WO2024105191A1 - Système et procédé pour atténuer des retards et des incertitudes dans une charge de flotte de véhicules électriques par calibrage optimal d'une réserve de temps d'énergie pour maintenir un niveau de service de disponibilité de véhicule - Google Patents

Système et procédé pour atténuer des retards et des incertitudes dans une charge de flotte de véhicules électriques par calibrage optimal d'une réserve de temps d'énergie pour maintenir un niveau de service de disponibilité de véhicule Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024105191A1
WO2024105191A1 PCT/EP2023/082113 EP2023082113W WO2024105191A1 WO 2024105191 A1 WO2024105191 A1 WO 2024105191A1 EP 2023082113 W EP2023082113 W EP 2023082113W WO 2024105191 A1 WO2024105191 A1 WO 2024105191A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
energy
power infrastructure
reserve
power
time
Prior art date
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PCT/EP2023/082113
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Marco Giuntoli
Katarina KNEZOVIC
Antony Foster Hilliard
Original Assignee
Hitachi Energy Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from EP22214305.9A external-priority patent/EP4372642A1/fr
Application filed by Hitachi Energy Ltd filed Critical Hitachi Energy Ltd
Publication of WO2024105191A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024105191A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
    • G06Q10/063—Operations research, analysis or management
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60—Monitoring or controlling charging stations
    • B60L53/63—Monitoring or controlling charging stations in response to network capacity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60—Monitoring or controlling charging stations
    • B60L53/64—Optimising energy costs, e.g. responding to electricity rates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60—Monitoring or controlling charging stations
    • B60L53/67—Controlling two or more charging stations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q50/00—Information and communication technology [ICT] specially adapted for implementation of business processes of specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
    • G06Q50/06—Energy or water supply
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/80—Time limits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2250/00—Driver interactions
    • B60L2250/14—Driver interactions by input of vehicle departure time
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2260/00—Operating Modes
    • B60L2260/40—Control modes
    • B60L2260/50—Control modes by future state prediction

Definitions

  • Electric vehicle (EV) fleets often charge overnight in EV depots that contain a number of charging stations and other EV Supply Equipment (EVSE).
  • EVSE EV Supply Equipment
  • a control system of the EV depot determines how to allocate electric power between the electric vehicles, in order to charge their batteries to a required state of charge by scheduled times.
  • a deterministic charging strategy that minimizes electricity costs may wait until the last minute to charge the electric vehicles, without accounting for unexpected disturbances. Those unexpected disturbances may impact the ability to charge the electric vehicles by the scheduled times, and thereby cause disruptions in fleet operations.
  • practical charge control is complicated by real-world uncertainties. Public and commercial fleets, in particular, are open systems that are exposed to environmental disturbances (e.g., weather, traffic, etc.).
  • Such disturbances include, without limitation, electric vehicles returning and being plugged in late, electric vehicles returning with a lower state of charge than planned, electric vehicles being unplugged unexpectedly or suffering temporary charging faults, electric vehicles being unplugged for unplanned maintenance, electric vehicles being required earlier than expected, charging systems suffering temporary faults, curtailment of power demand limits by the operator of the power grid, unexpected reductions in on-site power generation (e.g., a reduction in solar power resulting from unexpected weather), and/or the like.
  • Such disturbances can reduce the time and/or power available to charge the electric vehicles, which may result in electric vehicles not being ready for departure at their scheduled departure times.
  • changes in energy demand, time available for charging, departure times, and/or the like may unexpectedly change the power required for charging.
  • the changed power demand may exceed the power capability of the EVSE or unnecessarily increase the peak power demand of the EV depot at the point of common coupling with the power grid, which may lead to penalties imposed by the operator of the power grid.
  • the control system To prepare electric vehicles by business-critical deadlines in a reliable manner, the control system must be capable of anticipating such uncertainties. [8] There are a number of heuristic solutions to mitigating uncertainty. One solution is to simply charge the electric vehicles to full states of charge as soon as possible. However, such a solution may produce a high peak power demand on the power grid.
  • a further objective of certain embodiments is to implement optimization of an operating configuration for a power infrastructure site using the energy-reserve profiles as constraints to mitigate against unexpected disturbances.
  • a further objective of certain embodiments is to improve on-time charging of flexible loads, such as electric vehicles.
  • a method comprises using at least one hardware processor to: generate an optimization model for at least one power infrastructure site, wherein the at least one power infrastructure site comprises one or more power infrastructure assets, wherein at least one of the one or more power infrastructure assets is associated with an energy-reserve profile that decreases energy available to that power infrastructure asset over time, and wherein the optimization model outputs a target value based on one or more variables, which represent an operating configuration of the at least one power infrastructure site, while constrained by the energy-reserve profile associated with the at least one power infrastructure asset; solve the optimization model to determine values for the one or more variables that optimize the target value; and initiate control of one or more physical components in the at least one power infrastructure site based on the determined values for the one or more variables.
  • the optimization model is generated and solved periodically to determine the one or more variables that represent the operating configuration of the at least one power infrastructure site in a sliding time window that slides according to a time step.
  • the energy-reserve profile associated with the at least one power infrastructure asset may slide with the sliding time window according to the time step.
  • the energy-reserve profile associated with the at least one power infrastructure asset may be anchored to a scheduled event.
  • the at least one power infrastructure site may be a depot, the at least one power infrastructure asset may be an electric vehicle, and the scheduled event may be an arrival or departure of the electric vehicle at the depot.
  • the method further comprises using the at least one hardware processor to determine the energy-reserve profile associated with at least one of the one or more power infrastructure assets by combining: an energy-reserve profile that slides with the sliding time window according to the time step; and an energy-reserve profile that is anchored to a scheduled event.
  • the at least one power infrastructure site may be a depot
  • the at least one power infrastructure asset may be an electric vehicle
  • the scheduled event may be an arrival or departure of the electric vehicle at the depot.
  • the method further comprises using the at least one hardware processor to update the energy-reserve profile associated with at least one of the one or more power infrastructure assets in response to one or more completed events.
  • the one or more power infrastructure assets comprise one or more flexible loads that each comprises a battery.
  • the energy-reserve profile associated with each of the one or more flexible loads may decrease active charging power available to the battery of that flexible load over time.
  • Each of the one or more flexible loads may be an electric vehicle.
  • the at least one power infrastructure site comprises a depot, the one or more power infrastructure assets comprise electric vehicles, and the one or more physical components comprise one or more charging stations configured to electrically connect to the electric vehicles to charge the electric vehicles.
  • the determined values for the one or more variables may associate each of the electric vehicles with one or both of a time period or power flow rate for charging at one of the one or more charging stations in the at least one power infrastructure site.
  • the target value includes at least an energy cost
  • optimizing the target value comprises minimizing the target value.
  • initiating control of one or more physical components comprises controlling setpoints of the one or more physical components according to the determined values for the one or more variables.
  • the one or more physical components may comprise non-intermittent distributed energy resources.
  • initiating control comprises communicating with a control system for the at least one power infrastructure site via at least one network.
  • any of the features described herein may be combined with any other feature described herein, or implemented without any one or more other features described herein, in any combination of features whatsoever.
  • any of the methods, described above and elsewhere herein may be embodied, individually or in any combination, in executable software modules of a processor-based system, such as a server, and/or in executable instructions stored in a non- transitory computer-readable medium.
  • FIG.1 illustrates an example infrastructure, in which one or more of the processes described herein, may be implemented, according to an embodiment
  • FIG.2 illustrates an example processing system, by which one or more of the processes described herein, may be executed, according to an embodiment
  • FIG.3 illustrates an example distribution network of a power infrastructure site, according to an embodiment
  • FIG.4 illustrates example data flows between various components of an optimization infrastructure, according to an embodiment
  • FIG.5 illustrates an example process for mitigating uncertainties in scheduled charging using an energy-time reserve, according to an embodiment
  • FIGS.6A-6D illustrate various examples of an energy-time reserve, according to embodiments.
  • a power infrastructure site will comprise an electrical distribution network with interconnected loads, and is capable of being independently controlled.
  • a power infrastructure site may be a power depot and/or microgrid comprising a plurality of infrastructure assets.
  • a power infrastructure site could also consist of a single infrastructure asset.
  • An infrastructure asset may comprise a power generator, energy storage system, load, and/or any other component of the power infrastructure site.
  • the term “power depot” refers to any power infrastructure site that comprises at least one charging station configured to be electrically connected to a flexible load to charge a battery of the flexible load and/or discharge the battery of the flexible load. It should be understood that a power depot may also comprise inflexible loads.
  • a power depot may be an electric vehicle (EV) depot that provides private charging for a fleet of electric vehicles for a municipal mass transit system, business, utility provider, or other entity, public charging for personal electric vehicles, private charging for personal electric vehicles (e.g., at the residence of the owner of the personal electric vehicle), and/or the like.
  • EV electric vehicle
  • microgrid refers to any power infrastructure site that comprises a local electric grid that is capable of operating independently from the rest of the electric grid.
  • a microgrid may comprise a plurality of infrastructure assets (e.g., generator(s), energy storage system(s), load(s), and/or the like), connected through a local distribution network, under the same point of common coupling.
  • the infrastructure assets of a microgrid will generally comprise at least some type of power generator or energy storage system, but may comprise any combination of infrastructure assets. It should be understood that a power depot and microgrid are not mutually exclusive, and that, in some instances, a power infrastructure site may comprise both a power depot and a microgrid.
  • the term “flexible load” refers to any load that has flexibility in at least one characteristic that can be represented by a variable in an optimization model. One such characteristic may be a location at which the flexible load is charged or discharged. A flexible load with flexibility in location can be charged or discharged at any of a plurality of locations in one or a plurality of power infrastructure sites. Another such characteristic may be the timing at which the flexible load is charged or discharged.
  • a flexible load with flexibility in timing can be charged or discharged according to different timings in terms of start time, end time, time ranges, time durations, and/or the like. Another such characteristic may be the power flow rate at which the flexible load is charged or discharged.
  • a flexible load with flexibility in power flow rate can be charged at any of a plurality of different power flow rates (e.g., at any power flow rate within a range of power flow rates). Another such characteristics may be the operational state of the flexible load.
  • a flexible load with flexibility in operational state can be transitioned to another state that reduces power consumption (e.g., low-power mode, turned off, discharge, etc.) to increase the amount of energy available to other loads and/or decrease the total amount of consumed energy.
  • power consumption e.g., low-power mode, turned off, discharge, etc.
  • a flexible load may be flexible in terms of only one characteristic, all characteristics, or any subset of characteristics.
  • the term “inflexible load” refers to any load that is not flexible in any characteristic.
