WO2024097160A1 - Transition metal complexes for mri applications and methods of use - Google Patents
Transition metal complexes for mri applications and methods of use Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2024097160A1 WO2024097160A1 PCT/US2023/036363 US2023036363W WO2024097160A1 WO 2024097160 A1 WO2024097160 A1 WO 2024097160A1 US 2023036363 W US2023036363 W US 2023036363W WO 2024097160 A1 WO2024097160 A1 WO 2024097160A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- contrast agent
- independently
- tissue volume
- groups
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 94
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000004393 prognosis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- -1 alkali metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 164
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 140
- 239000002872 contrast media Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical group CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002595 magnetic resonance imaging Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000005913 (C3-C6) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002512 chemotherapy Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002616 MRI contrast agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 58
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 38
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 26
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 24
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 23
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 21
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 14
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 125000006239 protecting group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 8
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 7
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- UQQQAKFVWNQYTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,6,10,13,16,19-hexazabicyclo[6.6.6]icosane-1,8-diamine Chemical compound C1NCCNCC2(N)CNCCNCC1(N)CNCCNC2 UQQQAKFVWNQYTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 5
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 5
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 5
- QBPPRVHXOZRESW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane Chemical compound C1CNCCNCCNCCN1 QBPPRVHXOZRESW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ITWBWJFEJCHKSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4,7-triazonane Chemical compound C1CNCCNCCN1 ITWBWJFEJCHKSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical group [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 4
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 4
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 4
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 4
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000000651 prodrug Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940002612 prodrug Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000012453 solvate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000003785 benzimidazolyl group Chemical group N1=C(NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 3
- 125000001164 benzothiazolyl group Chemical group S1C(=NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 3
- 125000004541 benzoxazolyl group Chemical group O1C(=NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 3
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010668 complexation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 108700013553 diamsar chelate Proteins 0.000 description 3
- VILAVOFMIJHSJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicarbon monoxide Chemical group [C]=C=O VILAVOFMIJHSJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229940093915 gynecological organic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 125000004446 heteroarylalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000004415 heterocyclylalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000013632 homeostatic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000842 isoxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000005298 paramagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 3
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000011200 topical administration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 3
- VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc bromide Chemical compound Br[Zn]Br VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-1,3-Butanediol Chemical compound CC(O)CCO PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003088 (fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- MDAXKAUIABOHTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane Chemical compound C1CNCCNCCCNCCNC1 MDAXKAUIABOHTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 2
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MBBZMMPHUWSWHV-BDVNFPICSA-N N-methylglucamine Chemical compound CNC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO MBBZMMPHUWSWHV-BDVNFPICSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001204 N-oxides Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 2
- WHBMMWSBFZVSSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N R3HBA Natural products CC(O)CC(O)=O WHBMMWSBFZVSSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003647 acryloyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005426 adeninyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=C2N=CNC2=C1N)* 0.000 description 2
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002178 anthracenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940121375 antifungal agent Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000003429 antifungal agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002102 aryl alkyloxo group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005602 azabenzimidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005334 azaindolyl group Chemical group N1N=C(C2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000499 benzofuranyl group Chemical group O1C(=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000005874 benzothiadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004196 benzothienyl group Chemical group S1C(=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical compound BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)(O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 2
- 125000006165 cyclic alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000582 cycloheptyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N epsilon-caprolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCN1 JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MMXKVMNBHPAILY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl laurate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC MMXKVMNBHPAILY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 description 2
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007327 hydrogenolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004857 imidazopyridinyl group Chemical group N1C(=NC2=C1C=CC=N2)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000003453 indazolyl group Chemical group N1N=C(C2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001361 intraarterial administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007913 intrathecal administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010253 intravenous injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002183 isoquinolinyl group Chemical group C1(=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000005415 magnetization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006241 metabolic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000000346 nonvolatile oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002868 norbornyl group Chemical group C12(CCC(CC1)C2)* 0.000 description 2
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 125000004043 oxo group Chemical group O=* 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007911 parenteral administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XUWHAWMETYGRKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N piperidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCCN1 XUWHAWMETYGRKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003386 piperidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012877 positron emission topography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000000425 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000561 purinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=C2N=CNC2=C1)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000006413 ring segment Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010356 sorbitol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- XBXCNNQPRYLIDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylcarbamic acid Chemical compound CC(C)(C)NC(O)=O XBXCNNQPRYLIDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000147 tetrahydroquinolinyl group Chemical group N1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004927 thianaphthalenyl group Chemical group S1C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000101 thioether group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000876 trifluoromethoxy group Chemical group FC(F)(F)O* 0.000 description 2
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-WEDXCCLWSA-N (+)-borneol Chemical group C1C[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C[C@@H]1C2(C)C DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-WEDXCCLWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001607 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group Chemical group [*]N1N=NC([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001305 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl group Chemical group [H]N1N=C([*])N=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004173 1-benzimidazolyl group Chemical group [H]C1=NC2=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C2N1* 0.000 description 1
- QXQAPNSHUJORMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-4-propylbenzene Chemical compound CCCC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 QXQAPNSHUJORMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001637 1-naphthyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BAXOFTOLAUCFNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=NNC2=C1 BAXOFTOLAUCFNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004174 2-benzimidazolyl group Chemical group [H]N1C(*)=NC2=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C12 0.000 description 1
- 125000002941 2-furyl group Chemical group O1C([*])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 102100027324 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 125000001622 2-naphthyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004105 2-pyridyl group Chemical group N1=C([*])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000175 2-thienyl group Chemical group S1C([*])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004006 23Na NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003682 3-furyl group Chemical group O1C([H])=C([*])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003349 3-pyridyl group Chemical group N1=C([H])C([*])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001541 3-thienyl group Chemical group S1C([H])=C([*])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005274 4-hydroxybenzoic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000339 4-pyridyl group Chemical group N1=C([H])C([H])=C([*])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- KDDQRKBRJSGMQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-thiazolyl Chemical group [C]1=CSC=N1 KDDQRKBRJSGMQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004539 5-benzimidazolyl group Chemical group N1=CNC2=C1C=CC(=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- CWDWFSXUQODZGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-thiazolyl Chemical group [C]1=CN=CS1 CWDWFSXUQODZGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LCGTWRLJTMHIQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine Chemical compound C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2NC2=CC=CC=C21 LCGTWRLJTMHIQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZSMRRZONCYIFNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6,11-dihydro-5h-benzo[b][1]benzazepine Chemical compound C1CC2=CC=CC=C2NC2=CC=CC=C12 ZSMRRZONCYIFNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical group [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[3-(1-cyclopropylpyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-methyl-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one Chemical class C1(CC1)N1N=CC(=C1)C1=NNC2=C1N=C(N=C2)N1C2C(N(CC1CC2)C)=O HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010067484 Adverse reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000416162 Astragalus gummifer Species 0.000 description 1
- COVZYZSDYWQREU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Busulfan Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)OCCCCOS(C)(=O)=O COVZYZSDYWQREU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000005623 Carcinogenesis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021091 Co(NO3)26H2O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910019131 CoBr2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021580 Cobalt(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021581 Cobalt(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- AEMOLEFTQBMNLQ-YMDCURPLSA-N D-galactopyranuronic acid Chemical compound OC1O[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O AEMOLEFTQBMNLQ-YMDCURPLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Elaidinsaeure-aethylester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010014418 Electrolyte imbalance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001125671 Eretmochelys imbricata Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000001856 Ethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl cellulose Chemical compound CCOCC1OC(OC)C(OCC)C(OCC)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010015866 Extravasation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910016874 Fe(NO3) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005526 G1 to G0 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- DSLZVSRJTYRBFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Galactaric acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O DSLZVSRJTYRBFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAJILQKETJEXLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Galacturonsaeure Natural products O=CC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O IAJILQKETJEXLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101001009252 Homo sapiens 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- AVXURJPOCDRRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxylamine Chemical group ON AVXURJPOCDRRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012404 In vitro experiment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021575 Iron(II) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021577 Iron(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021576 Iron(III) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lactate Chemical compound CC(O)C([O-])=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021380 Manganese Chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Manganese chloride Chemical compound Cl[Mn]Cl GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910021568 Manganese(II) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GXCLVBGFBYZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-methylprop-2-en-1-amine Chemical compound CN(CCC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2)CC=C GXCLVBGFBYZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010061309 Neoplasm progression Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910021585 Nickel(II) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrogen dioxide Chemical compound O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TTZMPOZCBFTTPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N O=P1OCO1 Chemical compound O=P1OCO1 TTZMPOZCBFTTPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004679 ONO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019483 Peanut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Phosphate ion(2-) Chemical compound OP([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019485 Safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Salicylic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical compound [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003070 absorption delaying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetaldehyde Diethyl Acetal Chemical group CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001241 acetals Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000641 acridinyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002015 acyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005073 adamantyl group Chemical group C12(CC3CC(CC(C1)C3)C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000006838 adverse reaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006536 aerobic glycolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003282 alkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005336 allyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000001668 ameliorated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000730 antalgic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008135 aqueous vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003974 aralkylamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002029 aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- MNFORVFSTILPAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N azetidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCN1 MNFORVFSTILPAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001540 azides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000852 azido group Chemical group *N=[N+]=[N-] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003828 azulenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JUHORIMYRDESRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzathine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CNCCNCC1=CC=CC=C1 JUHORIMYRDESRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid group Chemical group C(C1=CC=CC=C1)(=O)O WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003236 benzoyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000001584 benzyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group C(=O)(OCC1=CC=CC=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002619 bicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000090 biomarker Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002529 biphenylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006172 buffering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019437 butane-1,3-diol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000036952 cancer formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004657 carbamic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000609 carbazolyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000504 carcinogenesis Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000701 chemical imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960004926 chlorobutanol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VDANGULDQQJODZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroprocaine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1Cl VDANGULDQQJODZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002023 chloroprocaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000013375 chromatographic separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002676 chrysenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=C4C=CC=CC4=C3C=CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000003759 clinical diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QSQUFRGBXGXOHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(III) nitrate Inorganic materials [Co].O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O QSQUFRGBXGXOHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000362 cobalt(III) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940110456 cocoa butter Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019868 cocoa butter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012343 cottonseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002385 cottonseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- WZHCOOQXZCIUNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclandelate Chemical compound C1C(C)(C)CC(C)CC1OC(=O)C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WZHCOOQXZCIUNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003997 cyclic ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000392 cycloalkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001316 cycloalkyl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004367 cycloalkylaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003678 cyclohexadienyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000596 cyclohexenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000640 cyclooctyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002433 cyclopentenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004855 decalinyl group Chemical group C1(CCCC2CCCCC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004431 deuterium atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004663 dialkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005265 dialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005266 diarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- RJYMRRJVDRJMJW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dibromomanganese Chemical compound Br[Mn]Br RJYMRRJVDRJMJW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043237 diethanolamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000723 dihydrobenzofuranyl group Chemical group O1C(CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-M dihydrogenphosphate Chemical compound OP(O)([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000001070 dihydroindolyl group Chemical group N1(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005879 dioxolanyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZZVUWRFHKOJYTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenhydramine Chemical group C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OCCN(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZZVUWRFHKOJYTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000008482 dysregulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013399 early diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002081 enamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019325 ethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001249 ethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N ethyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940093471 ethyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940012017 ethylenediamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007951 extracellular acidosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003722 extracellular fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001723 extracellular space Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000036251 extravasation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical group [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000001640 fractional crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004508 fractional distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DSLZVSRJTYRBFB-DUHBMQHGSA-N galactaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(O)=O DSLZVSRJTYRBFB-DUHBMQHGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005456 glyceride group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003055 glycidyl group Chemical group C(C1CO1)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000034659 glycolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005252 haloacyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002192 heptalenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000592 heterocycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940042795 hydrazides for tuberculosis treatment Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydrogensulfate Chemical compound OS([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003427 indacenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003454 indenyl group Chemical group C1(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001095 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007972 injectable composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940102223 injectable solution Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940102213 injectable suspension Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000266 injurious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007529 inorganic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010255 intramuscular injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007927 intramuscular injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002075 inversion recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe]Cl NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) nitrate Inorganic materials [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000360 iron(III) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GYCHYNMREWYSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) bromide Chemical compound [Fe+2].[Br-].[Br-] GYCHYNMREWYSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000654 isopropylidene group Chemical group C(C)(C)=* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005956 isoquinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007951 isotonicity adjuster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003951 lactams Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011565 manganese chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- MMIPFLVOWGHZQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(3+) Chemical compound [Mn+3] MMIPFLVOWGHZQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(II) nitrate Inorganic materials [Mn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000357 manganese(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003194 meglumine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037353 metabolic pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 125000006682 monohaloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002757 morpholinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IPLJNQFXJUCRNH-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);dibromide Chemical compound [Ni+2].[Br-].[Br-] IPLJNQFXJUCRNH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(II) nitrate Inorganic materials [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000001893 nitrooxy group Chemical group [O-][N+](=O)O* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002835 noble gases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000006574 non-aromatic ring group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OIPZNTLJVJGRCI-UHFFFAOYSA-M octadecanoyloxyaluminum;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[Al] OIPZNTLJVJGRCI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006053 organic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001715 oxadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010627 oxidative phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001139 pH measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000312 peanut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005003 perfluorobutyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001792 phenanthrenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 229960003742 phenol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WLJVXDMOQOGPHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 WLJVXDMOQOGPHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000286 phenylethyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003009 phosphonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004962 physiological condition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004193 piperazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006684 polyhaloalkyl group Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MFDFERRIHVXMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N procaine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 MFDFERRIHVXMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004919 procaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000069 prophylactic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002685 pulmonary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001725 pyrenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002206 pyridazin-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)N=N1 0.000 description 1
- 125000004940 pyridazin-4-yl group Chemical group N1=NC=C(C=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004941 pyridazin-5-yl group Chemical group N1=NC=CC(=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002098 pyridazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000246 pyrimidin-2-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=NC(*)=NC([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004527 pyrimidin-4-yl group Chemical group N1=CN=C(C=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004528 pyrimidin-5-yl group Chemical group N1=CN=CC(=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004943 pyrimidin-6-yl group Chemical group N1=CN=CC=C1* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000719 pyrrolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005493 quinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N saccharin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C2=C1 CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940081974 saccharin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019204 saccharin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000901 saccharin and its Na,K and Ca salt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005713 safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003813 safflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008159 sesame oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011803 sesame oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- DRNXZGJGRSUXHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N silyl carbamate Chemical class NC(=O)O[SiH3] DRNXZGJGRSUXHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001027 sodium carboxymethylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-IGMARMGPSA-N sodium-23 atom Chemical compound [23Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000000707 stereoselective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010254 subcutaneous injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007929 subcutaneous injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005346 substituted cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000565 sulfonamide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001174 sulfone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000003375 sulfoxide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000829 suppository Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ILMRJRBKQSSXGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl(dimethyl)silicon Chemical group C[Si](C)C(C)(C)C ILMRJRBKQSSXGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001935 tetracenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L thimerosal Chemical compound [Na+].CC[Hg]SC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940033663 thimerosal Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000196 tragacanth Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010487 tragacanth Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940116362 tragacanth Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005270 trialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004954 trialkylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005259 triarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- FEONEKOZSGPOFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K tribromoiron Chemical compound Br[Fe](Br)Br FEONEKOZSGPOFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000004044 trifluoroacetyl group Chemical group FC(C(=O)*)(F)F 0.000 description 1
- 125000003960 triphenylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C3C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002221 trityl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1C([*])(C1=C(C(=C(C(=C1[H])[H])[H])[H])[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000005751 tumor progression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001834 xanthenyl group Chemical group C1=CC=CC=2OC3=CC=CC=C3C(C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc nitrate Inorganic materials [Zn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011686 zinc sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009529 zinc sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6515—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
- A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
- A61K49/08—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier
- A61K49/10—Organic compounds
- A61K49/101—Organic compounds the carrier being a complex-forming compound able to form MRI-active complexes with paramagnetic metals
- A61K49/106—Organic compounds the carrier being a complex-forming compound able to form MRI-active complexes with paramagnetic metals the complex-forming compound being cyclic, e.g. DOTA
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6524—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having four or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
Definitions
- molecular imaging probes are used with multimodal MRI/MRSI platforms.
- the paramagnetic probe features both exchangeable and non-exchangeable protons, which respectively allow detection schemes for chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts (BIRDS) methods for pH and temperature measurements.
- CEST chemical exchange saturation transfer
- BIRDS redundant deviation in shifts
- pH and temperature are vital physiological markers of the human body because they are tightly regulated to maintain homeostasis, whereas diseased tissues usually show altered physiological conditions.
- glycolysis is upregulated in relation to oxidative phosphorylation even with sufficient oxygen. Aerobic glycolysis generates excessive amounts of hydrogen ions and lactate, which are extruded into the extracellular milieu, lowering the pH of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, extracellular acidosis is a hallmark of tumor progression, and precise pH mapping could provide an excellent approach for early detection of cancers. Similar to pH dysregulation in cancer, electrolyte imbalance also has a role in tumorigenesis.
- Region-specific water proton relaxation enhancement improves MRI contrast to delineate lesions with T 1 -weighted (positive contrast) and/or T 2 -weighted (negative contrast) imaging. Some of these agents also allow measuring pH and temperature through BIRDS, while some of these probes also have CEST properties. However, contrast agents based on lanthanide metal ions can cause toxicity if the ions are released from the ion-chelated complexes.
- a compound of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), or formula (Ie), a deuterated analogue of a compound of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), or formula (Ie), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the preceding compounds is provided.
- compounds of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), and formula (Ie) are useful as MRI contrast agents.
- a method of imaging a tissue volume using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) includes contacting a bolus of a contrast agent that includes a compound of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), or formula (Ie) with the tissue volume.
- the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data.
- the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume.
- a method for monitoring the efficacy of a cancer treatment in a patient undergoing chemotherapy includes administering a bolus of a contrast agent that includes a compound of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), or formula (Ie) to the patient.
- the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data.
- the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume.
- a method for monitoring or determining a cancer prognosis in a patient is provided.
- the method includes administering a bolus of a contrast agent that includes a compound of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), or formula (Ie) to the patient.
- the patient has at least one tissue volume comprising cancerous tissue.
- the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data.
- the image data comprises extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume.
- NOTP 6- - 3 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) coordinated with Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ corresponding complexes [FeNOTP 4- , 6-coordinate; CoNOTP 4- , 6-coordinate; NiNOTP 4- , 6-coordinate].
