WO2024102393A1 - Prise en charge de mesures supplémentaires pour communication sans fil - Google Patents

Prise en charge de mesures supplémentaires pour communication sans fil Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024102393A1
WO2024102393A1 PCT/US2023/037003 US2023037003W WO2024102393A1 WO 2024102393 A1 WO2024102393 A1 WO 2024102393A1 US 2023037003 W US2023037003 W US 2023037003W WO 2024102393 A1 WO2024102393 A1 WO 2024102393A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wtru
measurement
beams
resource
type
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2023/037003
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Young Woo KWAK
Moon-Il Lee
J. Patrick Tooher
Nazli KHAN BEIGI
Prasanna Herath
Original Assignee
Interdigital Patent Holdings, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Interdigital Patent Holdings, Inc. filed Critical Interdigital Patent Holdings, Inc.
Publication of WO2024102393A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024102393A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0686—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0695—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission using beam selection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0686—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0695—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission using beam selection
    • H04B7/06952—Selecting one or more beams from a plurality of beams, e.g. beam training, management or sweeping
    • H04B7/06968—Selecting one or more beams from a plurality of beams, e.g. beam training, management or sweeping using quasi-colocation [QCL] between signals

Definitions

  • a fifth generation of mobile communication radio access technology may be referred to as 5G new radio (NR).
  • NR 5G new radio
  • a previous (legacy) generation of mobile communication RAT may be, for example, fourth generation (4G) long term evolution (LTE).
  • a wireless transmit/receive unit may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions.
  • the WTRU may receive configuration information.
  • the configuration information may indicate a first beam, a first beam type of the first beam, first quasi-colocation (QCL) information associated with the first beam, a second beam, a second beam type of the second beam, and second QCL information associated with the second beam.
  • the WTRU may receive a first indication.
  • the first indication may indicate the first beam.
  • the WTRU may perform a measurement on a reference signal (RS) resource to determine a value of a channel parameter.
  • RS reference signal
  • a type of the channel parameter may be based on the first QCL information.
  • the WTRU may send a second indication.
  • the second indication may indicate to use the first beam.
  • the WTRU may receive a transmission via the first beam.
  • Receiving the transmission via the first beam may comprise receiving the transmission at a time after the WTRU performed the measurement on the RS resource, wherein the time is associated with an offset.
  • the first beam type may be an estimation beam type and the second beam type may be a measurement beam type.
  • the measurement satisfying the condition may comprise the measurement being sufficient to support a requirement associated with the first beam.
  • the WTRU may determine, based on the type of the channel parameter, a time offset.
  • the WTRU may use the first beam for reception of the transmission at a time after the WTRU performed the measurement on the RS resource, wherein the time is associated with the time offset.
  • the transmission may be a first transmission.
  • the RS resource may be a first RS resource.
  • the WTRU may receive a third indication that indicates the second beam. Based on the second beam being of the second beam type, the WTRU may determine to skip measuring a second RS resource. The WTRU may receive a second transmission using the second beam.
  • the WTRU may send a message that indicates that the measurement satisfies the condition.
  • the WTRU may determine, based on the type of the channel parameter, a time offset.
  • the WTRU may use the first beam for reception of the transmission at a time after the WTRU sent the message, wherein the time is associated with the time offset.
  • the WTRU may determine a time offset based on the type of the channel parameter.
  • Performing the measurement on the RS resource may comprise performing the measurement on the RS resource at a time after the WTRU received the first indication.
  • the time may be associated with the time offset.
  • the WTRU may identify an estimation beam from a plurality of beams.
  • the WTRU may determine, based on the estimation beam, quasi-colocation (QCL)-related information of the plurality of beams.
  • QCL quasi-colocation
  • the estimation beam may be identified based on a determination that a beam quality of the estimation beam is higher than a beam quality of other beams in the plurality of beams (e.g., best beam).
  • the WTRU may determine a QCL type of the QCL-related information.
  • the WTRU may determine a measurement procedure to perform, based on the estimation beam being determined as a best beam and the QCL type.
  • the QCL-related information may be determined using the measurement procedure.
  • the WTRU may perform the determined measurement procedure.
  • a procedure for additional measurement for QCL-related information or configuration information (e.g., QCL Info) for measuring QCL-related information may be triggered.
  • An additional measurement procedure may not triggered (e.g., if an indicated beam from a WTRU and/or gNB is a transmitted beam).
  • the indicated beam may be applied after a processing time (e.g., timeDurationForQCL or beam application time).
  • An additional measurement procedure may be triggered (e.g., if the indicated beam is an estimation beam).
  • a type of the additional measurement procedure may vary.
  • the WTRU may determine a first type of additional measurement procedure with a first number of duration/RS transmission (e.g., if only QCL Type-A is configured (e.g., wide beam TRS)).
  • the WTRU may determine a second type of additional measurement procedure with a second number of duration/RS transmission (e.g., if both QCL Type-A and QCL Type-D are not configured (e.g., narrow beam)).
  • RS resources for additional measurement may vary.
  • Estimation RS resources may be preconfigured (e.g., semi-static/periodic).
  • the WTRU may measure the preconfigured RS resources.
  • the estimation RS resources may not be preconfigured.
  • the WTRU may receive an indication of RS resources (e.g., with the gNB beam indication) for measurement.
  • the WTRU may determine associated RS resources (e.g., dedicated resources for additional measurement or associated resources for each estimation beam) for measurement.
  • An RS transmission/measurement instance may be determined from the WTRU indication or the gNB indication/confirmation.
  • An RS measurement window may be determined.
  • the WTRU may indicate whether the WTRU is ready or not.
  • the WTRU may indicate (e.g., after a measurement window) whether the WTRU is ready (e.g., has acquired all (e.g., required) configuration information for measuring QCL-related information) or not.
  • the WTRU may support a fallback beam (e.g., one of measurement beams or a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) beam).
  • the WTRU may apply the new beam after a QCL acquiring time (e.g., without an additional indication).
  • the QCL acquiring time may depend on a procedure type (e.g., a first type (wide beam) or a second type (narrow beam)).
  • the WTRU may perform a monitoring procedure for a determined estimation beam.
  • the WTRU may (e.g., after confirming an estimation beam) periodically measure the triggered additional resources for updating QCL-related information.
  • estimation RS resources are preconfigured (e.g., semi-static/periodic)
  • the UE updates the QCL-related information by measuring the preconfigured reference signal (RS) resources.
  • An estimation beam may be updated to a measurement beam.
  • the WTRU may use the indicated additional RS resources (e.g., the dynamically indicated RS resources or the associated RS resources) (e.g., if estimation RS resources are not preconfigured).
  • information e.g., required information (e.g., periodicity and offset)
  • FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.
  • FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.
  • WTRU wireless transmit/receive unit
  • FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.
  • RAN radio access network
  • CN core network
  • FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example of hybrid beamforming.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an example of beam measurement for beam prediction.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an example reference signal (RS) measurement (e.g. , additional RS measurement) procedure.
  • RS reference signal
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an example associated with performing RS measurement(s) (e.g., additional RS measurement(s)).
  • FIG. 1 A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.
  • the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users.
  • the communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth.
  • the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • OFDMA orthogonal FDMA
  • SC-FDMA single-carrier FDMA
  • ZT UW DTS-s OFDM zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM
  • UW-OFDM unique word OFDM
  • FBMC filter bank multicarrier
  • the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104/113, a CN 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the I nternet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like.
  • UE user equipment
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • HMD head-mounted display
  • a vehicle a drone
  • the communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b.
  • Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the I nternet 110, and/or the other networks 112.
  • the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.
  • the base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc.
  • BSC base station controller
  • RNC radio network controller
  • the base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum.
  • a cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors.
  • the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors.
  • the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell.
  • the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell.
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple output
  • beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.
  • the base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.).
  • the air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).
  • RAT radio access technology
  • the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like.
  • the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA).
  • WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+).
  • HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).
  • E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • LTE-A LTE-Advanced
  • LTE-A Pro LTE-Advanced Pro
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).
  • a radio technology such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies.
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles.
  • DC dual connectivity
  • the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., a eNB and a gNB).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.
  • IEEE 802.11 i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)
  • IEEE 802.16 i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
  • CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO Code Division Multiple Access 2000
  • IS-95 Interim Standard 95
  • IS-856 Interim Standard 856
  • GSM Global System for
  • the base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like.
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN).
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN).
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell.
  • the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110.
  • the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115.
  • the RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d.
  • the data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like.
  • QoS quality of service
  • the CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication.
  • the RAN 104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.
  • the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.
  • the CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112.
  • the PSTN 108 may include circuit- switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS).
  • POTS plain old telephone service
  • the Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite.
  • the networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.
  • Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links).
  • the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.
  • FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102.
  • the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others.
  • GPS global positioning system
  • the processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like.
  • the processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, i np ut/outp ut processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment.
  • the processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1 B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.
  • the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.
  • the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.
  • the transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122.
  • the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities.
  • the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.
  • the processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit).
  • the processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128.
  • the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132.
  • the non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device.
  • the removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like.
  • SIM subscriber identity module
  • SD secure digital
  • the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).
  • the processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102.
  • the power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102.
  • the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.
  • the processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102.
  • location information e.g., longitude and latitude
  • the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable locationdetermination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity.
  • the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like.
  • FM frequency modulated
  • the peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.
  • a gyroscope an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.
  • the WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous.
  • the full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118).
  • the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).
  • a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).
  • FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment.
  • the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.
  • the RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology.
  • the eNode-B 160a for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.
  • Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.
  • the CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.
  • MME mobility management entity
  • SGW serving gateway
  • PGW packet data network gateway
  • the MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node.
  • the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.
  • the MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.
  • the SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface.
  • the SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • the SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter- eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.
  • the SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.
  • packet-switched networks such as the Internet 110
  • the CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks.
  • the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices.
  • the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108.
  • IMS IP multimedia subsystem
  • the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.
  • the other network 112 may be a WLAN.
  • a WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (ST As) associated with the AP.
  • the AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in to and/or out of the BSS.
  • Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs.
  • Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations.
  • Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA.
  • the traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to- peer traffic.
  • the peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS).
  • the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11 z tunneled DLS (TDLS).
  • a WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the ST As (e.g., all of the ST As) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other.
  • the IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad- hoc” mode of communication.
  • the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel.
  • the primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling.
  • the primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the ST As to establish a connection with the AP.
  • Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems.
  • the ST As e.g., every ST A), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off.
  • One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.
  • High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.
  • VHT STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels.
  • the 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels.
  • a 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration.
  • the data, after channel encoding may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams.
  • Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing may be done on each stream separately.
  • IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
  • the streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA.
  • the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).
  • MAC Medium Access Control
  • Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah.
  • the channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11 n, and 802.11 ac.
  • 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum
  • 802.11 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non- TVWS spectrum.
  • 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine-Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area.
  • MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths.
  • the MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).
  • WLAN systems which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11 n, 802.11 ac, 802.11af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel.
  • the primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all ST As in the BSS.
  • the bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a ST A, from among all ST As in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode.
  • the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes.
  • Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.
  • STAs e.g., MTC type devices
  • NAV Network Allocation Vector
  • the available frequency bands which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.
  • FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment.
  • the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.
  • the RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology.
  • gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c.
  • the gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology.
  • the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology.
  • WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).
  • CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).
  • TTIs subframe or transmission time intervals
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c).
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously.
  • eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E- UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.
  • UPF User Plane Function
  • AMF Access and Mobility Management Function
  • the CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator. [0075]
  • the AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node.
  • the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different packet data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of non-access stratum (NAS) signaling, mobility management, and the like.
  • Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • the AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non- 3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRU IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like.
  • a PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.
  • the UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet- switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.
  • the UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.
  • the CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks.
  • the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108.
  • IMS IP multimedia subsystem
  • the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.
  • DN local Data Network
  • one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown).
  • the emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein.
  • the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.
  • the emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network.
  • the emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network.
  • the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components.
  • the one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.
  • RF circuitry e.g., which may include one or more antennas
  • a wireless transmit/receive unit may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions.
  • the WTRU may receive configuration information.
  • the configuration information may indicate a first beam, a first beam type of the first beam, first quasi-colocation (QCL) information associated with the first beam, a second beam, a second beam type of the second beam, and second QCL information associated with the second beam.
  • the WTRU may receive a first indication.
  • the first indication may indicate the first beam.
  • the WTRU may perform a measurement on a reference signal (RS) resource to determine a value of a channel parameter.
  • RS reference signal
  • a type of the channel parameter may be based on the first QCL information.
  • the WTRU may send a second indication.
  • the second indication may indicate to use the first beam.
  • the WTRU may receive a transmission via the first beam.
  • Receiving the transmission via the first beam may comprise receiving the transmission at a time after the WTRU performed the measurement on the RS resource, wherein the time is associated with an offset.
  • the first beam type may be an estimation beam type and the second beam type may be a measurement beam type.
  • the measurement satisfying the condition may comprise the measurement being sufficient to support a requirement associated with the first beam.
  • the WTRU may determine, based on the type of the channel parameter, a time offset.
  • the WTRU may use the first beam for reception of the transmission at a time after the WTRU performed the measurement on the RS resource, wherein the time is associated with the time offset.
  • the transmission may be a first transmission.
  • the RS resource may be a first RS resource.
  • the WTRU may receive a third indication that indicates the second beam. Based on the second beam being of the second beam type, the WTRU may determine to skip measuring a second RS resource. The WTRU may receive a second transmission using the second beam.
  • the WTRU may send a message that indicates that the measurement satisfies the condition.
  • the WTRU may determine, based on the type of the channel parameter, a time offset.
  • the WTRU may use the first beam for reception of the transmission at a time after the WTRU sent the message, wherein the time is associated with the time offset.
  • the WTRU may identify an estimation beam from a plurality of beams.
  • the WTRU may determine, based on the estimation beam, quasi-colocation (QCL)-related information of the plurality of beams.
  • QCL quasi-colocation
  • the estimation beam may be identified based on a determination that a beam quality of the estimation beam is higher than a beam quality of other beams in the plurality of beams (e.g., best beam).
  • the WTRU may determine a QCL type of the QCL-related information.
  • the WTRU may determine a measurement procedure to perform, based on the estimation beam being determined as a best beam and the QCL type.
  • the QCL-related information may be determined using the measurement procedure (e.g., which channel parameter is to be measured during the measurement procedure).
  • the WTRU may perform the determined measurement procedure.
  • a procedure for additional measurement for QCL-related information or configuration information (e.g., QCL Info) for measuring QCL-related information may be triggered.
  • An additional measurement procedure may not triggered (e.g., if an indicated beam from a WTRU and/or gNB is a transmitted beam).
  • the indicated beam may be applied after a processing time (e.g., timeDurationForQCL or beam application time).
  • An additional measurement procedure may be triggered (e.g., if the indicated beam is an estimation beam).
