WO2024112864A1 - Multi-scale architecture for optical addressing and control of qubit arrays - Google Patents

Abstract

Systems and methods for the optical control of qubits and other quantum particles with deflectors and spatial light modulators (SLM) for quantum computing and quantum simulation are disclosed herein. The system may comprise a hybrid scanner comprising a first deflector, a spatial light modulator, and a first deflector controller where each of the multiplicity of spatially defined region are configured to project a structured illumination pattern and where the first deflector controller is configured to modulate the structured illumination pattern by controlling the deflection of the beam of light by the first deflector onto the spatial light modulator.

Description

MULTI-SCALE ARCHITECTURE FOR OPTICAL ADDRESSING AND CONTROL OF QUBIT ARRAYS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [001] This application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 63/427,347, fielding November 22, 2022, the contents of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH [002] This invention was made with government support under 2210437 and 2016136 awarded by the National Science Foundation and under DE-AC02-06CH11357 awarded by the US Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the invention. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [003] The disclosed technology is generally directed to quantum computing and quantum simulation. More particularly the technology is directed to systems and methods of optically controlling qubits with deflectors and spatial light modulators. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [004] The demanding requirements for quantum computing have led to several different competing platforms using different physical qubit technologies. One promising approach encodes qubits in internal states of neutral atoms, which are trapped in an optical lattice contained in a vacuum cell. Such atomic lattices promise long qubit coherence times, controllable interactions, and identical qubits; however, perhaps the most attractive feature of an atom-based quantum computer is the ability to scale to large numbers of qubits. This trait arises from flexibility and ease of construction of large optical lattices using the mature technologies of high-power lasers and various light patterning devices such as holograms and spatial light modulators (SLMs). [005] Rapidly performing quantum gates on such a large number of qubits remains a challenge. Standard techniques for performing multi-qubit gates or multiple parallel single-qubit gates on neutral atom qubits require the ability to optically address targeted qubits with focused lasers without illuminating non-targeted qubits. Techniques to perform multi-qubit addressing on small-scale optical lattice quantum computers are not efficiently scalable to larger arrays and/or multi-qubit gates that require simultaneous illumination of multiple qubits. Technologies such as piezoelectric devices, galvanometer mirrors, or liquid crystal spatial light modulators can flexibly address many spatial locations but are slow. Technologies that are very fast, such as acousto-optic and electro-optic beam scanners, cannot arbitrarily address multiple spatial locations in a 2D or 3D array. As a result, technologies that can flexibly address many arbitrary spatial locations quickly are needed in the field of quantum computing. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [006] Disclosed herein are systems and methods for the optical control of qubits and other quantum particles with a combination of spatial light modulators (SLM) and fast deflectors for quantum computing and quantum simulation, which addresses the limited speed of SLM and the limit in spatial locations of deflectors. [007] One aspect of the technology provides for a hybrid scanner. The hybrid scanner may comprise a first deflector, a spatial light modulator, and a first deflector controller. The spatial light modulator has a multiplicity of spatially defined regions and each of the multiplicity of spatially defined region are configured to project a structured illumination pattern capable of individually addressing one or a subset of quantum particles or qubits of an ordered array comprising a multiplicity of quantum particles or a multiplicity of qubits. The first deflector is configured to deflect a beam of light onto one or a subset of the spatially defined segments. The first deflector controller is configured to modulate the structured illumination pattern by controlling the deflection of the beam of light by the first deflector onto the spatial light modulator. The hybrid scanner allows for rapidly and individually addressing an arbitrary number of sites in the ordered array. [008] Another aspect of the technology provides for a system for the optical control of a quantum particle or qubit. The system may comprise any of the hybrid scanners described herein and additionally, a particle system, an optical source, and a spatial light modulator controller. The particle system is configured to provide the ordered array comprising the multiplicity of quantum particles or the multiplicity of qubits. The optical source is configured to generate a beam of light. The spatial light modulator controller may be configured to modulate the structured illumination pattern projected by the multiplicity of spatially defined segments. [009] Another aspect of the technology provides for a quantum computing system comprising any of the hybrid scanners or systems for the optical control of a quantum particle or qubit described herein. The system may additionally comprise a readout system for providing a quantum computation result. [0010] Methods for optically controlling a quantum particle or a qubit are also provided. The method may comprise generating, with an optical source, a beam of light; deflecting, with a deflector, the beam of light onto one or a subset of the spatially defined segments of a spatial light modulator; projecting, with the spatial light modulator positioned along an optical train between the optical source and an ordered array comprising a multiplicity of quantum particles or a multiplicity of qubits, a structured illumination pattern capable of individually addressing one or more quantum particles or qubits of the ordered array; and modulating, with a first deflector control controller, the deflection of the beam of light onto at least one different spatially defined segment of the spatial light modulator, wherein modulating the deflection of the beam of light onto at least one different spatially defined segment modulates the structured illumination pattern. The method may be used for performing a quantum computation. The methods may be performed by any of the hybrid scanners or systems for the optical control of a quantum particle or qubit described herein. [0011] These and other aspects of the invention will be further described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0012] Non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures, which are schematic and are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component illustrated is typically represented by a single numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component is labeled in every figure, nor is every component of each embodiment of the invention shown where illustration is not necessary to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention. [0013] FIG.1 illustrates a system for the optical control of a quantum particle or qubit. [0014] FIG.2 illustrates a structured illumination pattern projected onto an ordered array. [0015] FIG.3A illustrates exemplary configurations for a hybrid scanner. [0016] FIG.3B illustrates exemplary configurations for a hybrid scanner. [0017] FIG. 4 illustrates a summary of many of the experimental parameters used in the detailed description of this disclosure. [0018] FIG.5 illustrates use of a SLM scanner imaging system. [0019] FIG.6 illustrates light beam parameters and dimensional constraints in AOD B. [0020] FIG.7 illustrates an exemplary segmented SLM. [0021] FIG.8 illustrates replication of a structured illumination pattern on a qubit lattice. [0022] FIG. 9 illustrates an SLM comprising a hologram projector and an intensity transmission mask. [0023] FIG.10 illustrates a quantum computing system. [0024] FIG.11 illustrates quantum particle or qubit transport. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0025] Disclosed herein are systems and methods for the optical control of qubits and other quantum particles with a deflector and a spatial light modulator (SLM) for quantum computing and quantum simulation. The present technology uses spatial light modulators to structure light fields to achieve a high level of optical control for a variety of tasks and applications related to quantum computing. The present technology also uses fast deflectors to rapidly select spatially defined segments of the SLM, where the spatially defined segments can project different structured illumination patterns. The present technology allows for a reduction in number of times the SLM will need to be reset. The systems and methods presented herein allow quantum particles and qubits within an ordered array to be individually addressed with incident light. [0026] The disclosed systems and methods are superior to existing methods for optical control of qubits. In one aspect, the systems and methods disclosed herein allow for many qubits to be simultaneously controlled. In another aspect, the systems and methods disclosed herein allow for shaping of the control beam at each qubit site to reduce errors in quantum gate operations. In yet another aspect, the systems and methods disclosed herein allow for correction of distortions or aberrations in the optical system used to project light onto qubits. In yet another aspect, the systems and methods disclosed herein allow for rapid switching between structured illumination patterns onto an array of quantum particle or qubits. Advantageously, the structured illumination patterns may be projected onto an arbitrary subset of quantum particles or qubits in the array. In yet another aspect, the systems and methods disclosed herein allow for addressing quantum particles or qubits in an array in parallel. Moreover, the foregoing advantages of the disclosed systems and methods may be utilized in combination. [0027] The systems and methods described herein have a wide application to several qubit control or gate operations. Electromagnetic fields of use for qubit control can be broadly divided into optical fields with wavelengths less than 10 microns and microwave fields with wavelengths longer than 1 mm. Gate operations may involve microwave fields alone, microwave fields combined with optical fields, or optical fields alone. The systems and methods disclosed herein may be used for any quantum gate operations involving microwave and optical fields acting together or optical fields alone. Exemplary qubit gates include optical X or Y Raman gates, optical Stark shifted Z gates, optically Stark-shifted microwave gates, and any gates involving Rydberg excitation of atoms or ions. Applying the systems and methods disclosed herein, it is possible to illuminate both control and target atom simultaneously for some gate protocols. [0028] Disclosed herein are systems for the optical control of a quantum particle or qubit. "Quantum particle" refers to a discrete unit possessing quantized states, such as quantized electronic states, vibrational states, rotational states, spin states, and the like. Exemplary quantum particles include photons, electrons, nuclei, atoms, ions, quantum dots, spin defects in solids, and so forth. In particular embodiments, the quantum particles comprise neutral atoms. [0029] "Qubit" refers to multi-level quantum-mechanical system capable of use in quantum information processing. The qubit may be composed of one or more quantum particles. In contrast to classical computational methods that rely on binary data stored in the form of definite on/off states, or classical bits, qubits take advantage of the quantum mechanical nature of quantum systems to store and manipulate data. Specifically, quantum systems can be described by multiple quantized energy levels or states and can be represented probabilistically using a superposition of those states. [0030] Because of this complex encoding, quantum computing and quantum simulation require very precise control and manipulation of quantum information. Furthermore, this complex encoding makes error correction techniques much more difficult for quantum computers. This difficulty necessitates a large number of ancillary qubits for error correction. [0031] In addition to individual quantum particle or qubit manipulations, a complete set of quantum operations requires two-qubit interactions (i.e., interactions where the state of one qubit affects the state of another) or multi-qubit interactions (i.e., interactions between three, four, or more qubits). [0032] As is required of single-qubit quantum gates or individual quantum particle manipulations, it is important to be able to individually address one or more quantum particles or qubits in the array without affecting neighboring quantum particles or qubits. As with optical trapping, the manipulation of the qubit states for quantum computing requires precisely structured illumination by optical fields. [0033] As a result, the state of a control qubit can be used to influence the state of one or more target qubits. These requirements highlight the need for careful control of optical fields to allow for a multiplicity of trapped quantum particles and qubits to be manipulated for quantum computation and simulation. [0034] One aspect of the invention is systems for optically controlling a quantum particle or qubit. FIG.1 illustrates such a system 100 that comprises an optical source 102, a hybrid scanner 106, a controller 114, and particle system 110 comprising an ordered array of quantum particles or qubits 112. In some embodiments, the system 100 further comprises one or more additional components. These one or more additional components may include a detector 116, optical source controller 118, particle system controller 120, input/output (I/O) device 122, or any combination thereof. [0035] The system 100 may also include a variety of other hardware and optical elements for directing, transmitting, modifying, focusing, dividing, modulating, and amplifying generated light fields to various shapes, sizes, profiles, orientations, polarizations, and intensities, as well as any other desirable properties. The system 100 may also include other optical elements, such as various beam splitters, beam shapers, shapers, diffractive elements, refractive elements, gratings, mirrors, polarizers, modulators and so forth. These optical elements may be positioned between the optical source 102 and hybrid scanner 106, and/or after the hybrid scanner 106 along the optical train. [0036] In addition, the system 100 can optionally include other capabilities, including hardware control of or interrogation of quantum states of particles configured and arranged in accordance with the present disclosure. Such capabilities facilitate applications including quantum computation, and so forth. These, along with other tasks, may optionally be performed by one or more controllers shown in FIG.1. [0037] The optical source 102 is configured to generate a beam of light 104. The optical source 102 may include various hardware for generating the beam of light 104. In particular, the optical source 102 may be configured to generate light with various frequencies, wavelengths, power levels, spatial profiles, beam profiles, temporal modulations (e.g. periodic or aperiodic), polarizations, and so on. [0038] In one embodiment, the optical source 102 includes a laser capable of producing light with a desired wavelength. The wavelength may be in an ultraviolet, visible, or infrared range, but need not be. Suitably, the light is between approximately 200 nm and approximately 1000 nm, although other wavelengths are possible. In another embodiment, the optical source 102 includes multiple lasers operated at one or more different frequencies. In some embodiments, the frequency separation between the lasers may be configured to target different quantum particles or qubits and/or induce a multi-photon effect in a quantum particle or qubit. [0039] In some aspects, the optical source 102 may be configured to generate light fields using frequencies shifted from at least one quantum transition resonance of the quantum particle or qubit 112 within the particle system 110. For example, the optical source 102 may be configured to generate blue-detuned or red-detuned light, where the amount of detuning may depend upon the species of quantum particle or qubit. As an example, the detuning may be up to 100 nm, 500 nm, 1000 nm, 1500 nm, or 2000 nm. The detuning may be arbitrarily small, e.g., less than 0.1 pm. [0040] The optical source 102 may be configured to generate light fields capable of inducing a quantum state transition in the quantum particle or qubit 112 within the particle system 110. The quantum state transition may transfer population between two states of the quantum particle or qubit, e.g., between a ground state |0〉 and an excited state such as |1〉. In other embodiments, the quantum state transition may transfer population between a state of the quantum particle or qubit and a virtual or imaginary state. Suitably, the optical source 102 may be configured to induce a quantum state transition when the frequency of the light generated by the optical source is resonant or near resonant with the desired transition. Exemplary quantum state transitions include Rydberg excitations, Raman transitions, or between states used for qubit encoding and other low energy states. [0041] Targeted quantum particles or qubits are illuminated with light of two frequencies detuned from a transition. If the difference of the two frequencies is tuned to the energy splitting between the states, the targeted atoms may transfer their population between the two states. [0042] The quantum particle or qubit is excited through a single-photon excitation, a two- photon excitation, a three-photon excitation, or so forth. Such excitations can be reached through resonant driving, adiabatic rapid passage, stimulated Raman adiabatic passage, or by using pulses with specially designed temporal envelopes to increase gate fidelity. [0043] The optical source 102 may be configured to generate light fields capable of inducing a change in a quantum state transition frequency. In contrast to the transitions discussed above, the structured illumination pattern can be used to perturb the energy levels of a quantum particle or qubit 112 of the particle system 110, thereby causing a change in the transition frequency between the states. The change of the transition frequency between states may allow for the targeted quantum particle or qubit to move into or out of resonance. In some embodiments, the light fields are capable of generating a Stark effect. A Stark effect is the shifting or splitting of quantum states due to the presence of an external electric field, such as light detuned from a transition frequency. [0044] The optical source 102 may be configured to induce a phase shift. In some embodiments, the phase shift may be induced between two quantum particle or qubit states without population transfer. This may be accomplished by illuminated the targeted quantum particles or qubits with light detuned from an atomic transition. A Stark effect may result in the targeted site accumulating a phase with respect to the other quantum particles or qubits of the ordered array. [0045] The optical source 102 may be configured to inducing a rotation. For example, Stark-shifted microwave rotations can also be used to accomplish site-specific qubit rotations. Microwaves tuned to the energy splitting between states will induce population rotations. By addressing targeted atoms with light detuned from an atomic transition, the energy splitting between the states changes due to the Stark effect. This will shift targeted sites out of resonance with the microwave transition, resulting in all atoms in the lattice undergoing rotations except those in the targeted sites. Alternately, by tuning the microwave frequency to the Stark-shifted energy difference of the two qubit states, it is possible to induce population transfer on targeted sites only. [0046] The optical source 102 may be configured to inducing a qubit operation. Exemplary qubit operations include, without limitation, optical X or Y Raman gates, optical Stark shifted Z gates, optically Stark-shifted microwave gates, and any gates involving Rydberg excitation of atoms or ions, amongst others. [0047] The optical source 102 may be configured to transport one or more quantum particles or qubits across an ordered array of quantum particles or qubits. Transport of the quantum particle or qubit may be accomplished by using the generated light to create an optical potential that induces the quantum particle or qubit to move from one site of the ordered array to another site of the ordered array. [0048] The hybrid scanner 106, positioned downstream from the optical source 102 along the optical train, is configured to project a structured illumination pattern 108. As is required for a number of different applications, it is important to be able to arbitrarily and individually address one or more quantum particles or qubits within an ordered array without affecting neighboring sites. As with optical trapping of the qubits, the manipulation of the qubit states for quantum computing requires precisely structured illumination of the quantum particles or qubits by optical fields. Similar techniques can be applied to a number of quantum computing frameworks which use ions, molecules, and quantum dots, spin defects in solids, as well as any other qubit implementation that can be controlled with optical fields. [0049] A "structured illumination pattern" refers to a unimodal or multimodal spatial intensity profile or beam profile of light that has been structured by the spatial light modular to be different from the spatial intensity profile or beam profile of the beam of light incident on the spatial light modulator. FIG.2 presents an exemplary representation of a structured illumination pattern 208 incident on an exemplary one-dimensional row of quantum particles or qubits 212 of a particle system 210. Although the array is illustrated as a one-dimensional array for clarity, the array may be two- or three-dimensional as well. The ordered array may be regularly periodic in one or more dimensions, but need not be. As long as the position of the quantum particles or qubits are known in the ordered array, they can be addressed by the structure illumination pattern. As shown by way of example in FIG.2, the beam of light 204 projected by an optical source 202 and incident on the hybrid scanner 206 is structured to have three diverging projections (208a, 208b, and 208c) of light forming the of the structured illumination pattern 208. As represented in FIG. 2, the structured illumination pattern 208 is a multimodal distribution having three spatial intensity maxima (208a, 208b, and 208c) projected onto a fictitious plane 220 that individually address three different quantum particles or qubits (212a, 212b, 212c, respectively) of one-dimensional row of quantum particles or qubits 212 of particle system 210. "Individually address" or "individually addressing" refers to a spatial intensity profile where one or more modes interacts with an individual quantum particle or qubit. As shown in FIG. 2, it is possible to have a structured illumination pattern 208 that is capable of individually addressing a multiplicity of quantum particles or qubits simultaneously. The structured illumination pattern 208 may have any suitable spatial intensity profile or beam profile for performing the operation or application of interest. [0050] As illustrated in FIG. 2, various parameters that characterize the spatial intensity profile of a mode may be modulated. Each of the three exemplary modes (208a, 208b, and 208c) of the multimodal are intentionally characterized has having different spatial intensity profiles. Exemplary parameters that may be varied include, without limitation, the beam profile, the maxima of intensity, the beam width, beam quality, beam divergence, beam astigmatism, beam jitter, and so forth. Although some or all of the modes may have different spatial intensity profiles, they need not be. [0051] To address a quantum particle or qubit, light can be focused down to a small spot that illuminates the target site without affecting neighboring sites. However, because a quantum particle or qubit is not perfectly localized in the atom trap due to finite temperature effects, a tightly focused beam will not provide perfectly uniform illumination over the trap. In addition, tightly focused beams are also very sensitive to small changes in the alignment of the optical field relative to the trap. To combat these sensitivities, it is possible to shape the focused beam to have a much slower intensity variation near the center of the focus and reduce the sensitivity of the addressed quantum particle or qubit to finite temperature effects and misalignment. Suitably, the mode(s) of the structured illumination pattern 208 may have a shaped cross-sectional intensity profile which has an extended area of uniform intensity over the trapping region or to address quantum particles or qubits, including, without limitation, flat-top, Gaussian, super-Gaussian, Fermi-Dirac, Bessel beam, or other spatial intensity or beam profiles. [0052] The hybrid scanner comprises at least one deflector and a spatial light modulator. The hybrid scanner may optionally comprise one or more additional deflectors. The hybrid scanner combines devices that operate on different time scales to achieve rapid addressing of a large number of spatial locations in an ordered array. The challenge of this task is due to the competing requirements of addressing multiple locations simultaneously and being quickly reconfigurable to allow many gates to be performed in the qubit coherence time. The former requirement can be achieved using SLMs. These devices allow a spatially varying amplitude and/or phase mask to be applied to an incident light field. When used as a hologram, an arbitrary illumination pattern can be generated on the qubit array, allowing the addressing of multiple qubit sites with high diffraction efficiency. These devices have the additional benefit of also being able to be used to shape optical beams to allow more uniform illumination and correct some optical aberrations in the beam path. The switching speed of such spatial light modulators is typically 1 kHz or less for liquid crystal- based SLMs. Digital micro- mirror device SLMs may be modulated at up to 20 kHz but only provide binary amplitude modulation, which limits the diffraction efficiency to ≤ 10%.