- Middle row DOTP 8- coordinated with Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ corresponding complexes [FeDOTP 6- , 8-coordinate; CoDOTP 6- , 7- coordinate; NiDOTP 6- , 6-coordinate;].
- FIG.2 is a schematic depiction of MR(S)I probes showing different modalities and applications for pH, temperature, and sodium ion sensing, in accordance with various embodiments.
- FIGs.3A-3C show structures and 1 H NMR spectra of NOTP 6- , DOTP 8- , and DOTA- 4AMP 8- ligands, respectively, in accordance with various embodiments.
- FIG.6 shows representative Z-spectra demonstrating the CEST properties of NiDOTA-4AMP 6- .
- FIG.8 shows structures of TACN (1,4,7-triazacyclononane), cyclen (1,4,7,10- tetraazacyclododecane), cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) and their cross bridged (cb) versions as well as diamsar (1,8-diamino-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6,6,6]- eicosane).
- these ligands are suitable for use in the synthesis of compounds of the disclosure and for use in the MRI methods described herein.
- these complexes are probes for noninvasive measurements of pH, temperature and compartmental sodium ion for early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer tumors. These same transition metal probes can also delineate lesions with T 1 -weighted (positive contrast) and/or T2-weighted (negative contrast) imaging.
- the divalent transition metal complexes described herein are non-toxic and provide clinically important insights into the tumor (and stroke) microenvironment by complementary strengths of 1 H and 23 Na MRSI modalities.
- a range of “about 0.1% to about 5%” or “about 0.1% to 5%” should be interpreted to include not just about 0.1% to about 5%, but also the individual values (e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and the sub-ranges (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 1.1% to 2.2%, 3.3% to 4.4%) within the indicated range.
- the statement “about X to Y” has the same meaning as “about X to about Y,” unless indicated otherwise.
- the statement “about X, Y, or about Z” has the same meaning as “about X, about Y, or about Z,” unless indicated otherwise.
- a claimed act of doing X and a claimed act of doing Y can be conducted simultaneously within a single operation, and the resulting process will fall within the literal scope of the claimed process.
- Definitions The term “about” as used herein can allow for a degree of variability in a value or range, for example, within 10%, within 5%, or within 1% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range and includes the exact stated value or range.
- the term “substantially” as used herein refers to a majority of, or mostly, as in at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or at least about 99.999% or more, or 100%.
- substantially free of can mean having none or having a trivial amount of, such that the amount of material present does not affect the material properties of the composition including the material, such that the composition is about 0 wt% to about 5 wt% of the material, or about 0 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 5 wt% or less, or less than, equal to, or greater than about 4.5 wt%, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, or about 0.001 wt% or less.
- substantially free of can mean having a trivial amount of, such that a composition is about 0 wt% to about 5 wt% of the material, or about 0 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 5 wt% or less, or less than, equal to, or greater than about 4.5 wt%, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, or about 0.001 wt% or less, or about 0 wt%.
- organic group refers to any carbon-containing functional group.
- Examples can include an oxygen-containing group such as an alkoxy group, aryloxy group, aralkyloxy group, oxo(carbonyl) group; a carboxyl group including a carboxylic acid, carboxylate, and a carboxylate ester; a sulfur-containing group such as an alkyl and aryl sulfide group; and other heteroatom-containing groups.
- an oxygen-containing group such as an alkoxy group, aryloxy group, aralkyloxy group, oxo(carbonyl) group
- a carboxyl group including a carboxylic acid, carboxylate, and a carboxylate ester such as an alkyl and aryl sulfide group
- sulfur-containing group such as an alkyl and aryl sulfide group
- substituted refers to the state in which one or more hydrogen atoms contained therein are replaced by one or more non-hydrogen atoms.
- the substitution can be direct substitution, whereby the hydrogen atom is replaced by a functional group or substituent, or an indirect substitution, whereby an intervening linker group replaces the hydrogen atom, and the substituent or functional group is bonded to the intervening linker group.
- direct substitution is: RR-H ⁇ RR-Cl, wherein RR is an organic moiety/fragment/molecule.
- a example of indirect substitution is: RR-H ⁇ RR- (LL)zz-Cl, wherein RR is an organic moiety/fragment/molecule, LL is an linker group, and ‘zz’ is an integer from 0 to 100 inclusive. When zz is 0, LL is absent, and direct substitution results.
- (LL)zz can be linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, and combinations thereof.
- a halogen e.g., F, Cl, Br, and I
- an oxygen atom in groups such as hydroxy groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, aralkyloxy groups, oxo(carbonyl) groups, carboxyl groups including carboxylic acids, carboxylates, and carboxylate esters
- a sulfur atom in groups such as thiol groups, alkyl and aryl sulfide groups, sulfoxide groups, sulfone groups, sulfonyl groups, and sulfonamide groups
- a nitrogen atom in groups such as amines, hydroxyamines, nitriles, nitro groups, N-oxides, hydrazides, azides, and enamines; and other hetero
- alkyl refers to straight chain and branched alkyl groups and cycloalkyl groups having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 12 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
- straight chain alkyl groups include those with from 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and n-octyl groups.
- branched alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, and 2,2- dimethylpropyl groups.
- alkyl encompasses n-alkyl, isoalkyl, and anteisoalkyl groups as well as other branched chain forms of alkyl.
- Representative substituted alkyl groups can be substituted one or more times with any of the groups listed herein, for example, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen groups.
- alkenyl refers to straight and branched chain and cyclic alkyl groups as defined herein, except that at least one double bond exists between two carbon atoms.
- alkenyl groups have from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, or 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or 2 to 12 carbon atoms or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
- alkynyl refers to straight and branched chain alkyl groups, except that at least one triple bond exists between two carbon atoms.
- alkynyl groups have from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or from 2 to 12 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
- Examples include, but are not limited to – C ⁇ CH, -C ⁇ C(CH3), -C ⁇ C(CH2CH3), -CH2C ⁇ CH, -CH2C ⁇ C(CH3), and -CH2C ⁇ C(CH2CH3) among others.
- acyl refers to a group containing a carbonyl moiety wherein - 8 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) the group is bonded via the carbonyl carbon atom.
- the carbonyl carbon atom is bonded to a hydrogen forming a “formyl” group or is bonded to another carbon atom, which can be part of an alkyl, aryl, aralkyl cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl group or the like.
- An acyl group can include 0 to about 12, 0 to about 20, or 0 to about 40 additional carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl group.
- An acyl group can include double or triple bonds within the meaning herein.
- An acryloyl group is an example of an acyl group.
- An acyl group can also include heteroatoms within the meaning herein.
- a nicotinoyl group (pyridyl-3-carbonyl) is an example of an acyl group within the meaning herein.
- Other examples include acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl, pyridylacetyl, cinnamoyl, and acryloyl groups and the like.
- haloacyl When the group containing the carbon atom that is bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom contains a halogen, the group is termed a “haloacyl” group.
- An example is a trifluoroacetyl group.
- cycloalkyl refers to cyclic alkyl groups such as, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl groups.
- the cycloalkyl group can have 3 to about 8-12 ring members, whereas in other embodiments the number of ring carbon atoms range from 3 to 4, 5, 6, or 7.
- Cycloalkyl groups further include polycyclic cycloalkyl groups such as, but not limited to, norbornyl, adamantyl, bornyl, camphenyl, isocamphenyl, and carenyl groups, and fused rings such as, but not limited to, decalinyl, and the like. Cycloalkyl groups also include rings that are substituted with straight or branched chain alkyl groups as defined herein.
- Representative substituted cycloalkyl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, 2,2-, 2,3-, 2,4- 2,5- or 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl groups or mono-, di- or tri-substituted norbornyl or cycloheptyl groups, which can be substituted with, for example, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen groups.
- cycloalkenyl alone or in combination denotes a cyclic alkenyl group.
- heterocycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group as defined herein in which one or more carbon atoms in the ring are replaced by a heteroatom such as O, N, S, P, and the like, each of which may be substituted as described herein if an open valence is present, and each may be in any suitable stable oxidation state.
- aryl refers to cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups that do not contain heteroatoms in the ring.
- aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, azulenyl, heptalenyl, biphenyl, indacenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, naphthacenyl, chrysenyl, biphenylenyl, anthracenyl, and naphthyl groups.
- aryl groups contain about 6 to about 14 carbons in the ring portions of the - 9 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) groups.
- Aryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted, as defined herein.
- substituted aryl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, a phenyl group substituted at any one or more of 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions of the phenyl ring, or a naphthyl group substituted at any one or more of 2- to 8-positions thereof.
- aralkyl refers to alkyl groups as defined herein in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to an aryl group as defined herein.
- aralkyl groups include benzyl and phenylethyl groups and fused (cycloalkylaryl)alkyl groups such as 4-ethyl-indanyl.
- Aralkenyl groups are alkenyl groups as defined herein in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to an aryl group as defined herein.
- heterocyclyl refers to aromatic and non-aromatic ring compounds containing three or more ring members, of which one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S.
- a heterocyclyl can be a cycloheteroalkyl, or a heteroaryl, or if polycyclic, any combination thereof.
- heterocyclyl groups include 3 to about 20 ring members, whereas other such groups have 3 to about 15 ring members.
- a heterocyclyl group designated as a C 2 -heterocyclyl can be a 5-ring with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-ring with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth.
- a C 4 -heterocyclyl can be a 5-ring with one heteroatom, a 6-ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth.