  • a type of the additional measurement procedure may vary.
  • the WTRU may determine a first type of additional measurement procedure with a first number of duration/RS transmission (e.g., if only QCL Type-A is configured (e.g., wide beam TRS)).
  • the WTRU may determine a second type of additional measurement procedure with a second number of duration/RS transmission (e.g., if both QCL Type-A and QCL Type-D are not configured (e.g., narrow beam)).
  • RS resources for additional measurement may vary.
  • Estimation RS resources may be preconfigured (e.g., semi-static/periodic).
  • the WTRU may measure the preconfigured RS resources.
  • the estimation RS resources may not be preconfigured.
  • the WTRU may receive an indication of RS resources (e.g., with the gNB beam indication) for measurement.
  • the WTRU may determine associated RS resources (e.g., dedicated resources for additional measurement or associated resources for each estimation beam) for measurement.
  • An RS transmission/measurement instance may be determined from the WTRU indication or the gNB indication/confirmation.
  • An RS measurement window may be determined.
  • the WTRU may indicate whether the WTRU is ready or not.
  • the WTRU may indicate (e.g., after a measurement window) whether the WTRU is ready (e.g., has acquired all (e.g., required) configuration information for measuring QCL-related information) or not.
  • the WTRU may support a fallback beam (e.g., one of measurement beams or a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) beam).
  • the WTRU may apply the new beam after a QCL acquiring time (e.g., without an additional indication).
  • the QCL acquiring time may depend on a procedure type (e.g., a first type (wide beam) or a second type (narrow beam)).
  • the WTRU may perform a monitoring procedure for a determined estimation beam.
  • the WTRU may (e.g., after confirming an estimation beam) periodically measure the triggered additional resources for updating QCL-related information.
  • estimation RS resources are preconfigured (e.g., semi-static/periodic)
  • the UE updates the QCL-related information by measuring the preconfigured reference signal (RS) resources.
  • An estimation beam may be updated to a measurement beam.
  • the WTRU may use the indicated additional RS resources (e.g., the dynamically indicated RS resources or the associated RS resources) (e.g., if estimation RS resources are not preconfigured).
  • information e.g., required information (e.g., periodicity and offset)
  • Artificial intelligence may refer to the behavior exhibited by machines. Such behavior may mimic cognitive functions to sense, reason, adapt, and/or act.
  • Machine learning may refer to the type of algorithms that solve a problem based on learning through experience (e.g., data) without explicitly being programmed to do so (e.g., by a configured set of rules). ML may be considered a subset of Al.
  • a supervised learning approach may involve learning a function that maps an input to an output based on a labeled training example (e.g., wherein each training example may include an input and the corresponding output).
  • an unsupervised learning approach may involve detecting patterns in the data with no pre-existing labels.
  • a reinforcement learning approach may involve performing a sequence of actions in an environment to increase (e.g., maximize) the cumulative reward.
  • ML algorithms may be applied using a combination or interpolation of the above-mentioned learning approaches.
  • a semi-supervised learning approach may use a combination of a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during training.
  • semi-supervised learning falls between unsupervised learning (e.g., with no labeled training data) and supervised learning (e.g., with only labeled training data).
  • Deep learning may refer to the class of ML algorithms that employ artificial neural networks loosely inspired from biological systems (e.g., deep neural networks (DNNs)).
  • DNNs may include a class of machine learning models inspired by the human brain.
  • an input may be linearly transformed.
  • an input may be passed through non-linear activation function(s) multiple times.
  • DNNs may include multiple layers.
  • a layer e.g., each layer
  • DNNs may be trained using training data via a back-propagation algorithm.
  • DNNs may exhibit state-of-the-art performance in a variety of domains (e.g., speech, vision, natural language etc.) and in various machine learning settings (e.g., supervised, un-supervised, semi-supervised, and/or the like).
  • AI/ML-based methods/processing may include the realization of behaviors and/or conformance to requirements by learning based on data, without explicit configuration of a sequence of steps of actions. Such methods may enable machines to learn complex behaviors (e.g., which might be difficult to specify and/or implement when using other methods).
  • FR2 Radio access technology (RAT) in frequency range 2 (FR2) has been introduced (e.g., in NR).
  • RAT Radio access technology
  • FR2 may refer to the frequency range of 24.25 - 52.6 GHz.
  • a challenge of FR2 may be higher propagation loss. Since propagation loss increases as carrier frequency increases, FR2 may experience the higher propagation loss. Efficient usage of highly directional beamformed transmission and reception may be used to overcome the higher propagation loss.
  • Beamforming gain can be achieved by adding or subtracting a signal (e.g., one signal) from another signal. Since more beamforming gain can be achieved as more signals are added or subtracted, utilization of large number of antenna elements may be used (e.g., may be needed) for a highly directional beamformed transmission. Controlling signal addition or signal subtraction may be done, for example, by controlling phases of antenna elements.
  • Beamforming methods can be categorized into three types (e.g., analog beamforming, digital beamforming and hybrid beamforming). Beamforming methods may be categorized based on the phase controlling types. For example, digital beamforming may control a phase of a signal by applying digital precoder. Analog beamforming may control the phase of the signal through phase shifters. Digital beamforming may provide good flexibility (e.g., applying different phases for different frequency resource blocks). Digital beamforming may use (e.g., require) more complex implementation. Analog beamforming (e.g., in contrast to digital beamforming) may provide a simple (e.g., relatively simple) implementation. Analog beamforming may have limitations (e.g., same analog beam for entire frequency resources). Given the situation, hybrid beamforming may be a good architecture to achieve large beamforming gain with reasonable implementation complexity. Hybrid beamforming may provide flexibility (e.g., enough flexibility) with reasonable implementation complexity (e.g., by combining analog beamforming and digital beamforming).
  • phase controlling types e.g., digital beamforming may control
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example of hybrid beamforming.
  • the beam may cover (e.g., only cover) a certain area (e.g., a limited area).
  • a network entity e.g., a gNB, a base station
  • WTRU wireless transmit/receive unit
  • a network entity e.g., a gNB, a base station
  • WTRU wireless transmit/receive unit
  • SSBs synchronization signal blocks
  • the beam management may include selection and/or maintenance of the beam direction for unicast transmission (e.g., including control channel and data channel) between the network entity and the WTRU).
  • Beam management procedures may be categorized. For example, beam management may involve beam determination, beam measurement and reporting, beam switching, beam indication, beam recovery, and/or the like.
  • the network entity and/or the WTRU may find a beam direction with (e.g., to ensure) good radio link quality for the unicast control and/or data channel transmission.
  • the WTRU may (e.g., once a link is established) measure the link quality of one or more transmission (TX) and reception (RX) beam pairs.
  • the WTRU may report the measurement results to the network entity.
  • WTRU mobility, orientation, and/or channel blockage may change the radio link quality of TX and RX beam pairs.
  • the network entity and the WTRU may switch to another beam pair (e.g., with better radio link quality), for example, if the quality of a current beam pair degrades.
  • the network entity and the WTRU may monitor the quality of the current beam pair along with some other beam pairs and perform switching (e.g., if necessary).
  • a beam indication procedure may be used. Beam recovery may involve a recovery procedure (e.g., if a link between the network entity and the WTRU can no longer be maintained).
  • AI/ML artificial i ntelligence/machine learning
  • air interface e.g., NR air interface
  • CSI feedback enhancement e.g., overhead reduction, improved accuracy, prediction
  • beam management e.g., beam prediction in time, and/or spatial domain for overhead and latency reduction, beam selection accuracy improvement
  • positioning accuracy enhancements for different scenarios (e.g., including those with heavy non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions).
  • NLOS non-line-of-sight
  • Beam measurement and reporting may be features (e.g., needed features) for higher frequencies (e.g., FR2-1 or FR2-2), for example, to find an optimized beam and/or support transmission and reception of PDSCH.
  • Some beam measurement and reporting methods e.g., traditional beam measurement and reporting methods
  • AI/ML-based beam prediction may be used to improve (e.g., optimize) beam management in higher frequencies.
  • a WTRU and/or a gNB may estimate a beam (e.g., a best beam) for a first set of beams (e.g., estimation beams, Set A) based on measurement of a second set of beams (e.g., measurement beams, Set B).
  • the second set of beams may be a subset of the first set of beams and/or a set of different beams from the first set of beams (e.g., with different beam widths, for example, wide beams)).
  • An NR WTRU in FR2 may be configured to acquire quasi-colocation (QCL) information (e.g., Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread, and/or spatial Rx parameter) by measuring reference signals (RSs).
  • QCL quasi-colocation
  • the WTRU may acquire the following QCL-related information from QCL Type A, B, C and/or D.
  • QCL Type A the WTRU may determine a first type of channel parameter (e.g., Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and/or delay spread), for example, determine a value of the parameter(s) based on measurement(s) of RS(s).
  • the WTRU may determine a second type of channel parameter (e.g., Doppler shift, and/or Doppler spread).
  • the WTRU may determine a third type of channel parameter (e.g., average delay, and/or Doppler shift).
  • the WTRU may determine a fourth type of channel parameter (e.g., spatial Rx parameter).
  • the WTRU and/or the gNB determines a measurement beam (e.g., as a best beam)
  • the WTRU may acquire QCL-related information by measuring the measurement beam for QCL Type A and/or QCL Type D.
  • the WTRU and/or the gNB determines an estimation beam (e.g., as a best beam)
  • the WTRU may not have information on QCL-related parameters.
  • a WTRU may acquire QCL-related information if the WTRU and/or a gNB determines an estimation beam to use (e.g., as a best beam) for receiving channels and signals.
  • Example techniques to utilize (e.g., efficiently utilize) beam measurement and reporting are provided herein.
  • Feature(s) described herein may enable beam estimation based on partial beam measurement or beam hopping.
  • a gNB may transmit one or more beams (e.g., a subset of beams) among beams (e.g., among all beams) that the gNB supports.
  • a WTRU may measure the one or more beams. The WTRU may estimate a quality of the beams (e.g., all beams) without measuring other beams.
  • Feature(s) described herein may enable WTRU reporting based on partial beam measurement or beam hopping.
  • a WTRU may report one or more beams (e.g., best beams) which were not transmitted based on WTRU estimation.
  • Feature(s) described herein may enable time/frequency synchronization for beams that a gNB does not transmit.
  • a WTRU may estimate time/frequency synchronization based on associations between beams.
  • Feature(s) described herein may enable handling of WTRU Rx beams.
  • a gNB may indicate WTRU Rx beams (e.g., for beam reporting or PDSCH reception).
  • a WTRU may report WTRU Rx beams that the WTRU used for measuring reported beams (e.g., reported best beams).
  • Feature(s) described herein may enable AI/ML type configuration or recommendation.
  • a WTRU may recommend a signaling method for processing beam measurements.
  • a WTRU may report measured/estimated fingerprints, which may enable gNB reverse fingerprinting.
  • a WTRU may transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter.
  • the term “beam” may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter.
  • the WTRU may transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for receiving an RS (e.g., such as CSI-RS) or an SS block.
  • the WTRU transmission may be referred to as a “target,” and the received RS or SS block may be referred to as a “reference” or “source.”
  • the WTRU may transmit a target physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to such RS or SS block.
  • the WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for transmitting a second physical channel or signal.
  • the first and second transmissions may be referred to as a “target” and a “reference” (or “source”), respectively.
  • the WTRU may transmit the first (e.g., target) physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to the second (e.g., reference/source) physical channel or signal.
  • a spatial relation may be implicit, configured by RRC signaling, or signaled by a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) or downlink control information (DCI).
  • a WTRU may implicitly transmit PUSCH and DM-RS of PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as a sounding reference signal (SRS) indicated by an SRS resource indicator (SRI) (e.g., indicated in DCI or configured by RRC signaling).
  • SRS sounding reference signal
  • SRI SRS resource indicator
  • a spatial relation may be configured by RRC signaling for an SRI or signaled by a MAC CE for a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). Such spatial relation may also be referred to as a “beam indication.”
  • the WTRU may receive a first (e.g., target) downlink channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second (e.g., reference/source) downlink channel or signal.
  • a first (e.g., target) downlink channel or signal may be received according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second (e.g., reference/source) downlink channel or signal.
  • a second (e.g., reference/source) downlink channel or signal For example, such association may exist between a physical channel (e.g., such as physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and its respective DM- RS).
  • PDCCH physical downlink control channel
  • PDSCH physical downlink shared channel
  • Such association may exist if the WTRU is configured with a QCL assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports (e.g., on a condition that the first and second signals are reference signals).
  • TCI transmission configuration indicator
  • a WTRU may receive an indication of an association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS.
  • the association may be indicated to the WTRU by an index to a set of TCI states (e.g., configured by RRC signaling and/or signaled by MAC CE).
  • Such indication may also be referred to as a “beam indication.”
  • Feature(s) associated with spatial/temporal domain beam prediction are provided herein.
  • an RS resource set may be used interchangeably with an RS resource and a beam group; the term “a beam” may be used interchangeably with TCI state, TCI state group, and beam pair; the term “beam reporting” may be used interchangeably with CSI measurement, CSI reporting, and beam measurement; and the term “a beam ID” may be used interchangeably with a beam index and a beam pair ID.
  • estimation beams may be used interchangeably with Set A, beams in Set A, Set A beams, and a first type of beams.
  • An estimation beam may refer to a beam for which the quality of beam may be estimated, predicted, interpolated, extrapolated, derived, or determined without actual measurement of associated beam reference signal (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS).
  • an estimation beam may be used interchangeably with a predicted beam or a derived beam.
  • measurement beams may be used interchangeably with Set B, beams in Set B, Set B beams, a second type of beams, and transmission beams.
  • a measurement beam may refer to a beam for which the quality of the beam may be determined, estimated, and/or calculated based on an actual measurement of the associated beam reference signal.
  • a reference signal may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: sounding reference signal (SRS); channel state information - reference signal (CSI-RS); demodulation reference signal (DM-RS); phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS); and/or synchronization signal block (SSB).
  • SRS sounding reference signal
  • CSI-RS channel state information - reference signal
  • DM-RS demodulation reference signal
  • PT-RS phase tracking reference signal
  • SSB synchronization signal block
  • a channel may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH); physical uplink control channel (PUCCH); physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH); physical random access channel (PRACH); physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH); physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH); physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH); physical broadcasting channel (PBCH); and/or the like.
  • PDCCH physical downlink control channel
  • PDSCH physical uplink control channel
  • PUCCH physical uplink control channel
  • PUSCH physical uplink shared channel
  • PRACH physical sidelink control channel
  • PSCCH physical sidelink shared channel
  • PSFCH physical sidelink feedback channel
  • PBCH physical broadcasting channel
  • Configurations for channel state information (CSI)Zbeam reporting are provided herein.
  • One or more configurations may be used for beam reporting configuration.
  • a WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI report configurations.