[0053] Deflectors, such as electro-optic deflectors (EOD) and acousto-optic deflectors (AODs), provide efficient, quickly reconfigurable location addressing, but are limited in their ability to address multiple sites simultaneously. EODs deflect an incoming light beam using either Kerr or Pockels interactions. While very efficient, EODs are currently bulkier, less commercially available, and have a smaller scan range than AODs. In the following discussion, analysis of the performance of this scanner will exemplify the use of AODs rather than EODs; however this analysis can be extended to any beam deflector technology. In an AOD, a transducer creates a traveling acoustic wave in a crystal; the spatially varying index of refraction caused by this wave acts as a traveling bulk diffraction grating on an incoming light beam, both diffracting the light and shifting the light beam’s frequency. By adjusting the acoustic wave driving frequency, the angle of the output diffracted beam can be controlled in one dimension. Using two perpendicularly oriented AODs, an input beam can be steered in two dimensions. To address multiple sites, an AOD is driven with multiple frequencies. However, this addressing scheme cannot be used to simultaneously address arbitrary sites in an ordered array or quantum particles or qubits. When steering a single optical beam with a 2D AOD scanner, two frequencies are needed, a horizontal frequency f_1,x and a vertical frequency f1,y. However, driving horizontal and vertical AODs each with two different frequencies, f_1,x, f_2,x, f_1,y, f_2,y, will not result in two diffracted beams (one corresponding to the first x, y

and one corresponding to the second frequency pair) because nothing prevents diffraction at cross-indexed frequency combinations. Driving with two horizontal and two vertical frequencies will instead result in four diffracted beams corresponding to frequency combinations: (f_1,x, f_1,y), (f_1,x, f_2,y), (f_2,x, f_1,y), and (f_2,x, f_2,y). More generally, if there are Nl frequencies driving the

Ml frequencies driving the vertical AOD, then an Nl × Ml grid of diffracted beam spots will be output. This limitation significantly limits the utility of crossed AODs for performing arbitrary addressing of sites in an optical lattice. [0054] In addition to limitations in the addressing pattern, frequency shifts can cause complications in addressing multiple qubit sites. When a beam is diffracted by an AOD, the diffracted light is shifted in frequency; this shift is f_shift = mf_d, where f_shift is the frequency shift the diffracted beam, m is the diffracted order, and f_d is the acoustic wave frequency. Since addressing multiple lattice sites requires driving at least one axis of a 2D AOD with multiple frequencies, the output beams will not all be the same frequency. This is problematic when the optical beams are being used to drive resonant transitions, since the detuning from the transition will change over the beam spot pattern. In addition, a small amount of crosstalk between diffracted beams from optical aberrations or scattering can have a large time-varying effect on the intensity of the light addressing the qubits. [0055] While both SLMs and AODs individually are limited in their ability to address qubits in a two-dimensional lattice, the disclosed hybrid scanner uses both devices in conjunction which enables arbitrary, large-scale, and rapidly reconfigurable addressing of large qubit arrays. The techniques disclosed here are applicable to a variety of qubit technologies that are controlled with light beams. These include qubits implemented in neutral atoms, molecules, trapped ions, and semiconductor quantum dots. [0056] As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the hybrid scanner uses the fast deflection capabilities of a deflector with the arbitrary addressing and beam shaping capabilities of an SLM in a single optical layout. This hybrid scanner uses a first deflector to direct a beam at different regions of the SLM; each of these different regions contains a different phase hologram which produces a distinct addressing pattern in the plane where the qubit array is located. Since the AOD allows rapid switching between different regions of the SLM, rapid transitions between addressing patterns are possible. This rapid switching allows more rapid transitions between quantum gate sets than using only a non-segmented SLM. This rapid transition time has several benefits on the operation of a quantum computer. More rapid transitions reduce the total time needed for a quantum computation allowing a faster overall computation. Faster computation will provide an improvement to the overall computer performance since the quantum state degrades over time due to finite T1 and T2 coherence times. Fast switching times also enable certain quantum gate procedures that are not possible with slow scanner transition times. For example, some previously demonstrated 2-qubit controlled phase gates on neutral atom qubits relied on very fast scanner pointing times since some population was left in fragile highly excited Rydberg states between scanner transitions. For these gates < 1 µs scanner transition times were needed to prevent significant Rydberg decay and dephasing, more than 3 orders of magnitude faster than an SLM. [0057] FIG. 3A illustrates exemplary embodiments of the disclosed technology. One embodiment of a hybrid scanner 20 comprises a transmission hologram SLM 23 between a first deflector 21 and second deflector 22. The hybrid scanner 20 may optionally comprise one or more additional elements such as high numerical aperture (NA) lens 25, a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) 26, an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) 27, quarter wave plate 28, mirror 29, or one or more lenses 30. Another embodiment of a hybrid scanner 40 comprises a transmission hologram SLM 43 between a first deflector 41 and second deflector 42. The hybrid scanner also includes a third defector 44. The hybrid scanner 40 may optionally comprise one or more additional elements such as high numerical aperture (NA) lens 45, a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) 46, an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) 47, quarter wave plate 48, mirror 49, or one or more lenses 50. As shown in FIG. 3A, each of the deflectors 21, 22, 41, 42, and 44 are 2-dimensional (2D) deflectors but 1- dimensional (1D) deflectors may also be used. [0058] FIG.3B illustrates exemplary embodiments using of a reflective SLM or a transmission hologram with a reflector. One embodiments of the hybrid scanner 60 comprises a reflective SLM 63 and a first deflector 61. When a reflective SLM 63 is used, it is possible to simplify this setup, as compared to hybrid scanner 20, to use only a single defector 61 with the addition of a Faraday rotator 71, half-wave plates 72, and polarizing beam splitter 66. The hybrid scanner 60 may optionally comprise one or more additional elements such as a AOM 67, quarter-wave plate 68, mirror 69, and one or more lenses 70. Another embodiment of the hybrid scanner 80 comprises a reflective SLM 83 and a first deflector 81 and third deflector 84. When a reflective SLM 83 is used, it is possible to simplify this setup, as compared to hybrid scanner 40, to use two defectors 81 and 84 with the addition of a Faraday rotator 91, half-wave plates 92, and polarizing beam splitter 86. The hybrid scanner 80 may optionally comprise one or more additional elements such as a AOM 87, quarter-wave plate 88, mirror 89, and one or more lenses 90. [0059] For clarity, the operation of the hybrid scanner 20 in FIG. 3A(a) will be emphasized, but similar analysis will also describe the scanners 60 in FIG.3B(a) where the first deflector 61 performs both functions of the first deflector 21 and second deflector 22.The first 2D deflector 21 directs the beam to one of several previously defined regions of the SLM 23. The SLM regions each impart a spatially-varying phase on the optical beam, shaping the beam to address the targeted lattice sites. The second deflector 22 then compensates for the deflection introduced by the first deflector. This is referred to this as a k-vector shift. The correction provided by the second deflector 22 prevents clipping on the beam stop of the high numerical aperture lens, which focuses the optical beam on the target lattice sites. The k-vector correction also improves beam focus in the qubit plane by reducing coma and polarization problems due to the light’s k-vector being misaligned with respect to the optical axis. The other lenses in the system transform the beam between image and Fourier conjugate planes of the qubit array. [0060] To calculate the performance of this hybrid scanner, the number of addressable lattice sites and the number of SLM sub-regions are be considered. These two quantities are jointly constrained by the deflect time-bandwidth product, the SLM pixel resolution, and desired beam spot size in the qubit array image plane. Assuming a Gaussian beam input into the first deflector 21 the maximum number of hologram segments which the SLM can be divided into is limited by the number of resolvable spots (N_r) of the first deflector: Here qAOD_,A = LAOD/wAOD_,A is