- the number of carbon atoms plus the number of heteroatoms equals the total number of ring atoms.
- a heterocyclyl ring can also include one or more double bonds.
- a heteroaryl ring is an embodiment of a heterocyclyl group.
- the phrase “heterocyclyl group” includes fused ring species including those that include fused aromatic and non-aromatic groups.
- a dioxolanyl ring and a benzdioxolanyl ring system are both heterocyclyl groups within the meaning herein.
- the phrase also includes polycyclic ring systems containing a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, quinuclidyl.
- Heterocyclyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted as discussed herein.
- Heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, - 10 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) dihydrobenzofuranyl, indolyl, dihydroindolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, x
- heteroaryl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, piperidinyl or quinolinyl groups, which are 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6- substituted, or disubstituted with groups such as those listed herein.
- heteroaryl refers to aromatic ring compounds containing 5 or more ring members, of which, one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S; for instance, heteroaryl rings can have 5 to about 8-12 ring members.
- a heteroaryl group is a variety of a heterocyclyl group that possesses an aromatic electronic structure.
- a heteroaryl group designated as a C 2 -heteroaryl can be a 5-ring with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-ring with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth.
- a C 4 -heteroaryl can be a 5-ring with one heteroatom, a 6-ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth.
- the number of carbon atoms plus the number of heteroatoms sums up to equal the total number of ring atoms.
- a heterocyclyl ring designated Cx-y can be any ring containing ‘x’ members up to ‘y’ members, including all intermediate integers between ‘x’ and ‘y’ and that contains one or more heteroatoms, as defined herein.
- Heterocyclyl rings designated C x-y can also be polycyclic ring systems, such as bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems.
- Heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl
- Heteroaryl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted with groups as discussed herein. Representative substituted heteroaryl groups can be substituted one or more times with groups such as those listed herein. Additional examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to phenyl, biphenyl, indenyl, naphthyl (1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl), N-hydroxytetrazolyl, N- hydroxytriazolyl, N-hydroxyimidazolyl, anthracenyl (1-anthracenyl, 2-anthracenyl, 3- anthracenyl), thiophenyl (2-thienyl, 3-thienyl), furyl (2-furyl, 3-furyl) , indolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, fluorenyl, xanthenyl, isoindanyl, benzhydryl, a
- heterocyclylalkyl refers to alkyl groups as defined herein in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group as defined herein is replaced with a bond to a heterocyclyl group as defined herein.
- Representative heterocyclyl alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, furan-2-yl methyl, furan-3-yl methyl, pyridine-3-yl methyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl ethyl, and indol-2-yl propyl.
- heteroarylalkyl refers to alkyl groups as defined herein in - 12 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to a heteroaryl group as defined herein.
- alkoxy refers to an oxygen atom connected to an alkyl group, including a cycloalkyl group, as are defined herein. Examples of linear alkoxy groups include but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, and the like.
- Examples of branched alkoxy include but are not limited to isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, isopentyloxy, isohexyloxy, and the like.
- Examples of cyclic alkoxy include but are not limited to cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and the like.
- An alkoxy group can include about 1 to about 12, about 1 to about 20, or about 1 to about 40 carbon atoms bonded to the oxygen atom, and can further include double or triple bonds, and can also include heteroatoms.
- an allyloxy group or a methoxyethoxy group is also an alkoxy group within the meaning herein, as is a methylenedioxy group in a context where two adjacent atoms of a structure are substituted therewith.
- amine refers to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines having, e.g., the formula N(group)3 wherein each group can independently be H or non-H, such as alkyl, aryl, and the like.
- Amines include but are not limited to R-NH2, for example, alkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines; R2NH wherein each R is independently selected, such as dialkylamines, diarylamines, aralkylamines, heterocyclylamines and the like; and R 3 N wherein each R is independently selected, such as trialkylamines, dialkylarylamines, alkyldiarylamines, triarylamines, and the like.
- amine also includes ammonium ions as used herein.
- amino group refers to a substituent of the form -NH2, - NHR, -NR 2 , -NR 3 + , wherein each R is independently selected, and protonated forms of each, except for -NR3 + , which cannot be protonated. Accordingly, any compound substituted with an amino group can be viewed as an amine.
- An “amino group” within the meaning herein can be a primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amino group.
- alkylamino includes a monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, and trialkylamino group.
- halo halogen
- halide halide group, as used herein, by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.
- haloalkyl as used herein, includes mono-halo alkyl groups, poly- halo alkyl groups wherein all halo atoms can be the same or different, and per-halo alkyl groups, wherein all hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms, such as fluoro.
- haloalkyl examples include trifluoromethyl, 1,1-dichloroethyl, 1,2-dichloroethyl, 1,3-dibromo-3,3- - 13 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) difluoropropyl, perfluorobutyl, and the like.
- epoxy-functional or “epoxy-substituted” as used herein refers to a functional group in which an oxygen atom, the epoxy substituent, is directly attached to two adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system.
- epoxy-substituted functional groups include, but are not limited to, 2,3-epoxypropyl, 3,4-epoxybutyl, 4,5- epoxypentyl, 2,3-epoxypropoxy, epoxypropoxypropyl, 2-glycidoxyethyl, 3-glycidoxypropyl, 4-glycidoxybutyl, 2-(glycidoxycarbonyl)propyl, 3-(3,4-epoxycylohexyl)propyl, 2-(3,4- epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl, 2-(2,3-epoxycylopentyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methyl-3,4- epoxycyclohexyl)propyl, 2-(3,4-epoxy-3-methylcylohexyl)-2-methylethyl, and 5,6- epoxyhexyl.
- the term “monovalent” as used herein refers to a substituent connecting via a single bond to a substituted molecule. When a substituent is monovalent, such as, for example, F or Cl, it is bonded to the atom it is substituting by a single bond.
- the term “hydrocarbon” or “hydrocarbyl” as used herein refers to a molecule or functional group that includes carbon and hydrogen atoms. The term can also refer to a molecule or functional group that normally includes both carbon and hydrogen atoms but wherein all the hydrogen atoms are substituted with other functional groups.
- hydrocarbyl refers to a functional group derived from a straight chain, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon, and can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, or any combination thereof. Hydrocarbyl groups can be shown as (Ca- C b )hydrocarbyl, wherein a and b are integers and mean having any of a to b number of carbon atoms.
- (C1-C4)hydrocarbyl means the hydrocarbyl group can be methyl (C1), ethyl (C 2 ), propyl (C 3 ), or butyl (C 4 ), and (C 0 -C b )hydrocarbyl means in certain embodiments there is no hydrocarbyl group.
- solvent refers to a liquid that can dissolve a solid, liquid, or gas. Non-limiting examples of solvents are silicones, organic compounds, water, alcohols, ionic liquids, and supercritical fluids.
- the term “independently selected from” as used herein refers to referenced groups being the same, different, or a mixture thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are independently selected from noble gases” would include the scenario where, for example, X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are all the same, where X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are all different, where X 1 and X 2 are the same but X 3 is different, and other analogous permutations.
- room temperature refers to a temperature of about 15 °C to - 14 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) 28 °C.
- standard temperature and pressure refers to 20 °C and 101 kPa.
- composition refers to a mixture of at least one compound described herein with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to a patient or subject. Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not limited to, intravenous, oral, aerosol, parenteral, ophthalmic, pulmonary, and topical administration.
- a “disease” is a state of health of an animal wherein the animal cannot maintain homeostasis, and wherein if the disease is not ameliorated then the animal’s health continues to deteriorate.
- a “disorder” in an animal is a state of health in which the animal is able to maintain homeostasis, but in which the animal’s state of health is less favorable than it would be in the absence of the disorder. Left untreated, a disorder does not necessarily cause a further decrease in the animal’s state of health.
- a “diagnostically effective amount” or “pharmaceutically effective amount” is an amount sufficient to achieve or provide a clinically relevant MRI image or images of a tissue volume, such as a cancer, without causing any adverse reaction in the subject to which the compounds is administered.
- a clinically relevant image is one that a physician can use to base some or all of a diagnosis.
- the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively non-toxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
- pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt of the administered compounds prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases and/or buffers, including inorganic acids or bases, organic acids, or bases, solvates, hydrates, or clathrates thereof.
- Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid.
- inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric (including sulfate and hydrogen sulfate), and phosphoric acids (including hydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate).
- organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which include formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, malonic, saccharin, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, sul
- Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compounds described herein include, for example, ammonium salts, metallic salts including alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and transition metal salts such as, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc salts.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts also include organic salts made from basic amines such as, for example, N,N’-dibenzylethylene-diamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine. All of these salts may be prepared from the corresponding compound by reacting, for example, the appropriate acid or base with the compound.
- the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or carrier, such as a liquid or solid filler, stabilizer, dispersing agent, suspending agent, diluent, excipient, thickening agent, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a compound described herein within or to the patient such that it may perform its intended function.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or carrier such as a liquid or solid filler, stabilizer, dispersing agent, suspending agent, diluent, excipient, thickening agent, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a compound described herein within or to the patient such that it may perform its intended function.
- Such constructs are carried or transported from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
- Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation, including the compound(s) described herein, and not injuri
- materials that may serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; surface active agents; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline
- “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” also includes any and all coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are compatible with the activity of the compound(s) described herein, and are physiologically acceptable to the patient. Supplementary active compounds may also be incorporated into the compositions.
