1655 mobile phone or terminal, a computer, in particular laptop, a sensor or machine with radio capability (and/or adapted for the air interface), in particular for MTC (Machine-Type- Communication, sometimes also referred to M2M, Machine- To-Machine), or a vehicle adapted for wireless communication.
  • a user equipment or terminal may be mobile or stationary.
  • a wireless device generally may comprise, and/or be implemented as, processing 1660 circuitry and/or radio circuitry, which may comprise one or more chips or sets of chips.
  • the circuitry and/or circuitries may be packaged, e.g. in a chip housing, and/or may have one or more physical interfaces to interact with other circuitry and/or for power supply.
  • a wireless device may be intended for use in a user equipment or terminal.
  • a radio node may generally comprise processing circuitry and/or radio circuitry.
  • a radio 1665 node in particular a network node, may in some cases comprise cable circuitry and/or communication circuitry, with which it may be connected or connectable to another radio node and/or a core network.
  • Circuitry may comprise integrated circuitry.
  • Processing circuitry may comprise one or more processors and/or controllers (e.g., microcontrollers), and/or ASICs (Application 1670
  • processing circuitry comprises, and/or is (operatively) connected or connectable to one or more memories or memory arrangements.
  • a memory arrangement may comprise one or more memories.
  • a memory may be adapted to store digital information. Examples for memories comprise volatile and non-volatile 1675 memory, and/or Random Access Memory (RAM), and/or Read-Only-Memory (ROM), and/or magnetic and/or optical memory, and/or flash memory, and/or hard disk memory, and/or EPROM or EEPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM or Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM).
  • Radio circuitry may comprise one or more transmitters and/or receivers and/or transceivers 1680 (a transceiver may operate or be operable as transmitter and receiver, and/or may comprise joint or separated circuitry for receiving and transmitting, e.g. in one package or housing), and/or may comprise one or more amplifiers and/or oscillators and/or filters, and/or may comprise, and/or be connected or connectable to antenna circuitry and/or one or more antennas and/or antenna arrays.
  • An antenna array may comprise one or 1685 more antennas, which may be arranged in a dimensional array, e.g. 2D or 3D array, and/or antenna panels.
  • a remote radio head (RRH) may be considered as an example of an antenna array. However, in some variants, an RRH may be also be implemented as a network node, depending on the kind of circuitry and/or functionality implemented therein. 1690
  • Communication circuitry may comprise radio circuitry and/or cable circuitry.
  • Communication circuitry generally may comprise one or more interfaces, which may be air inter- face/s and/or cable interface/s and/or optical interface/s, e.g. laser-based. Interface/s may be in particular packet-based.
  • Cable circuitry and/or a cable interfaces may comprise, and/or be connected or connectable to, one or more cables (e.g., optical fiber-based 1695 and/or wire-based), which may be directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more intermediate systems and/or interfaces) be connected or connectable to a target, e.g. controlled by communication circuitry and/or processing circuitry.
  • Any one or all of the modules disclosed herein may be implemented in software and/or firmware and/or hardware. Different modules may be associated to different components 1700 of a radio node, e.g. different circuitries or different parts of a circuitry. It may be considered that a module is distributed over different components and/or circuitries.
  • a program product as described herein may comprise the modules related to a device on which the program product is intended (e.g., a user equipment or network node) to be executed (the execution may be performed on, and/or controlled by the associated circuitry). 1705
  • a wireless communication network may be or comprise a radio access network and/or a backhaul network (e.g. a relay or backh .1 network or an IAB network), and/or a Radio Access Network (RAN) in particular according to a communication standard.
  • a communication standard may in particular a standard according to 3GPP and/or 5G, e.g. according to NR or LTE, in particular LTE Evolution. 1710
  • a wireless communication network may be and/or comprise a Radio Access Network (RAN), which may be and/or comprise any kind of cellular and/or wireless radio network, which may be connected or connectable to a core network.
  • RAN Radio Access Network
  • the approaches described herein are particularly suitable for a 5G network, e.g. LTE Evolution and/or NR (New Radio), respectively successors thereof.
  • a RAN may comprise one or more net- 1715 work nodes, and/or one or more terminals, and/or one or more radio nodes.
  • a network node may in particular be a radio node adapted for radio and/or wireless and/or cellular communication with one or more terminals.
  • a terminal may be any device adapted for radio and/or wireless and/or cellular communication with or within a RAN, e.g.
  • a terminal may be mobile, or in some cases stationary.
  • a RAN or a wireless communication network may comprise at least one network node and a UE, or at least two radio nodes. There may be generally considered a wireless communication network or system, e.g. a RAN or
  • RAN system comprising at least one radio node, and/or at least one network node and 1725 at least one terminal.
  • Transmitting in downlink may pertain to transmission from the network or network node to the terminal.
  • Transmitting in uplink may pertain to transmission from the terminal to the network or network node.
  • Transmitting in sidelink may pertain to (direct) transmission from one terminal to another.
  • Uplink, downlink and sidelink (e.g., sidelink 1730 transmission and reception) may be considered communication directions.
  • uplink and downlink may also be used to described wireless communication between network nodes, e.g. for wireless backhaul and/or relay communication and/or (wireless) network communication for example between base stations or similar network nodes, in particular communication terminating at such. It may be considered that backhaul and/or 1735 relay communication and/or network communication is implemented as a form of sidelink or uplink communication or similar thereto.
  • Control information or a control information message or corresponding signalling may be transmitted on a control channel, e.g. a physical control channel, which may be a downlink channel or (or a sidelink channel in some cases, e.g. one UE 1740 scheduling another UE).
  • control information/allocation information may be signaled by a network node on PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) and/or a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) and/or a HARQ-specihc channel.
  • Ac- knowledgement signalling e.g. as a form of control information or signalling like uplink control information/signalling, may be transmitted by a terminal on a PUCCH (Physical 1745
  • Uplink Control Channel and/or PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and/or a HARQ-specihc channel.
  • Multiple channels may apply for multi-component/multi-carrier indication or signalling.
  • Transmitting acknowledgement signalling may in general be based on and/or in response to subject transmission, and/or to control signalling scheduling subject transmission. 1750
  • Such control signalling and/or subject signalling may be transmitted by a signalling radio node (which may be a network node, and/or a node associated to it, e.g. in a dual connectivity scenario.