first deflector 21 (LAOD) to the Gaussian beam waist in the deflector (wAOD_,A), qSLM = LSLM/wSLM is the ratio of the SLM segment size LSLM to the beam waist size on the SLM (w_SLM), and TBW = T_AOD∆f is the time-bandwidth product specification of the AOD, which is the time it takes for an acoustic wave to propagate across the first deflector's active aperture (TAOD) multiplied by the frequency bandwidth of the AOD (∆f ). For purposes of discussion, the first, second, and third deflectors described above may be referred to by the letters A, B, and C, respectively. When a deflector performs the same function as the first and second deflector, it may be referred to by the letters A,B. [0061] FIG. 4 illustrates some of the parameters used in the present disclosure. Gaussian beam waist parameters, w_AOD,A, w_SLM, and w_a correspond to the 1/e² radius of the Gaussian beam intensity profile in the AODs, the SLM, and the qubit array, respectively. Note that beam waists in the first and second deflector will be identical, but the waist of the beam in a third deflector (see, FIG.3B) will be different (wAOD,C ) and will depend on the lenses used. The length parameters correspond to the AOD active aperture size (LAOD), the size of each SLM patch (LSLM), and the distance between adjacent qubits in the array plane (La). Finally, qAOD,A, qSLM, and qa are ratios of the respective length (L) to the corresponding beam waist (w). [0062] The SLM can be divided into a maximum of Nx × Ny segments (where Nx, Ny ≤ N_r). Each segment of the SLM will have n_x × n_y pixels. For this analysis, we use only +1 diffraction orders of the SLM to reduce crosstalk onto unwanted target sites due to imperfect diffraction. To calculate the qubit array dimension that each SLM section can address, we calculate how much displacement the SLM patch can generate in an image plane of the qubit array relative to the beam waist in that same plane. For this analysis, the deflectors may be omitted and consider a simplified setup which just involves illuminating the SLM patch with a collimated Gaussian beam, then focusing the diffracted light on the qubit array plane with a lens (see Fig. 5). We consider a beam with a waist, w_SLM incident on an SLM patch with length, L_SLM. The SLM then applies a 1D phase tilt in the x-plane changing the beams momentum. Focusing the beam with a lens gives a Gaussian spot at a focal length, f, away from the lens. This spot will be shifted from the optical axis by an amount which depends on the focal length of the lens and the tilt applied with the SLM. The angle (see Fig.5) is the angular change that the SLM

focus between two adjacent qubit sites in the image plane of the lens. Since the beam propagates a focal distance from the lens to reach the qubit array, after this propagation, the beam will be displaced by a distance of where L_a is the distance between

fringes across the SLM patch (i.e. the phase linearly increase from 0 to 2π, v times), then we can identify the total phase shift over the aperture as where λ is the wavelength of

Gaussian beam incident on the SLM, the SLM phase mask, and the focal length of the following lens by solving for d in eq. (4) and substituting into eq. (3) yielding: For single-site addressing in the qubi (L_a) to addressing beam waist (wa) ratio as qa = La/wa . One can relate wa to the beam parameters just after the SLM and lens system using well-known formulae for the radius of a Gaussian beam assuming the beam waist is in the plane of the qubit array: where z_R = π^{^} ഊ is the

solve for wa: Now one can relate qa to v by

One can now find the number

move one site in the image plane is: With n_x pixels, we can apply a

0 and π phase shifts. Dividing this by the number of fringes needed per site, we find that the maximum number of sites that can be addressed is ^{గ^^} ଶ_^ೌ^ೄ^ಾ . One can apply the same analysis to the other spatial dimension, yielding, a maximum addressable array size of ^{గ^^ గ^} _{^ ଶ^ೌ^ೄ^ಾ} × _{ଶ^ೌ^ೄ^ಾ}

sites could be addressed in the image plane. [0063] For qSLM = 5 and qa = 3, about 10 × 10 pixels are needed per site. However, the diffraction efficiency is reduced for SLM patters with a higher number of fringes over the SLM patch. This decreased efficiency is due to the effective blazing of the SLM becoming less and less perfect as the fringe number approaches half the pixel number. Additionally, for higher diffraction angles, multi-site addressing without cross-talk, aberration correction, and beam shaping are error- prone and result in artifacts in the qubit array image plane. To reduce these artifacts and improve the diffraction efficiency over the addressable array, for qa = 3 and qSLM = 5, one may conservatively allow 20 × 20 pixels per lattice site. Note, that it is not necessary for all SLM segments to address the same set of lattice sites. By applying an additional static or dynamic linear phase mask over each SLM segment, the portion of the qubit lattice that each segment addresses may be shifted. While this allows a larger array to be imaged, it reduces the number of times a particular site can be addressed before the SLM must be reset. [0064] For simplicity, one may analyze the case where the entire array is addressed by each hologram patch. The size of the lattice that can be addressed in this way is ultimately limited by the active aperture of the second deflector 22. This is because the second deflector 22 is in an image plane of the qubit array, so a magnified image of the addressing beams propagates through the second deflector’s aperture. To be able to address all sites in the Nl × Nl lattice without clipping on the AOD aperture assuming that the Gaussian beam waists in the second and first deflector are the same, wAOD,A:

6. Equivalently, this can be written as Here we have assumed a square

the edge of the AOD active aperture and the center of the nearest beam spot. [0065] With these constraints, one observes that there is a trade-off between lattice size and number of partitions on the SLM. This translates to a trade-off between lattice size and the effective addressing speedup because the speedup of this configuration compared to using an SLM alone is related to the number of partitions the SLM is divided into. Assuming each SLM patch is used once before the SLM frame is reset, then the average time required to transition between SLM configurations (Tave) is:

where the SLM is divided into Nx × Ny patches, fSLM is the full frame transition frequency of the SLM, and Tburst is the time required for the first and second deflectors to transition between different patches on the SLM. Note that while the average scanner transition frequency (1/Tave) is limited primarily by the number of SLM partitions and the SLM refresh rate, AODs allow much faster transitioning between segments on the SLM. The fast AOD transitions enable a burst frequency which can be sustained until the SLM needs to be updated to address a new pattern of sites. Since multiple spots may be present in second deflector’s aperture due to diffraction from the SLM, the time required for the acoustic wave to traverse the entire image region in second deflector is greater than or equal to the transition time of first deflector assuming the beam waist in the first deflector is the same as the beam waist of the spots in the second deflector. Allowing the acoustic wave time to travel at least 2wAOD,A from the center of each beam spot, then an upper bound on the transition time (T_burst) between these SLM partitions is: where v_a is the

is then 1/T_burst. TABLE 1 lists some possible configurations for a 1000 × 1000 pixel SLM with a 1 kHz refresh rate and an 2D AOD with each axis having a time-bandwidth product of 575 and a T_AOD = 11.5 µs. AODs and SLMs with similar specifications are currently commercially available. [0066] TABLE 1 illustrates exemplary input settings. Some possible examples of SLM, deflector, and beam size settings for the hybrid scanner exemplified in FIGS.3A(a) and 3B(a). For each example, the following quantities are listed in columns left to right: the total qubit lattice size, number of partitions into which the SLM is divided, the ratio of the beam waist in the first deflector (see FIG.4) to the AOD crystal length (qAOD,A), the average transition frequency between different addressing patterns, and the burst frequency between SLM resets. Each of these settings is consistent with a 1000 × 1000 pixel SLM, 2D AODs with 11.5µs transition time and time- bandwidth product (TBW) of 575, SLM patch size to beam waist on the SLM ratio (qSLM) of 5, and a lattice spacing to beam waist ratio (q_a) of 3. TABLE 1

ore, because arbitrary addressing of the target regions can be achieved using each region of the SLM, gates can be operated in parallel over the qubit array. [0068] The addition of a third 2D deflector 44 or 84 (FIG.3A(b) and 3B(b)) to the scanner allows for greatly increased size of the addressable array and the average transition frequency but comes at the expense of completely arbitrary addressing over the full array. This is made possible by setting the various SLM segments to address different combinations of sites within a small sub-array of sites using the same optical layout as described for the hybrid scanner 20 or 60 exemplified in FIGS. 3A(a) and 3B(a), respectively. The addition of the third deflector allows this sub-array to be moved around a larger optical lattice (FIG.3A(b)). It is possible to combine the roles of the first and second deflector into a single 2D AOD (see FIG.3B(b)). [0069] For clarity, the operation of the hybrid scanner 40 in FIG. 3A(b) will be emphasized, but similar analysis will also describe the scanner 80 in FIG.3B(b).The use of a third deflector 45 has many benefits. If holograms for all addressing combinations required for a quantum computation can be represented by a single SLM frame (see Fig. 7), then the SLM will not need to be reset during the computation. The number of SLM regions needed to arbitrarily address k qubits in a ms × ns sub array can be calculated from the combinatorial formula for putting k identical particles in m ^{^} s × n_s boxes, ^{^ೞ^ೞ^!} ^_{!^^ೞ^ೞି^^!}. However, since the third deflector may be used to position the sub array, this formula over-counts the number of required configurations. Any two patterns which differ only by a translation can be represented by a single SLM patch and two third deflector settings. Without loss of generality, one may quantify these patterns by counting only combinations which contain at least one spot in the left-most column and one spot in the top-most row, since any addressing pattern may be translated to satisfy this requirement. We can then subtract off combinations which do not meet the row criterion ( ^{^^^ೞି^^^ೞ^!} ^_{!^^^ೞି^^^ೞି^^!} combinations) and also the combinations where the column criterion is not combinations). This subtraction double counts the

combinations where criteria are not satisfied, so these ( ^{^^^ೞି^^^^ೞି^^^!}

_{^!^^^ೞି^^^^ೞି^^ି^^!} combinations) must be added back. This results in the total number of SLM to

simultaneously address any combination of k sites in a m_s × n_s sub array as: [0070]

up to k_max simultaneous beams is then: Alternately, one could

computation. This way, SLM patches which optimize gate parallelism in the quantum computation could be chosen. [0071] TABLE 2 illustrate representative examples for SLM patterns for different qubit addressing patterns where a third deflector is used. With the use of a third deflector, the diffracted pattern from the SLM can be translated with respect to the array. With this degree of freedom, the SLM only needs to address a sub-region to address the full qubit array. The number of SLM patches needed for arbitrary addressing of this sub-region depends on the dimensions of the sub-region (m_s × n_s) and the maximum number of qubit sites the must be simultaneously addressed, k_max. The total number of SLM patches needed to arbitrarily address any combination of sites up to kmax sites simultaneously in the sub-region is then equal to P_tot(m_s, n_s, k_max). TABLE 2.