  • the flexible load is an electric vehicle
  • the power infrastructure site is an EV depot.
  • Electric vehicles may be flexible at least with respect to their locations.
  • an electric vehicle can generally be charged at any of a plurality of available charging stations within any one of a plurality of EV depots.
  • the electrical vehicle comprises an on-board battery that can be electrically connected to any of a plurality of available charging stations within the EV depot.
  • Similar types of flexible loads include, without limitation, drones, robotic systems, mobile machines, mobile devices, power tools, and the like.
  • the disclosed approach is not limited to electric vehicles or other mobile loads. Rather, the disclosed approach may be applied to any load, whether mobile or stationary, as long as the load has one or more flexible characteristics that can be defined in terms of variable(s) in an optimization model.
  • a flexible load may simply consist of a stationary or mobile battery, or may be a system that consumes power without having any on- board battery to store power.
  • a stationary flexible load will generally not have flexibility in location, but may have flexibility in terms of timing, power flow rate, operational state, and/or the like.
  • a flexible load comprises or consists of an energy store. While the energy store will primarily be described herein as a battery, it should be understood that the energy store may comprise or consist of any other mechanism or component for storing energy, such as a supercapacitor, compressed gas, and/or the like.
  • a power infrastructure site may also comprise one or more flexible power generators.
  • flexible power generator refers to any power generator which can be controlled to either increase and/or decrease the amount of power that is generated.
  • Examples of flexible power generators include, without limitation, a diesel generator, a hydrogen fuel cell, distributed energy resources whose power output can be curtailed, and/or the like. Optimization of a power infrastructure site can optimize variables for both the flexible loads and the flexible power generators.
  • distributed network refers to the interconnection of electrical components, within a power infrastructure site, that distributes power to the flexible loads.
  • These electrical components may comprise one or more intermittent and/or non- intermittent distributed energy resources, including renewable energy resources (e.g., solar power generator, wind power generator, geothermal power generator, hydroelectric power generator, fuel cell, etc.) and/or non-renewable energy resources (e.g., diesel generator, natural gas generator, etc.), one or more battery energy storage systems (BESSs), and/or like. Additionally or alternatively, in the event that the power infrastructure site comprises a power depot, these electrical components may comprise charging stations.
  • renewable energy resources e.g., solar power generator, wind power generator, geothermal power generator, hydroelectric power generator, fuel cell, etc.
  • non-renewable energy resources e.g., diesel generator, natural gas generator, etc.
  • BESSs battery energy storage systems
  • these electrical components may comprise charging stations.
  • the term “charging station” encompasses a station that is capable of discharging a load (e.g., drawing power out of an on-board battery of the load) in addition to charging the load (e.g., supplying power to an on-board battery of the load), as well as a station that is only capable of charging a load and a station that is only capable of discharging a load.
  • the electrical components in the power infrastructure site can be thought of as “nodes” of the distribution network, and electrical connections between these electrical components can be thought of as “edges” connecting the nodes within the distribution network.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example infrastructure in which one or more of the disclosed processes may be implemented, according to an embodiment.
  • the infrastructure may comprise an energy management system (EMS) 110 (e.g., comprising one or more servers) which hosts and/or executes one or more of the various functions, processes, methods, and/or software modules described herein.
  • EMS 110 may comprise dedicated servers, or may instead be implemented in a computing cloud, in which the resources of one or more servers are dynamically and elastically allocated to multiple tenants based on demand.
  • EMS 110 may also comprise or be communicatively connected to software 112 and/or one or more databases 114.
  • EMS 110 may be communicatively connected to one or more user systems 130, power infrastructure sites 140, and/or electricity markets 150 via one or more networks 120.
  • Network(s) 120 may comprise the Internet, and EMS 110 may communicate with user system(s) 130, power infrastructure site(s) 140, and/or electricity market(s) 150 through the Internet using standard transmission protocols, such as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HTTP Secure (HTTPS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), FTP Secure (FTPS), Secure Shell FTP (SFTP), eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), Open Field Message Bus (OpenFMB), IEEE Smart Energy Profile Application Protocol (IEEE 2030.5), and the like, as well as proprietary protocols.
  • HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
  • HTTPS HTTP Secure
  • FTP Secure File Transfer Protocol
  • FTP Secure FTP Secure
  • SFTP Secure Shell FTP
  • XMPP eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
  • OpenFMB Open Field Message Bus
  • IEEE 2030.5 IEEE Smart Energy Profile Application Protocol
  • EMS 110 may be connected to a subset of user systems 130, power infrastructure sites 140, and/or electricity markets 150 via the Internet, but may be connected to one or more other user systems 130, power infrastructure sites 140, and/or electricity markets 150 via an intranet.
  • EMS 110 may be connected to a subset of user systems 130, power infrastructure sites 140, and/or electricity markets 150 via the Internet, but may be connected to one or more other user systems 130, power infrastructure sites 140, and/or electricity markets 150 via an intranet.
  • the infrastructure may comprise any number of user systems, power infrastructure sites, electricity markets, software instances, and databases.
  • User system(s) 130 may comprise any type or types of computing devices capable of wired and/or wireless communication, including without limitation, desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, smart phones or other mobile phones, servers, game consoles, televisions, set-top boxes, electronic kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, embedded controllers, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and/or the like.
  • PLCs programmable logic controllers
  • user system(s) 130 would comprise personal computers, mobile devices, or workstations by which agents of operator(s) of power infrastructure sites(s) 140 can interact, as users, with EMS 110.
  • These interactions may comprise inputting data (e.g., parameters for configuring one or more of the processes described herein) and/or receiving data (e.g., the outputs of one or more processes described herein) via a graphical user interface provided by EMS 110 or an intervening system between EMS 110 and user system(s) 130.
  • data e.g., parameters for configuring one or more of the processes described herein
  • receiving data e.g., the outputs of one or more processes described herein
  • the graphical user interface may comprise screens (e.g., webpages) that include a combination of content and elements, such as text, images, videos, animations, references (e.g., hyperlinks), frames, inputs (e.g., textboxes, text areas, checkboxes, radio buttons, drop-down menus, buttons, forms, etc.), scripts (e.g., JavaScript), and the like, including elements comprising or derived from data stored in one or more databases (e.g., database(s) 114).
  • EMS 110 may execute software 112, comprising one or more software modules that implement one or more of the disclosed processes.
  • EMS 110 may comprise, be communicatively coupled with, or otherwise have access to one or more database(s) 114 that store the data input into and/or output from one or more of the disclosed processes.
  • database(s) 114 Any suitable database may be utilized, including without limitation MySQLTM, OracleTM, IBMTM, Microsoft SQLTM, AccessTM, PostgreSQLTM, and the like, including cloud-based databases, proprietary databases, and unstructured databases (e.g., MongoDBTM).
  • EMS 110 may communicate with power infrastructure site(s) 140 and/or electricity market(s) 150 via an application programming interface (API).
  • API application programming interface
  • EMS 110 may “push” data (i.e., transmit the data on its own initiative) to each power infrastructure site 140 via an API of a control system 142 of power infrastructure site 140.
  • Control system 142 may be a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system.
  • SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
  • control system 142 of power infrastructure site 140 may “pull” data (i.e., initiate transmission of the data via a request) from EMS 110 via an API of EMS 110.
  • EMS 110 may push data to an electricity market interface 152 of electricity market 150 via an API of electricity market interface 152, and/or electricity market interface 152 may pull data from EMS 110 via an API of EMS 110.
  • FIG.2 is a block diagram illustrating an example wired or wireless system 200 that may be used in connection with various embodiments described herein.
  • system 200 may be used as or in conjunction with one or more of the functions, processes, or methods (e.g., to store and/or execute software 112) described herein, and may represent components of EMS 110, user system(s) 130, power infrastructure sites(s) 140, control system 142, electricity market interface 152, and/or other processing devices described herein.
  • System 200 can be a server or any conventional personal computer, or any other processor-enabled device that is capable of wired or wireless data communication. Other computer systems and/or architectures may be also used, as will be clear to those skilled in the art.
  • System 200 preferably includes one or more processors 210.
  • Processor(s) 210 may comprise a central processing unit (CPU). Additional processors may be provided, such as a graphics processing unit (GPU), an auxiliary processor to manage input/output, an auxiliary processor to perform floating-point mathematical operations, a special-purpose microprocessor having an architecture suitable for fast execution of signal-processing algorithms (e.g., digital- signal processor), a slave processor subordinate to the main processing system (e.g., back-end processor), an additional microprocessor or controller for dual or multiple processor systems, and/or a coprocessor.
  • Such auxiliary processors may be discrete processors or may be integrated with processor 210.
  • processors which may be used with system 200 include, without limitation, any of the processors (e.g., PentiumTM, Core i7TM, XeonTM, etc.) available from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, California, any of the processors available from Advanced Micro Devices, Incorporated (AMD) of Santa Clara, California, any of the processors (e.g., A series, M series, etc.) available from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, any of the processors (e.g., ExynosTM) available from Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., of Seoul, South Korea, any of the processors available from NXP Semiconductors N.V. of Eindhoven, Netherlands, and/or the like.
  • processors e.g., PentiumTM, Core i7TM, XeonTM, etc.
  • AMD Advanced Micro Devices, Incorporated
  • any of the processors e.g., A series, M series, etc.
  • Apple Inc. Apple Inc. of Cupertin
  • Processor 210 is preferably connected to a communication bus 205.
  • Communication bus 205 may include a data channel for facilitating information transfer between storage and other peripheral components of system 200.
  • communication bus 205 may provide a set of signals used for communication with processor 210, including a data bus, address bus, and/or control bus (not shown).
  • Communication bus 205 may comprise any standard or non-standard bus architecture such as, for example, bus architectures compliant with industry standard architecture (ISA), extended industry standard architecture (EISA), Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI) local bus, standards promulgated by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) including IEEE 488 general-purpose interface bus (GPIB), IEEE 696/S-100, and/or the like.
  • ISA industry standard architecture
  • EISA extended industry standard architecture
  • MCA Micro Channel Architecture
  • PCI peripheral component interconnect
  • System 200 preferably includes a main memory 215 and may also include a secondary memory 220.
  • Main memory 215 provides storage of instructions and data for programs executing on processor 210, such as one or more of the functions and/or modules discussed herein (e.g., software 112). It should be understood that programs stored in the memory and executed by processor 210 may be written and/or compiled according to any suitable language, including without limitation C/C++, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Visual Basic, .NET, and the like.
  • Main memory 215 is typically semiconductor-based memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or static random access memory (SRAM).
  • DRAM dynamic random access memory
  • SRAM static random access memory
  • Secondary memory 220 may optionally include an internal medium 225 and/or a removable medium 230.