  • the CSI report configuration(s) may include one or more of the following: a report configuration type (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent on PUCCH, semi-persistent on PUSCH or aperiodic); a report quantity (e.g., CRI-RI-PMI-CQI, CRI-RI-M , CRI-RI-M -CQI, CRI-RSRP, SSB-lndex- RSRP, CRI-RI-LI-PMI-CQI, CRI-SINR, SSB-lndex-SINR); a report frequency configuration; a CQI format indicator (e.g., wideband CQI or subband CQI); a PMI format indicator (e.g., wideband PMI or subband PM
  • Example configurations for CSI measurement are provided herein.
  • One or more configurations may be used for measurement configuration of beam reporting.
  • a WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI measurement configurations.
  • the CSI measurement configurations may include one or more of the following: RS for channel measurement; RS for interference measurement (zero power or non-zero power); a report trigger size; an aperiodic trigger state list; a semi-persistent on PUSCH trigger state list; associated CSI resource configurations; and/or associated CSI report configurations.
  • Example configurations for CSI resource(s) are provided herein.
  • One or more configurations may be used for CSI resource configuration.
  • a WTRU may be configured with one or more CSI resource configurations.
  • the CSI resource configuration(s) may include one or more of the following: a CSI resource configuration ID; one or more RS resource sets for channel measurement; one or more RS resource sets for interference measurement; a bandwidth part ID; and/or a resource type (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent or periodic).
  • Example configurations for RS resource set(s) are provided herein.
  • One or more configurations may be used for RS resource set configuration.
  • a WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource set configurations.
  • the RS resource set configuration(s) may include one or more of the following: an RS resource set ID; one or more RS resources for the RS resource set; a repetition (e.g., on or off); an aperiodic triggering offset (e.g., one of 0-6 slots); and/or tracking reference signal (TRS) information (e.g., true or false).
  • TRS tracking reference signal
  • Example configurations for RS resource(s) are provided herein.
  • One or more configurations may be used for RS resource configuration.
  • a WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource configurations.
  • the RS resource configuration(s) may include one or more of the following: an RS resource ID; resource mapping (e.g., Res in a physical resource block (PRB)); a power control offset (e.g., a value of -8, ..., 15); a power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dEJ, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 Db); a scrambling ID; a periodicity and/or offset; and/or QCL-related information (e.g., based on a TCI state).
  • resource mapping e.g., Res in a physical resource block (PRB)
  • a power control offset e.g., a value of -8, ..., 15
  • SS e.g., -3 dEJ
  • a WTRU and/or a gNB may estimate or determine one or more beams (e.g., best beams, for example, one or more beams with the highest beam quality) from a first set of beams based on measurement of a second set of beams.
  • the determination may be based on AI/ML-based beam prediction. The following example scenarios may occur.
  • spatial-domain DL beam prediction for Set A beams may be performed based on measurement results of Set B beams (e.g., measurement beams).
  • temporal DL beam prediction for Set A beams may be performed based on the historic measurement results of Set B beams (e.g., measurement beams).
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an example measurement of beams for AI/ML-based beam prediction.
  • Set B may be one or more of the following: the same set as Set A; a subset of Set A; different beams than Set A (e.g., Set A may consist of narrow beams and Set B may consist of wide beams); fixed beams across training and inference; or variable beams across training and inference.
  • Set B may be changed following a set of pre-configured patterns.
  • Set B may be randomly changed among pre-configured patterns.
  • Set B may be randomly changed among Set A beams (e.g., pairs).
  • the number of beams (e.g., pairs) in Set B may be fixed or variable.
  • Partial beam measurements may be performed.
  • a WTRU may measure selected beams (e.g., only selected beams), for example, a first set of beams.
  • the WTRU may estimate the qualities of other beams (e.g., a second set of beams).
  • the first set of beams and the second set of beams may be mutually exclusive.
  • the first set of beams may be a subset of the second set of beams.
  • a WTRU may receive or indicate (e.g., via WTRU capability) one or more configurations for partial beam measurement.
  • RS resource sets for transmission beams and/or estimation beams may be configured for partial beam measurement.
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration of two RS resource sets.
  • a first RS resource set may be for transmission beams and a second RS resource set may be for estimation beams.
  • a first RS resource set may be for transmission beams and estimation beams and a second RS resource set may be only for estimation beams.
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration of associated estimation beams and/or associated transmission beams.
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration of an RS resource set ID for estimation beams/transmission beams in a configuration of RS resource set for transmission beams/estimation beams.
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration and/or an indication that indicates a beam type (e.g., normal, transmission beam, or estimation beam) of an RS resource set for the configured RS resource sets.
  • a beam type e.g., normal, transmission beam, or estimation beam
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more adjacent RS resources to identify beam characteristics (e.g., Doppler shift, delay spread, spatial characteristics and/or the like).
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more beam IDs (e.g., an indication of first beam and a second beam) and/or a configuration (e.g., QCL information) for measuring QCL-related information (e.g., to configure RSs to measure the QCL-related information, for example, including QCL Type D).
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration of a beam ID and a configuration for measuring QCL- related information for transmission beams for a first RS resource set.
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration of a beam ID (e.g., without a configuration for measuring QCL-related information for estimation beams) for a second RS resource set.
  • Beam information (e.g., beam-related information) for transmission beams and/or estimation beams may be configured, indicated, and/or predefined (e.g., associated with partial beam measurement).
  • the beam information may include a number of transmission beams.
  • the WTRU may receive a (e.g., one) configuration for a given domain (e.g., one configuration for each of a horizontal domain and a vertical domain).
  • the WTRU may indicate a (e.g., one) configuration (e.g., via WTRU capability) for a given domain (e.g., each of horizontal/vertical domains).
  • the beam information may include, for example, a number of estimation beams.
  • the WTRU may receive one configuration for a given domain (e.g., one configuration for each of horizontal/vertical domains).
  • the WTRLI may indicate a (e.g., one) configuration (e.g., via WTRLI capability) for a given domain (e.g., each of horizontal/vertical domains).
  • the beam information may include, for example, coverage of transmission beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 120 degrees); coverage of estimation beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 60 degrees); a position, center, and/or direction of transmission beams (e.g., 0 degree); a position, center, and/or direction of estimation beams (e.g., 0 degree); a granularity of transmission beams (e.g., 3 degrees).
  • the WTRU may receive a (e.g., one) configuration for a given domain (e.g., one configuration for each of horizontal/vertical domains).
  • the WTRU may indicate a (e.g., one) configuration (e.g., via WTRU capability) for a given domain (e.g., each of horizontal/vertical domains).
  • the beam information may include, for example, a granularity of estimation beams (e.g., 12 degrees).
  • the WTRU may receive a (e.g., one) configuration for a given domain (e.g., one configuration for each of horizontal/vertical domains).
  • the WTRU may indicate a (e.g., one) configuration (e.g., via WTRU capability) for a given domain (e.g., each of horizontal/vertical domains).
  • the beam information may include, for example, WTRU panel-related information (e.g., a number of WTRU panels, and/or a position, center, and/or direction of WTRU panels); a number of gNB transmit/receive points (TRPs) and/or panels (e.g., a number of gNB TRPs and/or panels, and/or a position, center, and/or direction of gNB TRPs and/or panels); and/or Grid of Beams (GoB) information (e.g., which may include one or more of the following: a number of beams in vertical/or and horizontal dimensions; vertical and/or horizontal coverage of GoB, for example, angular coverage; the half power beam width (HPBW) of each beam in vertical and/or horizontal dimensions; associated positions of transmission beams within the GoB; and/or a beam index of each beam in GoB).
  • WTRU panel-related information e.g., a number of WTRU panels, and/or a
  • the beam information described herein for transmission beams and/or estimation beams may be associated with an AI/ML model (e.g., model-ID).
  • an AI/ML model e.g., each AI/ML model
  • An AI/ML mode e.g., each AI/ML model
  • a WTRU may deploy one or more AI/ML models with a model delivery.
  • An AI/ML model e.g., each AI/ML model
  • An AI/ML model may include (e.g., be associated with) beam information.
  • An AI/ML model (e.g., that may estimate or predict Set A beams based on measurement of Set B beams) may be transferred from a gNB to a WTRU. If a WTRU receives an AI/ML model from a network, the WTRU may receive beam information.
  • the WTRU may determine (e.g., based on the configuration and/or predefined rules) information (e.g., required information) of one or more transmission/estimation beams. For example, the WTRU may determine a number of transmission beams and/or estimation beams based on the configured beam information. For example, the WTRU may divide the indicated coverage (e.g., 120 degrees) of transmission/estimation beams into a granularity angle (e.g., 10 degrees) of transmission/estimation beams to determine a number of transmission beams and/or estimation beams (e.g., 12). The WTRU may measure and/or transmit transmission/estimation beams based on the determined number of transmission beams and/or estimation beams.
  • information e.g., required information
  • the WTRU may determine a direction, position, and/or granularity of transmission beams and/or estimation beams based on the configured beam information. For example, the WTRU may divide the indicated coverage (e.g., 120 degrees) into the number of transmission/estimation beams (e.g., 12 beams) to determine position of estimation beams (e.g., 5, 15, 25, ..., 115 degrees).
  • the indicated coverage e.g. 120 degrees
  • the number of transmission/estimation beams e.g., 12 beams
  • position of estimation beams e.g., 5, 15, 25, ..., 115 degrees.
  • a WTRU may be configured with two or more RS resource sets for partial beam measurement (e.g., one for transmission beams and/or estimation beams and one for estimation beams).
  • the two or more RS resource sets may be configured/associated based on one or more of the following: a CSI report configuration; a CSI measurement configuration; a CSI resource configuration; and/or the association may be configured by RRC signaling, or indicated by MAC CE and/or DCI (e.g., from a gNB).
  • two or more RS resource sets may be associated with a CSI report configuration (e.g., by configuring two or more RS resource set IDs).
  • One (e.g., only one) of the two or more RS resource sets may be associated with a CSI report configuration.
  • a first RS resource set e.g., RS resource set for estimation beams or both estimation beams and transmission beams
  • a second RS resource set may be associated with the first RS resource set.
  • two or more RS resource sets may be associated with a CSI measurement configuration (e.g., by configuring two or more RS resource set IDs).
  • One (e.g., only one) of the two or more RS resource sets may be associated with a CSI measurement configuration.
  • a first RS resource set e.g., RS resource set for estimation beams or both estimation beams and transmission beams
  • a second RS resource set may be associated with the first RS resource set.
  • two or more RS resource sets may be associated with a CSI resource configuration (e.g., by configuring two or more RS resource set IDs).
  • One (e.g., only one) of the two or more RS resource sets may be associated with a CSI resource configuration.
  • a first RS resource set e.g., RS resource set for estimation beams or both estimation beams and transmission beams
  • a second RS resource set may be associated with the first RS resource set.
  • Beam hopping may be measured of transmitted.
  • a WTRU may measure different groups of beams in different transmission instances (e.g., to measure whole beams in the configuration). For example, the WTRU may measure a first group of beams in a first transmission instance and a second group of beams in a second transmission instance.
  • the WTRU may estimate qualities of the configured beams (e.g., all the configured beams) (e.g., possibly not transmitted) including the first group of beams and the second group of beams.
  • a WTRU may transmit a group (e.g., a different group) of beams in a transmission instance (e.g., to measure whole beams in the configuration). For example, the WTRU may transmit a first group of beams in a first transmission instance and a second group of beams in a second transmission instance.
  • a group e.g., a different group
  • the WTRU may transmit a first group of beams in a first transmission instance and a second group of beams in a second transmission instance.
  • the WTRU may indicate and/or receive one or more configuration(s) to measure and/or transmit beams based on beam hopping.
  • the one or more configuration(s) may include an RS resource set for all groups of beams.
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more groups (e.g., all groups) of beams in an RS resource set.
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration and/or an indication of beam groups.
  • the WTRU may receive one or more bitmaps wherein the bitmaps (e.g., each of the one or more bitmaps) indicates beams for a beam group (e.g., each beam group).
  • T may indicate a beam that is included in the beam group associated with the bitmap.
  • ‘0’ may indicate a beam which is not included in the beam group.
  • the one or more configuration(s) may include, for example, RS resource sets for transmission beams and/or estimation beams.
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration of two or more RS resource sets. For example, a first RS resource set may be for a first beam group and a second RS resource set may be for a second beam group, and so on.
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration of associated beam groups. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of the RS resource set ID of a beam group for next/previous transmissions.
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration and/or an indication that indicates a transmission order of an RS resource set.
  • the one or more configuration(s) may include, for example, beam information for transmission beams and/or estimation beams.
  • the beam information may include a number of all beams for whole beam groups (e.g., the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of horizontal/vertical domains); a number of beams for each transmission instance (e.g., the WTRU may receive one configuration for each of horizontal/vertical domains); coverage of beams (e.g., all beams) (e.g., angular coverage such as 120 degrees); coverage of beams for a transmission instance (e.g., each transmission instance) (e.g., angular coverage such as 60 degrees); a position and/or center of beams (e.g., all beams) (e.g., 0 degree); a position and/or center of beams for a transmission instance (e.g., each transmission instance) (e.g., 0 degree); and/or a granularity of beams (e.g., 3
  • the one or more configuration(s) may include, for example, a beam hopping configuration.
  • the WTRU may receive a beam hopping configuration for beam hopping (e.g., per WTRU or per RS resource set).
  • the beam hopping configuration may include one or more of the following: a hopping periodicity; a hopping time offset; a hopping bandwidth; and/or a hopping type (e.g., beam hopping or beam group hopping).
  • a WTRU may report its beam information for UL RS transmission.
  • the beam information may include one or more of the following: a number of WTRU beams (e.g., the WTRU may report one configuration for each of horizontal/vertical domains); a number of WTRU panels (e.g., the WTRU may report one configuration for each of horizontal/vertical domains); a coverage/beam width (e.g., of all beams or each beam) (e.g., angular coverage such as 120 degrees); a position and/or center of a beam (e.g., all beams or each beam) (e.g., 0 degree); and/or a granularity of a beam (e.g., all beams or each beam) (e.g., 3 degrees) (e.g., the WTRU may report one configuration for each of horizontal/vertical domains).
  • a WTRU may be configured with two or more RS resource sets for partial beam transmission (e.g., one for transmission beams and one for estimation beams).
  • the two or more RS resource sets may be configured and/or associated with one or more configurations.
  • two or more RS resource sets may be associated with the one or more configuration(s) (e.g., by configuring two or more RS resource set IDs).
  • One (e.g., only one) of the two or more RS resource sets may be associated with a bandwidth part.
  • a first RS resource set e.g., RS resource set for estimation beams
  • a second RS resource set e.g., RS resource set for transmission beams
  • An RS resource set (e.g., each RS resource set) may include a configuration of usage.
  • a first RS resource set may have a first usage (e.g., estimation beams).