- the “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound(s) described herein.
- Other additional ingredients that may be included in the pharmaceutical compositions used with the methods or compounds described herein are known in the art and described, for example in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (Genaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., 1985, Easton, PA), which is incorporated herein by reference.
- patient refers to any animal, or cells thereof whether in vitro or in situ, amenable to the methods described herein.
- the patient, subject or individual is a human.
- Preparation of Compounds Compounds of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) or otherwise described herein can be prepared by the general schemes described herein, using the synthetic method known by those skilled in the art. The following examples illustrate non-limiting embodiments of the compound(s) described herein and their preparation.
- a method of making a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) is provided.
- Y 1 N N In transition metal ion selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn.
- each Y1, Y2, Y3, or Y4 is independently H or -X-CH2- P(O)(OH) 2 . - 17 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129)
- each X is independently a bond or LL.
- each R* is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl.
- at least two of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, if present, are independently -X-CH 2 -P(O)(OH) 2 .
- X is a bond.
- X is -CH 2 -.
- X is -CH2-CH2-.
- Tn is Mn (II) or Mn(III) in the compound formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie).
- Tn is Fe (II) or Fe(III) in the compound formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie).
- Tn is Co (II) or Co(III) in the compound formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie).
- Tn is Ni (II) or Ni(III) in the compound formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie).
- Tn is Zn (II) in the compound formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie).
- LL does not comprise a -O-O- bond.
- the method comprises contacting a salt of Tn with a ligand, or a salt thereof, having the structure Y 1 N N , 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) , in an organic solvent of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie), In various embodiments, the solvent is an alcohol, such as but not limited to methanol, ethanol, and the like.
- the ligand is an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt.
- the ligand is unsalted (does not have a counterion associated with it) and is in the form of a free based and phosphonic acid/phosphonate.
- the salt of Tn is a fluoride, chloride, bromide, or nitrate salt.
- compounds of the disclosure are prepared, in some embodiments, in an organic solvent under inert atmosphere, so that divalent transition metal ions such as Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ or Ni 2+ , or trivalent transition metal ions, cannot be oxidized.
- Ligands such as NOTP 6- , DOTP 8- , or DOTA-4AMP 8- are dissolved in ethanol (absolute) and purged with inert gas (nitrogen gas). Ligands may be used in unsalted form (free amine/phosphonic acids or phosphonate) or as alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts, such as Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and the like.
- the ligands have the following structures: Ligand Chemical Name - 19 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10- tetra(methylene phosphonate) r Tn ion) are dissolved in ethanol (absolute) under inert atmosphere of nitrogen gas.
- Suitable metal salts include, but are not limited to, MnCl 2 , MnBr 2 , MnSO 4 , Mn(NO 3 ) 2 , MnCl 3 , MnBr 3 , Mn2(SO4)3, Mn(NO3)3, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeSO4, Fe(NO3)2, FeCl3, FeBr3, Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(NO3)3, CoCl 2 , CoBr 2 , Co(NO 3 ) 2 , CoSO 4 , CoCl 3 , CoBr 3 , Co(NO 3 ) 3 , Co 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , NiCl 2 , NiBr 2 , Ni(NO3)2, NiSO4, NiCl3, NiBr3, Ni(NO3)3, Ni2(SO4)3, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, Zn(NO3)2, ZnSO4, and the like.
- hydrates of these transition metal salts are also suitable.
- the respective ligand (NOTP 6- , DOTP 8- , or DOTA-4AMP 8- ) solution is mixed with the respective transition metal salt solution and stirred under inert atmosphere for 24h. After completion of the synthesis, the complex is purified through set of physiochemical methods and chromatography.
- the pH and temperature sensing abilities of compounds of the disclosure are set forth in Table 1.
- the sodium sensing abilities of compounds of the disclosure are set - 20 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) forth in Table 2. Table 1.
- a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie), a - 22 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) deuterated analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided: Y 1 N N Tn , In , (Id), or (Ie), each Tn is a group Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn.
- each Y1, Y2, Y3, or Y4 is independently H or -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2.
- each X is independently a bond or LL.
- each R* is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl.
- at least two of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, if present, are independently -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2.
- LL does not comprise a -O-O- bond.
- LL does not comprise a -S-S- bond.
- LL does not comprise a -N-N- bond.
- LL does not comprise a -N-O- bond.
- deuterated analog of a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) it is meant that one or more of the non-exchangeable hydrogen atoms (protons) in the compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) is/are replaced by deuterium.
- deuterium For example, and without limitation, - 23 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) , and (Ie) is perdeuterated such that all non-exchangeable hydrogen atoms (protons) in the compound are deuterium atoms.
- Contemplated herein is every deuterated isomer of any particular compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) as if each was individually drawn out.
- Contemplated herein is every deuterated isomer of a compound selected from the group consisting of . of a derivative of the ligand diamsar: - 24 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) , wherein each L is X is as defined herein.
- X is wherein the * designates the point ring N atom in formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie).
- Tn is in the +2 oxidation state. In various embodiments, Tn is Fe, Co, or Ni. In various embodiments, Tn is in the +3 oxidation state. In various embodiments, Tn is Fe, Co, or Ni.
- the compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) has the structure: Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) . the . formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient is provided.
- the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous solution of the compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) and water or isotonic saline solution.
- the compounds described herein can possess one or more stereocenters, and each stereocenter can exist independently in either the (R) or (S) configuration.
- compounds described herein are present in optically active or racemic forms. It is to be understood that the compounds described herein encompass racemic, optically-active, regioisomeric and stereoisomeric forms, or combinations thereof that possess the useful properties described herein.
- Preparation of optically active forms is achieved in any suitable manner, including by way of non-limiting example, by resolution of the racemic form with recrystallization techniques, synthesis from optically-active starting materials, chiral synthesis, or chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase.
- a mixture of one or more isomer is utilized as the therapeutic compound described herein.
- compounds described herein contain one or more chiral centers. These compounds are prepared by any means, including stereoselective synthesis, enantioselective synthesis and/or separation of a mixture of enantiomers and/ or - 26 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) diastereomers.
- Resolution of compounds and isomers thereof is achieved by any means including, by way of non-limiting example, chemical processes, enzymatic processes, fractional crystallization, distillation, and chromatography.
- the methods and formulations described herein include the use of N-oxides (if appropriate), crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), solvates, amorphous phases, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds having the structure of any compound(s) described herein, as well as metabolites and active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity.
- Solvates include water, ether (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, methyl tert-butyl ether) or alcohol (e.g., ethanol) solvates, acetates and the like.
- the compounds described herein exist in solution forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, and ethanol. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in powdered form. In certain embodiments, the compound(s) described herein can exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within the scope of the compounds presented herein. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs.
- a “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. In certain embodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically active form of the compound.
- a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically active form of the compound.
- sites on, for example, the aromatic ring portion of compound(s) described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions. Incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures may reduce, minimize, or eliminate this metabolic pathway.
- the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a deuterium, a halogen, or an alkyl group.
- Compounds described herein also include isotope-labeled compounds wherein one or more atoms is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
- isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds described herein include and are not limited to 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 36 Cl, 18 F, 123 I, 125 I, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 32 P, and 35 S.
- isotope-labeled compounds are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies.
- substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium affords greater metabolic stability (for example, increased in vivo half-life or - 27 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) reduced dosage requirements).
- substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as 11 C, 18 F, 15 O and 13 N is useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy.
- PET Positron Emission Topography
- the compounds described herein are labeled by other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.
- the compounds described herein, and other related compounds having different substituents are synthesized using techniques and materials described herein and as described, for example, in Fieser & Fieser’s Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd’s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991), Larock’s Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989), March, Advanced Organic Chemistry 4 th Ed., (Wiley 1992); Carey & Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry 4th Ed., Vols.
- Protecting groups are used to block some or all of the reactive moieties and prevent such groups from participating in chemical reactions until the protective group is removed.
- each protective group is removable by a different means.
- Protective groups that are cleaved under totally disparate reaction conditions fulfill the requirement of differential removal.
- protective groups are removed by acid, base, reducing conditions (such as, for example, hydrogenolysis), and/or oxidative conditions.
- Groups such as trityl, dimethoxytrityl, acetal and t-butyldimethylsilyl are acid labile and are used to protect carboxy and hydroxy reactive moieties in the presence of amino groups protected - 28 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) with Cbz groups, which are removable by hydrogenolysis, and Fmoc groups, which are base labile.
- Carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties are blocked with base labile groups such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, and acetyl, in the presence of amines that are blocked with acid labile groups, such as t-butyl carbamate, or with carbamates that are both acid and base stable but hydrolytically removable.
- base labile groups such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, and acetyl
- carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties are blocked with hydrolytically removable protective groups such as the benzyl group, while amine groups capable of hydrogen bonding with acids are blocked with base labile groups such as Fmoc.
- Carboxylic acid reactive moieties are protected by conversion to simple ester compounds as exemplified herein, which include conversion to alkyl esters, or are blocked with oxidatively-removable protective groups such as 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, while co- existing amino groups are blocked with fluoride labile silyl carbamates. Allyl blocking groups are useful in the presence of acid- and base- protecting groups since the former are stable and are subsequently removed by metal or pi-acid catalysts. For example, an allyl-blocked carboxylic acid is deprotected with a palladium-catalyzed reaction in the presence of acid labile t-butyl carbamate or base-labile acetate amine protecting groups.