  • Removable medium 230 is read from and/or written to in any well- known manner.
  • Removable storage medium 230 may be, for example, a magnetic tape drive, a compact disc (CD) drive, a digital versatile disc (DVD) drive, other optical drive, a flash memory drive, and/or the like.
  • Secondary memory 220 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium having computer-executable code (e.g., software 112) and/or other data stored thereon.
  • the computer software or data stored on secondary memory 220 is read into main memory 215 for execution by processor 210.
  • secondary memory 220 may include other similar means for allowing computer programs or other data or instructions to be loaded into system 200.
  • Such means may include, for example, a communication interface 240, which allows software and data to be transferred from external storage medium 245 to system 200.
  • Examples of external storage medium 245 may include an external hard disk drive, an external optical drive, an external magneto-optical drive, and/or the like.
  • secondary memory 220 may include semiconductor-based memory, such as programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable read-only memory (EEPROM), and flash memory (block-oriented memory similar to EEPROM).
  • PROM programmable read-only memory
  • EPROM erasable programmable read-only memory
  • EEPROM electrically erasable read-only memory
  • flash memory block-oriented memory similar to EEPROM.
  • system 200 may include a communication interface 240.
  • Communication interface 240 allows software and data to be transferred between system 200 and external devices (e.g. printers), networks, or other information sources.
  • computer software or executable code may be transferred to system 200 from a network server (e.g., platform 110) via communication interface 240.
  • Examples of communication interface 240 include a built-in network adapter, network interface card (NIC), Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) network card, card bus network adapter, wireless network adapter, Universal Serial Bus (USB) network adapter, modem, a wireless data card, a communications port, an infrared interface, an IEEE 1394 fire-wire, and any other device capable of interfacing system 200 with a network (e.g., network(s) 120) or another computing device.
  • NIC network interface card
  • PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
  • USB Universal Serial Bus
  • Communication interface 240 preferably implements industry-promulgated protocol standards, such as Ethernet IEEE 802 standards, Fiber Channel, digital subscriber line (DSL), asynchronous digital subscriber line (ADSL), frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), integrated digital services network (ISDN), personal communications services (PCS), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), serial line Internet protocol/point to point protocol (SLIP/PPP), and so on, but may also implement customized or non-standard interface protocols as well.
  • Software and data transferred via communication interface 240 are generally in the form of electrical communication signals 255. These signals 255 may be provided to communication interface 240 via a communication channel 250.
  • communication channel 250 may be a wired or wireless network (e.g., network(s) 120), or any variety of other communication links.
  • Communication channel 250 carries signals 255 and can be implemented using a variety of wired or wireless communication means including wire or cable, fiber optics, conventional phone line, cellular phone link, wireless data communication link, radio frequency (“RF”) link, or infrared link, just to name a few.
  • Computer-executable code e.g., computer programs, such as software 112
  • Computer programs can also be received via communication interface 240 and stored in main memory 215 and/or secondary memory 220.
  • computer-readable medium is used to refer to any non-transitory computer-readable storage media used to provide computer-executable code and/or other data to or within system 200. Examples of such media include main memory 215, secondary memory 220 (including internal memory 225 and/or removable medium 230), external storage medium 245, and any peripheral device communicatively coupled with communication interface 240 (including a network information server or other network device). These non-transitory computer-readable media are means for providing executable code, programming instructions, software, and/or other data to system 200.
  • the software may be stored on a computer-readable medium and loaded into system 200 by way of removable medium 230, I/O interface 235, or communication interface 240.
  • the software is loaded into system 200 in the form of electrical communication signals 255.
  • the software when executed by processor 210, preferably causes processor 210 to perform one or more of the processes and functions described elsewhere herein.
  • I/O interface 235 provides an interface between one or more components of system 200 and one or more input and/or output devices.
  • Example input devices include, without limitation, sensors, keyboards, touch screens or other touch-sensitive devices, cameras, biometric sensing devices, computer mice, trackballs, pen-based pointing devices, and/or the like.
  • System 200 may also include optional wireless communication components that facilitate wireless communication over a voice network and/or a data network (e.g., in the case of user system 130 that is a smart phone or other mobile device).
  • the wireless communication components comprise an antenna system 270, a radio system 265, and a baseband system 260.
  • radio frequency (RF) signals are transmitted and received over the air by antenna system 270 under the management of radio system 265.
  • antenna system 270 may comprise one or more antennae and one or more multiplexors (not shown) that perform a switching function to provide antenna system 270 with transmit and receive signal paths.
  • received RF signals can be coupled from a multiplexor to a low noise amplifier (not shown) that amplifies the received RF signal and sends the amplified signal to radio system 265.
  • radio system 265 may comprise one or more radios that are configured to communicate over various frequencies.
  • radio system 265 may combine a demodulator (not shown) and modulator (not shown) in one integrated circuit (IC).
  • the demodulator and modulator can also be separate components.
  • the demodulator strips away the RF carrier signal leaving a baseband receive audio signal, which is sent from radio system 265 to baseband system 260.
  • baseband system 260 decodes the signal and converts it to an analog signal. Then the signal is amplified and sent to a speaker.
  • Baseband system 260 also receives analog audio signals from a microphone. These analog audio signals are converted to digital signals and encoded by baseband system 260.
  • Baseband system 260 also encodes the digital signals for transmission and generates a baseband transmit audio signal that is routed to the modulator portion of radio system 265.
  • the modulator mixes the baseband transmit audio signal with an RF carrier signal, generating an RF transmit signal that is routed to antenna system 270 and may pass through a power amplifier (not shown).
  • the power amplifier amplifies the RF transmit signal and routes it to antenna system 270, where the signal is switched to the antenna port for transmission.
  • Baseband system 260 is also communicatively coupled with processor(s) 210.
  • Processor(s) 210 may have access to data storage areas 215 and 220.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a one-line diagram of an example distribution network of an example power infrastructure sites 140, according to an embodiment.
  • power infrastructure site 140 may be an EV depot for charging electric vehicles as flexible loads.
  • Power infrastructure site 140 is connected to a power grid 310, from which electricity may be purchased (e.g., from electricity market 150).
  • the purchase price of electricity may vary throughout each day (e.g., higher during the day than at night) and across days (e.g., higher on summer days than winter days), according to a time-of-use (ToU) rate.
  • the ToU rate may assign peak rates, partial-peak rates, and off-peak rates to various time periods (e.g., each hourly interval in a day), representing the price of electricity during those time periods.
  • the distribution network of power infrastructure site 140 may comprise nodes representing one or a plurality of distributed energy resources in power infrastructure site 140, including, for example, one or a plurality of battery energy storage systems 320 and/or one or a plurality of power generators 330, illustrated as power generators 330A and 330B.
  • Power generator(s) 330 may comprise renewable energy resources (e.g., solar power generator, wind power generator, geothermal power generator, hydroelectric power generator, fuel cell, etc.) and/or non-renewable energy resources (e.g., diesel generator, natural gas generator, etc.).
  • renewable energy resources e.g., solar power generator, wind power generator, geothermal power generator, hydroelectric power generator, fuel cell, etc.
  • non-renewable energy resources e.g., diesel generator, natural gas generator, etc.
  • power generator 330A may be a solar power generator comprising a plurality of photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity
  • power generator 330B may be a diesel generator that burns diesel gasoline to produce electricity.
  • the distribution network of power infrastructure site 140 may also comprise nodes representing one or a plurality of charging stations 340 in power infrastructure site 140.
  • power infrastructure site 140 is a power depot comprising a plurality of charging stations 340A, 340B, 340C, 340D, 340E, 340F, and 340G.
  • Each charging station 340 may comprise one or a plurality of chargers 342.
  • charging station 340F is illustrated with two chargers 342.
  • Each charger 342 is configured to be electrically connected to a flexible load 350, so as to supply electricity to one or more energy stores (e.g. batteries) of the flexible load 350 and/or discharge electricity from one or more energy stores of the flexible load 350.
  • energy stores e.g. batteries
  • electricity may flow from a power generator 330 and/or grid 310, through the distribution network, to the battery of the flexible load 350.
  • electricity may flow from the battery of the flexible load 350 into the distribution network and into a battery energy storage system 320, grid 310, and/or another flexible load 350.
  • some chargers 342 may be connected to a flexible load 350, illustrated as flexible loads 350A, 350B, 350C, 350E, 350F1, and 350F2, whereas other chargers 342 may be unconnected to a flexible load 350 and available to receive an incoming flexible load 350.
  • two or more power infrastructure sites 340 may be connected via a transmission network (not shown) or within the same distribution network.
  • power can be transmitted between two power infrastructure sites 340.
  • a first power infrastructure site 140 may transmit power from one or more of its infrastructure assets (e.g., battery energy storage system(s) 320, power generator(s) 330, and/or flexible load(s) 350), over the network, to a second power infrastructure site 140, to charge one or more infrastructure assets (e.g., battery energy storage system(s) 320 and/or flexible load(s) 350) of the second power infrastructure site 140.
  • infrastructure assets e.g., battery energy storage system(s) 320, power generator(s) 330, and/or flexible load(s) 350
  • One or more charging stations 340 or individual chargers 342 may be configured to start charging a flexible load 350 (e.g., at a settable power flow rate), terminate charging of a flexible load 350, start discharging a flexible load 350 (e.g., at a settable power flow rate), terminate discharging of a flexible load 350, and/or the like, under the control of control system 142, EMS 110, and/or another controller.
  • a charging station 340 and/or charger 342 may comprise a processing system 200 that receives commands from a controller (e.g., control system 142 and/or EMS 110) via communication interface 240, processes the commands using processor 210 and main memory 215, and controls an actuator (e.g., one or more switches) to start or terminate charging or discharging according to the processed commands.
  • a controller e.g., control system 142 and/or EMS 110
  • main memory 215 main memory
  • an actuator e.g., one or more switches
  • power infrastructure site 140 may comprise other loads, in addition to flexible loads 350.
  • power infrastructure site 140 may comprise auxiliary loads for operating various functions of power infrastructure site 140. However, even these auxiliary loads may be considered flexible loads 350 if they are flexible in at least one characteristic (e.g., operational state).
  • each battery energy storage system 320 can function as both a power source (i.e., when discharging) and a load (i.e., when charging), and can also be considered a flexible load 350.
  • Parameters e.g., voltage, current, setpoint, etc.
  • EMS 110 may monitor EMS 110 and/or simulated by EMS 110 (e.g., during a load flow analysis).