  • a second RS resource set may have a second usage (e.g., transmission beams).
  • the one or more configurations may include one or more of the following: a bandwidth part; a PUSCH configuration; an RS resource indicator (e.g., SRS resource indicator); and/or an RS request field (e.g., SRS request field).
  • a bandwidth part e.g., a PUSCH configuration
  • an RS resource indicator e.g., SRS resource indicator
  • an RS request field e.g., SRS request field.
  • An example association between a beam ID and beam information is provided herein.
  • a WTRU may determine an association between one or more beam IDs and beam information. The association may be based on the beam information configured by a gNB and/or reported by the WTRU.
  • the association may be based an explicit indication.
  • a WTRU may receive an explicit indication (e.g., based on a configuration of beam information) of a beam ID.
  • a WTRU may be configured with one or more beam IDs.
  • a beam ID (e.g., each beam ID) may include beam information (e.g., beam direction, beam width, panel/TRP ID, and/or the like).
  • the association may be based on an order of beam direction.
  • a beam ID may be associated with a beam based on a direction of the beam.
  • a first beam ID may be associated with a beam that has a beam direction with a lowest (or highest) angle (e.g., 5 degrees).
  • a second beam ID may be associated with a beam that has a beam direction with a second lowest (or highest) angle, and so on.
  • the association may be based on an order of a panel/TRP (e.g., control resource set (CORESET) group ID).
  • a beam ID may be associated with an order of a panel/TRP (e.g., that comprises a beam).
  • a first beam ID may be associated with a beam that has a first panel/TRP.
  • a second beam ID may be associated with a beam that has a second panel/TRP, and so on.
  • a WTRU may determine a beam pair ID and associated beam IDs with the beam pair ID based on an explicit indication.
  • the WTRU may receive an indication of one or more beam IDs associated with the beam pair ID.
  • the WTRU may receive a beam ID for common operation.
  • the WTRU may apply the beam ID for (e.g., both) a downlink beam (e.g., DL TCI state and/or QCL Type-D) and an uplink beam (e.g., UL TCI state and/or spatial relation information) for the beam pair ID.
  • the WTRU may apply the beam ID for (e.g., both) TX and Rx for the beam pair ID.
  • the WTRU may receive two or more beam IDs.
  • the beam IDs may be a beam ID for a link (e.g., each link) (e.g., one of downlink (DL), uplink (UL) and sidelink (SL)) and/or TX/Rx (e.g., a beam ID for TX beam and another beam ID for RX beam ID).
  • a link e.g., each link
  • TX/Rx e.g., a beam ID for TX beam and another beam ID for RX beam ID
  • a WTRU may determine a beam pair ID and associated beam IDs with the beam pair ID based on an implicit determination. For example, the WTRU may determine the beam pair ID based on implicit determination methods. The WTRU may determine the beam pair ID based on one or more beam IDs. The WTRU may determine the beam pair ID based on a TX beam ID and/or an RX beam ID. For example, the WTRU may determine the beam pair ID by using the TX beam ID * (e.g., multiplies by) # of RX beams + RX beam ID. For example, the WTRU may determine the beam pair ID by using the RX beam ID * (e.g., multiplies by) # of TX beams +TX beam ID.
  • TX beam ID * e.g., multiplies by
  • a WTRU may support WTRU reporting for partial beam measurement and/or beam hopping.
  • the WTRU reporting may be based on, for example, beam indices and/or qualities of estimated beams (possibly including transmission beams).
  • the WTRU may report one or more beam indices and/or qualities of estimated beams associated with the beam indices.
  • the beam indices may be beam indices of selected best (or worst) beams based on WTRU estimation.
  • the WTRU may report one or more beam pair indices and/or qualities of estimated beam pairs associated with the beam pair indices .
  • the beam pair indices may be beam pair indices of selected best (or worst) beams based on WTRU estimation.
  • the WTRU reporting may be based on, for example, a recommendation and/or feedback for transmission/reception beams and/or beam pairs.
  • the WTRU may report information associated with one or more transmission/reception beams and/or estimation beams.
  • the WTRU may report one or more beam indices for transmission/reception beams.
  • the WTRU may report a ratio (or portion) of estimation beams to transmission/reception beams.
  • the ratio/portion may be based on a predefined relationship. For example, 0 may indicate 25%, 1 may indicate 50%, 2 may indicate 75%, and 3 may indicate 100%.
  • the WTRU determination may be based on configured/indicated threshold(s) (e.g., from a gNB).
  • the WTRU may report a preferred distance between transmission/reception beams (e.g., number of beams and angles).
  • the preferred distance may be based on a predefined relationship. For example, 0 may indicate 0 beam (e.g., full measurement), 1 may indicate 2 beams, 2 may indicate 4 beams, and 3 may indicate 8 beams. In another example, 0 may indicate 3 degrees (e.g., full measurement), 1 may indicate 6 degrees, 2 may indicate 9 degrees, and 3 may indicate 12 degrees.
  • the WTRU may report one or more recommended beam pairs for WTRU reporting.
  • the WTRU may be configured with a first CSI report configuration (e.g., with longer periodicity) for indicating one or more recommended beam pairs for CSI reporting.
  • the WTRU may be configured with a second CSI report configuration (e.g., with shorter periodicity) for reporting preferred beam pairs.
  • the first CSI report configuration and the second CSI report configuration may be associated based on an gNB indication (e.g., via one or more of RRC signaling, MAC CE indication, and/or DCI).
  • the WTRU may recommend a first Tx beam index/a first Rx beam index for a first beam pair, a second Tx beam index/a second Rx beam index for a second beam pair, and a third Tx beam index/a third Rx beam index for a third beam pair (e.g., based on the first CSI report configuration), and so on.
  • the WTRU may receive a confirmation for the recommendation (e.g., by receiving one or more of PDCCH, DCI, and/or MAC CE indication).
  • the WTRU may indicate one or more preferred beam pairs (e.g., a second beam pair) for transmitting/receiving one or more channels and/or signals (e.g., based on the second CSI report configuration).
  • the WTRU may report one or more recommended beam pairs for beam pair indication for transmitting/receiving one or more channels and/or signals.
  • the WTRU may be configured with a CSI report configuration for indicating one or more recommended beam pairs.
  • the WTRU may recommend a first Tx beam index/a first Rx beam index for a first beam pair, a second Tx beam index/a second Rx beam index for a second beam pair, and a third Tx beam index/a third Rx beam index for a third beam pair (e.g., based on the first CSI report config).
  • the WTRU may receive a confirmation for the recommendation (e.g., by receiving one or more of PDCCH, DCI, and/or MAC CE indication).
  • the WTRU may receive one or more beam pair indications (e.g., a beam pair ID) for transmitting/receiving one or more channels and/or signals.
  • beam pair indications e.g., a beam pair ID
  • the WTRU may be configured with a CSI report configuration for indicating one or more recommended beam pair IDs.
  • the WTRU may indicate one or more preferred beam pairs (e.g., a first beam pair, a second beam pair and a third beam pair) for transmitting/receiving one or more channels and/or signals (e.g., based on the CSI report configuration).
  • the WTRU may receive a confirmation for the recommendation (e.g., by receiving one or more of a PDCCH, DCI, and/or MAC CE indication).
  • the WTRU may receive one or more beam pair IDs (e.g., the second beam pair) for transmitting/receiving one or more channels and/or signals (e.g., based on the second CSI report configuration).
  • the WTRU may determine one or more beams (or TCI states) for transmitting/receiving one or more channels and/or signals based on the reported beam pairs by the WTRU. For example, the WTRU may recommend a first beam pair associated with a first Tx beam index/a first Rx beam index, a second beam pair associated with a second Tx beam index/a second Rx beam index, and a third beam pair associated with a third Tx beam index/a third Rx beam index. The WTRU may receive a confirmation for the recommendation (e.g., by receiving one or more of a PDCCH, DCI, and/or MAC CE indication).
  • a confirmation for the recommendation e.g., by receiving one or more of a PDCCH, DCI, and/or MAC CE indication.
  • the WTRU may determine one or more beams (e.g., the first Tx beam, the second Tx beam, and the third Tx beam and/or the first Rx beam, the second Rx beam, and the third Rx beam) for beam indication.
  • the WTRU may receive one or more beams of the one or more determined beams (e.g., the second Tx beam and/or the second Rx beam) for transmitting/receiving one or more signals and/or channels (e.g., via one or more of RRC signaling, a MAC CE indication, and/or DCI).
  • the WTRU may indicate whether the WTRU estimation is completed (e.g., completed or not). For example, “1” may indicate the estimation is completed (e.g., works well) and “0” may indicate the estimation is not completed (e.g., does not work).
  • the WTRU determination may be based on a configured/indicated threshold (e.g., from a gNB).
  • the WTRU may apply the reported beam indices and/or the reported ratio/portion after transmitting the WTRU report and processing time (e.g., N symbols or milliseconds from the WTRU report).
  • the WTRU may receive a confirmation of the WTRU recommendation (e.g., via a CORESET associated with the CSI report configuration). For example, the WTRU may apply the reported beam indices and/or the reported ratio/portion after receiving the confirmation and processing time (e.g., N symbols or milliseconds from the confirmation). If the WTRU reports the estimation does not work (e.g., well), the WTRU may receive full beam measurement.
  • a confirmation of the WTRU recommendation e.g., via a CORESET associated with the CSI report configuration.
  • the WTRU may apply the reported beam indices and/or the reported ratio/portion after receiving the confirmation and processing time (e.g., N symbols or milliseconds from the confirmation). If the WTRU reports the estimation does not work (e.g., well), the WTRU may receive full beam measurement.
  • a WTRU may report on one or more applied beams.
  • the WTRU may report the quality of one or more applied beams.
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration/indication (e.g., from a gNB) that indicates whether the report is needed or not.
  • the WTRU may apply an estimation beam for receiving one or more channels (e.g., PDSCHs).
  • the WTRU may report a quality (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-noise interference ratio (SINR), or PDCCH hypothetical block error rate (BLER)) of the applied estimation beam.
  • the WTRU may measure and report the quality by measuring demodulation reference signals (DMRS) of the one or more channels.
  • DMRS demodulation reference signals
  • the WTRU may report an accuracy of the applied estimation beam.
  • the format of the indication may vary.
  • the WTRU may report an accuracy of a quality of the applied beam and the estimation beam.
  • the accuracy may be based on a predefined relationship. For example, 0 may indicate 25%, 1 may indicate 50%, 2 may indicate 75% and 3 may indicate 100%.
  • the WTRU determination may be based on configured/indicated threshold(s) (e.g., from a gNB).
  • the WTRU may report a difference of a quality of the applied beam and the estimation beam.
  • the accuracy may be based on a predefined relationship. For example, 0 may indicate 0 dB, 1 may indicate 3 dB, 2 may indicate 6 dB and 3 may indicate 12 dB.
  • the WTRU determination may be based on configured/indicated threshold(s) (e.g., from a gNB).
  • the WTRU may indicate whether the estimation is sufficient (e.g., works or not). For example, 1 may indicate the estimation is sufficient (e.g., works well) and 0 may indicate the estimation is not sufficient (e.g., does not work).
  • the WTRU determination may be based on a configured/indicated threshold (e.g., from a gNB).
  • the beam indices may be reported by using a beam ID, CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), and/or Synchronization Signal Block Resource Indicator (SSBRI).
  • the beam indices may be determined based on configured/indicated beam information.
  • the WTRU may determine the beam index based on number of estimation beams.
  • the WTRLI may identify a beam index of estimation/transmission beams based on an angular position of each beam.
  • the beam indices may be determined based on a configured/indicated beam type.
  • the WTRU may determine the beam index based on a type of beam. For example, the WTRU may determine a lower beam index or a lower beam group index for transmission beams. The WTRU may determine a higher beam index or a higher beam group index for estimation beams.
  • the beam indices may be determined based on a configuration of associated CSI report configuration, a CSI measurement configuration, and/or a CSI resource configuration. For example, if the WTRU is configured with one or more of CSI report configuration, CSI measurement configurations, and/or CSI resource configurations (e.g., for an RS resource set), the WTRU may determine a lower beam index or a lower beam group index (e.g., for the RS resource set).
  • the WTRU may determine a higher beam index or a higher beam group of beam index (e.g., for the RS resource set).
  • a WTRU may report different types of beam indices based on beam types. For example, if a WTRU reports beam indices based on transmission beams, the WTRU may report an RS index (e.g., CRI, SSBRI, and/or SRI). If the WTRU reports beam indices based on estimation beams, the WTRU may report beam IDs. The WTRU may indicate whether the WTRU reports RS indices or beam IDs. For example, the WTRU may report a bit (e.g., one bit) to indicate whether the WTRU reports RS indices or beam IDs (e.g., “0” for RS indices and “1” for beam IDs).
  • RS index e.g., CRI, SSBRI, and/or SRI
  • the WTRU may report beam IDs.
  • the WTRU may indicate whether the WTRU reports RS indices or beam IDs. For example, the WTRU may report a bit
  • a WTRU may report whether the WTRU supports partial beam measurement, beam hopping, and/or corresponding WTRU reporting.
  • a capability indication may be a signal (e.g., one signal) that indicates WTRU support for partial measurement/beam hopping and corresponding WTRU reporting.
  • the capability indication may be a signal (e.g., independent signaling) that indicates support of partial measurement/beam hopping and WTRU reporting (e.g., separately).
  • a WTRU may be configured with one or more UL resources for WTRU reporting.
  • the one or more UL resources may be one or more of the following: PUCCH; PUSCH; PRACH; SRS; MAC CE indication; and/or RRC signaling.
  • a WTRU may perform a measurement of one or more beam reference signals (e.g., CSI-RS,
  • the WTRU may estimate, predict, and/or determine one or more beam indices.
  • the one or more beam indices may be associated with one or more time resources (e.g., later than the time resource where the beam reference signals were measured).
  • a WTRU may perform a measurement of one or more beam reference signals at a time slot #n.
  • the WTRU may estimate, predict, and/or determine preferred beam indices at time slots #n+k (hereinafter referred to as a future time slot), where k may be a positive integer number.
  • the WTRU may perform the beam estimation, prediction, and/or determination for one or more future time slots by using an AI/ML model (e.g., that may be trained online and/or offline).
  • an AI/ML model e.g., that may be trained online and/or offline.
  • the beam indices may be reported with associated time slots.
  • a WTRU may measure beam reference signals at a time slot (e.g., #n).
  • the WTRU may report preferred beam indices for one or more time slots later than the time slot where the beam reference signals were measured (e.g., #n-H , #n-H ⁇ 2, #n-H 3). If three preferred beam indices (e.g., CRI) are reported, the beam indices (e.g., each beam index) may be reported with its associated time slot information (e.g., as ⁇ CRH , k1 ⁇ , ⁇ CRI2,k2 ⁇ , and ⁇ CRI3, k3 ⁇ ).