- protecting group is a resin to which a compound or intermediate is attached. As long as the residue is attached to the resin, that functional group is blocked and does not react. Once released from the resin, the functional group is available to react.
- blocking/protecting groups may be selected from: . - 29 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) creation of protecting groups and their removal are described in Greene & Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1999, and Kocienski, Protective Groups, Thieme Verlag, New York, NY, 1994, which are incorporated herein by reference for such disclosure.
- the compound(s) described herein can be administered to a subject in an amount ranging from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, or about 0.5 mg/kg to about 190 mg/kg, or about 0.75 mg/kg to about 180 mg/kg, or about 1 mg/kg to about 170 mg/kg, or about 1.5 mg/kg to about 160 mg/kg, or about 2 mg/kg to about 150 mg/kg, or about 2.5 mg/kg to about 140 mg/kg, or about 3 mg/kg to about 130 mg/kg, or about 3.5 mg/kg to about 120 mg/kg, or about 4 mg/kg to about 110 mg/kg, or about 4.5 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, or about 5 mg/kg to about 95 mg/kg, or about 5.5 mg/kg to about 90 mg/kg, or about 6 mg/kg to about 85 mg/kg, or about 6.5 mg/kg to about 80 mg/kg, or about 7 mg/kg to about 75 mg/kg, or about 7.5 mg/kg to about 70
- the compound(s) described herein can be administered to a subject in an amount that is less than, equal to, or greater than about 0.01 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 0.75 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 3.5 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 4.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 5.5 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, 6.5 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg, 8.5 mg/kg, 9 mg/kg, 9.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg, 16 mg/kg, 18 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 55 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 65 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 80 mg
- compositions containing the compound(s) described herein include a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound as described herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the composition is formulated for an administration route such as oral or parenteral, for example, transdermal, transmucosal (e.g., sublingual, lingual, (trans)buccal, (trans)urethral, vaginal (e.g., trans- and - 30 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) perivaginally), (intra)nasal and (trans)rectal, intravesical, intrapulmonary, intraduodenal, intragastrical, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intrabronchial, inhalation, and topical administration.
- the disclosure provides a method of imaging a tissue volume using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a compound of the disclosure, such as a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie).
- the method includes contacting a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of the disclosure with the tissue volume.
- the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data.
- the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume.
- a method for monitoring the efficacy of a cancer treatment in a patient undergoing chemotherapy includes administering a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of the disclosure, such as a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) to the patient.
- the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data.
- the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume.
- a method for monitoring or determining a cancer prognosis in a patient includes administering a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of the disclosure, such as a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) to the patient.
- the patient has at least one tissue volume comprising - 31 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) cancerous tissue.
- the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data.
- the image data comprises extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume.
- a greater volume of measured acidic extracellular pH in an environment surrounding the tissue volume is correlated with a more aggressive cancer.
- whether a volume is acidic is determined relative to a volume in the same sample or individual that is known not to have any cancerous tumors (normal tissue).
- the tissue volume includes or is a cancerous tumor.
- acquiring magnetic resonance image data includes measuring of the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) of NH protons in the contrast agent and mapping of extracellular pH of the cancerous tumor.
- CEST chemical exchange saturation transfer
- acquiring magnetic resonance data includes a) exposing the contrast agent to a saturation radiofrequency (RF) pulse. In various embodiments, acquiring magnetic resonance data includes b) exposing the contrast agent to at least one sampling RF pulse. In various embodiments, acquiring magnetic resonance data includes c) exposing the contrast agent to one or more RF pulses to obtain CEST data. In various embodiments, the RF pulse has an amplitude of about 0.1 to about 50 ⁇ T, In various embodiments, the tissue volume includes an in vitro tissue sample. In various embodiments, the tissue volume includes in vivo tissue in a mammal. In various embodiments, the mammal is a human.
- RF radiofrequency
- compounds of the disclosure such as TnNOTP 4- , TnDOTP 6- , TnDOTA-4AMP 6- agents allow for delineation of lesions with T1-weighted (positive contrast) and/or T 2 -weighted (negative contrast) imaging.
- compounds of the disclosure such as TnNOTP 4- , TnDOTP 6- , TnDOTA-4AMP 6- are agents for pH and temperature sensing ability through a MRSI hyperfine shift method (Table 1).
- measuring of the chemical shift of one or more protons in the compound includes the mapping of extracellular pH of a cancer tumor.
- compounds of the disclosure such as TnDOTA-4AMP 6- are agents for pH and temperature sensing ability through CEST method, and which can also be combined with BIRDS detection scheme.
- the methods described herein include measuring pH and/or - 32 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) temperature sensitivity study in vitro or in vivo.
- the measuring of the CEST of -NH protons in the compound includes with the mapping of extracellular pH of a cancer tumor.
- compounds of the disclosure such as TnNOTP 4- , TnDOTP 6- , TnDOTA-4AMP 6- are agents for sodium ion sensing ability (Table 2).
- compounds of the disclosure such as wherein the measuring of the volume of compartmentalized sodium ions includes a volume of extracellular sodium concentration due to interaction with compounds of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) for a cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
- the methods described herein are suitable for identification of tumor type, demarcation of tumor boundary, prognosis of tumor therapy.
- compounds of the disclosure can be used for the simultaneous mapping of sodium and pH of a cancerous tumor.
- Administration/Dosage/Formulations In various embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in a diagnostically effective amount. The dose may be continuously infused, or may be a bolus injection.
- the dosages of the therapeutic formulations may be proportionally increased or decreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic or prophylactic situation.
- Administration of the compositions described herein to a patient, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human, may be carried out using known procedures, at dosages and for periods of time effective to accurately image a tissue volume in in the patient.
- a diagnostically effective amount of the therapeutic compound necessary to achieve a therapeutic effect may vary according to factors such as the state of the disease or disorder in the patient; the age, sex, and weight of the patient; and the ability of the therapeutic compound to accurately image a tissue volume in in the patient.
- Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired imaging for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
- a medical doctor e.g., physician or veterinarian, having ordinary skill in the art may readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
- the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds - 33 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) described herein employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
- Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the patients to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of compound calculated to produce the desired effect in association with the required pharmaceutical vehicle.
- the compositions described herein are formulated using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.
- the pharmaceutical compositions described herein comprise a diagnostically effective amount of a compound described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the carrier may be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
- the proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
- Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
- isotonic agents for example, sugars, sodium chloride, or polyalcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, in the composition.
- Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions may be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate or gelatin.
- the compound(s) described herein for administration may be in the range of from about 1 ⁇ g to about 10,000 mg, about 20 ⁇ g to about 9,500 mg, about 40 ⁇ g to about 9,000 mg, about 75 ⁇ g to about 8,500 mg, about 150 ⁇ g to about 7,500 mg, about 200 ⁇ g to about 7,000 mg, about 350 ⁇ g to about 6,000 mg, about 500 ⁇ g to about 5,000 mg, about 750 ⁇ g to about 4,000 mg, about 1 mg to about 3,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 2,500 mg, about 20 mg to about 2,000 mg, about 25 mg to about 1,500 mg, about 30 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 40 mg to about 900 mg, about 50 mg to about 800 mg, about 60 mg to about 750 mg, about 70 mg to about 600 mg, about 80 mg to about 500 mg, and any and all whole or partial increments therebetween.
- the dose of a compound described herein is from about 1 mg and about 2,500 mg.
- a dose of a compound described herein used in - 34 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) compositions described herein is less than about 10,000 mg, or less than about 8,000 mg, or less than about 6,000 mg, or less than about 5,000 mg, or less than about 3,000 mg, or less than about 2,000 mg, or less than about 1,000 mg, or less than about 500 mg, or less than about 200 mg, or less than about 50 mg.
- a dose of a second compound as described herein is less than about 1,000 mg, or less than about 800 mg, or less than about 600 mg, or less than about 500 mg, or less than about 400 mg, or less than about 300 mg, or less than about 200 mg, or less than about 100 mg, or less than about 50 mg, or less than about 40 mg, or less than about 30 mg, or less than about 25 mg, or less than about 20 mg, or less than about 15 mg, or less than about 10 mg, or less than about 5 mg, or less than about 2 mg, or less than about 1 mg, or less than about 0.5 mg, and any and all whole or partial increments thereof.
- a composition as described herein is a packaged pharmaceutical composition
- a container holding a diagnostically effective amount of a compound described herein may be employed in admixtures with conventional excipients, i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for oral, parenteral, nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous, enteral, or any other suitable mode of administration, known to the art.
- the pharmaceutical preparations may be sterilized and if desired mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure buffers, coloring, flavoring and/or aromatic substances and the like.
- compositions described herein include oral, nasal, rectal, intravaginal, parenteral, buccal, sublingual or topical.
- the compounds for use in the compositions described herein can be formulated for administration by any suitable route, such as for oral or parenteral, for example, transdermal, transmucosal (e.g., sublingual, lingual, (trans)buccal, (trans)urethral, vaginal (e.g., trans- and perivaginally), (intra)nasal and (trans)rectal), intravesical, intrapulmonary, intraduodenal, intragastrical, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intrabronchial, inhalation, and topical administration.