  • EMS 110 may monitor and/or simulate parameters of nodes within the distribution network, and control one or more physical components of power infrastructure site 140, such as charging station(s) 340, charger(s) 342, power generator(s) 330, battery energy storage system(s) 320, and/or the like, based on those parameters.
  • This control may be performed periodically or in real time, and may be performed directly or indirectly (e.g., via control system 142).
  • the illustrated power infrastructure site 140 comprises a certain number of charging stations 340.
  • a power infrastructure site 140 may comprise any number of charging stations 340, including only a single charging station 340.
  • each charging station 340 may comprise any number of chargers 342, including only a single charger 342.
  • a power infrastructure site 140 could consist of a single charging station 340 consisting of a single charger 342, such as a charging station 340 in a residence, public parking spot, or the like.
  • all flexible loads 350 are illustrated as connected to a charging station, one or more flexible loads 350 may be connected to the distribution network without any intervening charging station 340.
  • a single EMS 110 may manage a single power infrastructure site 140 or a plurality of power infrastructure sites 140. In the case that EMS 110 manages a plurality of power infrastructure sites 140, the managed power infrastructure sites 140 may be identical to, similar to, or different than each other.
  • a homogeneous mixture of power infrastructure sites 140 may consist of a plurality of power depots for one or a plurality of fleets of electric vehicles.
  • a heterogeneous mixture of power infrastructure sites 140 may comprise a mix of power depot(s), residential charging station(s) 340, public charging station(s) 340, microgrid(s), and/or the like.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates example data flows between various components of an optimization infrastructure, according to an embodiment.
  • Software 112, hosted on platform 110 may implement an optimizer 410.
  • Optimizer 410 may generate an optimization model that outputs a target value, based on one or more variables and an input that comprises a schedule for one or more flexible loads 350 in one or more power infrastructure sites 140.
  • the optimization model represents a concrete software-based implementation of an optimization problem.
  • Optimizer 410 may solve the optimization model to determine values for the one or more variables that optimize the target value, subject to zero, one, or a plurality of constraints (e.g., inequality and/or equality constraints representing limitations on physical and/or technological capabilities, flexibility of loads and/or power generators, etc.). This optimization may comprise minimizing the target value (e.g., if the target value represents a cost) or maximizing the target value (e.g., if the target value represents a performance metric).
  • the determined values of the variable(s) may represent an operating configuration (e.g., setpoints, schedules, etc.) of one or more power infrastructure sites 140 over a time period.
  • Optimizer 410 may also initiate control of one or more physical components in one or more power infrastructure sites 140 based on the determined values for the one or more variables.
  • Optimizer 410 may update and solve the optimization model periodically, based on real-time or updated data. For example, the optimizer may update and solve the optimization model for operation of power infrastructure site(s) 140 in a sliding time window, representing an optimization period. The sliding time window continually or continuously advances to encompass the next time period for which operation of power infrastructure site(s) 140 is to be optimized.
  • the start of the sliding time window may be the current time or some future time (e.g., 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 24 hours, etc., in the future), such that optimization is performed in advance of a future time period, encompassed by the sliding time window, for which the optimization is being performed.
  • the sliding time window may advance according to a time step (e.g., every 15 minutes), and utilize the most recent data available within a time range (e.g., a time range extending into the past that is equal in size to the time step).
  • the size of the sliding time window may be any suitable duration (e.g., 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 24 hours, etc.).
  • Optimizer 410 may collect the data that it utilizes for optimization (e.g., as the input to the optimization model) from one or more scheduling systems 420, one or more telemetry systems 430, one or more control systems 142 of one or more power infrastructure sites 140, and/or one or more electricity market interfaces 152 of one or more electricity markets 150. It should be understood that these are simply examples of data flows, and that optimizer 410 may collect data from other systems (e.g., potentially including site management system(s) 440). For example, optimizer 410 may receive solutions from other optimizers, which may be incorporated into the input to the optimization model. In this case, optimizer 410 can focus on one aspect of an overall optimization, such that it does not have to integrate every detail of optimization into the optimization model.
  • optimizer 410 may merge the collected data for a plurality of power infrastructure sites 140 into a single virtual site model, and perform a single holistic optimization of the virtual site model, to optimize operation of the plurality of power infrastructure sites 140 as a single unit.
  • This virtual site model may represent a multi-tenant charging system-of-systems that aggregates a plurality of power infrastructure sites 140 (e.g., EV depots) for a plurality of tenants (e.g., EV fleet operators).
  • Optimizer 410 may output data to one or more scheduling systems 420, one or more control systems 142 of one or more power infrastructure sites 140, one or more site management systems 440, and/or one or more electricity market interfaces 152 of one or more electricity markets 150.
  • optimizer 410 may output data to other systems (e.g., potentially including telemetry system(s) 430).
  • optimizer 410 may output its solution or other data to one or more other optimizers, which may each incorporate this data into an input to its own optimization model.
  • optimizer 410 can focus on one aspect of an overall optimization, such that it does not have to integrate every detail of optimization into the optimization model.
  • Scheduling system(s) 420, telemetry system(s) 430, and/or site management system(s) 440 may be hosted on EMS 110 or may be external to EMS 110.
  • optimizer 410 may receive the data by either pulling the data from the respective system via an API of the respective system, or by the data being pushed by the respective system to optimizer 410 via an API of optimizer 410. Similarly, optimizer 410 may output data by either pushing the data to the respective system via an API of the respective system, or by the data being pulled by the respective system via an API of optimizer 410.
  • Each scheduling system 420 may manage the time tables and routing of flexible loads 350 (e.g., a fleet of electric vehicles). Optimizer 410 may receive schedule information from each scheduling system 420.
  • the schedule information, provided by scheduling system 420 may comprise planned schedules for flexible loads 350.
  • the planned schedules may comprise, for each flexible load 350, a scheduled arrival time at which the flexible load 350 is expected to arrive at a power infrastructure site 140, a scheduled departure time at which the flexible load 350 is expected to depart from power infrastructure site 140, an auxiliary-task schedule defining a time period in which the flexible load 350 is expected to perform or undergo auxiliary tasks (e.g., pre-conditioning the cabin and/or battery of an electric vehicle, undergoing cleaning, maintenance, or repairs, etc.), a power flow schedule defining a power flow rate or profile for charging or discharging the flexible load 350, a priority of the flexible load 350 relative to other flexible loads 350 (e.g., indicating the relative cost of a delay in charging the flexible load 350), a preferred power infrastructure site 140 to be assigned to the flexible load 350, and/or the like.
  • auxiliary-task schedule defining a time period in which the flexible load 350 is expected to perform or undergo auxiliary tasks (e.g., pre-conditioning the cabin and/or battery of an electric vehicle, undergoing cleaning, maintenance
  • the schedule information may comprise, for each flexible load 350, the route assigned to the flexible load 350.
  • optimizer 410 may output data, associated with a scheduling system 420, to that scheduling system 420 or an intervening system. For example, in the event that optimizer 410 performs optimization for a plurality of power infrastructure sites 140, optimizer 410 may output a ranked list of power infrastructure sites 140, ordered, for instance, from the power infrastructure site 140 with the most capacity to the power infrastructure site 140 with the least capacity.
  • Such information may be used by scheduling system 420 or an intervening system to update route assignments for flexible loads 350 (e.g., by re-routing one or more flexible loads 350 from a power infrastructure 140 with less capacity to a power infrastructure site 140 with greater capacity).
  • optimizer 410 may output a ranked list of flexible loads 350, ordered, for instance, from the flexible load 350 that will be charged to an acceptable state of charge (SoC) first to the flexible load 350 that will be charged to an acceptable state of charge last (e.g., reflecting which electric vehicle can be readied first or unplugged the longest).
  • SoC state of charge
  • optimizer 410 or an intervening system could provide recommendations to improve scheduling and/or provide data from which such recommendations may be derived.
  • flexible loads 350 are electric vehicles
  • such data may identify an electric vehicle that is frequently late, so that the electric vehicle’s route can be changed (e.g., assigned to another electric vehicle, split with another electric vehicle, etc.).
  • scheduling system 420 or an intervening system may analyze the data, provided by optimizer 410, to identify inefficiencies (e.g., bottlenecks, electric vehicles whose schedules require severely fast charging, etc.) in the schedule of flexible loads 350 and/or inaccurate parameters (e.g., actual energy consumed by pre-conditioning, etc.), and update the schedule of flexible loads 350 (e.g., re-optimize EV route assignments) to eliminate or mitigate those inefficiencies and/or reflect more accurate parameters.
  • inefficiencies e.g., bottlenecks, electric vehicles whose schedules require severely fast charging, etc.
  • inaccurate parameters e.g., actual energy consumed by pre-conditioning, etc.
  • Each telemetry system 430 may collect telemetric information for one or more flexible loads 350.
  • a telemetry system 430 may be on board each flexible load 350, and transmit real-time telemetric information to optimizer 410.
  • flexible load 350 is an electric vehicle
  • telemetry system 430 may be embedded (e.g., as software or hardware) within an electronic control unit (ECU) of the electric vehicle and communicate over a wireless communication network (e.g., cellular communication network).
  • ECU electronice.g., cellular communication network
  • telemetry system 430 may be external to flexible loads 350.
  • telemetry system 430 may collect real-time telemetric information for a plurality of flexible loads 350, and forward or relay the collected telemetric information to optimizer 410 in real time.
  • Optimizer 410 may receive the telemetric information from each telemetry system 430.
  • the telemetric information, provided by telemetry system 430 may comprise one or more parameters for each flexible load 350 for which the transmitting telemetry system 430 collects data.
  • these parameter(s) may comprise the estimated arrival time of the flexible load 350 at the scheduled power infrastructure site 140, the current state of charge of the energy store (e.g., battery) on board the flexible load 350, and/or the like. It should be understood that these parameters may change over time, and that updated telemetric information, reflecting any changes, may be received periodically by optimizer 410 (e.g., and used as input to the optimization model for the current optimization period). The real-time telemetric information reduces uncertainty in the optimization model.
  • Each site management system 440 may manage infrastructure assets, including flexible loads 350, and staff within one or more power infrastructure sites 140. After solving the optimization model, optimizer 410 may output site information to each site management system 440.
  • this site information may comprise a ranked list of flexible loads 350, ordered, for instance, from the flexible load 350 that can be unplugged the longest amount of time to the flexible load 350 that can be unplugged the shortest amount of time. Such information may be used by site management system 440, for instance, to determine which flexible loads 350 can be serviced and/or the like. Additionally or alternatively, this site information may comprise an assignment or mapping of flexible loads 350 to charging stations 340. Such a mapping can be used to automatically route flexible loads 350 to their mapped charging stations 340, for example, by transmitting routing instructions, such as the location of the mapped charging station 340, to a navigation system within each flexible load 350. [84] Each control system 142 may provide independent control of a power infrastructure site 140.