  • Subject transmission and/or subject signalling may be transmission or signalling to which ACK/NACK or acknowledgement information pertains, e.g. indicating correct or incorrect reception and/or decoding of the subject transmission or 1755 signalling.
  • Subject signalling or transmission may in particular comprise and/or be represented by data signalling, e.g. on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or some forms of control signalling, e.g. on a PDCCH or PSSCH, for example for specific formats.
  • a signalling characteristic may be based on a type or format of a scheduling grant and/or scheduling assignment, and/or type of allocation, and/or timing of acknowledgement 1760 signalling and/or the scheduling grant and/or scheduling assignment, and/or resources associated to acknowledgement signalling and/or the scheduling grant and/or scheduling assignment. For example, if a specific format for a scheduling grant (scheduling or allocating the allocated resources) or scheduling assignment (scheduling the subject transmission for acknowledgement signalling) is used or detected, the first or second com- 1765 munication resource may be used.
  • Type of allocation may pertain to dynamic allocation (e.g., using DCI/PDCCH) or semi-static allocation (e.g., for a configured grant).
  • Timing of acknowledgement signalling may pertain to a slot and/or symbol/s the signalling is to be transmitted.
  • Resources used for acknowledgement signalling may pertain to the allocated resources.
  • Timing and/or resources associated to a scheduling grant or assignment 1770 may represent a search space or CORESET (a set of resources configured for reception of PDCCH transmissions) in which the grant or assignment is received.
  • CORESET a set of resources configured for reception of PDCCH transmissions
  • Scheduling may comprise indicating, e.g. with control signalling like DCI or SCI signalling 1775 and/or signalling on a control channel like PDCCH or PSCCH, one or more scheduling opportunities of a configuration intended to carry data signalling or subject signalling.
  • the configuration may be represented or representable by, and/or correspond to, a table.
  • a scheduling assignment may for example point to an opportunity of the reception allo- cation configuration, e.g. indexing a table of scheduling opportunities.
  • a 1780 reception allocation configuration may comprise 15 or 16 scheduling opportunities.
  • the configuration may in particular represent allocation in time. It may be considered that the reception allocation configuration pertains to data signalling, in particular on a physical data channel like PDSCH or PSSCH. In general, the reception allocation configuration may pertain to downlink signalling, or in some scenarios to sidelink signalling. Control 1785 signalling scheduling subject transmission like data signalling may point and/or index and/or refer to and/or indicate a scheduling opportunity of the reception allocation configuration.
  • the reception allocation configuration is configured or configurable with higher-layer signalling, e.g. RRC or MAC layer signalling.
  • the reception allocation configuration may be applied and/or applicable and/or valid for a plurality 1790 of transmission timing intervals, e.g. such that for each interval, one or more opportunities may be indicated or allocated for data signalling.
  • Control information e.g., in a control information message, in this context may in par- 1795 ticular be implemented as and/or represented by a scheduling assignment, which may indicate subject transmission for feedback (transmission of acknowledgement signalling), and/or reporting timing and/or frequency resources and/or code resources. Reporting timing may indicate a timing for scheduled acknowledgement signalling, e.g. slot and/or symbol and/or resource set. Control information may be carried by control signalling. 1800
  • Subject transmissions may comprise one or more individual transmissions. Scheduling assignments may comprise one or more scheduling assignments. It should generally be noted that in a distributed system, subject transmissions, configuration and/or scheduling may be provided by different nodes or devices or transmission points. Different subject transmissions may be on the same carrier or different carriers (e.g., in a carrier aggregation), 1805 and/or same or different bandwidth parts, and/or on the same or different layers or beams, e.g. in a MIMO scenario, and/or to same or different ports. Generally, subject transmissions may pertain to different HARQ or ARQ processes (or different sub-processes, e.g.
  • a scheduling assignment and/or a HARQ code- 1810 book may indicate a target HARQ structure.
  • a target HARQ structure may for example indicate an intended HARQ response to a subject transmission, e.g. the number of bits and/or whether to provide code block group level response or not.
  • the actual structure used may differ from the target structure, e.g. due to the total size of target structures for a subpattern being larger than the predetermined size.
  • Transmitting acknowledgement signalling may comprise, and/or be based on determining correct or incorrect reception of subject transmission/s, e.g. based on error coding and/or based on scheduling assignment/s scheduling the subject transmissions.
  • Transmitting acknowledge- 1820 ment information may be based on, and/or comprise, a structure for acknowledgement information to transmit, e.g. the structure of one or more subpatterns, e.g. based on which subject transmission is scheduled for an associated subdivision.
  • Transmitting acknowledgement information may comprise transmitting corresponding signalling, e.g.
  • the acknowledgement information may generally pertain to a plurality of subject transmissions, which may be on different channels and/or carriers, and/or may comprise data signalling and/or control signalling.
  • the acknowledgment information may be based on 1830 a codebook, which may be based on one or more size indications and/or assignment indications (representing HARQ structures), which may be received with a plurality of control signallings and/or control messages, e.g.
  • Transmitting acknowledgement information may comprise determining the codebook, e.g. based on 1835 control information in one or more control information messages and/or a configuration.
  • a codebook may pertain to transmitting acknowledgement information at a single and/or specific instant, e.g. a single PUCCH or PUSCH transmission, and/or in one message or with jointly encoded and/or modulated acknowledgement information.
  • acknowledgment information may be transmitted together with other control information, 1840 e.g. a scheduling request and/or measurement information.
  • Acknowledgement signalling may in some cases comprise, next to acknowledgement information, other information, e.g. control information, in particular, uplink or sidelink control information, like a scheduling request and/or measurement information, or similar, and/or error detection and/or correction information, respectively associated bits.
  • control information e.g., control information, in particular, uplink or sidelink control information, like a scheduling request and/or measurement information, or similar, and/or error detection and/or correction information, respectively associated bits.
  • the payload size of acknowledgement signalling may represent the number of bits of acknowledgement information, and/or in some cases the total number of bits carried by the acknowledgement signalling, and/or the number of resource elements needed.