the transition time between quantum gates will only be limited by the rise time of the three AODs, and the average transition frequency will be equal to the burst transition frequency. Dimensions of the qubit lattice N_l × N_l that can be addressed can be much larger than the dimensions of the sub-array that is addressed by the SLM patches (n_s × n_s sites). The dimension N_l is limited by the properties of the third deflector, the light field entering the AOD, and the dimensions of the qubit lattice being addressed. Assuming Gaussian inputs, then the size of the addressable array is: where q_AOD,C is the ratio of the

in the third deflector and both qa and TBW are defined in the same way as in the previous subsection. This analysis assumes that all three 2D AODs are the same model, though this need not be the case. Note that q_AOD,C can be very different from q_AOD,A since the corresponding beam waists are in conjugate Fourier planes. This difference results in the effective switching speed of the AODs being different. The transition time needed for the second deflector is larger than or equal to that of the first deflector, so the transition time of the scanner is equal to the greater of the transition times of the second deflector (TB) and third deflector (TC ): [0073] De ber of SLM partitions, the scanner transition time for the configuration utilizing three deflectors might be slower than the burst transition time for the configuration utilizing the two deflectors. However, average transition time will typically be faster for configuration utilizing three deflectors since the SLM does not need to be reset. [0074] Table 3 details the configuration utilizing three deflectors performance given various scanner parameters. For each example, the following quantities are listed in columns left to right: the total qubit array size, number of partitions into which the SLM is divided, the dimensions of the sub-array that each SLM patch addresses, the maximum simultaneous addressing number k_max for which P_tot is less than or equal to the number of SLM partitions, the ratio of the beam waist in the first deflector to the AOD active aperture length (qAOD,A), the ratio of beam waist in the third deflector to the active aperture length (q_AOD,C), and the average transition frequency between different addressing patterns. Note that in settings 5 and 6, k_max is 2, but more than half of the 3 beam combinations could be included in the SLM partitions. Each of these settings is consistent with a 1000 × 1000 pixel SLM, 2D AODs with 11.5 µs transition time and time- bandwidth product (TBW) of 575, SLM patch size to beam waist on the SLM ratio (q_SLM) of 5, and a lattice spacing to beam waist ratio (qa) of 3. TABLE 3