  • the number of time slots for which beam indices are predicted, estimated, and/or determined based on a measurement of beam reference signals at a time slot may be determined based on one or more of the following: channel condition(s) (e.g., Doppler frequency, channel coherence time); reporting periodicity (e.g., beam reporting cycle or duration for periodic or semi-persistent beam reporting); beam reference signal periodicity (e.g., beam reference signal time frequency); AI/ML prediction accuracy (e.g., if AI/ML prediction accuracy is above a threshold, a first number of time slots may be predicted and reported; otherwise, a second number of time slots may be predicted); and/or the number of time slots may be interchangeably used with time window and time duration.
  • channel condition(s) e.g., Doppler frequency, channel coherence time
  • reporting periodicity e.g., beam reporting cycle or duration for periodic or semi-persistent beam reporting
  • beam reference signal periodicity e.g., beam reference signal time frequency
  • the one or more future time slots may be configured or indicated by a gNB and the WTRU may report its associated beam indices.
  • the slot #n may be the last slots of the one or more time slots.
  • the beam reference signals measured in a time slots may be a subset of full beams.
  • the full beams may refer to the total number of beams to be measured, estimated, and/or predicted. At least one of the full beams may be reported as a preferred or determined beam by a WTRU.
  • a time slot may be used interchangeably with time stamp, time window, time symbol, time resource, radio frame, subframe, time location, time occasion, and reporting occasion.
  • prediction may be used interchangeably with estimation, determination, extrapolation, and/or anticipation.
  • Feature(s) associated with support of additional measurement(s) are provided herein.
  • Example mode(s) of operation for additional measurement(s) are provided herein.
  • One or more modes of operation may be used for additional measurement. For example, a mode of operation may be determined based on configurations associated with beam information for beams to be transmitted (e.g., transmission beams) and/or beams to be estimated/reported (e.g., estimation beams).
  • the WTRU may determine a first mode of operation (e.g., full beam measurement without beam hopping). If the WTRU is configured with beam information for transmission beams and/or estimation beams, the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., partial beam measurement and/or beam hopping).
  • a first mode of operation e.g., full beam measurement without beam hopping.
  • the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., partial beam measurement and/or beam hopping).
  • the beam information may include one or more of the following: a first beam (e.g., a number of estimation beams, for example, a configuration for each of horizontal/vertical domains); a first beam type of the first beam (e.g., estimation); first QCL information associated with the first beam; a second beam (e.g., a number of transmission beams, for example, a configuration for each of horizontal/vertical domains); a second beam type of the second beam (e.g., transmission); second QCL information associated with the second beam; coverage of transmission beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 120 degrees); coverage of estimation beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 60 degrees); position and/or center of transmission beams (e.g., 0 degree); position and/or center of estimation beams (e.g., 0 degree); granularity of transmission beams (e.g., 3 degrees) (e.g., the WTRU may receive a configuration for each of horizontal/vertical domains;
  • the first mode of operation may be used for gN B-side beam prediction.
  • the second mode of operation may be used for WTRU-side beam prediction.
  • a WTRU may report measurement results (e.g., set of L1 -RSRP) of transmission beams in a first mode of operation.
  • a WTRU may report a beam ID (e.g., reference signal ID, or beam ID) in a second mode of operation.
  • a beam ID e.g., reference signal ID, or beam ID
  • a mode of operation may be determined based on WTRU capability (e.g., associated with additional measurement). For example, if a WTRU does not report beam information, the WTRU may determine a first mode of operation (e.g., not supporting additional measurement). If the WTRU reports its beam information for transmission beams and/or estimation beams, the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • WTRU capability e.g., associated with additional measurement. For example, if a WTRU does not report beam information, the WTRU may determine a first mode of operation (e.g., not supporting additional measurement). If the WTRU reports its beam information for transmission beams and/or estimation beams, the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • the beam information may include one or more of the following: a number of transmission beams (e.g., the WTRU may report the information for each of horizontal/vertical domains); a number of estimation beams (e.g., the WTRU may report the information for each of horizontal/vertical domains); coverage of transmission beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 120 degrees); coverage of estimation beams (e.g., angular coverage such as 60 degrees); position and/or center of transmission beams (e.g., 0 degree); position and/or center of estimation beams (e.g., 0 degree); granularity of transmission beams (e.g., 3 degrees) (e.g., the WTRU may report the information for each of horizontal/vertical domains); granularity of estimation beams (e.g., 12 degrees) (e.g., the WTRU may report the information for each of horizontal/vertical domains); and/or grid of beams (GoB) information.
  • a mode of operation may be determined based on one or more beam I D(s). For example, if a WTRU is not configured to use beam IDs, the WTRU may determine a first mode of operation (e.g., not supporting additional measurement). If the WTRU is configured to use beam IDs, the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • a first mode of operation e.g., not supporting additional measurement
  • the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • a mode of operation may be determined based on one or more configuration(s) of one or more beam I D (s) for RS resources/resource sets. For example, if a WTRU is configured without beam IDs, the WTRU may determine a first mode of operation (e.g., not supporting additional measurement). If the WTRU is configured with beam IDs, the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • a first mode of operation e.g., not supporting additional measurement
  • the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • a mode of operation may be determined based on one or more configuration(s) of RS resources/resource sets for transmission beams and/or estimation beams. For example, if a WTRU is configured without configurations for RS resources/resource sets for transmission beams and/or estimation beams, the WTRU may determine a first mode of operation (e.g., not supporting additional measurement). If the WTRU is configured with configurations for RS resources/resource sets for transmission beams and/or estimation beams, the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • a first mode of operation e.g., not supporting additional measurement
  • the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • a mode of operation may be determined based on configuration(s) for beam hopping. For example, if a WTRU is configured without configurations for beam hopping, the WTRU may determine a first mode of operation (e.g., not supporting additional measurement). If the WTRU is configured with beam hopping configuration for transmission beams and/or estimation beams, the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • the beam hopping configuration may include one or more of the following: a hopping periodicity; a hopping time offset; a hopping bandwidth; and/or a hopping type (e.g., beam hopping or beam group hopping).
  • a mode of operation may be determined based on number of transmission beams and/or number of estimation beams. For example, if a WTRU is configured with a number of transmission beams equal to a configured number of estimation beams, the WTRU may determine a first mode of operation (e.g., not supporting additional measurement). If the WTRU is configured with a number of transmission beams that is not equal to the configured number of estimation beams (e.g., the number of transmission beams is greater than the number of estimation beams), the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • a first mode of operation e.g., not supporting additional measurement
  • the WTRU may determine a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • a mode of operation may be determined based on a WTRU capability and/or gNB configuration based on the WTRU capability reporting.
  • a WTRU may request a preferred mode of operation for additional measurement. For example, if a WTRU is capable of supporting additional measurement and/or corresponding reporting at the WTRU, the WTRU may indicate to gNB that the preferred mode of operation is a second mode of operation (e.g., supporting additional measurement).
  • One or more thresholds may be based on one or more of: a predefined value, a preconfigured/indicated value by gNB (e.g., based on one or more of RRC signaling, MAC CE indication, and/or DCI), a determined value by a WTRU, and/or the like.
  • Example techniques for triggering additional measurement are provided herein.
  • Example techniques for triggering additional measurement(s) for QCL-related information or configuration information (e.g., QCL Info) for measuring QCL-related information are provided herein. Technique(s) described may be used with other procedures (e.g., including unlicensed operation procedures).
  • the WTRU may determine whether to perform additional measurement(s) based on a beam type of an indicated beam. For example, if the indicated beam from the WTRU and/or the gNB is a transmitted beam, then additional measurement(s) may not be triggered.
  • the indicated beam may be applied after a processing time (e.g., timeDurationForQCL or beam application time) has lapsed.
  • the WTRU may receive a transmission using the indicated beam (e.g., without having performed additional measurement(s)).lf the indicated beam is an estimation beam, then one or more additional measurement(s) may be triggered.
  • Example type(s) of additional measurement procedure(s) are provided herein.
  • the type of measurement procedure (e.g., which channel parameter(s) to measure) may be based on the QCL information associated with (e.g., configured for) the indicated beam. For example, if only QCL Type-A is configured (wide beam TRS), then the WTRU may determine a first type of additional measurement procedure (e.g., to measure the value of first channel parameter(s)) with a first number of duration/RS transmission(s).
  • the WTRU may determine a second type of additional measurement procedure (e.g., to measure the value of second channel parameter(s)) with a second number of duration/RS transmission(s).
  • a second type of additional measurement procedure e.g., to measure the value of second channel parameter(s)
  • a WTRU may trigger, perform, and/or determine to perform an additional measurement to measure additional information (e.g., when the WTRU is indicated with a beam ID, which may be for an estimation beam). Based on the triggered additional measurement, the WTRU may measure one or more of the following: QCL-related information (e.g., the WTRU may measure one or more of QCL parameters, for example, one or more of Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread and spatial Rx parameter); channel quality (e.g., the WTRU may measure one or more of RSRP (e.g., L1-RSRP), SI NR (e.g., L1-SINR), RSRQ, channel quality indicator (CQI), reference signal strength indicator (RSSI) and/or the like); or listen-before talk (LBT) related information (e.g., the WTRU may assess whether wireless channel is occupied or not, for example, based on RSSI).
  • QCL-related information e.g., the
  • the WTRU may trigger, perform, and/or determine to perform an additional measurement if one or more conditions are met.
  • the conditions may include, for example, a type of RS ID and/or beam ID for WTRU reporting.
  • the WTRU may report one or more RS IDs (e.g., one or more of CRIs and/or SSBRIs) and/or beam IDs with corresponding qualities (e.g., one or more of RSRP, SINR and CQI).
  • the WTRU may receive an indication that indicates a beam.
  • the WTRU may perform a measurement on a reference signal resource based on the beam type associated with the indicated beam.
  • the WTRU may determine whether to support an additional measurement procedure based on a beam type (e.g., type of the one or more RS IDs and/or beam IDs). For example, if the beam type is a first beam type (e.g., measurement beam type), the WTRU may not trigger the additional measurement procedure. If the beam type is a second beam type (e.g., estimation beam type), the WTRU may trigger the additional measurement procedure.
  • a beam type e.g., type of the one or more RS IDs and/or beam IDs
  • the first type of the one or more RS IDs and/or beam IDs may be measurement beams, Set B, physical beam IDs/beam pair IDs/RS IDs/SSB IDs, TCI states (e.g., with measurement beams/Set B as QCL Types).
  • the second type of the one or more RS IDs and/or beam IDs may be estimation beams, Set A (and not Set B), logical beam IDs/beam pair IDs/RS IDs/SSB IDs, TCI states (e.g., with estimation beams/Set A (not Set B) as QCL Types).
  • the conditions may include, for example, a type of RS ID and/or beam ID for recei vi ng/transmitting one or more channels and/or RSs.
  • the WTRU may receive a beam indication with one or more RS IDs (e.g., one or more of CRIs and/or SSBRIs) and/or beam IDs (e.g., TCI state IDs) for receiving/transmitting one or more channels and/or RSs.
  • the WTRU may determine whether to support an additional measurement procedure based on a type of the one or more RS IDs and/or beam IDs. For example, if the type is a first type, the WTRU may not trigger the additional measurement procedure.
  • the WTRU may trigger the additional measurement procedure.
  • the first type of the one or more RS IDs and/or beam IDs may be measurement beams, Set B, physical beam IDs/beam pair IDs/RS IDs/SSB IDs, TCI states (e.g., with measurement beams/Set B as QCL Types).
  • the second type of the one or more RS IDs and/or beam IDs may be estimation beams, Set A (and not Set B), logical beam IDs/beam pair IDs/RS IDs/SSB IDs, TCI states (e.g., with estimation beams/Set A (not Set B) as QCL Types).
  • the conditions may include, for example, a measured RS quality.
  • the WTRLI may report one or more RS IDs (e.g., one or more of CRIs and/or SSBRIs) and/or beam IDs with corresponding qualities (e.g., one or more of RSRP, SINR and CQI).
  • the WTRU may determine whether to support an additional measurement procedure based on the reported qualities. For example, if the reported qualities are lower than (or equal to) a threshold, the WTRU may not trigger the additional measurement procedure. If the reported qualities are higher than the threshold, the WTRU may trigger the additional measurement procedure. In an example, if the reported qualities are higher than a threshold, the WTRU may not trigger the additional measurement procedure. If the reported qualities are lower than (or equal to) the threshold, the WTRU may trigger the additional measurement procedure.
  • the WTRU may support one or more type(s) of additional measurement procedures (e.g., in which different channel parameters are measured).
  • the WTRU may indicate its capability to support multiple types of additional measurement procedures.
  • the capability indication may be for a type (e.g., each type) of additional measurement procedures.
  • the WTRU may indicate whether the WTRU supports a particular measurement procedure or not.
  • the WTRU may indicate whether the WTRU supports multiple types of additional measurement procedures or not (e.g., 0 (or no indication) indicates no support and 1 indicates support).
  • the WTRU may determine to trigger one or more types of additional measurement procedure(s) from multiple types of additional measurement procedure(s). For example, the WTRU may determine one or more types of additional measurement procedure(s) (e.g., one or more channel parameters to measure) based on one or more conditions. For example, the measurement procedure (e.g., which channel parameter to measure) may be based on QCL information associated with an indicated beam (e.g., the one or more conditions may include configured QCL Types of RSs and/or beams for WTRU reporting).
  • the measurement procedure e.g., which channel parameter to measure
  • QCL information associated with an indicated beam e.g., the one or more conditions may include configured QCL Types of RSs and/or beams for WTRU reporting.
  • the WTRU may report one or more RS IDs (e.g., one or more of CRIs and/or SSBRIs) and/or beam IDs with corresponding qualities (e.g., one or more of RSRP, SINR and CQI).
  • the WTRU may determine a type of additional measurement procedure based on QCL information (e.g., configured QCL types) of the one or more reported RSs and/or reported beams. For example, if the one or more RSs/beams are configured with a first set of QCL Types (e.g., only QCL Type A), the WTRU may trigger a first type of additional measurement procedure. If the one or more RSs/beams are configured with a second set of QCL Types (e.g., no QCL Type configuration), the WTRU may trigger a second type of additional measurement procedure.
  • QCL information e.g., configured QCL types
  • the one or more conditions may include a type of RS ID and/or beam ID for recei vi ng/transmitting one or more channels and/or RSs.
  • the WTRU may receive a beam indication with one or more RS IDs (e.g., one or more of CRIs and/or SSBRIs) and/or beam IDs.
  • the WTRU may determine a type of additional measurement procedure (e.g., one or more channel parameters to measure) based on QCL information (e.g., configured QCL types) of the one or more indicated RSs and/or indicated beams.
  • the WTRU may trigger a first type of additional measurement procedure. If the one or more RSs/beams are configured with a second set of QCL Types (e.g., no QCL Type configuration), the WTRU may trigger a second type of additional measurement procedure.