  • Acknowledgement signalling and/or information may pertain to ARQ and/or HARQ processes; an ARQ process may provide ACK/NACK (and perhaps additional feedback) 1850 feedback, and decoding may be performed on each (re-)transmission separately, without soft-buffering/soft-combining intermediate data, whereas HARQ may comprise soft- buffering/soft-combining of intermediate data of decoding for one or more (re-)transmissions.
  • Subject transmission may be data signalling or control signalling.
  • the transmission may be on a shared or dedicated channel.
  • Data signalling may be on a data channel, for exam- 1855 pie on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a dedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and/or high reliability, e.g. a URLLC channel.
  • Control signalling may be on a control channel, for example on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and/or comprise one or more DCI messages or SCI messages.
  • the subject transmission may comprise, or represent, reference signalling.
  • a subject transmission may pertain to one scheduling assignment and/or one acknowledgement signalling process (e.g., according to identifier or subidentifier), and/or one subdivision.
  • a subject transmission may cross the borders of 1865 subdivisions in time, e.g. due to being scheduled to start in one subdivision and extending into another, or even crossing over more than one subdivision. In this case, it may be considered that the subject transmission is associated to the subdivision it ends in.
  • transmitting acknowledgement information is based on determining whether the subject transmission/s 1870 has or have been received correctly, e.g. based on error coding and/or reception quality.
  • Reception quality may for example be based on a determined signal quality.
  • Acknowledgement information may generally be transmitted to a signalling radio node and/or node arrangement and/or to a network and/or network node.
  • acknowledgement information structure may represent and/or comprise one or more bits, in particular a pattern of bits. Multiple bits pertaining to a data structure or substructure or message like a control message may be considered a subpattern.
  • the structure or arrangement of acknowledgement information may indicate the order, and/or meaning, and/or mapping, and/or pattern of bits (or subpatterns of bits) of the infor- 1880 mation.
  • the structure or mapping may in particular indicate one or more data block structures, e.g. code blocks and/or code block groups and/or transport blocks and/or messages, e.g. command messages, the acknowledgement information pertains to, and/or which bits or subpattern of bits are associated to which data block structure.
  • the mapping may pertain to one or more acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g. 1885 processes with different identifiers, and/or one or more different data streams.
  • the configuration or structure or codebook may indicate to which process/es and/or data stream/s the information pertains.
  • the acknowledgement information may comprise one or more subpatterns, each of which may pertain to a data block structure, e.g. a code block or code block group or transport block.
  • a subpattern may be arranged to 1890 indicate acknowledgement or non-acknowledgement, or another retransmission state like non-scheduling or non-reception, of the associated data block structure. It may be considered that a subpattern comprises one bit, or in some cases more than one bit.
  • acknowledgement information may be subjected to significant processing before being transmitted with acknowledgement signalling.
  • Different configurations may 1895 indicate different sizes and/or mapping and/or structures and/or pattern.
  • An acknowledgment signalling process may be a HARQ process, and/or be identified by a process identifier, e.g. a HARQ process identifier or sub-identifier.
  • Acknowledgement signalling and/or associated acknowledgement information may be referred to as feedback or acknowledgement feedback.
  • data blocks or structures to which subpatterns may pertain may be intended to carry data (e.g., information and/or systemic and/or coding bits). However, depending on transmission conditions, such data may be received or not received (or not received correctly), which may be indicated correspondingly in the feedback.
  • a subpattern of acknowledgement signalling may comprise padding bits, e.g. if the ac- 1905 knowledgement information for a data block requires fewer bits than indicated as size of the subpattern. Such may for example happen if the size is indicated by a unit size larger than required for the feedback.
  • Acknowledgment information may generally indicate at least ACK or NACK, e.g. pertaining to an acknowledgment signalling process, or an element of a data block structure 1910 like a data block, subblock group or subblock, or a message, in particular a control message.
  • Acknowledgement information may comprise a plurality of pieces of information, represented in a plurality of ARQ and/or HARQ structures. 1915
  • An acknowledgment signalling process may determine correct or incorrect reception, and/or corresponding acknowledgement information, of a data block like a transport block, and/or substructures thereof, based on coding bits associated to the data block, and/or based on coding bits associated to one or more data block and/or subblocks and/or subblock group/s.
  • Acknowledgement information (determined by an acknowl- 1920 edgement signalling process) may pertain to the data block as a whole, and/or to one or more subblocks or subblock groups.
  • a code block may be considered an example of a subblock, whereas a code block group may be considered an example of a subblock group.
  • the associated subpattern may comprise one or more bits indicating reception status or feedback of the data block, and/or one or more bits indicating recep- 1925 tion status or feedback of one or more subblocks or subblock groups.
  • Each subpattern or bit of the subpattern may be associated and/or mapped to a specific data block or subblock or subblock group.
  • correct reception for a data block may be indicated if all subblocks or subblock groups are correctly identified.
  • the subpattern may represent acknowledgement information for the data block as a whole, 1930 reducing overhead in comparison to provide acknowledgement information for the subblocks or subblock groups.
  • the smallest structure e.g.
  • a subpattern may generally comprise one or more bits indicating ACK/NACK for a data block, and/or one or more bits for indicating ACK/NACK 1940 for a subblock or subblock group, or for more than one subblock or subblock group.
  • a subblock and/or subblock group may comprise information bits (representing the data to be transmitted, e.g. user data and/or downlink/sidelink data or uplink data). It may be considered that a data block and/or subblock and/or subblock group also comprises error one or more error detection bits, which may pertain to, and/or be determined based on, 1945 the information bits (for a subblock group, the error detection bit/s may be determined based on the information bits and/or error detection bits and/or error correction bits of the subblock/s of the subblock group).
  • a data block or substructure like subblock or subblock group may comprise error correction bits, which may in particular be determined based on the information bits and error detection bits of the block or substructure, e.g. utilising 1950 an error correction coding scheme, in particular for forward error correction (FEC), e.g.
  • FEC forward error correction
  • the error correction coding of a data block structure may cover and/or pertain to information bits and error detection bits of the structure.
  • a subblock group may represent a combination of one or more code blocks, respectively the corresponding bits.