- transdermal e.g., sublingual, lingual, (trans)buccal, (trans)urethral
- vaginal e.g., trans- and perivaginally
- intravesical, intrapulmonary, intraduodenal, intragastrical intrathecal
- compounds of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) are administered in a single intravenous injection, which can be a rapid injection (the entire dose administered in less than 15, 30, or 60 seconds) or an infusion over time (over 1 to 30 minutes). It should be understood that the formulations and compositions described herein are - 35 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) not limited to the particular formulations and compositions that are described herein.
- the compounds as described herein may be formulated for injection or infusion, for example, intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection or infusion, or for administration in a bolus dose and/or continuous infusion.
- Suspensions, solutions or emulsions in an oily or aqueous vehicle, optionally containing other formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents may be used.
- Sterile injectable forms of the compositions described herein may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
- the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol.
- a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol.
- acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
- Sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
- any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
- Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
- Additional dosage forms suitable for use with the compound(s) and compositions described herein include dosage forms as described in U.S. Patents Nos.6,340,475; 6,488,962; 6,451,808; 5,972,389; 5,582,837; and 5,007,790. Additional dosage forms suitable for use with the compound(s) and compositions described herein also include dosage forms as described in U.S.
- Patent Applications Nos.20030147952; 20030104062; 20030104053; 20030044466; 20030039688; and 20020051820 Additional dosage forms suitable for use with the compound(s) and compositions described herein also include dosage forms as described in PCT Applications Nos. WO 03/35041; WO 03/35040; WO 03/35029; WO 03/35177; WO 03/35039; WO 02/96404; WO 02/32416; WO 01/97783; WO 01/56544; WO 01/32217; WO 98/55107; WO 98/11879; WO 97/47285; WO 93/18755; and WO 90/11757.
- a transition metal salt [Ni(NO3)26H2O, Co(NO3)26H2O or FeSO4 ⁇ 7H2O] is dissolved in absolute ethanol under inert atmosphere of nitrogen gas in a separate Erlenmeyer flask. Finally respective ligand solution is mixed with respective salt solution and stirred under inert atmosphere for 24h. After completion of the synthesis, the complex is precipitated with excess diethyl ether and washed three times to remove uncomplexed Tn 2+ . The precipitate is dried at room temperature. Finally, dried powders are dissolved in water and the pH of solution is maintained to 7 using HCl and KOH.
- the pH-maintained samples are lyophilized and stored at -20 ⁇ C for further characterization and evaluation.
- the samples are further purified and analyzed on a HPCL using C18 column.
- the transition metal ion concentration of the complexes is then confirmed by ICP-MS analysis.
- Tn 2+ and ligands like TACN (1,4,7-triazacyclononane) and cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) are demonstrated here, similar complexation can be achieved with Tn 2+ and other ligands, e.g., cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) and their cross bridged (cb) versions like cb-cyclen and cb-cyclam or even diamsar (1,8-diamino- 3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6,6,6]-eicosane) as shown in FIG.8.
- cyclam 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane
- cb cross bridged
- diamsar 1,8-diamino- 3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6,6,6]-eicosane
- NMR study The synthesized complexes are characterized for water proton relaxivities with different concentrations of complexes, as well as their proton sensing (with BIRDS and CEST) and sodium sensing (with 23 Na-MRSI) properties on a Bruker AVANCE III HD 500 vertical-bore spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) interfaced with Bruker TopSpin v3.2 software.
- Temperature and pH sensitive non-exchangeable proton resonances in each complex are chosen for BIRDS detection.
- the relaxation times (T1 and T2) of these resonances are measured at 35 ⁇ C using typical inversion-recovery and spin-echo methods, respectively.
- the CEST effect is quantified as a decrease in total bulk water intensity according to the following equation: ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Eq.2
- Ms is the magnetization for saturation at the frequency of interest
- M 0 is the reference magnetization for saturation at a frequency further away from resonance of interest.
- the second term on the right-hand side of Eq.2 is inversely proportional to (1+ kT 1 ), where k is the exchange rate and T1 is the bulk water longitudinal relaxation time, and k is determined by fitting the Z-spectra to Bloch equations modified for chemical exchange.
- Na + Sodium (Na + ) concentration is normally low intracellularly ( ⁇ 10 mM) and high in blood and extracellular spaces ( ⁇ 150 mM), producing a strong transmembrane Na + gradient ( ⁇ Na + mem ⁇ 140 mM) and a weak transendothelial Na + gradient ( ⁇ Na + end ⁇ 0 mM). Distributions of sodium ion (Na + ) across biological membranes are tightly regulated, and thus variations of Na + across compartments often imply pathological states. In vitro experiments are performed using concentric NMR tubes (spherical and cylindrical; Wilmad-LabGlass, Vineland, NJ, USA).
- One compartment contained 150 mM NaCl and the other (outer) contained the same but with varying amounts of transition metal complexes and 10% v/v 2 H2O to lock the spectrometer frequency using the 2 H2O signal.
- Each solution is pH-adjusted using HCl or KOH to give five different pH values.
- 23 Na-NMR spectra are collected on the same Bruker system as for 1 H NMR.
- Spectra are analyzed applying 10 Hz line broadening and manual zeroth- and first-order phasing.
- the chemical shift and line width of the shifted peak are measured using the “peakw” function on TopSpin.
- the terms and expressions employed herein are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the embodiments of the present application.
- Embodiment 2 The compound of Embodiment 2, wherein in (Ia), (Ib), or (Id) at least three of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 , if present, are independently -X-CH 2 -P(O)(OH) 2 .
- Embodiment 3 The compound of any one of Embodiments 1-2, wherein X is , and wherein the * designates the point of attachment to the ring N atom in formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie).
- Embodiment 4 The compound of any one of Embodiments 1-3, wherein the Tn is in the +2 oxidation state.
- Embodiment 5 The compound of any one of Embodiments 1-4, wherein Tn is Fe, Co, or Ni.
- Embodiment 6 The compound of any one of Embodiments 1-5, which has the structure - 40 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) . structure . one of Embodiments 1-7 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
- Embodiment 9 A method of imaging a tissue volume using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the method comprising: contacting a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-7 with the tissue volume; and acquiring magnetic resonance image data, wherein the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume.
- MRI magnetic resonance imaging
- Embodiment 11 The method of Embodiment 10, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance image data comprises measuring of the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) of NH protons in the contrast agent and mapping of extracellular pH of the cancerous tumor.
- Embodiment 12 The method of any one of Embodiments 9-11, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance data comprises: a) exposing the contrast agent to a saturation radiofrequency (RF) pulse; b) exposing the contrast agent to at least one sampling RF pulse; and c) exposing the contrast agent to one or more RF pulses to obtain CEST data.
- RF radiofrequency
- Embodiment 13 The method of any one of Embodiments 9-12, wherein the tissue volume comprises an in vitro tissue sample.
- Embodiment 14 The method of any one of Embodiments 9-13, wherein the tissue volume comprises in vivo tissue in a mammal.
- Embodiment 15 The method of claim 14, wherein the mammal is a human.
- Embodiment 16 A method for monitoring the efficacy of a cancer treatment in a patient undergoing chemotherapy, the method comprising: administering a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-7 to the patient; and acquiring magnetic resonance image data, wherein the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume.
- Embodiment 17 The method of Embodiment 16, wherein the tissue volume comprises a cancerous tumor.
- Embodiment 18 The method of Embodiment 17, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance image data comprises measuring of the CEST of NH protons in the contrast agent and mapping of extracellular pH of the cancerous tumor.
- Embodiment 19 The method of any one of Embodiments 16-18, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance data comprises: a) exposing the contrast agent to a saturation radiofrequency (RF) pulse; b) exposing the contrast agent to at least one sampling RF pulse; and c) exposing the contrast agent to one or more RF pulses to obtain CEST data.
- RF radiofrequency
- Embodiment 20 A method for monitoring or determining a cancer prognosis in a patient, the method comprising: - 42 - 51234675.2 Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) administering a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-7 to the patient, wherein the patient has at least one tissue volume comprising cancerous tissue; and acquiring magnetic resonance image data, wherein the image data comprises extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume.
- Embodiment 21 The method of Embodiment 20, wherein a greater volume of measured acidic extracellular pH in an environment surrounding the tissue volume is correlated with a more aggressive cancer.
- Embodiment 22 The method of any one of Embodiments 20-21, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance image data comprises measuring of the CEST of NH protons in the contrast agent and mapping of extracellular pH of the cancerous tissue.
- Embodiment 23 The method of any one of Embodiments 20-22, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance data comprises: a) exposing the contrast agent to a saturation radiofrequency (RF) pulse; b) exposing the contrast agent to at least one sampling RF pulse; and c) exposing the contrast agent to one or more RF pulses to obtain CEST data.
- RF radiofrequency
- Embodiment 26 The method of any one of Embodiments 24-25, wherein the ligand is an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt.
- Embodiment 27 The method of any one of Embodiments 24-26, wherein the salt of Tn is a fluoride, chloride, bromide, or nitrate salt. - 44 - 51234675.2
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
Abstract
Provided herein are certain transition metal complexes of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie). The transition metal complexes are suitable for use as MRI contrast agents and can be used for diagnosing the prognosis of cancer by measuring the environment surrounding a cancerous tumor.