ver, higher resolution 4k (4160 × 2464) SLMs are available commercially, and 8k (8192 × 4320) pixel prototypes have been demonstrated. These higher resolution SLMs would allow for correspondingly larger sub-lattice addressing and/or more complete addressing combinations. [0076] Since a single SLM addresses a small section of the qubit lattice in when a third deflector is used, it is not possible to perform completely arbitrary array addressing with this configuration. However, it is possible to duplicate the image pattern created by the SLM in multiple regions of the qubit lattice by driving the third deflector with multiple frequency tones (see Fig. 8). While this multi-frequency driving does allow some addressing flexibility, it is limited because each axis of a 2D AOD can only provide momentum changes of an incident beam along the corresponding axis. By driving that axis with multiple frequencies, an incident beam can be split since each acoustic wave frequency diffracts the beam by a different amount; however, the momentum shifts are all in the same direction. The resulting image will be duplicated by N_fx × N_fy times, where N_fx (N_fy ) corresponds to the number of x (y) frequencies that the AOD axes are driven by. [0077] Furthermore, as mentioned above, the frequency of a beam diffracted by an acoustic wave is shifted by the acoustic wave frequency times the diffraction order. So the multiple images made by diffracting a beam with multiple acoustic wave frequencies will each receive a different frequency shift. When the resulting images are used, e.g., to drive atomic transitions, the various diffraction orders corresponding to the different acoustic wave frequencies will be detuned from the transition by different amounts. In some types of quantum gates, this relatively small frequency shift does not matter (e.g. R_z gates executed using differential Stark shifts on the qubit states, Raman gates with several GHz detuning, or gates using sub-picosecond laser pulses). Other quantum gates using resonant transitions might be affected by this detuning and will require additional addressing constraints or compensation strategies. For example, when driving two-photon transitions (each wavelength with its own scanner), then frequency shifts can be effectively compensated by having the frequency of the first and second photons of the transition being shifted by equal magnitudes but opposite signs. Despite such limitations, the multi- tone operation is particularly useful for situations when identical operations need to be performed in several sub-regions over the array. Such situations arise during initialization and syndrome measurement in logical qubits. Using multi-tone operation of AOD C, such operations can be performed in parallel, greatly saving operation time. [0078] The deflector may be an AOD or EOD. Other devices may also be used as a deflector. Examples include beam scanners and devices having movable mirrors, such as scanning galvanometer mirrors. [0079] The SLM may be a spatially varying amplitude modulator or a spatially varying phase modulator and the beam of light 104 incident on the SLM 106 will be diffracted by an array of reflective elements that can be used to project the structured illumination pattern 108 efficiently onto either a single or multiple array sites. Exemplary SLMs that may be used for such a purpose include, but are not limited to, digital micromirror device (DMD), piston-type DMD, liquid- crystal-based SLM, deformable mirror array, or any combination thereof. [0080] The SLM segment may comprise an intensity transmission mask. The intensity transmission mask allows for the filtering of light to project the structured illumination pattern to the desired site(s) of the ordered array. Intensity transmission masks may comprise amplitude modulators. An exemplary amplitude modulator is a DMD. This device consists of an array of micrometer-scale mirrors which can be deflected to redirect incident light towards or away from a target. With spatial filtering to remove light deflected away from the target, a DMD acts as a space- variant binary amplitude modulator. Current DMDs have a very high switching speed and can switch between different patterns at rates as high as 32 kHz. Such DMD devices are typically used as high-resolution light projectors. In this mode, the light on the micromirror device is filtered and imaged onto a target. If the DMD is uniformly illuminated, then the pattern of light on the target corresponds to the pattern of mirrors directing the light at the target. This projection mode can be used to address an array of qubits by having different sections of the DMD associated to particular sites in the array. To address a particular site or combination of sites, the sections corresponding to the targets are set to the “on” position. The flexibility of addressing a large number of qubit sites in a one-, two-, or three-dimensional array, without imparting site dependent frequency shifts to the light appears to be unique to the SLM technology. [0081] While this configuration can be used to effectively address a large number of array sites with little crosstalk or intensity on untargeted sites, it does not scale well to large arrays since the power is divided among all the sites. Since usually only a few sites are targeted at once for most gate-mode quantum algorithms, almost all light incident on the DMD reflects off mirrors in the “off” state. [0082] The SLM may comprise a hologram projector configured to project a holographically-structured illumination pattern. Using the SLM as a hologram projector efficiently uses the power of the beam of light but may introduce unacceptable crosstalk. When the SLM comprises a hologram projector, the SLM may be placed in the Fourier plane relative to the ordered array and illuminated by a plane wave. An amplitude or phase pattern may be written onto the SLM to generate an optical hologram which, after Fourier transformation by an additional lens, illuminates one or more sites of the ordered array. The profile of the beam focused onto each site can be Gaussian, flat-topped, or any other desired profile. [0083] The DMD described above may be used as a binary amplitude hologram projector. In this configuration, a system of lenses is used to image the conjugate Fourier transform plane of the light incident on the DMD surface onto the sites of the ordered array. Since the DMD is acting as a hologram projector, approximately half of the DMD mirrors are in the “on” state even when addressing any number of targeted particles allowing for much more efficient use of the incident light. Despite this improved efficiency, binary amplitude holograms are not as efficient as phase holograms; approximately half of the light incident on the DMD surface will reflect from mirror elements in the “off” state. Approximately 10% of light incident on the DMD is actually diffracted into the +1 hologram order towards the targeted array sites; the rest of the light remains in the 0 or –1 hologram orders or is incident on DMD mirrors in the “off” state. When using the DMD as a hologram projector, care must be taken both to balance the light evenly between targeted array sites and to prevent crosstalk on other array sites resulting from diffraction artifacts. There are several computer-generated hologram techniques for aiding these two goals; however, such techniques often come at the price of decreased diffraction efficiency. [0084] In contrast to DMDs, phase SLMs are not binary but can have many different settings for each pixel. When used as phase hologram projectors, such SLMs intrinsically can be more efficient at directing light towards targeted array sites than amplitude hologram projectors for two reasons: (1) Light from all pixels can be directed towards the array region. (2) Almost all of the light can be diffracted into the +1 hologram order. [0085] An exemplary phase SLM is a liquid-crystal-based SLM. The chief limitation of many phase SLMs, such as liquid-crystal-based SLMs, is that they cannot be switched between different settings very quickly (usually less than 200 Hz for liquid-crystal-based SLMs). For example, when such devices are used to perform site-selective quantum gates on an array of qubits, this low frame rate greatly limits the number of gates that can be performed before the qubit suffers decoherence. [0086] Another exemplary phase SLM is a piston-type DMD device. Piston-type DMD devices allow for phase hologram projectors with frame rates comparable to other DMD devices. Such devices would allow both efficient and high-speed addressing of an array of particles. [0087] Another exemplary phase SLM is a tilt-mode DMD that varies the tilting angle of each mirror of the mirror array. This enables the combination of phase and amplitude modulation to be imparted on the optical field. [0088] Another exemplary phase SLM is a deformable mirror array that comprises a mirror membrane supported by an underlying actuator array. Each actuator in the array can be individually deflected by electrostatic actuation to achieve the desired pattern of deformation for preparing the structured illumination pattern. Suitably, the deformable mirror array may be a segmented deformable mirror array. Alternatively, the deformable mirror array may be a continuous deformable mirror array. [0089] In addition to providing a means to address single or multiple particle trap sites, SLMs used as hologram projectors can be used to modify different characteristics of incoming beams. In particular, SLMs can be used to manipulate the profile of an incident optical beam, such as to compensate for aberrations in the imaging line, including correcting for defocus, spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, as well as higher-order aberrations. [0090] Referring again to FIG.1, aberrations can be detected by a detector 116 by several different methods, e.g., measuring with a wavefront sensor or beam profiler. Once detected, aberrations can be communicated via any suitable communication conduit to a controller 114 and, optionally, an optical source controller 118 and used be used to modulate the structured illumination pattern 108 by applying a corrective phase map or any other suitable method, thereby correcting the aberration. Because the SLM already functions as a hologram projector, it is possible to incorporate aberration correction into the hologram without additional power losses. [0091] In addition to correcting optical train aberrations, the hybrid scanner can also be used to modulate the local spatial mode of the control beam foci at each target lattice site. For example, one limitation of current neutral atom gate implementations arises from changes in control beam intensity of atoms due to misalignment and atomic motion. This variation in intensity causes a variation in the Rabi frequency, which in turn gives rise to gate errors. However, this intensity variation can be greatly reduced by changing the control beam focus shape so that it has a more uniform intensity at the focus, e.g., flat-top, super-Gaussian, Fermi-Dirac, Bessel beam, or other spatial intensity or beam profiles. As with optical train aberration correction, this modification can be implemented without an additional loss of control beam power. [0092] As illustrated in FIG. 9 a segmented SLM 306 may comprise both a hologram projector 310 and an intensity transmission mask 314. The hologram projector 310 is configured to receive an incident beam of light 304 and project a holographically-structured illumination pattern (312a, 312b, and 312c) onto the intensity transmission mask 314. The intensity transmission mask 314 may filter the holographically-structured illumination pattern to project a structured illumination pattern 308a and 308b. As exemplified in FIG.9 the intensity transmission mask 314 may filter a portion of the holographically-structured illumination matter such as 312a, thereby eliminating unwanted crosstalk. By using a single SLM in holographic mode and a second in transmission mode, it is possible to address single or multiple lattice sites with relatively high efficiency and very low crosstalk. [0093] The systems and methods described herein may employ two or more SLMs or two or more different beams of light incident on the SLM. Moreover, the SLMs described herein may be adapted to operate both as both a hologram projector and an intensity transition mask. For example, the system may comprise a chromatic re-imaging system. By separating different wavelengths using dichroic mirrors, it is possible to provide negative or positive magnification to each individual wavelength. This may be accomplished by placing an imaging system on one wavelength and then recombining the two wavelengths on the same dichroic element. This functionality may also be incorporated into a single SLM combining piston and tilt mode operation. [0094] Referring again to FIG.1, the system may comprise a variety of other hardware and optical elements for directing, transmitting, modifying, focusing, dividing, modulating, and amplifying generated light fields to various shapes, sizes, profiles, orientations, polarizations, and intensities, as well as any other desirable properties even though they are not specifically enumerated. These and other hardware and optical elements may be employed depending on the desired application. [0095] Again referring to FIG. 1, the particle system 110 may be configured to provide and control a number of quantum particles or qubits 112. Specifically, the particle system 110 may include various materials, gases and hardware configured to generate, transfer, manipulate and generally confine the particles. For example, the particle system 106 can include a vacuum system, and capabilities for generating, transferring and confining particles in the vacuum system. In some non-limiting examples, the particles may include any species of neutral atoms, such as Rb, Cs, K, Fr, Na, Ho, Sr, Tb, Ca, and so on, or combinations thereof. However, systems