  • a data block may represent 1955 a code block or code block group, or a combination of more than one code block groups.
  • a transport block may be split up in code blocks and/or code block groups, for example based on the bit size of the information bits of a higher layer data structure provided for error coding and/or size requirements or preferences for error coding, in particular error correction coding.
  • Such a higher layer data structure is sometimes also referred to 1960 as transport block, which in this context represents information bits without the error coding bits described herein, although higher layer error handling information may be included, e.g. for an internet protocol like TCP.
  • error handling information represents information bits in the context of this disclosure, as the acknowledgement signalling procedures described treat it accordingly.
  • a subblock like a code block may comprise error correction bits, which may be determined based on the information bit/s and/or error detection bit/s of the subblock.
  • An error correction coding scheme may be used for determining the error correction bits, e.g. based on LDPC or polar coding or Reed-Mueller coding.
  • a subblock or code block may be considered to be defined as a block or pattern of bits 1970 comprising information bits, error detection bit/s determined based on the information bits, and error correction bit/s determined based on the information bits and/or error detection bit/s. It may be considered that in a subblock, e.g.
  • a code block group may com- 1975 prise one or more code blocks. In some variants, no additional error detection bits and/or error correction bits are applied, however, it may be considered to apply either or both.
  • a transport block may comprise one or more code block groups. It may be considered that no additional error detection bits and/or error correction bits are applied to a transport block, however, it may be considered to apply either or both. In some specific variants, 1980 the code block group/s comprise no additional layers of error detection or correction coding, and the transport block may comprise only additional error detection coding bits, but no additional error correction coding. This may particularly be true if the transport block size is larger than the code block size and/or the maximum size for error correction coding.
  • a subpattern of acknowledgement signalling in particular indicating ACK or 1985
  • NACK may pertain to a code block, e.g. indicating whether the code block has been correctly received. It may be considered that a subpattern pertains to a subgroup like a code block group or a data block like a transport block. In such cases, it may indicate ACK, if all subblocks or code blocks of the group or data/transport block are received correctly (e.g. based on a logical AND operation), and NACK or another state of non- 1990 correct reception if at least one subblock or code block has not been correctly received. It should be noted that a code block may be considered to be correctly received not only if it actually has been correctly received, but also if it can be correctly reconstructed based on soft-combining and/or the error correction coding.
  • a subpattern/HARQ structure may pertain to one acknowledgement signalling process 1995 and/or one carrier like a component carrier and/or data block structure or data block. It may in particular be considered that one (e.g. specific and/or single) subpattern pertains, e.g. is mapped by the codebook, to one (ew , specific and/or single) acknowledgement signalling process, e.g. a specific and/or single HARQ process. It may be considered that in the bit pattern, subpatterns are mapped to acknowledgement signalling processes 2000 and/or data blocks or data block structures on a one-to-one basis. In some variants, there may be multiple subpatterns (and/or associated acknowledgment signalling processes) associated to the same component carrier, e.g.
  • a subpattern may comprise one or more bits, the number of which may be considered to represent its size 2005 or bit size.
  • Different bit n-tupels (n being 1 or larger) of a subpattern may be associated to different elements of a data block structure (e.g., data block or subblock or subblock group), and/or represent different resolutions. There may be considered variants in which only one resolution is represented by a bit pattern, e.g. a data block.
  • a bit n-tupel may represent acknowledgement information (also referred to a feedback), in particular 2010
  • ACK or NACK may represent DTX/DRX or other reception states.
  • ACK/NACK may be represented by one bit, or by more than one bit, e.g. to improve disambiguity of bit sequences representing ACK or NACK, and/or to improve transmission reliability.
  • the acknowledgement information or feedback information may pertain to a plurality 2015 of different transmissions, which may be associated to and/or represented by data block structures, respectively the associated data blocks or data signalling.
  • the data block structures, and/or the corresponding blocks and/or signalling may be scheduled for simultaneous transmission, e.g. for the same transmission timing structure, in particular within the same slot or subframe, and/or on the same symbol/s.
  • alternatives 2020 with scheduling for non-simultaneous transmission may be considered.
  • the acknowledgment information may pertain to data blocks scheduled for different transmission timing structures, e.g. different slots (or mini-slots, or slots and mini-slots) or similar, which may correspondingly be received (or not or wrongly received).
  • Scheduling signalling may generally comprise indicating resources, e.g. time and/or frequency 2025 resources, for example for receiving or transmitting the scheduled signalling.
  • signalling may generally be considered to represent an electromagnetic wave structure (e.g., over a time interval and frequency interval), which is intended to convey information to at least one specific or generic (e.g., anyone who might pick up the signalling) target.
  • a process of signalling may comprise transmitting the signalling.
  • Transmitting 2030 signalling, in particular control signalling or communication signalling, e.g. comprising or representing acknowledgement signalling and/or resource requesting information, may comprise encoding and/or modulating. Encoding and/or modulating may comprise error detection coding and/or forward error correction encoding and/or scrambling.
  • Receiving control signalling may comprise correspondin'’’ decoding and/or demodulation.
  • Error de- 2035 tection coding may comprise, and/or be based on, parity or checksum approaches, e.g. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check).
  • Forward error correction coding may comprise and/or be based on for example turbo coding and/or Reed-Muller coding, and/or polar coding and/or LDPC coding (Low Density Parity Check).
  • the type of coding used may be based on the channel (e.g., physical channel) the coded signal is associated to.
  • a code rate may 2040 represent the ratio of the number of information bits before encoding to the number of encoded bits after encoding, considering that encoding adds coding bits for error detection coding and forward error correction.
  • Coded bits may refer to information bits (also called systematic bits) plus coding bits.
  • Communication signalling may comprise, and/or represent, and/or be implemented as, 2045 data signalling, and/or user plane signalling.
  • Communication signalling may be associated to a data channel, e.g. a physical downlink channel or physical uplink channel or physical sidelink channel, in particular a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) or PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel).
  • a data channel may be a shared channel or a dedicated channel.
  • Data signalling may be signalling associated to and/or on a data 2050 channel.
  • Implicit indication may for example be based on position and/or resource used for transmission.