  • a first set of QCL Types e.g., only QCL Type A
  • the WTRU may trigger a second type of additional measurement procedure.
  • the one or more conditions may include a measured RS quality.
  • the WTRU may determine whether to support (or trigger) a type of additional measurement procedure based on measured/reported qualities of one or more RSs/beams. For example, if the measured/reported qualities are lower than (or equal to) a threshold, the WTRU may trigger a first type of additional measurement procedure. If the measured/reported qualities are higher than the threshold, the WTRU may trigger a second type of additional measurement procedure.
  • the WTRU may trigger a first type of additional measurement procedure. If the measured/reported qualities are lower than (or equal to) the threshold, the WTRU may trigger a second type of additional measurement procedure.
  • the WTRU may determine one or more parameters for an additional measurement procedure based on a determined type of the additional measurement procedure.
  • the parameter(s) may include, for example, whether (and/or how) to report measured qualities based on the additional measurement procedure. For example, if the WTRU determines a first type of additional measurement procedure, the WTRU may report measured qualities based on the additional measurement procedure. The report may be X (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) after the last measurement/RS reception/transmission. If the WTRU determines a second type of additional measurement procedure, the WTRU may not report the measured qualities.
  • the WTRU may report a first type of measured qualities (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR and etc.) based on the additional measurement procedure.
  • the report may be X (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) after the last measurement/RS reception/transmission.
  • the WTRU may report a second type of measured qualities (e.g., CQI and etc.) based on the additional measurement procedure.
  • the report may be Y (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) after the last measurement/RS reception/transmission.
  • the parameter(s) may include a time offset between a WTRU i ndication/reporti ng and a first RS transmission/reception of an additional measurement.
  • the WTRU may report one or more best beams to a gNB. Based on the WTRU report, the WTRU may determine a type of additional measurement procedure. The WTRU may determine the time offset based on the measurement type. For example, if the WTRU determines a first type of additional measurement procedure, the WTRU may transmit/measure a first RS transmission after X (e. g. , symbols, slots, or milliseconds) from the WTRU indication. If the WTRU determines a second type of additional measurement procedure, the WTRU may transmit/measure the first RS transmission after Y (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) from the WTRU indication.
  • X e. g. , symbols, slots, or milliseconds
  • the parameter(s) may include a time offset between gNB beam indication/confirmation and a first RS transmission/reception of additional measurement.
  • the WTRU may receive one or more beam indications from a gNB. For example, the WTRU may receive a first indication that indicates the first beam. Based on the one or more beam indications, the WTRU may determine a type of additional measurement procedure.
  • the WTRU may receive one or more confirmation(s) from a gNB (e.g., via receiving an indication from one or more of RRC signaling, MAC CE indication, DCI, and/or PDCCH) (e.g., in CORESET/search space, for example, associated with the additional measurement procedure).
  • the WTRU may determine a type of additional measurement procedure. For example, if the WTRU determines a first type of additional measurement procedure, the WTRU may transmit/measure a first RS transmission after X (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) from the gNB beam indication/confirmation. If the WTRU determines a second type of additional measurement procedure, the WTRU may transmit/measure the first RS transmission after Y (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) from the gNB beam indication/confirmation.
  • X e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds
  • Y e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds
  • the parameter(s) may include gNB beam indication/confirmation resources.
  • the WTRU may determine a set of resources for gNB beam indication/confirmation. For example, if the WTRU determines a first type of additional measurement procedure, the WTRU may receive one or more gNB beam i ndication (s)/confirmation (s) in a first set of resources. If the WTRU determines a second type of additional measurement procedure, the WTRU may receive one or more gNB beam indication(s)/confirmation(s) in a second set of resources.
  • the first set and the second set of resources may be indicated based on one or more of RRC signaling, MAC CE indication, and/or DCI for each type.
  • the first type and the second type may use common resources.
  • the common resources may be indicated by one or more of RRC signaling, MAC CE indication, and/or DCI.
  • the WTRU may determine whether to use the first set of resources and the second set of resources, or the common resources based on gNB explicit/implicit configuration. For implicit configuration, a gNB resource configuration may be used. For example, if the first set and the second set of resources are configured, the WTRU may use the first set of resources and the second set of resources. If the common resources are configured, the WTRU may use the common resources.
  • the parameter(s) may include whether to receive a resource/resource set indication for the additional measurement procedure.
  • the WTRU may receive an indication of one or more RS resources/resource sets for the additional measurement procedure.
  • the WTRU may measure the indicated one or more RS resources/resource sets (e.g., for acquiring information).
  • the WTRU may receive the resource/resource set indication for the additional measurement procedure. If the WTRU determines a second type of additional measurement, the WTRU may not receive the resource/resource set indication for on the additional measurement.
  • the indication may be indicated via a MAC CE indication or a DCI for beam indication. If the WTRU does not receive the indication, the WTRU may measure one or more RS resources associated with the indicated beam (e.g., by the WTRU or the gNB). The association may be based on one or more of the following: the indicated RS resources/SSBs; RS resources/SSBs with same QCL configuration/information; and/or indicated RS resources/SSBs (e.g., additionally indicated RS resources/SSBs) for additional measurement procedure (e.g., via RRC signaling and/or signaled by MAC CE).
  • the WTRU may make one or more assumptions for beam indication. For example, the WTRU may assume that a resource/resource set indication field does not exist in the beam indication. The WTRU may decode the beam indication based on the assumption. The WTRU may assume that resource/resource set indication field exists (e.g., for the payload size) in the beam indication. The WTRU may decode the beam indication based on the assumption and ignore the indicated one or more RS resources/resource sets in the beam indication.
  • the parameter(s) may include a number of RS transmission/measurement and/or measurement window.
  • the WTRU may receive/transmit during N number of RSs and/or an M (e.g., symbols, slots, resources, resource sets, milliseconds, and/or the like) measurement window. For example, if the WTRU determines a first type of additional measurement procedure, the WTRU may apply a first number of RS transmission/time window for transmission/reception. If the WTRU determines a second type of additional measurement procedure, the WTRU may apply a second number of RS transmission/time window transmission/reception.
  • the parameter(s) may include whether (and/or how) to report a WTRU indication and/or a time offset for the additional measurement procedure.
  • the WTRU may report whether the WTRU is ready for transmitting/receiving one or more channel(s)/signal(s) based on the additional measurement. For example, if the WTRU has acquired information (e.g., all the required information), the WTRU may indicate that the WTRU is ready for transmitting/receiving one or more channels/signals. If the WTRU has not acquired the information (e.g., all the required information), the WTRU may indicate that the WTRU is not ready for transmitting/receiving one or more chan nels/sig nals.
  • the WTRU may report the WTRU indication in one or more indicated reporting instances (e.g., based on indicated periodicity and/or offset via one or more of RRC signaling, MAC CE indication, and/or DCI). If the WTRU indicates ‘not ready,’ the WTRU may report the indication in a next reporting instance. If the WTRU indicates ‘ready,’ the WTRU may end the additional measurement procedure. If the WTRU indicates ‘not ready,’ the WTRU may apply the reported beam by WTRU and/or the indicated beam by gNB (e.g., after Z symbols, slots, or milliseconds from the last measurement).
  • indicated reporting instances e.g., based on indicated periodicity and/or offset via one or more of RRC signaling, MAC CE indication, and/or DCI.
  • the WTRU may apply a default beam.
  • the default beam may be one or more of a predefined beam (e.g., lowest activated/configured beam index), indicated beam index (e.g., via one or more of RRC signaling, MAC CE indication, and/or DCI), a beam used for PDCCH reception, and/or a beam in the latest transmission/reception before WTRU report/gNB indication.
  • the WTRU may support the indication based on the additional measurement procedure.
  • the report may be sent X (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) after the last measurement/RS reception/transmission.
  • the WTRU may not report the indication.
  • the WTRU may report the indication after X (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) from the last measurement/RS reception/transmission.
  • the WTRU may report the indication after Y (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) from the last measurement/RS reception/transmission.
  • the parameter(s) may include a time offset between the last RS transmission/measurement/WTRU indication and application of the reported beam by the WTRU/the indicated beam by a gNB.
  • the WTRU may receive a transmission (e.g., apply the beam) at a time after the WTRU performed the measurement on the RS resource (e.g., where the time is associated with an offset). For example, if the WTRU determines a first type of additional measurement procedure, the WTRU may apply the indicated beam (e.g., by the WTRU or the gNB) after A (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) from the last RS transmission/reception.
  • A e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds
  • the WTRU may apply the indicated beam (e.g., by the WTRU or the gNB) after B (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) from the last RS transmission/reception.
  • the indicated beam e.g., by the WTRU or the gNB
  • B e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds
  • the WTRU may apply the indicated beam (e.g., by the WTRU or the gNB) after A (e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds) from the WTRU indication (e.g., on ‘ready’ or ‘not ready’).
  • A e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds
  • B e.g., symbols, slots, or milliseconds
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an example additional RS measurement procedure (e.g., illustrating one or more of the features described herein).
  • a WTRU may send or receive (e.g., to or from a gNB) an indication of a first beam of a first type. For example, in FIG. 4, the WTRU may send/receive a first indication of an estimation beam. The WTRU may wait an amount of time (e.g., a time offset) from the indication of the first beam. The WTRU may (e.g., after the amount of time has passed) perform a measurement on an RS resource (e.g., of the reported beam).
  • an RS resource e.g., of the reported beam
  • the WTRU may determine that the measurement satisfies a condition (e.g., the measurement is sufficient to support a requirement associated with the indicated beam). Based on the measurement satisfying a condition, the WTRU may send a second indication that indicates that the measurement satisfies the condition and/or to use the indicated beam.
  • the WTRU may wait an amount of time (e.g., a second time offset/a second amount of time) after the measurement window has ended.
  • the WTRU may (e.g., after the second amount of time has passed) send the indication of the measurement performed during the measurement window and/or the second indication to use the indicated beam.
  • the second time offset may be determined based on a measurement type of the measurement.
  • the WTRU may wait an amount of time (e.g., a third time offset/a third amount of time) after the measurement window has ended (or after sending the indication of the measurement).
  • the WTRU may apply the indicated beam (e.g., based on the third amount of time, for example, after the third amount of time has passed).
  • the WTRU may receive a transmission via the beam (e.g., based on the third amount of time, for example, after the third amount of time has passed since the measurement window ended or since the indication of the measurement was sent).
  • the third time offset may be determined based on a measurement type of the measurement.
  • a CSI report configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfigs) may be associated with a bandwidth part (BWP) (e.g., a single BWP) (e.g., indicated by BWP-ld (BWP ID)).
  • BWP bandwidth part
  • BWP ID BWP-ld
  • a WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following in a CSI report configuration: CSI-RS resources and/or CSI-RS resource sets for channel and/or interference measurement; a CSI-RS report configuration type (e.g., including the periodic, semi-persistent, and/or aperiodic); a CSI-RS transmission periodicity (e.g., for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reports); a CSI-RS transmission slot offset (e.g., for periodic, semi-persistent, and/or aperiodic CSI reports); a CSI-RS transmission slot offset list (e.g., for semi-persistent and/or aperiodic CSI reports); time restrictions for channel and/or interference measurements; thresholds and/or modes of calculations for the reporting quantities (e.g., CQI, RSRP, SINR, layer indicator (LI), resource indicator (Rl)); and/or a codebook configuration.
  • CSI-RS resource sets for channel and/or interference measurement e.g
  • a CSI-RS resource set may include one or more CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-Resource).
  • a WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following in a CSI-RS resource (e.g., via CSI-ResourceConfig): a CSI-RS periodicity and/or slot offset (e.g., for periodic and semi-persistent CSI-RS Resources); CSI-RS resource mapping (e.g., to define the number of CSI-RS ports, density, CDM-type, OFDM symbol, and subcarrier occupancy); the bandwidth part to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated; and/or a reference to the TCI-State including the QCL source RS(s) and/or the corresponding QCL type(s).
  • a WTRU may receive one or more CSI report configuration(s) (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig).
  • a CSI report configuration may include a CSI report quantity (e.g., that may indicate the CSI parameters that may be measured/estimated/derived and reported).
  • CSI report quantity may be one or more of: the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Rank Indicator (Rl), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), Layer Indicator (LI), Signal-to-Noise and Interference Ratio (SINR), Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), and/or the like.
  • the CSI report configuration may be associated with one or more CSI resource settings (e.g., CSI-ResourceConfig) for chan nel/interference measurement.
  • a resource setting may include a list of CSI resource sets. The list may comprise of references to one or more CSI-RS resource sets and/or SS/PBCH block (SSB) sets.
  • the WTRU may perform measurements on one or more CSI-RS resource(s) and derive one or more CSI parameter(s). For example, during the beam selection, the WTRU may measure and derive received power and report (e.g., CRI-RSRP/L1-RSRP) for one or more beam resources (e.g., up to four CRI-RSRP/L1-RSRP with highest RSRP). The WTRU may determine a CRI (e.g., based on a priority such as CQI, RSRP, and/or the like) from the supported/configured set of CRI values and report CRI along with one or more CSI parameters for the determined CRI. The WTRU may measure and/or derive one or more CSI parameters for the determined CRI (e.g., conditioned on the reported CRI).
  • CRI-RSRP/L1-RSRP received power and report
  • the WTRU may determine a CRI (e.g., based on a priority such as CQI, RS
  • a WTRU may be configured with one or more reference signal report configurations for one or more beam resources.
  • a beam resource may include a TCI state, CSI-RS, positioning reference signal (PRS), TRS, and/or an SSB for downlink, and/or an SRS resource and/or TCI state for uplink.
  • a beam resource may be identified with a beam indication.
  • a WTRU may be configured with at least two RS report configurations.
  • the WTRU may receive a first RS report configuration as the “reference RS resources” (e.g., for the purpose of channel and/or interference measurement).
  • the WTRU may receive a second RS report configuration as the “additional RS resources” (e.g., for the purpose of additional channel and/or interference measurement, for example, estimation beam).
  • a WTRU may perform RS measurements based on the one or more RS report configurations.
  • the WTRU may support independent RS measurements based on the one or more RS report configurations (e.g., for the first RS resources via transmitted reference signals).
  • the WTRU may perform RS measurements for the first RS resources via first reference signals that are transmitted (e.g., by gNB).
  • the WTRU may support additional RS measurements for one or more second RS resources (e.g., additional RS) based on the second RS report configuration (e.g., for the estimation reference signals).
  • the WTRU may be configured with a first RS report configuration and a second RS report configuration (e.g., estimation and/or additional RS resources, for example, which may be transmitted in addition to the first RS resources).
  • the WTRU may measure a first RS measurement based on the first RS resources corresponding to the first RS report configuration.
  • the WTRU may measure a second RS measurement based on the first RS resources and the second RS resources corresponding to the first and second RS report configurations, respectively.
  • the second RS resources (e.g., for additional measurement) may be determined, configured, and/or indicated (e.g., based on gNB indication).