and methods of the present invention are not limited to alkalis or atomic particles, and can be applied to any particles suitable for optical confinement. In some aspects, the particle system 110 can be configured with capabilities for cooling the particles to any desired temperatures, in order to facilitate trapping. For instance, the particle system 110 may include a laser for cooling the particles to temperatures in a range between 10 nanoKelvin and 100 microKelvin, although other values are also possible. Alternatively, the optical source 102 may be used for this purpose. Additionally, the particle system 110 may also include various optical elements to facilitate projection of generated light fields onto the particles therein. [0096] To perform any quantum computation, quantum particles or qubits must be localized so that they can be measured and manipulated in a controlled way. For example, optical dipole traps use the Stark effect to create a potential well using focused light, which is detuned from an atomic transition. If the light is red-detuned (i.e., the photon has lower energy than the atomic transition), then the atoms are attracted to the maximum intensity of light. It is possible to create a red-detuned dipole trap by focusing a Gaussian beam; atoms will be attracted to the highest intensity at the focus. [0097] It is also possible to create blue-detuned (i.e., the photon has higher energy than the atomic transition) optical traps. Blue-detuned optical traps require a more complex structured light field or focus than red-detuned traps because the atom needs to be surrounded by high intensity light in order for it to be contained. It is possible to use a bottle beam, focused Gaussian beams, or cross-hatched linear foci to create a local intensity minimum and create a blue-detuned optical trap, or by other means as disclosed in U.S. Patent 10,559,932. [0098] For quantum computing and simulation applications, an array of such red- or blue- detuned optical traps are used to trap a large number of atoms. Such techniques are readily extendable to thousands of atom traps using efficient means to create the optical fields. [0099] The particle system 110 is configured to provide an ordered array comprising a multiplicity of quantum particles or qubits 112. A multiplicity of quantum particles or qubits comprises at least two quantum particles or qubits, but may suitably be any number of quantum particles or qubits more than two. In some embodiments, the multiplicity of quantum particles or qubits is at least 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, or more quantum particles or qubits. The quantum particles or qubits may be any of the quantum particles or qubits described herein. [00100] The ordered array may be a one-, two-, or three-dimensional ordered array. The positioning of the quantum particles or qubits within the ordered array may any suitable arrangement. For example, a one-dimensional array may suitably have quantum particles or qubits in an evenly spaced arrangement. For another example, a two-dimension array may suitably have quantum particles or qubits arranged in a square or hexagonal arrangement. For yet another example, a three-dimensional array may suitably have quantum particles or qubits arranged in a cubic or close-packing arrangement. These and other arrangements are within the scope of the invention. [00101] The system may comprise one or more controllers. Referring again to FIG. 1, the system 100 may comprise an hybrid scanner controller 114, an optical source controller 118, a particle source controller 120, or any combination thereof. In general, a controller may receive a signal from a source, e.g., detector 116, and provide one or more signals to a component of the system to control the particular component, such as the hybrid scanner 106, the optical source 102, or the particle source 110. In some implementations, a controller may also control various other equipment of the system 100, such as various pumps, valves, signal generators, radio-frequency (RF) switches, and so forth. Suitably, the system 100 may comprise a different controller for each of the components, but that need not be the case. A controller may control at least two different components or even all of the components of the system 100. [00102] A controller may include a programmable processor or combination of processors, such as central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and the like. As such, the controller may be configured to execute instructions stored in a non-transitory computer readable- media. In this regard, the controller may be any computer, workstation, laptop or other general- purpose computing device. Additionally or alternatively, the controller may also include one or more dedicated processing units or modules that may be configured (e.g. hardwired, or pre- programmed) to carry out steps, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. [00103] In an embodiment of the invention, the system 100 comprises a hybrid scanner controller 114. The hybrid scanner controller may comprise one or more controllers for controlling a deflector or a SLM. The controller is configured to receive a signal from a source and provide one or more signals to the SLM to control the SLM, the first deflector to control the first deflector, the second deflector to control the second deflector, the third deflector to control the third deflector, or any combination thereof. The signal provided by the controller to the hybrid scanner may include one or more signals configured to modulate the structured illumination pattern. The structured illumination pattern may be modulated by controlling the deflection of a beam of light onto a particular spatially defined region or the spatially defined region to project a different structured illumination pattern. Where the SLM comprises an amplitude modulator, the control signal may induce a change in the projected amplitude, thereby projecting a structured illumination pattern. Likewise, where the SLM comprises a phase modulator, the control signal may induce a change in the projected phase, thereby projecting a structured illumination pattern. [00104] In embodiments where the SLM comprises two or more different SLMs, such as hologram projector and an intensity transmission mask, the controller 114 may be configured to provide signals to each of the different components. In other embodiments, the controller may comprise two or more different controllers configured to provide signals to the two or more different SLMs and/or deflectors. [00105] The controller may be configured to modulate the structured illumination pattern to induce a desired effect. In some aspects, the controller may be configured to induce qubit operation, simultaneously address two or more quantum particles or qubits of the ordered array, induce a change in the a profile of the structured illumination pattern incident on the individually addressed one or more quantum particles or qubits, correct an optical aberration, transport one or more quantum particles or qubits across the ordered array, induce a quantum state transition in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array, induce a change in a quantum state transition frequency in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array, induce a phase shift in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array, induce a rotation in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array, or any combination thereof. Suitably, the controller is configured to modulate the structured illumination pattern to induce two or more desired effect, including two or more of any of the foregoing. For example, the controller may be configured to induce a qubit operation and, additionally, correct an optical aberration, induce a change in the profile of the structured illumination pattern, simultaneously address two or more sites of the ordered array, transport one or more quantum or any combination thereof. For another example, the controller may be configured to correct an optical aberration and induce a change in the profile of the structured illumination pattern and, optionally, induce a qubit operation, transport one or more quantum particles or qubits across the ordered array, induce a quantum state transition in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array, induce a change in a quantum state transition frequency in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array, induce a phase shift in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array, induce a rotation in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array, or any combination thereof. [00106] The controller 114 may be used to obtain a more faithful far-field distribution by allowing phase variations between the addressed lattice sites because many qubit addressing applications are only sensitive to the intensity of the control beam. The controller may be configured to execute a set of instruction for such purpose. Exemplary algorithms for preparing such beams include error diffusion dithering, iterative Fourier transform algorithms, direct binary searches, or genetic algorithms. [00107] One such algorithm is the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. When comparing the weighted Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm to binary rounding, simulations show a much more even distribution of power among the target lattice sites (standard deviation 0.003%). Some untargeted lattice sites were still illuminated (as much as 15% of the mean target site), giving rise to unacceptable intensity crosstalk. [00108] One strategy to reduce this crosstalk is to use other algorithms similar to Gerchberg- Saxton that use relaxation of additional far-field parameters (e.g., mixed-region amplitude freedom, MRAF, algorithm). Other techniques can be used to reduce this unwanted light, for example, a second SLM (or an unused segment of the first SLM) can be used in conjunction with a spatial filter to greatly attenuate diffraction artifacts. When using a digital micromirror device, micromirrors not corresponding to particle trap sites can be turned to the off position. Alternatively, when using a liquid crystal SLM, high-frequency holograms can deflect light not in the targeted trap sites at high angles which can be removed by spatial filtering. Such techniques can be used to efficiently address one site, multiple sites, and the entire array. Using a hybrid holographic-projection mode approach, crosstalk can be vastly suppressed without greatly changing the system efficiency. [00109] Again referring to FIG.1, the system 100 may optionally comprise a detector 116. The detector 116 may be used to interrogate the system and detect one or more different properties. The detected property may be communicated to a controller 114, optical source controller 118, particle source controller 120, I/O device 112, or any combination thereof. [00110] In some embodiments, the detector 116 may be used to interrogate the structured illumination pattern 108. Suitably, the detector 116 may be capable of detecting one or more properties of the structured illumination pattern. The detected properties may include a spatial intensity profile, beam profile, maxima of intensity, beam width, beam quality, beam divergence, beam astigmatism, beam jitter, and so forth. Suitably, the detector may be a beam profiler, wavefront sensor, charge-coupled device (CCD), and the like. [00111] In some embodiments, the detector 116 may be used to interrogate the quantum particles or qubits 112. Suitably, the detector may be configured to determine the states of the quantum particles or qubits 112 within the particle system 110. The detector 116 may include various hardware components for generating or detecting a probe signal for interrogating the quantum particles or qubits. The probe signal generated by the detector may be same or different than the detected probe signal depending on application. In some embodiments, the probe signal may be generated by a laser capable of producing light with a desired wavelength. The wavelength may be in an ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, infrared, or microwave range, but need not be. Suitably, the light is between approximately 200 nm and approximately 5 mm, although other wavelengths are possible. In some embodiments, the probe signal may be detected a photodetector. Photodetectors include photoemission detectors, photoelectric detectors, thermal detectors, polarization detectors, photochemical, and the like. Examples include, photomultiplier tubes, phototubes, microchannel plates, CCDs, photoresistors, photodiodes, photovoltaic detectors, pyroelectric detectors, and so forth. [00112] In some embodiments, the detector 116 is configured to interrogate the structured illumination pattern 108 and the quantum particles or qubits 112. Suitably, the detector 116 may comprises two or more different detectors configured to interrogate the structured illumination pattern 108 and the quantum particles or qubits 112. [00113] Turning now to FIG. 10, an example quantum computing system 500 for use in quantum information processing or quantum computation, in accordance with the present disclosure, is shown. The quantum computing system may comprise any of the systems for the optical control of a quantum particle or qubit as described herein and further a readout system for providing a quantum computation result. [00114] In some embodiments, the system 500 may include a controller 502 and signal input/output (I/O) hardware 504 in communication with the controller 502. The system 500 may also include one or more quantum processors 506 contained in a housing unit 508, where the quantum processor(s) 506 is configured to perform a variety of quantum computations or quantum information processing. In addition, the system 500 may also include various interface hardware 510 for communicating and controlling signals between the signal I/O hardware 504 and the quantum processor(s) 506. [00115] The signal I/O hardware 504 may comprise various electronic systems, hardware and circuitry capable of a wide range of functionality. In general, the controller 502 may direct the signal I/O hardware 504 to provide various signals to the quantum processor(s) 506, as well as detect signals therefrom via the interface hardware 510. In some implementations, the controller 502 may also control various other equipment of the system 500, such as various pumps, valves, and so forth. In some aspects, the controller 502 may include a programmable processor or combination of processors, such as central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and the like. As such, the controller 502 may be configured to execute instructions stored in a non-transitory computer readable-media. In this regard, the controller 502 may be any computer, workstation, laptop or other general purpose or computing device. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 502 may also include one or more dedicated processing units or modules that may be configured (e.g. hardwired, or pre-programmed) to carry out steps, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. [00116] The housing unit 508 is configured to control the environment to which the quantum processor(s) 506 is exposed. The housing unit 508 contains the qubits therein and may optionally include one of more components of the system for the optical control of a quantum particle or qubit described herein, including, without limitation, an optical source, a SLM, a particle system, any of the controllers associated therewith, or a detector. The housing unit 508 may also include various components and hardware configured to control the temperature of the quantum processor(s) 508, as well as the liquid and/or gas mixture surrounding the quantum processor(s) 508. In addition, the housing unit 508 may also be configured to control external noise signals, such as stray electromagnetic signals. To this end, the housing unit 508 may include various shielding units and filters. By way of example, the housing unit 508 may be temperature controlled, or include, or be part, of a cryostat or other low-temperature system. [00117] The interface hardware 510 provides a coupling between the signal I/O hardware 504 and the quantum processor(s) 506, and may include a variety of hardware and components, such as various cables, wiring, radio-frequency elements, optical fibers, heat exchangers, filters, amplifiers, motion stages, and so forth. [00118] As shown in FIG. 10, the quantum processor(s) 506 may include a qubit architecture 512 connected to control system 514 by way of various control coupling(s) 516. The qubit architecture 512 may include the ordered array comprising a multiplicity of qubits. In some implementations, the qubit architecture 512 may include one or more neutral atoms. However, the qubit architecture 512 may include other qubit types. [00119] The control system 514 may be in communication with the signal I/O hardware 504 and configured to control qubits in the qubit architecture 512 by providing various control signals thereto. This may be accomplished using by way of the signal I/O hardware 504, which as directed by the controller 502. The control system 514 may comprise any of the optical sources, SLMs, or respective controllers described herein. Suitably, the control system 514 is capable of generating a structured illumination pattern configured to induce one or more qubit operations. [00120] The qubit architecture 512 may also be connected to a readout system 518 via readout coupling(s) 522. The readout system 518 may be configured to perform readout on qubits in the qubit architecture 512, and provide corresponding signals to the signal I/O hardware 604. The readout system 518 in communication with the qubit architecture 512 may be configured to provide readout information in relation to controlled quantum states of the qubit architecture 512, in accordance with the present disclosure. Suitably, a report may be generated of any shape or form comprising the quantum computation result. Specifically, information with respect to states of the qubits may be obtained via signals from single or multiple readouts by way of the readout system 518. [00121] The techniques described herein have wide application to a number of quantum particle and qubit control protocols. By way of example, the use of the hybrid scanner for individually addressing quantum particles or qubits will be further described below. [00122] The systems and methods described herein may be used to perform Raman gates. These gates may be used to perform site-specific qubit rotations. Targeted atoms are illuminated with light of two frequencies detuned from an atomic transition. If the difference of the two frequencies is tuned to the energy splitting between |0^ and |1〉 qubit states, the targeted atoms will transfer their population between the two states. Relevant wavelengths for cesium atoms include, but are not limited to, 1064, 1040, 894, 852, 825, 780, 685, 459, and 455 nm. Relevant wavelengths for rubidium atoms include, but are not limited to, 1013, 795, 794, 780, 421, and 420 nm. Relevant wavelengths for strontium atoms include, but are not limited to, 813, 698, 689, 515, 487, 461, 408, and 317 nm. Relevant wavelengths for ytterbium atoms include, but are not limited to, 759, 556, 532, 487, 369, and 308 nm. Other atomic species used for qubits can be controlled in a similar fashion using different wavelengths appropriate for that atomic species. [00123] The systems and methods described herein may be used to perform Stark-shifted microwave rotations. These gates can also be used to accomplish site-specific qubit rotations. Microwaves tuned to the energy splitting between |0〉 and |1〉 states will induce population rotations. By addressing targeted atoms with light detuned from an atomic transition, the energy splitting between |0〉 and |1〉 changes due to the Stark effect. This will shift targeted sites out of resonance with the microwave transition, resulting in all atoms in the lattice undergoing rotations except those in the targeted sites. Alternately, by tuning the microwave frequency to the Stark- shifted energy difference of the two qubit states, it is possible to induce population transfer on targeted sites only. [00124] The systems and methods described herein may be used to perform Stark-shifted Z-gates. The gates described above transfer population between the two qubit states, but it is often desirable to induce a phase shift between the two qubit states without any population transfer. This can be accomplished by illuminating targeted sites with light detuned from an atomic transition. The Stark effect results in the targeted sites accumulating a phase with respect to the rest of the atoms in the lattice. By combining these techniques with microwave pulses, it is possible to use this gate to achieve state-selective microwave transfer as well. [00125] The systems and methods described herein may be used to perform Rydberg excitations. Excitation to a Rydberg state is an important step in many two-qubit, neutral atom quantum gates. This excitation can be accomplished through a single-photon excitation, a two- photon, or a three-photon excitation. Such excitations can be reached through resonant driving, adiabatic rapid passage, stimulated Raman adiabatic passage, or by using pulses with specially designed temporal envelopes to increase gate fidelity. Hybrid scanners can be used to selectively excite atoms to Rydberg states using any of these optical methods. [00126] Using hybrid scanners it is possible to illuminate both control and target atom simultaneously for some gate protocols. By targeting multiple atoms outside of the blockade radius, multiple atoms can be simultaneously driven to the Rydberg state. It is also possible to use multiple wavelengths for cross-species gates. Both species can be simultaneously illuminated with all wavelengths. The first species (e.g., cesium) will be excited to the Rydberg state by one set of wavelengths while the second species (e.g., rubidium) will be excited by the second set of wavelengths. [00127] The systems and methods described herein may be used for optical pumping. By utilizing the system for optical pumping, qubit states can be initialized or reset. [00128] The techniques described above also have wide application to a number of atom- trapping techniques. In addition to the methods describe therein, an hybrid scanner may be used to pattern the light in a form suitable for trapping. It is also possible to use hybrid scanner techniques to transport atoms for various quantum protocols. In most common particle trap loading techniques, quantum particles or qubits cannot be loaded into traps with perfect efficiency. One solution to this problem is to use an hybrid scanner to create optical potentials that move atoms from occupied traps into new occupied traps in a desired configuration. Transport of the quantum particle or qubit may be accomplished in any desired direction. [00129] Referring to FIG. 11, quantum particles or qubit in an array of trap sites that is partially occupied can be rearranged to give a smaller region that is fully occupied. The ordered array 600 may comprises occupied sites 602 and unoccupied sites 604, represented by filled and unfilled circles, respectively. The particles in the occupied sites 602 may be rearranged to give a smaller region that is more fully occupied. In some instances, the quantum particle or qubit may be transported from an occupied to unoccupied site with an allowed atom movement that does not collide with other occupied sites 606. [00130] One method for transporting quantum particles or qubits uses structured illumination pattern projected by a hybrid scanner is restrict to motion in the plane of the array of trapping sites. As mentioned above, it is possible to create a set of red-detuned traps using a hybrid scanner. This can be accomplished by calculating a set of holograms using a spatial light modulator which continuously moves atoms from the initial configuration of occupied traps to the desired configuration. All of the sites can move in parallel so long as trap sites do not overlap each other. Relevant wavelengths include a multitude of possible values in the visible and infrared parts of the optical spectrum. [00131] Other movements may be considered forbidden because an in-plane translation of the quantum particle or qubit would collide with an occupied site. This movement can be accomplished without a collision using axial transport perpendicular to the plane of the trap array. In addition to the transverse atom rearrangement described above, it can also be advantageous to move atoms axially, along a direction perpendicular to the plane of the trap array. This is useful for allowing movement from an initial trap site to a target trap site without colliding with an atom in an occupied trap site in between. This is also useful for transporting atoms from a separate source region into the array of traps. [00132] These translations may be accomplished in two distinct ways. A hybrid scanner can be used to add defocus to an atom trap, which will shift the focus, thus shifting the trap. Another way involves illuminating the atom with counter-propagating beams of light with the same frequency. Two such counter-propagating beams form a standing wave. When the frequency of one of the beams is changed, the standing wave moves, carrying the atom along with it. The beam is returned to its original frequency to halt the atom transportation. Another approach is to use lenses with a focal length that can be rapidly changed in order to move the focus of a trapping beam in an axial direction. This includes zoom lenses with fast mechanical adjustment of the zoom parameters and liquid lenses that have focal lengths that are rapidly controllable using an electronic voltage. For all of these approaches it is possible to move several trapped atoms axially in parallel. Relevant wavelengths include a multitude of possible values in the visible and infrared parts of the optical spectrum. [00133] Unless otherwise specified or indicated by context, the terms “a”, “an”, and “the” mean “one or more.” For example, “a molecule” should be interpreted to mean “one or more molecules.” [00134] As used herein, “about”, “approximately,” “substantially,” and “significantly” will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art and will vary to some extent on the context in which they are used. If there are uses of the term which are not clear to persons of ordinary skill in the art given the context in which it is used, “about” and “approximately” will mean plus or minus ≤10% of the particular term and “substantially” and “significantly” will mean plus or minus >10% of the particular term. [00135] As used herein, the terms “include” and “including” have the same meaning as the terms “comprise” and “comprising.” The terms “comprise” and “comprising” should be interpreted as being “open” transitional terms that permit the inclusion of additional components further to those components recited in the claims. The terms “consist” and “consisting of” should be interpreted as being “closed” transitional terms that do not permit the inclusion additional components other than the components recited in the claims. The term “consisting essentially of” should be interpreted to be partially closed and allowing the inclusion only of additional components that do not fundamentally alter the nature of the claimed subject matter. [00136] All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non- claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. [00137] All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein. [00138] Preferred aspects of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred aspects may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect a person having ordinary skill in the art to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Claims