  • Explicit indication may for example be based on a parametrisation with one or more parameters, and/or one or more index or indices, 2055 and/or one or more bit patterns representing the information. It may in particular be considered that control signalling as described herein, based on the utilised resource sequence, implicitly indicates the control signalling type.
  • a resource element may generally describe the smallest individually usable and/or encodable and/or decodable and/or modulatable and/or demodulatable time-frequency re2060 source, and/or may describe a time-frequency resource covering a symbol time length in time and a subcarrier in frequency.
  • a signal may be allocatable and/or allocated to a resource element.
  • a subcarrier may be a subband of a carrier, e.g. as defined by a standard.
  • a carrier may define a frequency and/or frequency band for transmission and/or reception.
  • a signal (jointly encoded/modulated) may cover more than 2065 one resource elements.
  • a resource element may generally be as defined by a corresponding standard, e.g.
  • resource elements may have different extension (length/width) in time and/or frequency domain, in particular resource elements pertaining to different carriers.
  • a resource generally may represent a time 5 "'equency and/or code resource, on which signalling, e.g. according to a specific format, may be communicated, for example transmitted and/or received, and/or be intended for transmission and/or reception.
  • a border symbol may generally represent a starting symbol or an ending symbol for transmitting and/or receiving.
  • a starting symbol may in particular be a starting symbol 2075 of uplink or sidelink signalling, for example control signalling or data signalling.
  • Such signalling may be on a data channel or control channel, e.g. a physical channel, in particular a physical uplink shared channel (like PUSCH) or a sidelink data or shared channel, or a physical uplink control channel (like PUCCH) or a sidelink control channel.
  • the 2080 control signalling may be in response to received signalling (in sidelink or downlink), e.g. representing acknowledgement signalling associated thereto, which may be HARQ or ARQ signalling.
  • An ending symbol may represent an ending symbol (in time) of downlink or sidelink transmission or signalling, which may be intended or scheduled for the radio node or user equipment.
  • Such downlink signalling may in particular be data signalling, e.g. 2085 on a physical downlink channel like a shared channel, e.g. a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel).
  • a starting symbol may be determined based on, and/or in relation to, such an ending symbol.
  • Configuring a radio node may refer to the radio node being adapted or caused or set and/or instructed to operate according to the 2090 configuration. Configuring may be done by another device, e.g., a network node (for example, a radio node of the network like a base station or eNodeB) or network, in which case it may comprise transmitting configuration data to the radio node to be configured.
  • a network node for example, a radio node of the network like a base station or eNodeB
  • network in which case it may comprise transmitting configuration data to the radio node to be configured.
  • Such configuration data may represent the configuration to be configured and/or comprise one or more instruction pertaining to a configuration, e.g. a configuration for transmitting 2095 and/or receiving on allocated resources, in particular frequency resources.
  • a radio node may configure itself, e.g., based on configuration data received from a network or network node.
  • a network node may utilise, and/or be adapted to utilise, its circuitry/ies for configuring.
  • Allocation information may be considered a form of configuration data.
  • Configuration data may comprise and/or be represented by configuration information, 2100 and/or one or more corresponding indications and/or message/s
  • configuring may include determining configuration data representing the configuration and providing, e.g. transmitting, it to one or more other nodes (parallel and/or sequentially), which may transmit it further to the radio node (or another node, which may be repeated until it reaches the wireless device).
  • con- 2105 figuring a radio node e.g., by a network node or other device, may include receiving configuration data and/or data pertaining to configuration data, e.g., from another node like a network node, which may be a higher-level node of the network, and/or transmitting received configuration data to the radio node.
  • determining a configuration and transmitting the configuration data to the radio node may be performed by different 2110 network nodes or entities, which may be able to communicate via a suitable interface, e.g., an X2 interface in the case of LTE or a corresponding interface for NR.
  • Configuring a terminal may comprise scheduling downlink and/or uplink transmissions for the terminal, e.g. downlink data and/or downlink control signalling and/or DCI and/or uplink control or data or communication signalling, in particular acknowledgement signalling, and/or 2115 configuring resources and/or a resource pool therefor.
  • a resource structure may be considered to be neighboured in frequency domain by another resource structure, if they share a common border frequency, e.g. one as an upper frequency border and the other as a lower frequency border.
  • a border may for example be represented by the upper end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n, which 2120 also represents the lower end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n+1.
  • a resource structure may be considered to be neighboured in time domain by another resource structure, if they share a common border time, e.g. one as an upper (or right in the figures) border and the other as a lower (or left in the figures) border.
  • Such a border may for example be represented by the end of the symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n, 2125 which also represents the beginning of a symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n+1.
  • a resource structure being neighboured by another resource structure in a domain may also be referred to as abutting and/or bordering the other resource structure in the domain.
  • a resource structure may general represent a structure in time and/or frequency domain, 2130 in particular representing a time interval and a frequency interval.
  • a resource structure may comprise and/or be comprised of resource elements, and/or the time interval of a resource structure may comprise and/or be comprised of symbol time interval/s, and/or the frequency interval of a resource structure may comprise and/or be comprised of sub- carrier/s.
  • a resource element may be considered an example for a resource structure, a 2135 slot or mini-slot or a Physical Resource Block (PRB) or parts thereof may be considered others.
  • a resource structure may be associated to a specific channel, e.g. a PUSCH or PUCCH, in particular resource structure smaller than a slot or PRB.
  • Examples of a resource structure in frequency domain comprise a bandwidth or band, or a bandwidth part.
  • a bandwidth part may be a part of a bandwidth available for a radio 2140 node for communicating, e.g. due to circuitry and/or configuration and/or regulations and/or a standard.
  • a bandwidth part may be configured or configurable to a radio node. In some variants, a bandwidth part lay be the part of a bandwidth used for communicating, e.g. transmitting and/or receiving, by a radio node.
  • the bandwidth part may be smaller than the bandwidth (which may be a device bandwidth defined by 2145 the circuitry/conhguration of a device, and/or a system bandwidth, e.g. available for a RAN). It may be considered that a bandwidth part comprises one or more resource blocks or resource block groups, in particular one or more PRBs or PRB groups.
  • a bandwidth part may pertain to, and/or comprise, one or more carriers.