  • optimizer 410 may output control information, associated with control of a power infrastructure site 140, to the control system 142 associated with that power infrastructure site 140.
  • control information may be provided to the control system 142 of each power infrastructure site 140 that is managed by optimizer 410.
  • the control information may comprise one or more control instructions that trigger one or more control operations at control system 142 and/or other information that is used during one or more control operations at control system 142.
  • a control instruction may include, without limitation, an instruction to control a setpoint associated with a physical component of power infrastructure site 140 (e.g., a power flow rate associated with a charging station 340), an instruction to charge a flexible load 350, an instruction to discharge a flexible load 350, an instruction to perform pre-conditioning of a flexible load 350 (e.g., cooling of a cabin and/or battery of an electric vehicle, heating of a cabin of an electric vehicle, etc.), and/or the like.
  • a setpoint associated with a physical component of power infrastructure site 140 e.g., a power flow rate associated with a charging station 340
  • an instruction to charge a flexible load 350 e.g., an instruction to discharge a flexible load 350
  • an instruction to perform pre-conditioning of a flexible load 350 e.g., cooling of a cabin and/or battery of an electric vehicle, heating of a cabin of an electric vehicle, etc.
  • Optimizer 410 may also receive data from each control system 142.
  • control system 142 may report events detected within the respective power infrastructure site 140 (e.g., a charger 342 of a charging station 340 being plugged into a flexible load 350), a state of charge detected for a plugged-in flexible load 350, an actual power flow or power flow rate between a charging station 340 and connected flexible load 350, and/or the like.
  • Electricity market interface 152 may provide an interface to an electricity market 150 in which the utility that operates grid 310 is a participant.
  • electricity market 150 may enable an operator of a power infrastructure site 140 to purchase electricity from a utility or other energy provider (e.g., operating grid 310), sell electricity to an energy provider (e.g., operating grid 310), obtain service commitments from an energy provider, provide service commitments to an energy provider, and/or the like.
  • Optimizer 410 may receive pricing information from electricity market interface 152.
  • this pricing information may comprise a forecast of the price for electricity from grid 310 in one or more future time periods (e.g., including the optimization period), uncertainty parameter(s) for the price forecast, applicable electricity tariffs, and/or the like.
  • Optimizer 410 may incorporate this pricing information into the input to the optimization model.
  • the target value that is output by the optimization model may include an energy cost that is derived from the pricing information, in which case optimizing the target value may comprise minimizing the target value, and thereby the energy cost.
  • Optimizer 410 may receive a forecast of DER power generation from electricity market interface 152.
  • optimizer 410 may receive a weather forecast from electricity market interface 152 or other external system (e.g., weather forecast service), and derive its own forecast of DER power generation. It should be understood that the power generated by renewable energy resources, such as solar power generators and wind power generators, may change significantly depending on the weather. Optimizer 410 may incorporate the forecast of DER power generation into the input to the optimization model, for example, to determine how much DER power generation will be available to power infrastructure site(s) 140 during the current optimization period. [88] Optimizer 410 may obtain service commitments from electricity market 150 via electricity market interface 152.
  • weather forecast service e.g., weather forecast service
  • optimizer 410 may determine an energy demand required in the optimization period based on the solution to the optimization model (e.g., comprising the values for one or more variables in the optimization model that optimize the target value output by the optimization model).
  • Optimizer 410 may transmit a request, for a service commitment for the determined energy demand in the respective optimization period from electricity market 150, to electricity market interface 152.
  • optimizer 410 may receive the requested service commitment for the energy demand in the respective optimization period from an energy provider via electricity market interface 152. If no energy provider on electricity market 150 will commit to the service, optimizer 410 may update and re-run the optimization model (e.g., with a constraint on the energy demand), and/or initiate or perform some other remedial action.
  • Optimizer 410 may obtain other services from electricity market 150 via electricity market interface 152. For example, optimizer 410 may receive service pricing for one or more services, offered by an energy provider on electricity market 150, from electricity market interface 152. Optimizer 410 may incorporate this service pricing into the input to the optimization model. Based on the solution to the optimization model, optimizer 410 may determine to purchase one or more services, and request a service commitment for the service(s) from electricity market 150 via electricity market interface 152. In response, optimizer 410 may receive the requested service commitment for the service(s) from electricity market interface 152.
  • optimizer 410 may update the input to the optimization model to exclude the service pricing and re-run the optimization model, and/or initiate or perform some other remedial action.
  • optimizer 410 may receive a schedule of requested service commitments via electricity market interface 152.
  • Optimizer 410 may provide service commitments to electricity market 150 via electricity market interface 152.
  • optimizer 410 may provide flexibility information for one or more power infrastructure site(s) 140 that it manages to electricity market 150 via electricity market interface 152.
  • the flexibility information may comprise a curve of the price per kilowatt (kW) versus flexibility in the power infrastructure site(s) 140.
  • An energy provider on electricity market 150 may purchase flexibility from optimizer 410 via electricity market interface 152.
  • optimizer 410 may receive a schedule of provided service commitments via electricity market interface 152.
  • Optimizer 410 may interface with fewer, more, or different sets of systems than those illustrated. Each system may be used to collect data to be incorporated into the input to the optimization model solved by optimizer 410 and/or as a destination for data output by optimizer 410.
  • optimizer 410 may interface with a weather forecast service to receive a weather forecast for the optimization period from the weather forecast service.
  • the incorporation of weather forecasts into the optimization model can improve estimates of energy demand.
  • the weather forecast may be used to forecast DER generation, which can be incorporated into the input to the optimization model.
  • optimizer 410 may utilize the weather forecast with a model of pre- conditioning to more accurately estimate the energy demand for pre-conditioning flexible loads 350. For instance, during relatively hot or cold time periods, more energy may be required to pre-condition (e.g., cool or heat) electric vehicles, than during temperate time periods.
  • pre-condition e.g., cool or heat
  • Optimizer 410 may utilize other inputs and/or produce other outputs than those specifically described herein.
  • Optimizer 410 may utilize a modular “building block” architecture, such that new inputs can be easily incorporated into the optimization model and/or existing inputs can be easily removed from the optimization model. Some of these inputs may represent solutions output by other optimization systems.
  • optimizer 410 may provide additional outputs (e.g., ranked lists) that describe capacity constraints of EV supply equipment (EVSE), such as charging stations 340. These additional outputs may be used by other systems (e.g., scheduling system 420, site management system 440, etc.), so that optimizer 410 does not have to integrate every detail of optimization. [94] 5. Optimization [95] Optimizer 410 may solve an optimization model, implementing an optimization problem in software, for one or more power infrastructure sites 140. The optimization model may be generated from a model of power infrastructure site(s) 140. For example, a model of each power infrastructure site 140 that is managed by optimizer 410 may be stored in a data structure in memory (e.g., database(s) 114).
  • memory e.g., database(s) 114
  • the optimization model may be derived from a model of a single power infrastructure site 140 to optimize operation of the single power infrastructure site 140, or a model of a plurality of power infrastructure sites 140 to optimize operation across the plurality of power infrastructure sites 140.
  • the optimization model minimizes a target value that is based on one or more variables and an input that comprises a schedule for power generators 330 and/or flexible loads 350 in the power infrastructure site(s) 140 represented by the model of power infrastructure site(s) 140.
  • a variable may represent a controllable parameter within the power infrastructure site(s) 140.
  • Examples of a controllable parameter include, without limitation, a setpoint of a physical component, an amount of power to be output by a distributed energy resource, a power flow rate at which to charge or discharge a flexible load 350, a state of charge to which to charge a flexible load 350 or battery energy storage system 320, a time at which to start charging or discharging a flexible load 350, a time at which to terminate charging or discharging of a flexible load 350, a time duration for charging or discharging a flexible load 350, an assignment or mapping of a flexible load 350 to a charging station 340 or power infrastructure site 140, or the like.
  • the optimization model will include a plurality of variables, including potentially a mix of different types of controllable parameters.
  • the variable(s) in the optimization model at least include or relate to power consumption and/or power generation in power infrastructure site(s) 140.
  • primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) represents the model of power infrastructure site(s) 140.
  • the values ⁇ of the one or more variables represent an operating configuration of the power infrastructure site(s) 140.
  • a secondary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) may penalize one or more attributes of values ⁇ by adding to the target value that is output by primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ), in the same unit of measure (e.g., monetary cost) as primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ). Such penalization serves to bias the optimization model away from solutions with values ⁇ that have those attribute(s).
  • a secondary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) could reward one or more attributes of values ⁇ by subtracting from the target value that is output by primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ), in the same unit of measure (e.g., monetary cost) as primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ).
  • rewarding serves to bias the optimization model towards solutions with values ⁇ that have those attribute(s).
  • a solution to the optimization model may comprise values ⁇ that minimize the target value, output as the sum of primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) and any secondary objective functions ⁇ ( ⁇ ), while satisfying all of the constraints (e.g., within a tolerance).
  • at least some of the constraints may be probabilistic constraints, as opposed to hard constraints.
  • primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) accounts for the energy price(s) during the optimization period when calculating the target value.
  • primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) may determine a power demand profile produced by values ⁇ , and use the energy price(s) with the power demand profile (e.g., calculate a product of the power demand profile and the energy price(s)) to determine the target value as its output.
  • Primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) may also account for other costs that are associated with operation of power infrastructure site(s) 140 during the optimization period, such as grid fees, the cost of network services, indirect capital costs, and/or the like.
  • Primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) and/or secondary objective function(s) g ( ⁇ ) may comprise mixed-integer programming, linear programming, quadratic programming, mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP), and/or the like.
  • linear programming may improve computational speed and scalability of the optimization model, which can be especially advantageous when primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) and/or secondary objective function(s) ⁇ ( ⁇ ) , if any, comprise a large number of variables or other parameters (e.g., for a large number of flexible loads 350).
  • primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) and/or secondary objective function(s) ⁇ ( ⁇ ) if any, comprise a large number of variables or other parameters (e.g., for a large number of flexible loads 350).
  • Objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) and/or secondary objective function(s) ⁇ ( ⁇ ), if any, may be trained in any known manner. For example, objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) may be trained using supervised machine learning.
  • a training dataset of ( ⁇ , ⁇ ), in which ⁇ represents a set of historical values for the variable(s) and ⁇ represents ground-truth target values for those historical values for the variable(s), may be used.
  • the training may be expressed as: ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ ) ) wherein ⁇ ( ⁇ ) (e.g., the weights in ⁇ ( ⁇ )) is updated to minimize the error between the ground- truth target values ⁇ and the corresponding target values output by ⁇ ( ⁇ ) .
  • objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) may be trained in other manners using historical data.
  • Any secondary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) may be trained in an identical, similar, or different manner as primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) and/or together with primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) .
  • the optimization model has been expressed herein as a minimization problem, it should be understood that the optimization model could instead be expressed herein as a maximization problem: subject to zero, one, or a plurality of constraints. However, in order to simplify the description, it will generally be assumed herein that the optimization model is cast as a minimization problem. A person of skill in the art will understand how to convert between a minimization and maximization problem, and which problem may be more appropriate in a given circumstance.
  • the optimization model is solved to determine values for the one or more variables that optimize the target value.
  • the optimization model is evaluated to determine values ⁇ that optimize (e.g., minimizes) the target value output by the optimization model.
  • Solving the optimization model may comprise iteratively executing the optimization model using a different set of values ⁇ in each iteration until the target value converges. After each iteration, values ⁇ for the next iteration may be determined using any known technique (e.g., gradient descent).
  • the target value may be determined to converge when it is within a tolerance from a specific value, when the rate of improvement to the target value over prior iterations satisfies a threshold (e.g., the rate of decrease in the target value falls below a threshold in a minimization problem), and/or when one or more other criteria are satisfied.
  • values ⁇ that produced the final target value may be output as the solution to the optimization model.
  • These values ⁇ may represent an optimal operating configuration for the power infrastructure site(s) 140.
  • the optimization model may be a stochastic optimization model that is robust to uncertainties.
  • the optimization model may be solved using any suitable technique. Such techniques include, without limitation, stochastic multi-stage optimization, chance-constrained optimization, Markowitz mean-variance optimization, and/or the like. There are numerous commercial and open-source solvers available to solve the optimization model.
  • a plurality of optimization models, each comprising a different primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) could be solved. Each primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) may represent a different scenario.
  • each primary objective function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) may represent a different objective.
  • a final solution may be determined from the solutions output by the plurality of optimization models by selecting one of the solutions, combining the solutions in any suitable manner, or the like.
  • FIG.5 illustrates an example process 500 for mitigating uncertainties in scheduled charging using an energy-time reserve, according to an embodiment.
  • Process 500 may be implemented by optimizer 410.
  • process 500 is illustrated with a certain arrangement and ordering of subprocesses, process 500 may be implemented with fewer, more, or different subprocesses and a different arrangement and/or ordering of subprocesses.
  • any subprocess which does not depend on the completion of another subprocess, may be executed before, after, or in parallel with that other independent subprocess, even if the subprocesses are described or illustrated in a particular order.
  • an optimization model is generated from a model of one or more power infrastructure sites 140, as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • the power infrastructure site(s) may comprise one or more power infrastructure assets.
  • the power infrastructure asset(s) may comprise one or more charging stations 340 and/or one or more flexible loads 350, but could also comprise or consist of other infrastructure assets, including one or more inflexible loads.
  • One or more, and potentially all, of these power infrastructure asset(s) may be associated with an energy-reserve profile.
  • Each power infrastructure asset that is associated with an energy- reserve profile may be associated with a different or independent energy-reserve profile than one or more other power infrastructure assets and/or may be associated with the same energy- reserve profile as one or more power infrastructure assets.
  • the optimization model may output a target value based on one or more variables (i.e., values ⁇ ), while constrained by any energy-reserve profiles associated with the power infrastructure asset(s).
  • an energy-reserve profile decreases the energy available to the associated power infrastructure asset over time.
  • the energy-reserve profile may decrease the energy that is available in the optimization for the charging station to deliver to loads.
  • the power infrastructure asset is a flexible load 350
  • the further into the future that the solution to the optimization model schedules charging of the flexible load 350 the less energy that is available in the optimization to charge that flexible load 350.
  • such a constraint reserves energy for the power infrastructure asset to mitigate the uncertainty of the future. The further into the future that charging by or of the power infrastructure asset is scheduled, the more energy that is reserved to account for the greater uncertainty.
  • Each energy-reserve profile may define an energy reserve for each of a plurality of discrete time points or as a continuous function of time, starting from the current time or anchored to another point in time. In either case, the shape of the energy-reserve profile may be referred to herein as a “curve,” because even when a set of discrete time points is used, the values of time points outside the set may be interpolated, such that an energy reserve can be determined for any time point.
  • an energy-reserve profile could be learned empirically and/or selected by the operator of power infrastructure site(s) 140 or other user (e.g., via a graphical user interface of EMS 110) according to a degree of risk tolerance, analogous to an economic discount rate.
  • an energy-reserve profile may be defined as a set of breakpoints that are each represented as a tuple of a time point and an energy reserve. Each breakpoint represents the energy reserve at a particular time step.
  • the energy reserve for a time point that is not represented in the set of breakpoints may be interpolated (e.g., via linear interpolation) from the pair of nearest breakpoints on either side of the unrepresented time point.
  • the breakpoints may be defined at a granularity that corresponds to the granularity at which optimizer 410 performs optimization (e.g., every 15 minutes).
  • each energy-reserve profile is added to the optimization model as a constraint.
  • the constraint for an energy-reserve profile may be expressed as: ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ wherein ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ is the active charging power available to the power infrastructure asset ⁇ at time ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is the nominal power available to the power infrastructure asset ⁇ , and ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is the energy reserved for power infrastructure asset ⁇ at time ⁇ , as defined by the energy-reserve profile.
  • This constraint may be converted into an inequality constraint ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) as follows: ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (1 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) ⁇ 0 [116]
  • the optimization model is solved to determine values for the one or more variables that optimize the target value.
  • the optimization model is evaluated to determine values ⁇ that optimize (e.g., minimizes) the target value output by the optimization model.
  • Solving the optimization model may comprise iteratively executing the optimization model using a different set of values ⁇ in each iteration until the target value converges.
  • values ⁇ for the next iteration may be determined using any known technique (e.g., gradient descent).
  • the target value may be determined to converge when it is within a tolerance from a specific value, when the rate of improvement to the target value over prior iterations satisfies a threshold (e.g., the rate of decrease in the target value falls below a threshold in a minimization problem), and/or when one or more other criteria are satisfied.
  • values ⁇ that produced the final target value may be output as the solution to the optimization model.
  • These values ⁇ may represent an optimal operating configuration for the power infrastructure site(s) 140. [117] It should be understood that the optimization model is limited by the constraints imposed by the energy-reserve profile(s).
  • the optimization model While a solution to the optimization model could still wait to charge a power infrastructure asset to the last possible moment (e.g., to obtain a better electricity price), it will have to maintain an energy reserve that is proportional to the risk of a disturbance, given the amount of future uncertainty. If a disturbance actually occurs during operation of power infrastructure site(s) 140 and that disturbance impacts the energy available to the power infrastructure asset, the energy reserve can be used to avoid a disruption in the scheduled charging.
  • the optimization model comprises a plurality of constraints, representing a plurality of energy-reserve profiles for a plurality of power infrastructure assets
  • the energy reserves for the plurality of power infrastructure assets are pooled into an energy reservoir that can act as insurance against asset-specific disturbances.
  • control of the power infrastructure site(s) 140 may be initiated based on the solution to the optimization model.
  • the control may comprise configuring one or more physical components in the power infrastructure site(s) 140 based on the determined values ⁇ , representing an operating configuration.
  • These physical components may comprise physical infrastructure assets, such as battery energy storage system(s) 320, power generator(s) 330, charging station(s) 340, charger(s) 342, flexible load(s) 350, auxiliary load(s), and/or the like.
  • the solution to the optimization model comprises the values ⁇ for the one or more variables that optimized the target value in subprocess 520.
  • Values ⁇ may represent an operating configuration for the power infrastructure site(s) 140.
  • values ⁇ may comprise, for each flexible load 350, a future charging pattern (e.g., power flow rate, charging time period, etc.) that charges flexible load 350 to a target state of charge by a scheduled time.
  • a future charging pattern e.g., power flow rate, charging time period, etc.
  • the solution will be robust to disturbances during actual operation of the power infrastructure site(s) 140 according to the operating configuration.
  • the scheduled time may be a departure time
  • the target state of charge may be a state of charge required for the electric vehicle to complete its scheduled route.
  • the charging may also include or otherwise account for pre-conditioning of the electric vehicle (e.g., cooling an electric vehicle before its departure, pre-conditioning the battery of an electric vehicle, etc.), as well as charging the battery of the electric vehicle.
  • pre-conditioning may be a flexible operating state that can be terminated or foregone, when necessary to charge an electric vehicle by its scheduled departure time, or when optimizer 410 determines that the power can be better used elsewhere.
  • Subprocess 530 may comprise optimizer 410 generating and transmitting control information to one or more control systems 142. Each control system 142 may then control physical component(s) in its respective power infrastructure site 140. Alternatively, optimizer 410 could control the physical component(s) directly (i.e., without an intervening control system).
  • the control may comprise setting a setpoint of a physical component, actuating a switch, turning a physical component on or off or otherwise changing a physical or operating state of a physical component, and/or the like.
  • a setpoint of a physical component may comprise a value of voltage, current, output power, input power, power flow rate, state of charge, temperature, or the like.
  • the control may comprise controlling the setpoint(s) (e.g., output power) of non-intermittent distributed energy resources.
  • process 500 may be performed periodically to determine values ⁇ , representing the operating configuration of the power infrastructure site(s) 140, in a sliding time window, and initiate control of the power infrastructure site(s) 140 to conform to those operating configurations within the optimization period represented by the sliding time window.
  • the sliding time window and corresponding optimization period may be of any suitable length of time, such as one hour, twelve hours, twenty-four hours, a plurality of days, or the like.
  • the sliding time window may slide according to a time step (i.e., an expiration of a time interval), and process 500 may be executed for the optimization period, currently represented by the sliding time window, after each time step.
  • the time step could be one minute, five minutes, ten minutes, fifteen minutes, thirty minutes, one hour, one day, or any other time interval.
  • the sliding time window may start with the current time and end in the future, or may start in the future and end further in the future.
  • process 500 is executed at the start of each optimization period
  • process 500 is executed in advance of each optimization period (e.g., one minute, five minutes, ten minutes, fifteen minutes, thirty minutes, one hour, one day, etc., in advance).
  • process 500 may be performed automatically after each time step (i.e., without user intervention) or semi-automatically (e.g., with user confirmation) after each time step. In either case, once execution of process 500 is initiated, each subprocess of process 500, including the initiation of control in subprocess 530, may be executed automatically.
  • process 500 may be executed in response to a triggering event, other than a time step.