CLAIMS We claim: 1. A hybrid scanner comprising: a first deflector; a spatial light modulator having a multiplicity of spatially defined regions; and a first deflector controller, wherein each of the multiplicity of spatially defined region are configured to project a structured illumination pattern capable of individually addressing one or a subset of quantum particles or qubits of an ordered array comprising a multiplicity of quantum particles or a multiplicity of qubits, wherein the first deflector is configured to deflect a beam of light onto one or a subset of the spatially defined segments, and wherein the first deflector controller is configured to modulate the structured illumination pattern by controlling the deflection of the beam of light by the first deflector onto the spatial light modulator.

2. The hybrid scanner of claim 1 further comprising a second deflector, wherein the second deflector is configured to compensate for the deflection imparted by the first deflector.

3. The hybrid scanner of claim 2, wherein the first deflector and the second deflector are the same deflector.

4. The hybrid scanner of claim 2 further comprising a third deflector, wherein the third deflector is configured to position the structured illumination pattern.

5. The hybrid scanner of claim 4, wherein the third deflected is configured to replicate the structured illumination pattern on the ordered array.

6. A system for the optical control of a quantum particle or qubit, the system comprising: the hybrid scanner according to claim 1; a particle system configured to provide the ordered array comprising the multiplicity of quantum particles or the multiplicity of qubits; an optical source, the optical source configured to generate the beam of light; and a spatial light modulator controller, the spatial light modulator controller configured to modulate the structured illumination pattern projected by the multiplicity of spatially defined segments.

7. The system of claim 6 further comprising a second deflector, wherein the second deflector is configured to compensate for the deflection imparted by the first deflector.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the first deflector and the second deflector are the same deflector.

9. The system of claim 7 further comprising a third deflector, wherein the third deflector is configured to position the structured illumination pattern.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein the third deflector is configured to replicate the structured illumination pattern on the ordered array.

11. The system of claim 6, wherein the hybrid scanner is configured to modulate the structured illumination pattern to: (i) induce a qubit operation; (ii) simultaneously address two or more quantum particles or qubits of the ordered array; (iii) induce a change in a profile of the structured illumination pattern incident on the individually addressed one or more quantum particles or qubits; (iv) correct an optical aberration; (v) transport one or more quantum particles or qubits across the ordered array; (vi) induce a quantum state transition in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array; (vii) induce a change in a quantum state transition frequency in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array; (viii) induce a phase shift in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array; (ix) induce a rotation in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array; or (x) any combination thereof.

12. A quantum computing system comprising the system of claim 5 and further comprising a readout system for providing a quantum computation result, wherein the ordered array comprises the multiplicity of qubits, and wherein the first deflector controller or the spatial light modulator controller is configured to modulate the structured illumination pattern to induce a qubit operation.

13. A method for optically controlling a quantum particle or a qubit, the method comprising: generating, with an optical source, a beam of light; deflecting, with a deflector, the beam of light onto one or a subset of the spatially defined segments of a spatial light modulator; projecting, with the spatial light modulator positioned along an optical train between the optical source and an ordered array comprising a multiplicity of quantum particles or a multiplicity of qubits, a structured illumination pattern capable of individually addressing one or more quantum particles or qubits of the ordered array; and modulating, with a first deflector control controller, the deflection of the beam of light onto at least one different spatially defined segment of the spatial light modulator, wherein modulating the deflection of the beam of light onto at least on different spatially defined segment modulates the structured illumination pattern.

14. The method of claim 13 further comprising modulating, with a spatial light modulator controller, the structured illumination pattern.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the structured illumination pattern is modulated a multiplicity of times by the first deflector controller prior to modulating the structured illumination pattern with the spatial light modulator controller.

16. The method of claim 13 further comprising compensating for the deflection imparted by the first deflector with a second deflector.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first deflector and the second deflector are the same deflector.

18. The method of claim 16 further comprising positioning, with a third deflector, the structured illumination pattern onto the ordered array.

19. The method of claim 16 further comprising replicating, with a third deflector, the structured illumination pattern onto the ordered array.

20. The method of claim 13, wherein modulating the structured illumination pattern: (i) induces a qubit operation; (ii) simultaneously addresses two or more quantum particles or qubits of the ordered array; (iii) induces a change in a profile of the structured illumination pattern incident on the individually addressed one or more quantum particles or qubits; (iv) corrects an optical aberration; (v) transports one or more quantum particles or qubits across the ordered array; (vi) induces a quantum state transition in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array; (vii) induces a change in a quantum state transition frequency in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array; (viii) induces a phase shift in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array; (ix) induces a rotation in one or more quantum particles or qubits in the ordered array; or (x) any combination thereof.

21. A method for performing a quantum computation comprising the method of claim 13 and further comprising providing, with the readout system, a quantum computation result, wherein the ordered array comprises the multiplicity of qubits, and wherein modulating the structured illumination pattern induces a qubit operation.