  • a carrier may generally represent a frequency range or band and/or pertain to a central 2150 frequency and an associated frequency interval. It may be considered that a carrier comprises a plurality of subcarriers. A carrier may have assigned to it a central frequency or center frequency interval, e.g. represented by one or more subcarriers (to each subcarrier there may be generally assigned a frequency bandwidth or interval). Different carriers may be non-overlapping, and/or may be neighbouring in frequency domain. 2155
  • radio in this disclosure may be considered to pertain to wireless communication in general, and may also include wireless communication utilising millimeter waves, in particular above one of the thresholds 10 GHz or 20 GHz or 50 GHz or 52 GHz or 52.6 GHz or 60 GHz or 72 GHz or 100 GHz or 114 GHz. Such communication may utilise one or more carriers, e.g. in FDD and/or carrier aggregation.
  • Upper frequency 2160 boundaries may correspond to 300 GHz or 200 GHz or 120 GHz or any of the thresholds larger than the one representing the lower frequency boundary.
  • a radio node in particular a network node or a terminal, may generally be any device adapted for transmitting and/or receiving radio and/or wireless signals and/or data, in particular communication data, in particular on at least one carrier.
  • the at least one 2165 carrier may comprise a carrier accessed based on an LBT procedure (which may be called LBT carrier), e.g., an unlicensed carrier. It may be considered that the carrier is part of a carrier aggregate.
  • Receiving or transmitting on a cell or carrier may refer to receiving or transmitting utilizing a frequency (band) or spectrum associated to the cell or carrier.
  • a cell may generally 2170 comprise and/or be defined by or for one or more carriers, in particular at least one carrier for UL communication/transmission (called UL carrier) and at least one carrier for DL communication/transmission (called DL carrier). It may be considered that a cell comprises different numbers of UL carriers and DL carriers. Alternatively, or additionally, a cell may comprise at least one carrier for UL communication/transmission and DL 2175 communication/transmission, e.g., in TDD-based approaches.
  • a channel may generally be a logical, transport or physical channel.
  • a channel may comprise and/or be arranged on one or more carriers, in particular a plurality of subcarriers.
  • a channel carrying and/or for carrying control signalling/control information may be considered a control channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and/or if it carries 2180 control plane information.
  • a channel carrying and/or for carrying data signalling/ user information may be considered a data channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and/or if it carries user plane information.
  • a channel may be defined for a specific communication direction, or for two complementary communication directions (e.g., UL and DL, or sidelink in two directions), in which case it may be considered to 2185 have two component channels, one for each direction.
  • Examples of channels comprise a channel for low latency and/or high reliability transmission, in particular a channel for Ultra- Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC), which may be for control and/or data.
  • URLLC Ultra- Reliable Low Latency Communication
  • a symbol may represent and/or be associated to a symbol time length, which 2190 may be dependent on the carrier and/or subcarrier spacing and/or numerology of the associated carrier. Accordingly, a symbol may be considered to indicate a time interval having a symbol time length in relation to frequency domain.
  • a symbol time length may be dependent on a carrier frequency and/or bandwidth and/or numerology and/or subcarrier spacing of, or associated to, a symbol. Accordingly, different symbols may 2195 have different symbol time lengths.
  • numerologies with different subcarrier spacings may have different symbol time length.
  • a symbol time length may be based on, and/or include, a guard time interval or cyclic extension, e.g. prefix or postfix.
  • a sidelink may generally represent a communication channel (or channel structure) between two UEs and/or terminals, in which data is transmitted between the participants 2200
  • a sidelink may be established only and/or directly via air interface/s of the participant, which may be directly linked via the sidelink communication channel.
  • sidelink communication may be performed without interaction by a network node, e.g. on fixedly defined resources and/or on resources ne- 2205 gotiated between the participants.
  • a network node provides some control functionality, e.g. by configuring resources, in particular one or more resource pool/s, for sidelink communication, and/or monitoring a sidelink, e.g. for charging purposes.
  • Sidelink communication may also be referred to as device-to-device (D2D) communication, 2210 and/or in some cases as ProSe (Proximity Services) communication, e.g. in the context of LTE.
  • a sidelink may be implemented in the context of V2x communication (Vehicular communication), e.g. V2V (Vehicle-to- Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) and/or V2P (Vehicle-to- Person). Any device adapted for sidelink communication may be consid- ered a user equipment or terminal. 2215
  • a sidelink communication channel may comprise one or more (e.g., physical or logical) channels, e.g. a PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control CHannel, which may for example carry control information like an acknowledgement position indication, and/or a PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared CHannel, which for example may carry data and/or acknowledgement signalling). It may be considered that a sidelink communication channel 2220
  • participant (or structure) pertains to and/or used one or more carrier/s and/or frequency range/s associated to, and/or being used by, cellular communication, e.g. according to a specific license and/or standard.
  • Participants may share a (physical) channel and/or resources, in particular in frequency domain and/or related to a frequency resource like a carrier) of a sidelink, such that two or more participants transmit thereon, e.g. simultaneously, 2225 and/or time-shifted, and/or there may be associated specific channels and/or resources to specific participants, so that for example only one participant transmits on a specific channel or on a specific resource or specific resources, e.g., in frequency domain and/or related to one or more carriers or subcarriers.
  • a sidelink may comply with, and/or be implemented according to, a specific standard, 2230 e.g. an LTE-based standard and/or NR.
  • a sidelink may utilise TDD (Time Division Duplex) and/or FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) technology, e.g. as configured by a network node, and/or preconfigured and/or negotiated between the participants.
  • a user equipment may be considered to be adapted for sidelink communication if it, and/or its radio circuitry and/or processing circuitry, is adapted for utilising a sidelink, e.g. on one 2235 or more frequency ranges and/or carriers and/or in one or more formats, in particular according to a specific standard.
  • a Radio Access Network is defined by two participants of a sidelink communication.
  • a Radio Access Network may be represented, and/or defined with, and/or be related to a network node and/or communication with such a node. 2240
  • Communication or communicating may generally comprise transmitting and/or receiving signalling.
  • Communication on a sidelink (or sidelink signalling) may comprise utilising the sidelink for communication (respectively, for signalling).