  • process 500 may be executed in response to a user operation.
  • a user may utilize one or more inputs of a graphical user interface, provided by software 112, to execute optimizer 410.
  • the initiation of control in subprocess 530 may be performed automatically, semi- automatically, or manually.
  • the graphical user interface may display the operating configuration, output by subprocess 520, to the user and request confirmation from the user prior to optimizer 410 executing subprocess 530.
  • the graphical user interface may provide the operating configuration, output by subprocess 520, to a user, and the user may manually configure the power infrastructure site(s) 140.
  • FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate various examples of an energy-time reserve, according to embodiments.
  • Each energy-reserve profile is illustrated as an amount of power available to the associated power infrastructure asset or as an amount of energy reserve unavailable to the associated power infrastructure asset, over a plurality of time points (e.g., represented as breakpoints at an arbitrary time step) before and after a single time step.
  • Each energy-reserve profile decreases the energy available to the power infrastructure asset (e.g., charging station 340 or flexible load 350) or increases the energy reserve unavailable to the power infrastructure asset from a start time (e.g., representing the start of an optimization period) to an end time (e.g., representing an end of the optimization period).
  • the energy available to the power infrastructure asset or the energy reserve that is unavailable to the power infrastructure asset may be represented as a percentage of nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
  • the energy reserve at each time point is indicated as a percentage of nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
  • an energy-reserve profile may be defined in relation to a maximum charging power for a particular power infrastructure asset, represented as nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
  • the energy-reserve profile may be a piecewise linear function from 100% of the nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ at a start of the optimization period to a defined value (e.g., percentage) of the nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (e.g., 80% of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) at the end of the optimization period.
  • a defined value e.g., percentage
  • an energy-reserve profile may be represented by another type of function, may start at less than 100% of the nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , and/or may end at 0% of the nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
  • each energy-reserve profile defines a time-varying “curve” of available charging power, in which future available charging power is equal to or less than the nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
  • the difference between the curve and the nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is considered a future energy reserve that protects against uncertainties, and should be sized proportionally to the amount of risk.
  • the shape of the curve and the corresponding amount of energy reserve may reflect weighted uncertainty of, impact of, and risk tolerance in factors that affect charging and asset utilization (e.g., amount of time flexible loads 350 are plugged in, energy demand, departure time of flexible loads 350, etc.).
  • the curve may be derived in any manner and may be based on estimates of the availability of charging power.
  • Examples of how the curve of an energy-reserve profile can be derived include, without limitation: a discount rate, analogous to economic discounting (e.g., discount of an ⁇ % multiplier to ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ per time step); a discount slope (e.g., ⁇ % linear discount from ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ per time step); an event-based discount penalty (e.g., ⁇ % discount from ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ for a period after scheduled arrival time to account for delays, ⁇ % discount from ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ if electric vehicle has not yet been inspected and cleaned, etc.); a status- based discount penalty (e.g., ⁇ % discount from ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ if communication with the telemetry system of an electric vehicle has been lost, ⁇ % discount from ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ if an asset-monitoring system indicates an abnormal behavior or predicts a higher risk of equipment failure in the associated power infrastructure asset, etc.); an empirically estimated discount profile based on
  • an energy-reserve profile may slide with the sliding time window of optimizer 410.
  • the sliding time window defines the optimization period being optimized by optimizer 410.
  • the energy-reserve profile may slide by the same amount.
  • the start of the energy-reserve profile may be fixed to the start of the sliding time window.
  • the end of the energy-reserve profile may be fixed to the end of the sliding time window.
  • each power infrastructure asset is associated with an independent energy-reserve profile.
  • each power infrastructure asset may be associated with the same energy-reserve profile, or subsets of the power infrastructure assets may be associated with the same energy-reserve profile, while different subsets are associated with different energy-reserve profiles.
  • the same type of power infrastructure asset e.g., same type of charging station 340, same type of battery, same model of electric vehicle, etc.
  • all power infrastructure assets in the same power infrastructure site 140 may be associated with the same energy-reserve profile and different power infrastructure sites 140 may have different energy-reserve profiles
  • all electric vehicles in the same EV fleet may be associated with the same energy-reserve profile and different EV fleets may have different energy-reserve profiles (e.g., to reflect the specific risk tolerance of each fleet operator)
  • each charging station 340 may be associated with a different energy-reserve profile than other charging stations 340 (e.g., to reflect historical reliability of the respective charging stations 340)
  • each electric vehicle may be associated with a different energy-reserve profile than other electric vehicles (e.g., to reflect historical reliability of the respective electric vehicles)
  • any electric vehicle assigned to a particular route may be associated with the same energy-reserve profile and different routes may have different energy- reserve profiles (e.g., to reflect historical delays in the respective routes), and/or the like.
  • FIG. 6A illustrates an energy-reserve profile that slides with the sliding time window of optimizer 410, according to a time step.
  • Time ⁇ in FIG.6A may correspond to the start of the optimization period that optimizer 410 is optimizing.
  • the optimization model will be biased by the energy-reserve profile towards a solution that charges the associated power infrastructure asset (e.g., flexible load 350, such as an electric vehicle) at time ⁇ (i.e., immediately).
  • the optimization solution does not have to account for any energy reserve if it schedules charging of the power infrastructure asset at time ⁇ (i.e., the energy reserve at time ⁇ is 0%). In other words, the full energy capacity is available for charging. Because the energy-reserve profile slides with the sliding time window of optimizer 410, when the start of the optimization period becomes time ⁇ + 1 (e.g., the sliding time window slides so that the start of the sliding time window becomes time ⁇ + 1), the optimization solution can once again obtain the benefit of the full energy capacity if it schedules charging of the power infrastructure asset at the start of the optimization period. [131] It should be understood that the optimization solution does not have to schedule charging of the power infrastructure at time ⁇ or immediately.
  • the optimization solution could schedule charging of the power infrastructure asset at a later time, if the benefits obtained by doing so would counter the impact of the lost energy capacity available to the optimization model, imposed by the energy-reserve profile. For example, in order for the optimization solution to schedule charging of the power infrastructure asset at time ⁇ + 3, it will need to account for the ⁇ 3 % less energy that will be available to it due to the constraint imposed by the energy-reserve profile at time ⁇ + 3. Stated another way, the optimization solution would have to set aside an energy reserve of ⁇ 3 % of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ when scheduling charging of the power infrastructure asset at time ⁇ + 3, in order to mitigate against three time steps worth of future uncertainty.
  • an energy-reserve profile may be anchored to a scheduled event. In this case, the energy-reserve profile is fixed in time once an event has happened or is scheduled, and is not affected by (i.e., does not slide with) advancements of the sliding time window of optimizer 410.
  • the power infrastructure site(s) 140 may comprise a power depot (e.g., EV depot), the associated power infrastructure asset may be an electric vehicle, and the scheduled event may be an arrival, plug- in, plug-out, or departure of the electric vehicle at the power depot.
  • the start of the energy-reserve profile, associated with the electric vehicle may be set to the scheduled arrival or plug-in time of the electric vehicle at power infrastructure site 140.
  • the end of the energy-reserve profile, associated with the electric vehicle may be set to the scheduled plug-out or departure time of the electric vehicle from power infrastructure site 140.
  • FIG.6B illustrates an energy-reserve profile that is anchored to a scheduled arrival time ⁇ of a power infrastructure asset.
  • the optimization model will biased by the energy- reserve profile towards a solution that charges the associated power infrastructure asset (e.g., flexible load 350, such as an electric vehicle) at scheduled arrival time ⁇ .
  • a solution that charges the associated power infrastructure asset e.g., flexible load 350, such as an electric vehicle
  • this makes sense, because immediately charging the power infrastructure asset when it arrives eliminates the risk of an intervening disturbance reducing the amount of energy available to the power infrastructure asset.
  • the optimization solution is free to schedule charging of the power infrastructure asset at a later time, as long as it maintains the energy reserve required by the energy-reserve profile and satisfies any other constraints (e.g., a sufficient state of charge at a scheduled departure time).
  • Anchoring the energy reserve to the arrival time may be used to capture the probability that the power infrastructure asset arrives late (e.g., by assigning non-zero energy reserves to time steps subsequent to the scheduled arrival time). Because the energy-reserve profile is anchored to the arrival time ⁇ , when the start of the optimization period becomes ⁇ + 1 (e.g., the sliding time window slides so that the start of the sliding time window becomes time ⁇ + 1), the optimization solution must set aside an energy reserve of ⁇ 1 % of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , even if it schedules charging of the power infrastructure asset at the start of the optimization period.
  • FIG. 6C illustrates an energy-reserve profile that is anchored to a scheduled departure time ⁇ of a power infrastructure asset.
  • the optimization solution will be biased by the energy-reserve profile towards a solution that charges the associated power infrastructure asset (e.g., flexible load 350, such as an electric vehicle) immediately at the start of the optimization period, but is free to schedule charging of the power infrastructure at a later time, as long as it maintains the energy reserve required by the energy-reserve profile and satisfies any other constraints.
  • a solution that charges the associated power infrastructure asset e.g., flexible load 350, such as an electric vehicle
  • the optimization solution when the start of the optimization period becomes ⁇ ⁇ 4 (e.g., the sliding time window slides so that the start of the sliding time window becomes time ⁇ ⁇ 4), the optimization solution must set aside an energy reserve of ⁇ 1 % of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , even if it schedules charging of the power infrastructure asset at the start of the optimization period.
  • the energy reserve at the start of the optimization period may always be driven to 0% of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ via some mechanism (e.g., by always multiplying the energy reserve for the first breakpoint by zero), such that the optimization solution can always obtain the benefit of the full energy capacity when scheduling charging of the power infrastructure asset at the start of the optimization period.
  • the energy reserve may become 100%.
  • the optimization solution will be forced to cautiously schedule charging of the power infrastructure asset ahead of time. This is because the optimization solution is prevented, by the constraint of a 100% energy reserve, from scheduling charging too close to scheduled departure time ⁇ .
  • the effect of a 100% energy reserve one time step before scheduled departure time ⁇ is the same as shifting the scheduled departure time ahead by one time step in order to buffer some time before the scheduled departure (i.e., force the optimization to prepare the power infrastructure asset in advance).
  • this is not a necessity of any embodiment.
  • the energy-reserve profile associated with a power infrastructure asset may be determined by combining two or more different energy-reserve profiles. For example, an energy-reserve profile that slides with the sliding time window of optimizer 410 (e.g., according to a time step) may be combined with an energy- reserve profile that is anchored to a scheduled event. Alternatively, two or more different energy-reserve profiles that slide with the sliding time window of optimizer 410 may be combined, two or more different energy-reserve profiles that are anchored to the same scheduled event may be combined, two or more different energy-reserve profiles that are anchored to different scheduled events may be combined, and/or the like.