  • the first and/or second RS resources may be indicated via an explicit indication.
  • the first and second RS resources may be configured and/or indicated based on a first and a second (e.g., separate and/or independent) RS resource sets, respectively.
  • the RS resources may be indicated via an implicit indication.
  • the first and/or second RS resources may be configured in a first RS resource set.
  • the first RS resources may be indicated and/or configured to the WTRU (e.g., via beam indexes and/or RS indexes).
  • the WTRU may determine the second RS signals from the remaining RS signals (e.g., the RS signals that remain from the first RS resource set).
  • the WTRU may determine the second RS resources via blind detection.
  • the WTRU may monitor for the RS resources (e.g., all the RS resources) in the first RS resource set for channel and/or interference measurement.
  • the WTRU may consider the received RS resources as the first RS resources.
  • the WTRU may consider the RS resources that were not received or detected as the second RS resources.
  • Example configuration of additional RS resources is provided herein.
  • Example preconfigured additional RS resources are provided herein.
  • the WTRU may determine that the second RS resources re (e.g., additional RS for the estimation) are transmitted based on one or more configurations and/or indications (e.g., via one or more semi-static and/or periodic RS configurations, for example, preconfigured configurations). As such, the WTRU may determine to monitor, detect, and/or measure the second RS resources based on the received configurations and/or indications.
  • Example non-preconfigured additional RS resources are provided herein.
  • the WTRU may determine that the transmission of the second RS resources for (e.g., additional) channel and/or interference measurement is not configured and/or indicated (e.g., not preconfigured). As such, the WTRU may report and/or send a request (e.g., to gNB) for the transmission of one or more configuration(s) and/or indication(s) for one or more second RS resources.
  • the gNB may send an indication and/or a trigger for one or more second RS resource(s) (e.g., aperiodic RS resources) to be transmitted (e.g., for additional measurement).
  • the WTRU may report one or more measurements based on the first received RS resources.
  • the WTRU may determine and/or predict (e.g., based on AI/ML model) one or more parameters corresponding to the second RS resources (e.g., beam indication, CQI, RSRP, QCL type, and/or the like).
  • the WTRU may use the predicted parameters to transmit one or more UL RS resources (e.g., SRS).
  • UL RS resources e.g., SRS
  • the gNB may receive the report and/or the uplink RS resources. The gNB may determine if the predicted parameters are accurate. The gNB may derive one or more channel and/or interference parameters (e.g., CQI, PMI, and so forth) for the uplink channel corresponding to the beam that was estimated by the respective WTRU. For example, the gNB may derive the parameters based on reciprocity (e.g., channel delay profile, angle, and so forth) according to the uplink RS resources (e.g., SRS). The gNB may compare the derived parameters with the received predicted parameters (e.g., reported by the WTRU) considering the transmitted first RS resources.
  • channel and/or interference parameters e.g., CQI, PMI, and so forth
  • the gNB may determine that other predicted parameters (e.g., QCL type D) are accurate.
  • the gNB may send an indication of confirmation to the WTRU.
  • the WTRU may determine that the predicted beam resource and the parameters were confirmed (e.g., by the gNB), if the WTRU receives further signals and/or channels (e.g., control, data, and so forth) based on the reported parameters.
  • the gNB may send an indication and/or a trigger for one or more second RS resources (e.g., aperiodic RS resources) to be transmitted to the WTRU (e.g., for additional measurement).
  • second RS resources e.g., aperiodic RS resources
  • the WTRLI may indicate whether the WTRLI is ready or not. After a measurement window, the WTRU may indicate whether the WTRU is ready (e.g., acquired all required configuration information for measuring QCL-related information) or not. After indicating multiple failure (e.g., more than a threshold), the WTRU may support fallback beam (e.g., one of measurement beams or a PDCCH beam). [0264] In examples, the WTRU may apply the new beam after QCL acquiring time without an additional indication. A QCL acquiring time may depend on procedure type (e.g., the first type (wide beam) or the second type (narrow beam)).
  • procedure type e.g., the first type (wide beam) or the second type (narrow beam)
  • a beam resource set that is monitored/measured/estimated for AI/ML beam prediction by the WTRU may be referred to as a ‘measurement beam resource set.’
  • a beam resource set that includes one or more beams estimated by the AI/ML model using the beam measurements associated with first beam resource set may be referred to as ‘estimation beam resource set.’
  • a WTRU may indicate success or failure of QCL-related information measurement/estimation (e.g., before the reception for subsequent signal/channel transmission/reception).
  • the WTRU may be indicated/configured to use a beam resource in the estimation beam resource set (e.g., by the gNB) for subsequent signal and/or channels (e.g., control, data) reception/transmission (e.g., via indicating a TCI state/beam index).
  • the WTRU may monitor a configured/determined/indicated estimation beam resource set to measure/estimate QCL-related information (e.g., Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread, and spatial Rx parameters) of one or more beam(s) in one or more beam measurement window(s) (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 4).
  • QCL-related information e.g., Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread, and spatial Rx parameters
  • a WTRU may receive a configuration/indication of a time offset between a time the beam report of the measurement beam resource set is transmitted to the gNB and the starting time of the beam measurement window/first beam measurement window by the gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC- CE indication).
  • the WTRU may start monitoring the estimation beam resource set after the configured time offset (e.g., configured/indicated by the gNB) in one or more beam measurement windows and/or measure/estimate QCL-related information associated with one or more beams resources of the estimation beam resource set.
  • the WTRU may determine a time offset based on a type of the channel parameter to be measured during the additional measurement procedure.
  • the WTRU may perform the measurement on the RS resource at a time after the WTRU received the indication of the beam (e.g., where the time is associated with the time offset).
  • the WTRU may receive a configuration/indication of a time offset between the time that beam (e.g., for the subsequent reception/transmission of signal(s) and/or channel(s), for example, control and/or data channel) is indicated by the gNB (e.g., by indicating a TCI state or beam index via PDCCH/MAC-CE) and the starting time of the beam measurement window/first beam measurement window by the gNB (e.g . , via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication).
  • the WTRU may start monitoring the estimation beam resource set after the configured time offset (e.g., by the gNB) in one or more beam measurement windows and/or measure/estimate QCL-related information associated with one or more beams resources of the estimation beam resource set.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an example associated with performing RS measurement(s) (e.g., additional RS measurement(s)), for example, as described with respect to FIG. 4.
  • RS measurement(s) e.g., additional RS measurement(s)
  • a WTRU may receive configuration information that indicates one or more beams respective QCL information associated with the one or more beams and a respective beam type (e.g., a transmission beam or an estimation beam) for the one or more beams.
  • the WTRU may receive an indication to receive a transmission based on a beam of the one or more beams.
  • the WTRU may determine whether the indicated beam is of a particular beam type (e.g., an estimation beam). If the beam is not of the beam type, the WTRU may receive a PDSCH based on the indicated beam after a beam application time from the beam indication.
  • the WTRU may measure additional RS resource(s) associated with a QCL type of the indicated beam.
  • the WTRU may (e.g., based on the measurement) indicate that it is capable of applying (e.g., using) the indicated beam.
  • the WTRU may receive a transmission (e.g., receive a PDSCH) based on the indicated beam based on (e.g., after) a beam application time from the last measurement.
  • WTRU may indicate (e.g., after the beam measurement window/multiple beam measurement windows configured for monitoring the estimation beam resource set) the success/failure of QCL-related information measurement to the gNB.
  • the WTRU may indicate the success/failure by: using an indication (e.g., a one-bit indication via PUCCH/MAC-CE, for example, indicating one bit value ‘0’ for failure and ‘1’ for success of measurement/estimation); transmitting a preconfigured SRS; and/or transmitting a preconfigured preamble.
  • a WTRU may indicate success of QCL-related information measurement/estimation.
  • the WTRU may apply the measured/estimated QCL configuration for the beam indicated/confi g ured for the subsequent signal and/or channels (e.g., control, data) reception/transmission after an indicated/configured (e.g., indicated by the WTRU as a WTRU capability, configured/i ndicated by the gNB) beam application time/QCL-related information application time (e.g., timeDurationForQCL).
  • an indicated/configured e.g., indicated by the WTRU as a WTRU capability, configured/i ndicated by the gNB
  • QCL-related information application time e.g., timeDurationForQCL
  • the WTRU may receive configuration information for one or more new measurement instances from the gNB (e.g., via CSI- ReportConfig).
  • WTRLI may monitor the QCL-related information of one or more beams in the estimation beam resource set.
  • the WTRU may report the success/failure of the measurement/estimation of QCL- related information to the gNB. If the QCL-related information measurement/estimation succeeds, WTRU may indicate the gNB the success of QCL-related information measurement/estimation.
  • the WTRU may (e.g., subsequently) apply the measured/estimated QCL configuration for the beam indicated/configured for signals and/or channels (e.g., the subsequent signal and/or channels, for example, control and/or data channels) reception/transmission after an indicated/configured (indicated by the WTRU as a WTRU capability, configured/indicated by the gNB) beam application time/QCL application time (e.g., timeDurationForQCL).
  • the measured/estimated QCL configuration for the beam indicated/configured for signals and/or channels (e.g., the subsequent signal and/or channels, for example, control and/or data channels) reception/transmission after an indicated/configured (indicated by the WTRU as a WTRU capability, configured/indicated by the gNB) beam application time/QCL application time (e.g., timeDurationForQCL).
  • a WTRU may fail to measure/estimate (e.g., successfully measure/estimate) QCL-related information after a configured threshold number of measurement instances (e.g., configured via RRC signal! ng/MAC-CE indication by the gNB).
  • the WTRU may use a default beam resource for the reception of subsequent signal/channel transmission after an indicated/configured (indicated by the WTRU as a WTRU capability, configured/indicated by the gNB) beam application time/QCL configuration application time (e.g., timeDurationForQCL).
  • the WTRU may determine the default beam based on one or more criteria.
  • the WTRU may use one of the beam resources in the measurement beam resource set based on beam measurements (e.g., beam resource with the highest L1 -RSRP/best CQI/lowest hypothetical BLER, etc.,) as the default beam.
  • the WTRU may use the beam resource associated with the PDCCH scheduling the signal/channel transmission (e.g., subsequent signal/channel transmission) as the default beam.
  • a WTRU may not indicate success or failure of QCL-related information measurement/estimation before the reception for subsequent signal/channel transmission/reception.
  • the WTRU may receive a confi guration/i ndication of one or more QCL acquiring time(s) (e.g., via RRC signaling by the gNB and/or MAC-CE indication). For example, the WTRU may select a QCL acquiring time (e.g., one QCL acquiring time) if the estimation beam resource set is of a first type of beam resources (e.g., wider beams). The WTRU may select a second QCL acquiring time if the estimation beam resource set is of a second type of beam resources (narrow beams). During the QCL acquiring time, WTRU may measure/estimate QCL- related information of one or more beams of the estimation beam resource set in one or more beam measurement window(s).
  • the WTRU may apply an associated QCL configuration after an indicated/configured beam application time/QCL configuration application time (e.g., timeDurationForQCL). If the WTRU fails to measure/estimate the QCL-related information of the beam resource (e.g., indicated by the gNB for subsequent signal/channel reception), the WTRU may apply a default beam after an indicated/configured beam application time/QCL configuration application time (e.g., timeDurationForQCL).
  • an indicated/configured beam application time/QCL configuration application time e.g., timeDurationForQCL
  • the WTRU may determine the default QCL configuration based on one or more criteria. For example, the WTRU may use one of the beam resources in the measurement beam resource set based on beam measurements (e.g., beam resource with the highest L1 -RSRP/best CQI/lowest hypothetical BLER, etc.). The WTRU may use the beam resource associated with the PDCCH scheduling the subsequent signal/channel transmission.
  • beam measurements e.g., beam resource with the highest L1 -RSRP/best CQI/lowest hypothetical BLER, etc.
  • the WTRU may use the beam resource associated with the PDCCH scheduling the subsequent signal/channel transmission.
  • a WTRU may be configured with two sets of beams.
  • a first set of beams may include one or more measurement beams or resources associated with the beams.
  • a second set of beams may include one or more estimation beams.
  • the first set of beams (e.g., that includes the set of measurement beams) may be a subset of the second set of beams (e.g., that includes the set of estimation beams).
  • Example measurement resources associated with a configured beam are provided herein.
  • a WTRU may be configured with a measurement resource associated with a selected estimation beam.
  • the configuration may be semi-static or dynamic.
  • the WTRU may perform measurements on the measurement resource.
  • the measurements or measurement values may include at least one of: Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread, AoA, AoD, Rl, CQI, PMI, RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR, channel offset, carrier offset, channel occupancy, and/or constant bit rate (CBR).
  • CBR constant bit rate
  • a WTRU may be configured with a measurement resource that is associated with one or more estimation beams (e.g., confirmed estimation beams).
  • the measurement resource may be associated with a single confirmed estimation beam (e.g., at any given moment).
  • the measurement resource association to a beam may change over time.
  • the WTRU may assume that the measurement resources are no longer associated with (e.g. transmitted via) the first beam.
  • the WTRU may assume that the measurement resources are associated with (e.g., now associated with, for example, transmitted via) the second beam.
  • the WTRU may assume that the change in association between the measurement resource from a first beam to a second beam occurs upon reception of a confirmation or acknowledgement (e.g., from the gNB).
  • the WTRU may assume that the multiple instances are QCL. If the WTRU receives an indication that the measurement resource is associated with a new beam, the WTRU may assume that instances (e.g., subsequent instances) of a measurement resource are not QCL with previous instances of the measurement resource.
  • a WTRU may receive a dynamic indication of at least one measurement resource associated with a confirmed estimation beam.
  • the dynamic indication may include a measurement purpose for the measurement resource.
  • the measurement purpose may include at least one of: updating QCL-related information, new QCL-related information parameter, beam management, and/or beam validation. Beam validation may be used to determine whether an estimation beam provides the predicted channel that the WTRU obtained from measurements on measurement beams.
  • a dynamic indication of at least one measurement resource may trigger the WTRU to measure one or more instances of the measurement resource.
  • a measurement resource may be associated with an instance (e.g., a specific instance) of the measurement resource.
  • a measurement resource may be associated with a set of one or more symbols (e.g. symbols within a slot) and/or set of resource elements (REs).
  • Some dynamic indications may configure the WTRU with one or more instances (or repetitions) of the measurement resource (e.g., transmitted over multiple sets of symbols or sets of REs).
  • the WTRU may receive an indication of the number of measurement resource instances. The indication may be indicated explicitly in the indication of the measurement resource, or implicitly (e.g., based on the purpose of the measurement resource).
  • a WTRU may update estimation beam measurements.
  • a WTRU may maintain or update measurements of an estimation beam.
  • a WTRU may receive a single-shot, or one or more instances of a measurement resource, or a periodically triggered measurement resource.
  • the WTRU may report that the WTRU has updated a measurement.