  • Sidelink transmission and/or transmitting on a sidelink may be considered to comprise transmission utilising the sidelink, e.g. associated resources and/or transmission formats and/or circuitry and/or 2245 the air interface.
  • Sidelink reception and/or receiving on a sidelink may be considered to comprise reception utilising the sidelink, e.g. associated resources and/or transmission formats and/or circuitry and/or the air interface.
  • Sidelink control information (e.g., SCI) may generally be considered to comprise control information transmitted utilising a sidelink.
  • carrier aggregation may refer to the concept of a radio connection and/or communication link between a wireless and/or cellular communication network and/or network node and a terminal or on a sidelink comprising a plurality of carriers for at least one direction of transmission (e.g. DL and/or UL), as well as to the aggregate of carriers.
  • CA carrier aggregation
  • a corresponding communication link may be referred to as carrier aggregated communi- 2255 cation link or CA communication link; carriers in a carrier aggregate may be referred to as component carriers (CC).
  • CC component carriers
  • data may be transmitted over more than one of the carriers and/or all the carriers of the carrier aggregation (the aggregate of carriers).
  • a carrier aggregation may comprise one (or more) dedicated control carriers and/or primary carriers (which may e.g. be referred to as primary component carrier or PCC), 2260 over which control information may be transmitted, wherein the control information may refer to the primary carrier and other carriers, which may be referred to as secondary carriers (or secondary component carrier, SCC).
  • PCC primary component carrier
  • SCC secondary component carrier
  • control information may be sent over more than one carrier of an aggregate, e.g. one or more
  • a transmission may generally pertain to a specific channel and/or specific resources, in particular with a starting symbol and ending symbol in time, covering the interval therebetween.
  • a scheduled transmission may be a transmission scheduled and/or expected and/or for which resources are scheduled or provided or reserved. However, not every scheduled transmission has to be realized. For example, a scheduled downlink transmission 2270 may not be received, or a scheduled uplink transmission may not be transmitted due to power limitations, or other influences (e.g., a channel on an unlicensed carrier being occupied).
  • a transmission may be scheduled for a transmission timing substructure (e.g., a mini-slot, and/or covering only a part of a transmission timing structure) within a transmission timing structure like a slot.
  • a border symbol may be indicative of a symbol 2275 in the transmission timing structure at which the transmission starts or ends.
  • Predefined in the context of this disclosure may refer to the related information being defined for example in a standard, and/or being available without specific configuration from a network or network node, e.g. stored in memory, for example independent of being configured. Configured or configurable may be considered to pertain to the corresponding 2280 information being set/conhgured, e.g. by the network or a network node.
  • a configuration or schedule may schedule transmissions, e.g. for the time/transmissions it is valid, and/or transmissions may be scheduled by separate signalling or separate configuration, e.g. separate RRC signalling and/or downlink control information signalling.
  • the transmission/s scheduled 2285 may represent signalling to be transmitted by the device for which it is scheduled, or signalling to be received by the device for which it is scheduled, depending on which side of a communication the device is.
  • downlink control information or specifically DCI signalling may be considered physical layer signalling, in contrast to higher layer signalling like MAC (Medium Access Control) signalling or RRC layer sig- 2290 nailing.
  • a scheduled transmission, and/or transmission timing structure like a mini-slot or slot, 2295 may pertain to a specific channel, in particular a physical uplink shared channel, a physical uplink control channel, or a physical downlink shared channel, e.g. PUSCH, PUCCH or PDSCH, and/or may pertain to a specific cell and/or carrier aggregation.
  • a corresponding configuration, e.g. scheduling configuration or symbol configuration may pertain to such channel, cell and/or carrier aggregation.
  • the scheduled 2300 transmission represents transmission on a physical channel, in particular a shared physical channel, for example a physical uplink shared channel or physical downlink shared channel. For such channels, semi-persistent configuring may be particularly suitable.
  • a configuration may be a configuration indicating timing, and/or be represented or configured with corresponding configuration data.
  • a configuration may be embedded 2305 in, and/or comprised in, a message or configuration or corresponding data, which may indicate and/or schedule resources, in particular semi-persistently and/or semi-statically.
  • a control region of a transmission timing structure may be an interval in time and/or frequency domain for intended or scheduled or reserved for control signalling, in particular downlink control signalling, and/or for a specific control channel, e.g. a physical downlink 2310 control channel like PDCCH.
  • the interval may comprise, and/or consist of, a number of symbols in time, which may be configured or configurable, e.g. by (UE-specihc) dedicated signalling (which may be single-cast, for example addressed to or intended for a specific UE), e.g. on a PDCCH, or RRC signalling, or on a multicast or broadcast channel.
  • UE-specihc dedicated signalling
  • the transmission timing structure may comprise a control region covering a 2315 configurable number of symbols. It may be considered that in general the border symbol is configured to be after the control region in time.
  • a control region may be associated, e.g. via configuration and/or determination, to one or more specific UEs and/or formats of PDCCH and/or DCI and/or identifiers, e.g. UE identifiers and/or RNTIs or carrier/cell identifiers, and/or be represented and/or associated to a CORESET and/or a search 2320 space.
  • the duration of a symbol (symbol time lei zh or interval) of the transmission timing structure may generally be dependent on a numerology and/or carrier, wherein the numerology and/or carrier may be configurable.
  • the numerology may be the numerology to be used for the scheduled transmission. 2325
  • a transmission timing structure may comprise a plurality of symbols, and/or define an interval comprising several symbols (respectively their associated time intervals).
  • a reference to a symbol for ease of reference may be interpreted to refer to the time domain projection or time interval or time component or duration or length in time of the symbol, unless it is clear from the context 2330 that the frequency domain component also has to be considered.
  • Examples of transmission timing structures include slot, subframe, mini-slot (which also may be considered a substructure of a slot), slot aggregation (which may comprise a plurality of slots and may be considered a superstructure of a slot), respectively their time domain component.
  • a transmission timing structure may generally comprise a plurality of symbols defining the 2335 time domain extension (e.g., interval or length or duration) of the transmission timing structure, and arranged neighboring to each other in a numbered sequence.
  • a timing structure (which may also be considered or implemented as synchronisation structure) may be defined by a succession of such transmission timing structures, which may for example define a timing grid with symbols representing the smallest grid structures.