  • FIG. 6D illustrates an energy-reserve profile that is determined by combining the sliding energy-reserve profile, depicted in FIG.6A, with the anchored energy-reserve profile, depicted in FIG. 6B (i.e., anchored to the scheduled arrival time of the power infrastructure asset).
  • the energy-reserve profiles may be combined linearly (e.g., by averaging the amount of energy reserve for each corresponding breakpoint), by multiplying the energy-reserve profiles together, selecting the maximum value of the energy reserve for each breakpoint, or in any other suitable manner.
  • the energy reserve is 0% at scheduled arrival time ⁇ , increases to ⁇ 1 % at time ⁇ + 1, increases to ⁇ 2 % at time ⁇ + 2, and so on and so forth.
  • the energy reserve is ⁇ 6 % at time ⁇ + 1, increases to ⁇ 7 % at time ⁇ + 2, and so on and so forth.
  • energy-reserve profiles could be combined according to a hierarchy.
  • each power infrastructure site 140 could be associated with an energy- reserve profile representing respective reliability
  • each fleet operator may be associated with an energy-reserve profile representing respective risk tolerance
  • each charging station 340 may be associated with an energy-reserve profile representing respective reliability
  • each route may be associated with an energy-reserve profile representing respective uncertainty
  • each electric vehicle may be associated with an energy-reserve profile representing respective reliability.
  • the energy-reserve profile for that electric vehicle may all be combined into a single composite energy-reserve profile.
  • Energy-reserve profiles may be generated and/or updated periodically (e.g., hourly, or other time step), in response to events, and/or the like.
  • an energy-reserve profile associated with a power infrastructure asset may be, retrieved, generated (e.g., as a composite of a plurality of energy-reserve profiles), or updated in response to one or more completed events.
  • a completed event could comprise the arrival of an electric vehicle at a power infrastructure site 140, the plugging in of an electric vehicle to a charging station 340, the unplugging of an electric vehicle from a charging station 340, the departure of an electric vehicle from a power infrastructure site 140, and/or the like.
  • Disclosed embodiments associate energy-reserve profiles with one or more power infrastructure assets in one or more power infrastructure sites 140. Each energy-reserve profile models available charging power as a time-varying value, rather than a fixed value. When the energy-reserve profile(s) are included as constraints in an optimization model, the optimization model will anticipate a reduction in available charging power in the future.
  • the optimization model will weigh uncertainty and the cost of disruptions to a charging schedule against other technical constraints or financial objectives. As a result, the optimization model will rely less on future charging, with its associated uncertainty, and be biased towards charging flexible loads 350 (e.g., electric vehicles) sooner. This mitigates against future uncertainty, to improve the average reliability of on-time charging (e.g., of an EV fleet).
  • Each energy-reserve profile reflects an energy reserve that provides a buffer against disturbances that are not reflected in the optimization model. The longer the optimization model waits to charge a flexible load 350, the more energy the optimization model must reserve for the flexible load 350 and the less energy that is available for the overall optimization solution.
  • the energy reserves for a plurality of power infrastructure assets are functionally pooled by the optimization model for added protection.
  • the power infrastructure site(s) 140 are EV depots, and energy- reserve profiles are associated with each charging station 340 in power infrastructure site(s) 140 and/or electric vehicle (e.g., as flexible loads 350) scheduled to be charged in power infrastructure site(s) 140.
  • Each charging station 340 may have a nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ at which it is capable of charging.
  • the nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ may be defined as the most limiting of the capability of charging station 340, the capability of charger 342, the capability of the connected electric vehicle, and/or the like.
  • the nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ could be defined using other means, such as an absolute power (e.g., in kilowatts or kilowatt hours), a percentage of charging power, a percentage of EV range and/or battery state of charge, and/or the like.
  • the energy-reserve profiles may be defined based on the nominal power ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ and used as constraints in an optimization model of optimizer 410, executed by EMS 110, to provide protection against future uncertainty in the form of energy reserves. [144] Such an embodiment may improve the dependability of charging optimization for an EV fleet and reduce the probability of electric vehicles not being charged on time due to unplanned disturbances.
  • disclosed embodiments are mathematically compact and tractable to enable fast execution, short response times, and scalability for optimization of large EV fleets.
  • the use of energy-reserve profiles which may be defined for individual power infrastructure assets and/or at higher levels, provides flexibility in estimating weighted uncertainty, impact, and risk tolerance at different levels of detail in space or time (e.g., per- vehicle per-minute, per-site per-day, etc.).
  • Embodiment 1 A method comprising using at least one hardware processor to: generate an optimization model for at least one power infrastructure site, wherein the at least one power infrastructure site comprises one or more power infrastructure assets, wherein at least one of the one or more power infrastructure assets is associated with an energy-reserve profile that decreases energy available to that power infrastructure asset over time, and wherein the optimization model outputs a target value based on one or more variables, which represent an operating configuration of the at least one power infrastructure site, while constrained by the energy-reserve profile associated with the at least one power infrastructure asset; solve the optimization model to determine values for the one or more variables that optimize the target value; and initiate control of one or more physical components in the at least one power infrastructure site based on the determined values for the one or more variables.
  • Embodiment 2 The method of Embodiment 1, wherein the optimization model is generated and solved periodically to determine the one or more variables that represent the operating configuration of the at least one power infrastructure site in a sliding time window that slides according to a time step.
  • Embodiment 3 The method of Embodiment 2, wherein the energy-reserve profile associated with the at least one power infrastructure asset slides with the sliding time window according to the time step.
  • Embodiment 4 The method of either Embodiment 2, wherein the energy-reserve profile associated with the at least one power infrastructure asset is anchored to a scheduled event.
  • Embodiment 5 The method of Embodiment 4, wherein the at least one power infrastructure site is a depot, wherein the at least one power infrastructure asset is an electric vehicle, and wherein the scheduled event is an arrival or departure of the electric vehicle at the depot.
  • Embodiment 6 The method of Embodiment 2, further comprising using the at least one hardware processor to determine the energy-reserve profile associated with at least one of the one or more power infrastructure assets by combining: an energy-reserve profile that slides with the sliding time window according to the time step; and an energy-reserve profile that is anchored to a scheduled event.
  • Embodiment 7 The method of Embodiment 6, wherein the at least one power infrastructure site is a depot, wherein the at least one power infrastructure asset is an electric vehicle, and wherein the scheduled event is an arrival or departure of the electric vehicle at the depot.
  • Embodiment 8 The method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 7, further comprising using the at least one hardware processor to update the energy-reserve profile associated with at least one of the one or more power infrastructure assets in response to one or more completed events.
  • Embodiment 9 The method of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the one or more power infrastructure assets comprise one or more flexible loads that each comprises a battery.
  • Embodiment 10 The method of Embodiment 9, wherein the energy-reserve profile associated with each of the one or more flexible loads decreases active charging power available to the battery of that flexible load over time.
  • Embodiment 11 The method of either Embodiment 9 or 10, wherein each of the one or more flexible loads is an electric vehicle.
  • Embodiment 12 The method of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the at least one power infrastructure site comprises a depot, wherein the one or more power infrastructure assets comprise electric vehicles, and wherein the one or more physical components comprise one or more charging stations configured to electrically connect to the electric vehicles to charge the electric vehicles.
  • Embodiment 13 The method of Embodiment 12, wherein the determined values for the one or more variables associate each of the electric vehicles with one or both of a time period or power flow rate for charging at one of the one or more charging stations in the at least one power infrastructure site.
  • Embodiment 14 The method of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the target value includes at least an energy cost, and wherein optimizing the target value comprises minimizing the target value.
  • Embodiment 15 The method of any preceding Embodiment, wherein initiating control of one or more physical components comprises controlling setpoints of the one or more physical components according to the determined values for the one or more variables.
  • Embodiment 16 The method of Embodiment 15, wherein the one or more physical components comprise non-intermittent distributed energy resources.
  • Embodiment 17 The method of any preceding Embodiment, wherein initiating control comprises communicating with a control system for the at least one power infrastructure site via at least one network.
  • Embodiment 18 A system comprising at least one hardware processor; and software configured to, when executed by the at least one hardware processor, perform the method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 17.
  • Embodiment 19 A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon, wherein the instructions, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 17.
  • a comprises B means that A may include either: (i) only B; or (ii) B in combination with one or a plurality, and potentially any number, of other components.
  • the terms “consisting of,” “consist of,” and “consists of” are closed-ended.
  • “A consists of B” means that A only includes B with no other component in the same context.
  • Combinations, described herein, such as “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and/or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C.
  • combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, and any such combination may contain one or more members of its constituents A, B, and/or C.
  • a combination of A and B may comprise one A and multiple B’s, multiple A’s and one B, or multiple A’s and multiple B’s.

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  • Strategic Management (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Tourism & Hospitality (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Entrepreneurship & Innovation (AREA)
  • Marketing (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Game Theory and Decision Science (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Educational Administration (AREA)
  • Development Economics (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

Un équipement d'alimentation de véhicule électrique (EVSE) dans un dépôt de véhicule électrique (EV) peut être commandé pour charger des véhicules électriques par leurs temps de départ programmés. Cependant, des perturbations et d'autres incertitudes peuvent modifier de manière inattendue la puissance requise pour la charge sur n'importe quelle période de temps donnée. Des modes de réalisation divulgués utilisent des profils de réserve d'énergie, associés à des actifs d'infrastructure d'alimentation, en tant que contraintes dans un modèle d'optimisation pour empêcher l'optimisation de s'appuyer trop fortement sur une charge de dernière minute, tout en fournissant toujours le modèle d'optimisation avec une flexibilité pour équilibrer des objectifs concurrents, d'une manière rapide et évolutive. Chaque profil de réserve d'énergie peut diminuer l'énergie disponible pour l'actif d'infrastructure de puissance associé au fil du temps, en augmentant une réserve d'énergie dans le temps.
PCT/EP2023/082113 2022-11-18 2023-11-16 Système et procédé pour atténuer des retards et des incertitudes dans une charge de flotte de véhicules électriques par calibrage optimal d'une réserve de temps d'énergie pour maintenir un niveau de service de disponibilité de véhicule WO2024105191A1 (fr)

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US202263426692P 2022-11-18 2022-11-18
US63/426,692 2022-11-18
EP22214305.9 2022-12-16
EP22214305.9A EP4372642A1 (fr) 2022-11-18 2022-12-16 Système et procédé pour atténuer des retards et des incertitudes dans une charge de flotte de véhicules électriques

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