  • the WTRU may report the measurement and/or whether the measurement is stable.
  • a WTRU may be configured with instances of (e.g., multiple instances of, or a periodic instance of) a measurement resource.
  • the WTRU may perform and/or update measurements on such instances of the measurement resource.
  • the WTRU may report to the gNB if the (e.g., periodic) measurement resource configuration is sufficient or insufficient to maintain a certain estimation beam measurement (e.g., the required estimation beam measurement).
  • the WTRU may be configured with resources to perform such a report.
  • the configuration of the reporting resource may be associated with the configuration of the measurement resource.
  • a WTRU configured with measurement resources for an estimation beam may perform measurements to enable a selection and/or indication (e.g., a subsequent selection and indication) of a new estimation beam. If configured with measurement resources, the WTRU may consider an estimation beam as part of the measurement beam set. For example, if the WTRU is configured with periodic measurement resources associated with an estimation beam, the WTRLI may consider the beam to be part of the measurement beam set.
  • the behaviors described herein for an estimation beam may be applicable to a beam that has been added to a measurement beam set. Behaviors described herein with respect to an estimation beam may be applicable to a measurement beam.
  • a WTRU may report a measurement change or measurement stability.
  • the WTRU may determine (e.g. , upon reception or measurement of a measurement resource) whether a measurement has changed or is stable.
  • Measurement stability may be determined as a function of how precise the measurement is. For example, the WTRU may determine measurement precision as a function of the variance of the measurement.
  • a WTRU may report such a change to the gNB.
  • the WTRU may be configured with a measurement threshold. The WTRU may report to the gNB if the WTRU determines that a measurement on a new measurement resource (e.g., one or more instances thereof) has changed by more than the threshold value when compared to measurements performed on a previous measurement resource (e.g., one or more instances thereof).
  • the WTRU may report (e.g., to the gNB) whether a measurement performed on one or more instances of a measurement resource has reached stability.
  • the WTRU may be configured with a threshold.
  • a measurement precision (e.g., variance) greater than the threshold may mean the measurement is not stable.
  • a measurement precision (e.g., variance) smaller than the threshold may mean the measurement is stable.
  • a WTRU may be triggered to request one or more instances of the measurement resource. For example, the WTRU may be triggered if: a measurement is determined to not have reached stability; a period of time has elapsed since reception of a last measurement resource used for a measurement; the WTRU selects a new estimation beam; when the WTRU confirms a selection of a new estimation beam; and/or the WTRU fails to validate the selection of an estimation beam (e.g., the WTRU may select an estimation beam based on measurements performed on measurement beams).
  • the WTRU may receive a first set of measurement resources to validate the selection of the estimation beam.
  • the WTRU may determine that the actual performance or measurement of the estimation beam does not match the predicted performance or measurement. In this case, the WTRU may determine that validation of an estimation beam has failed.
  • the WTRU may be triggered based on: performance of an associated transmission (e.g., the WTRU may trigger the request as a function of hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgement (HARQ- ACK) performance of transmissions using the beam); a priority of an associated transmission; and/or a measurement value obtained on a previous instance of a measurement resource, or an another (possibly associated) measurement resource or predicted.
  • HARQ- ACK hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgement
  • a WTRU may report (e.g., to the gNB) measurements of an estimation or measurement beam.
  • the WTRU may report (e.g., to the gNB) whether an estimation beam is performing as expected or not.
  • a WTRU may be configured with a threshold value (e.g., associated with a prediction error).
  • the WTRU may predict the performance of an estimation beam (e.g., possibly from measurements performed on one or more measurement beam(s)).
  • the performance of an estimation beam may be measured by at least one of: RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, Rl, PMI, Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average delay, delay spread, AoA, AoD, CO, CBR.
  • the WTRU may be configured with resources on which to measure the performance (e.g., actual performance) of an estimation beam (e.g., after selection or confirmation of the estimation beam).
  • a WTRU may determine that an estimation beam is not performing as expected based on any of the triggers described herein (e.g., to request one or more additional instances of a measurement resource).
  • a WTRU may determine that an estimation beam is not performing as expected based on a measurement value. For example, the WTRU may compare a predicted performance of an estimation beam to a measured performance of the estimation beam. If the difference between predicted performance and actual performance of an estimation beam is greater than a threshold value, the WTRU may report that the estimation beam is not performing as expected or predicted.
  • a WTRU may determine that an estimation beam is not performing as expected based on a change in a measurement value of a measurement beam.
  • a WTRU may report at least one of: the predicted or estimated measurement of the estimation beam, the actual measurement of the estimation beam, and/or the difference between the two.
  • the WTRU may report that an estimation beam is not performing as expected.
  • a WTRU may request an estimation beam (e.g., a new/different estimation beam), for example, if the WTRU determines that the current estimation beam is not performing as expected.
  • the WTRU may request to use a measurement beam (e.g., if it determines that the current estimation beam is not performing as expected).
  • the WTRU may request a new transmission of a set of measurement beams (e.g., possibly to perform a new prediction or estimation).
  • the WTRU may request a retransmission of the same set of measurement beams and/or a transmission of a new set of measurement beams.
  • a WTRU may be able to predict estimation beam measurements for one or more measurement values, based on at least one measurement performed on at least one measurement beam. For example, the WTRU may be able to determine at least one of: Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average delay, and/or delay spread as a function of at least one measurement performed on at least one measurement beam. The WTRU may indicate such ability (e.g., to the gNB).
  • a WTRU may indicate (e.g., to the gNB) the one or more measurement beams used to predict measurement(s) for the selected estimation beam.
  • the WTRU may use (e.g., require) a confirmation from the gNB to predict estimation beams from the one or more measurement beams identified.
  • a WTRU may be configured with an association between one or more measurement beams and an estimation beam.
  • the WTRU may use the one or more measurement beams to predict measurements of the associated estimation beam.
  • a QCL association for estimation beams may be determined.
  • a WTRU may determine, estimate, and/or acquire one or more QCL parameters (e.g., Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average delay, delay spread, and spatial Rx filter) to determine an Rx beam, estimate channel from DM-RS, and/or decode received channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH).
  • QCL parameters e.g., Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average delay, delay spread, and spatial Rx filter
  • a WTRU may be configured with QCL types/association for an estimation beam (e.g., based on one or more transmission beams). For example, the WTRU may assume that the estimation beam may be quasi-colocated (QCL-ed) in terms of one or more QCL parameters (e.g., Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average delay, and/or delay spread) with one or more transmission beams.
  • QCL-ed quasi-colocated
  • An estimation beam may be QCL-ed (e.g., QCL type-A, -B, or -C) with one or more transmission beams (e.g., except for the QCL type-D or spatial Rx parameter).
  • An estimation beam identity may be configured with QCL-ed reference signal, which may be one of the transmission beams (e.g., paired transmission beams).
  • An estimation beam may be QCL-ed with multiple transmission beams.
  • a WTRU may estimate or determine different subsets of QCL parameters from different transmission beams.
  • the estimation beam may be QCL-ed with a first transmission beam for a first set of QCL parameters (e.g., Doppler spread and Doppler shift) and the estimation beam may be QCL-ed with a second transmission beam for a second set of QCL parameters (e.g., average delay and delay spread).
  • the WTRU may estimate the first set of QCL parameters from the first transmission beam and the second set of QCL parameters from the second transmission beam.
  • a WTRU may estimate, acquire, and/or determine one or more QCL parameters (e.g., except for the spatial Rx parameter) for an estimation beam (e.g., beam-ID associated with an estimation, TCI state associated with an estimation beam) based on a configured beam reference signal for the estimation beam.
  • the beam reference signal may include (e.g. , but is not limited to) SSB, CSI-RS, TRS, and/or PRS.
  • the configured beam reference signal may be one or more transmission beam(s).
  • the associated beam reference signal may be provided as beam information.
  • the associated beam reference signal may be provided as a part of an AI/ML model.
  • An implicit QCL association for estimation beams may be determined.
  • a QCL association for an estimation beam may be determined implicitly based on one or more neighboring transmission beams.
  • a WTRU may determine, estimate, and/or acquire one or more QCL parameters for an estimation beam (e.g., TCI state based on estimation beam) from one or more neighboring transmission beams.
  • a neighboring transmission beam may be referred to as a transmission within a certain beam distance.
  • the neighboring beam may include (e.g., be defined as) the beam within next K beams in vertical and/or horizontal dimension.
  • K may be (pre)defined or configured by a gNB.
  • K may be determined based on the number of transmission beams and estimation beams.
  • K may be indicated as a WTRU capability.
  • a gNB may confirm or configure K’ which may be equal to or smaller than K.
  • a neighboring transmission beam may refer to a transmission closest to the estimation beam.
  • the closest transmission beam may be a transmission beam with the smallest angle distance from the estimation beam.
  • a neighboring transmission beam may refer to a beam transmitted from the same panel and/or same TRP for the estimation beam. If more than one neighboring transmission beam exists, a WTRU may choose one neighboring transmission beam (e.g., highest L1-RSRP) or use subset/all neighboring beams to estimate, determine, and/or acquire QCL parameters.
  • one neighboring transmission beam e.g., highest L1-RSRP
  • a WTRU may be informed of, configured with, and/or indicated transmission beams transmitted from the same TRP/panel for the estimation beam.
  • a neighboring transmission beam may refer to a beam sharing the same source QCL reference signal with the estimation beam.
  • One or more source QCL reference signal(s) may be configured for estimation beams and/or transmission beams.
  • the QCL association for an estimation beam may be implicitly determined based on a control channel carrying a beam indication (e.g., TCI state associated with an estimation beam).
  • a WTRU may assume, estimate, acquire, and/or determine one or more QCL parameters of the indicated beam (e.g., TCI state associated with an estimation beam) from the QCL-related reference signals for the control channel (e.g., CORESET) carrying the beam indication.
  • a WTRU may use, assume, and/or determine the set (e.g., the same set) of QCL parameters for a CORESET (or PDCCH search space).
  • the WTRU may receive the beam indication (e.g., estimation beam) or monitor one or more PDCCH search spaces to receive the beam indication.
  • a WTRU may use, determine, and/or estimate one or more QCL parameters from the reference signals QCL-ed with the TCI-state if the indicated beam is a transmission.
  • the WTRU may use, determine, and/or estimate one or more QCL parameters from reference signals QCL-ed with the CORESET in which the WTRU may monitor PDCCH if the indicated beam is an estimation beam.
  • One or more reference signals may be implicitly determined based on one or more system parameters.
  • the system parameters may include at least one of: a time resource, a time resource index (e.g., slot index, system frame number (SFN), subframe number), a frequency resource, a frequency resource index (e.g., BWP-id, carrier-id, frequency band-id), and/or a physical cell ID.
  • the implementations described herein may consider 3GPP specific protocols, it is understood that the implementations described herein are not restricted to this scenario and may be applicable to other wireless systems.
  • the solutions described herein consider LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR) or 5G specific protocols, it is understood that the solutions described herein are not restricted to this scenario and are applicable to other wireless systems as well.
  • the system has been described with reference to a 3GPP, 5G, and/or NR network layer, the envisioned embodiments extend beyond implementations using a particular network layer technology.
  • the potential implementations extend to all types of service layer architectures, systems, and embodiments.
  • the techniques described herein may be applied independently and/or used in combination with other resource configuration techniques.
  • the processes described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, and/or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer and/or processor.
  • Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted over wired and/or wireless connections) and/or computer-readable storage media.
  • Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as, but not limited to, internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and/or optical media such as compact disc (CD)-ROM disks, and/or digital versatile disks (DVDs).
  • a processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRII, terminal, base station, RNC, and/or any host computer.
  • the entities performing the processes described herein may be logical entities that may be implemented in the form of software (e.g., computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of, and executing on a processor of, a mobile device, network node or computer system. That is, the processes may be implemented in the form of software (e.g., computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of a mobile device and/or network node, such as the node or computer system, which computer executable instructions, when executed by a processor of the node, perform the processes discussed. It is also understood that any transmitting and receiving processes illustrated in figures may be performed by communication circuitry of the node under control of the processor of the node and the computer-executable instructions (e.g., software) that it executes.
  • software e.g., computer-executable instructions
  • the computing device generally includes a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device.
  • One or more programs that may implement or utilize the processes described in connection with the subject matter described herein, e.g., through the use of an application programming interface (API), reusable controls, or the like.
  • API application programming interface
  • Such programs are preferably implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system.
  • the program(s) can be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired.
  • the language may be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations.
  • example embodiments may refer to utilizing aspects of the subject matter described herein in the context of one or more stand-alone computing systems, the subject matter described herein is not so limited, but rather may be implemented in connection with any computing environment, such as a network or distributed computing environment. Still further, aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in or across a plurality of processing chips or devices, and storage may similarly be affected across a plurality of devices. Such devices might include personal computers, network servers, handheld devices, supercomputers, or computers integrated into other systems such as automobiles and airplanes.

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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Abstract

Une unité d'émission/réception sans fil (WTRU) peut être conçue pour recevoir des informations de configuration qui indiquent un premier faisceau d'un premier type de faisceau, des premières informations de quasi-colocalisation (QCL) associées au premier faisceau, un second faisceau d'un second type de faisceau et des secondes informations QCL associées au second faisceau. La WTRU peut recevoir une première indication, la première indication indiquant le premier faisceau. Sur la base du premier faisceau du premier type de faisceau, la WTRU peut effectuer une mesure sur une ressource de signal de référence (RS) pour déterminer une valeur d'un paramètre de canal. Un type du paramètre de canal peut être basé sur les premières informations QCL. Sur la base de la valeur du paramètre de canal satisfaisant une condition, la WTRU peut envoyer une seconde indication. La seconde indication peut indiquer d'utiliser le premier faisceau. La WTRU peut recevoir une transmission par l'intermédiaire du premier faisceau.
PCT/US2023/037003 2022-11-09 2023-11-08 Prise en charge de mesures supplémentaires pour communication sans fil WO2024102393A1 (fr)

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022087436A1 (fr) * 2020-10-22 2022-04-28 Idac Holdings, Inc. Procédés pour des communication sans fil dans des fréquences supérieures
WO2022212348A1 (fr) * 2021-03-30 2022-10-06 Idac Holdings, Inc. Procédés et appareils pour la transmission de signaux de référence
WO2023212272A1 (fr) * 2022-04-28 2023-11-02 Interdigital Patent Holdings, Inc. Procédés de prédiction de faisceau pour une communication sans fil

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022087436A1 (fr) * 2020-10-22 2022-04-28 Idac Holdings, Inc. Procédés pour des communication sans fil dans des fréquences supérieures
WO2022212348A1 (fr) * 2021-03-30 2022-10-06 Idac Holdings, Inc. Procédés et appareils pour la transmission de signaux de référence
WO2023212272A1 (fr) * 2022-04-28 2023-11-02 Interdigital Patent Holdings, Inc. Procédés de prédiction de faisceau pour une communication sans fil

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