  • a 2340 transmission timing structure, and/or a border symbol or a scheduled transmission may be determined or scheduled in relation to such a timing grid.
  • a transmission timing structure of reception may be the transmission timing structure in which the scheduling control signalling is received, e.g. in relation to the timing grid.
  • a transmission timing structure may in particular be a slot or subframe or in some cases, a mini-slot. 2345
  • Feedback signalling may be considered a form or control signalling, e.g. uplink or sidelink control signalling, like UCI (Uplink Control Information) signalling or SCI (Sidelink Control Information) signalling.
  • Feedback signalling may in particular comprise and/or represent acknowledgement signalling and/or acknowledgement information and/or measurement reporting.
  • 2350 signalling utilising, and/or on and/or associated to, resources or a resource structure may be signalling covering the resources or structure, signalling on the associated frequency/ies and/or in the associated time interval/s.
  • a signalling resource structure comprises and/or encompasses one or more substructures, which may be associated to one or more different channels and/or types of signalling and/or comprise one 2355 or more holes (resource element/s not scheduled for transmissions or reception of transmissions).
  • a resource substructure e.g. a feedback resource structure
  • a resource structure or substructure, in particular a frequency resource range may represent a non-continuous pattern of resources in one or more domains, e.g. time and/or frequency.
  • the resource elements of a substructure may be scheduled for associated signalling.
  • Example types of signalling comprise signalling of a specific communication direction, in 2365 particular, uplink signalling, downlink signalling, sidelink signalling, as well as reference signalling (e.g., SRS or CRS or CSI-RS), communication signalling, control signalling, and/or signalling associated to a specific channel like PUSCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PDCCH, PSCCH, PSSCH, etc.).
  • reference signalling e.g., SRS or CRS or CSI-RS
  • communication signalling e.g., control signalling, and/or signalling associated to a specific channel like PUSCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PDCCH, PSCCH, PSSCH, etc.
  • dynamic or similar terms may generally pertain to conhguration/transmission valid and/or scheduled and/or configured for (relatively) short timescales and/or a (e.g., predefined and/or configured and/or limited and/or definite) number of occurrences and/or transmission timing structures, e.g. 2375 one or more transmission timing structures like slots or slot aggregations, and/or for one or more (e.g., specific number) of transmission/occurrences.
  • a (e.g., predefined and/or configured and/or limited and/or definite) number of occurrences and/or transmission timing structures e.g. 2375 one or more transmission timing structures like slots or slot aggregations, and/or for one or more (e.g., specific number) of transmission/occurrences.
  • Dynamic configuration may be based on low-level signalling, e.g. control signalling on the physical layer and/or MAC layer, in particular in the form of DCI or SCI.
  • Periodic/semi-static may pertain to longer timescales, e.g. several slots and/or more than one frame, and/or a non-dehned number 2380 of occurrences, e.g., until a dynamic configuration contradicts, or until a new periodic configuration arrives.
  • a periodic or semi-static configuration may be based on, and/or be configured with, higher-layer signalling, in particular RCL layer signalling and/or RRC signalling and/or MAC signalling.
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • LTE-A LTE- Advanced
  • New Radio mobile or wireless communications technologies such as the Global System for Mobile C ⁇ 66 imunications (GSM) or IEEE standards as IEEE 802. Had or IEEE 802.11 ay. While described variants may pertain to certain Tech- 2395 nical Specifications (TSs) of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), it will be appreciated that the present approaches, concepts and aspects could also be realized in connection with different Performance Management (PM) specifications.
  • GSM Global System for Mobile C ⁇ 66 imunications
  • TSs Tech- 2395 nical Specifications
  • 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
  • FDE Frequency Domain Equalisation
  • FDF Frequency Domain Filtering
  • FDM Frequency Division Multiplex
  • FFT Fast Fourier Transform GPIO General Purpose Input Output HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request IAB Integrated Access and Backhaul
  • IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Im Imaginary part, e.g.
  • ZP Zero-Power e.g. muted CSLRS symbol

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

Est divulgué dans les présentes un procédé de fonctionnement d'un nœud radio de transmission (10, 100) dans un réseau de communication sans fil, le nœud radio de transmission (10, 100) étant conçu pour une opération de communication et de détection conjointes, le procédé consistant à transmettre une signalisation de données couvrant un nombre ND d'intervalles de temps de symbole. Sur un premier sous-ensemble des ND intervalles de temps de symbole, des données sont transportées par des symboles de modulation d'un premier type de modulation, et sur un second sous-ensemble des ND intervalles de temps de symbole, des données sont transportées par des symboles de modulation d'un second type de modulation. La divulgation se rapporte également à des dispositifs et à des procédés associés.
PCT/SE2022/051149 2022-12-06 2022-12-06 Communication et détection conjointes WO2024123219A1 (fr)

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Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
HUAWEI HISILICON VIVO CAICT CHINA UNICOM CHINA MOBILE CHINA TELECOM ZTE CATT CHINA SECURITY AND PROTECTION INDUSTRY: "Harmonized Communication and Sensing service (HCS)", vol. SA WG2, no. Elbonia; 20211115 - 20211119, 8 November 2021 (2021-11-08), XP052076668, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://ftp.3gpp.org/tsg_sa/WG2_Arch/TSGS2_148E_Electronic_2021-11/Docs/S2-2108771.zip S2-2108771_5G_HCS SID dicussion.pdf> [retrieved on 20211108] *
KREJCÍ TOMÁS ET AL: "Application of hash function for generation of modulation data in RadCom system", DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING, ACADEMIC PRESS, ORLANDO,FL, US, vol. 130, 9 September 2022 (2022-09-09), XP087189941, ISSN: 1051-2004, [retrieved on 20220909], DOI: 10.1016/J.DSP.2022.103735 *
RAFIQUE SAIRA ET AL: "A Novel Frame Design for Integrated Communication and Sensing based on Position Modulation", 2021 IEEE 94TH VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE (VTC2021-FALL), IEEE, 27 September 2021 (2021-09-27), pages 1 - 5, XP034043361, DOI: 10.1109/VTC2021-FALL52928.2021.9625295 *

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