Description
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) TITLE OF THE INVENTION Transition Metal Complexes For MRI Applications and Methods of Use CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/421,051 entitled “TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES FOR MRI APPLICATIONS AND METHODS OF USE,” filed October 31, 2022, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH This invention was made with government support under EB023366 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention. BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) are widely used in clinical diagnosis, where the majority of scans relies on detection of tissue water - specifically the proton (1H) nuclear spin (I = 1/2) which has a large gyromagnetic ratio ( ^^H = 42.57 MHz/T). However, to enhance the contrast between normal and diseased tissues, molecular imaging probes are used with multimodal MRI/MRSI platforms. The paramagnetic probe features both exchangeable and non-exchangeable protons, which respectively allow detection schemes for chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts (BIRDS) methods for pH and temperature measurements. pH and temperature are vital physiological markers of the human body because they are tightly regulated to maintain homeostasis, whereas diseased tissues usually show altered physiological conditions. In cancer tumors, glycolysis is upregulated in relation to oxidative phosphorylation even with sufficient oxygen. Aerobic glycolysis generates excessive amounts of hydrogen ions and lactate, which are extruded into the extracellular milieu, lowering the pH of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, extracellular acidosis is a hallmark of tumor progression, and precise pH mapping could provide an excellent approach for early detection of cancers. Similar to pH dysregulation in cancer, electrolyte imbalance also has a role in tumorigenesis. Thus, precise measurement of Na+ across different compartments in vivo (interstitial, intracellular and blood) is also considered an important biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of cancers. - 1 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) Paramagnetic trivalent lanthanide metal ion (Ln3+), e.g., Gd3+, Eu3+, Yb3+, and/or Tm3+, complexes are most featured exogenous contrast agents which when added to the blood circulation and upon extravasation into extravascular space enhances tissue water proton relaxation, i.e., shortening both longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times. Region-specific water proton relaxation enhancement improves MRI contrast to delineate lesions with T1-weighted (positive contrast) and/or T2-weighted (negative contrast) imaging. Some of these agents also allow measuring pH and temperature through BIRDS, while some of these probes also have CEST properties. However, contrast agents based on lanthanide metal ions can cause toxicity if the ions are released from the ion-chelated complexes. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In certain aspects, a compound of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), or formula (Ie), a deuterated analogue of a compound of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), or formula (Ie), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the preceding compounds is provided. Compounds of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), and formula (Ie) have the following structures: Y1 N N , wherein:
each Tn is independently a bivalent (2+) or trivalent (3+) transition metal ion selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn; each Y1, Y2, Y3, or Y4 is independently H or -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2; each X is independently a bond or LL; each LL is independently a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C1-12 hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of the hydrocarbon are independently replaced with -O-, -S-, -N(R*)-, -OC(=O)-, -C(=O)O-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -N(R*)S(O)2-, - S(O)2N(R*)-, -N(R*)C(=O)-, -C(=O)N(R*)-, -OC(=O)N(R*)-,or -N(R*)C(=O)O-, - 2 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) wherein each R* is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl; with the proviso that at least two of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, if present, are independently -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2. In certain aspects, compounds of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), and formula (Ie) are useful as MRI contrast agents. In certain aspects, a method of imaging a tissue volume using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is provided. In certain embodiments, the method includes contacting a bolus of a contrast agent that includes a compound of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), or formula (Ie) with the tissue volume. In certain embodiments, the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data. In certain embodiments the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. In certain aspects, a method for monitoring the efficacy of a cancer treatment in a patient undergoing chemotherapy is provided. In certain embodiments, the method includes administering a bolus of a contrast agent that includes a compound of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), or formula (Ie) to the patient. In certain embodiments, the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data. In certain embodiments, the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. In certain aspects, a method for monitoring or determining a cancer prognosis in a patient is provided. In certain embodiments, the method includes administering a bolus of a contrast agent that includes a compound of formula (Ia), formula (Ib), formula (Ic), formula (Id), or formula (Ie) to the patient. In certain embodiments, the patient has at least one tissue volume comprising cancerous tissue. In certain embodiments, the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data. In certain embodiments, the image data comprises extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments of the present application. FIG.1 shows ligands of interest that form transition metal complexes of the disclosure for application as MR(S)I probes, according to various embodiments. Top row) NOTP6- - 3 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) coordinated with Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+ corresponding complexes [FeNOTP4-, 6-coordinate; CoNOTP4-, 6-coordinate; NiNOTP4-, 6-coordinate]. Middle row) DOTP8- coordinated with Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+ corresponding complexes [FeDOTP6-, 8-coordinate; CoDOTP6-, 7- coordinate; NiDOTP6-, 6-coordinate;]. Bottom row) DOTA-4AMP8- coordinated with Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+ corresponding complexes [FeDOTA-4AMP6-, 8-coordinate; CoDOTA-4AMP6-, 7- coordinate; NiDOTA-4AMP6-, 6-coordinate]. The blue and red protons represent exchangeable and non-exchangeable protons giving rise to CEST and BIRDS detection schemes, respectively. FIG.2 is a schematic depiction of MR(S)I probes showing different modalities and applications for pH, temperature, and sodium ion sensing, in accordance with various embodiments. FIGs.3A-3C show structures and 1H NMR spectra of NOTP6-, DOTP8-, and DOTA- 4AMP8- ligands, respectively, in accordance with various embodiments. FIGs.4A-4C show 1H NMR spectra of TnNOTP4-, TnDOTP6-, and TnDOTA-4AMP6- (Tn2+ = Fe2+, Co2+ or Ni2+) reveal hyperfine shifted proton peaks. Except the -NH moiety which features exchangeable protons (for CEST), the other labeled peaks are all non- exchangeable protons (for BIRDS). See Table 1 for pH and temperature sensitivities. FIGs.5A-5B show representative pH and temperature sensitivities of CoDOTP6- and NiDOTP6- are shown with MRS proton hyperfine shifted peaks. See Table 1 for pH and temperature sensitivities of TnNOTP4-, TnDOTP6-, and TnDOTA-4AMP6- (Tn2+ = Fe2+, Co2+ or Ni2+) complexes. FIG.6 shows representative Z-spectra demonstrating the CEST properties of NiDOTA-4AMP6-. FIG.7 shows representative sodium ion shiftability and broadening potentials of TnNOTP4- (Tn2+ = Fe2+, Co2+ or Ni2+). The peak at 0 ppm represents the sodium signal in absence of the paramagnetic agent. See Table 2 for sodium ion shiftability and broadening potentials. FIG.8 shows structures of TACN (1,4,7-triazacyclononane), cyclen (1,4,7,10- tetraazacyclododecane), cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) and their cross bridged (cb) versions as well as diamsar (1,8-diamino-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6,6,6]- eicosane). In various embodiments, these ligands are suitable for use in the synthesis of compounds of the disclosure and for use in the MRI methods described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - 4 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) Provided herein are, in one aspect, biocompatible clinically translational divalent transition metal ion (M2+) complexed with negatively charged phosphonate macrocyclics (Che-n) to form complexes (MChe(-n+2)). Provided herein are, in one aspect, biocompatible clinically translational trivalent transition metal ion (M3+) complexed with negatively charged phosphonate macrocyclics (Che-n) to form complexes (MChe(-n+3)). In certain embodiments, these complexes are probes for noninvasive measurements of pH, temperature and compartmental sodium ion for early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer tumors. These same transition metal probes can also delineate lesions with T1-weighted (positive contrast) and/or T2-weighted (negative contrast) imaging. In certain embodiments, the divalent transition metal complexes described herein are non-toxic and provide clinically important insights into the tumor (and stroke) microenvironment by complementary strengths of 1H and 23Na MRSI modalities. Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, examples of which are illustrated in part in the accompanying drawings. While the disclosed subject matter will be described in conjunction with the enumerated claims, it will be understood that the exemplified subject matter is not intended to limit the claims to the disclosed subject matter. Throughout this document, values expressed in a range format should be interpreted in a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a range of “about 0.1% to about 5%” or “about 0.1% to 5%” should be interpreted to include not just about 0.1% to about 5%, but also the individual values (e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and the sub-ranges (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 1.1% to 2.2%, 3.3% to 4.4%) within the indicated range. The statement “about X to Y” has the same meaning as “about X to about Y,” unless indicated otherwise. Likewise, the statement “about X, Y, or about Z” has the same meaning as “about X, about Y, or about Z,” unless indicated otherwise. In this document, the terms “a,” “an,” or “the” are used to include one or more than one unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive “or” unless otherwise indicated. The statement “at least one of A and B” or “at least one of A or B” has the same meaning as “A, B, or A and B.” In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein, and not otherwise defined, is for the purpose of description only and not of limitation. Any use of section headings is intended to aid reading of the document and is not to be interpreted as limiting; information - 5 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) that is relevant to a section heading may occur within or outside of that particular section. All publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference. In the methods described herein, the acts can be carried out in any order, except when a temporal or operational sequence is explicitly recited. Furthermore, specified acts can be carried out concurrently unless explicit claim language recites that they be carried out separately. For example, a claimed act of doing X and a claimed act of doing Y can be conducted simultaneously within a single operation, and the resulting process will fall within the literal scope of the claimed process. Definitions The term “about” as used herein can allow for a degree of variability in a value or range, for example, within 10%, within 5%, or within 1% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range and includes the exact stated value or range. The term “substantially” as used herein refers to a majority of, or mostly, as in at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or at least about 99.999% or more, or 100%. The term “substantially free of” as used herein can mean having none or having a trivial amount of, such that the amount of material present does not affect the material properties of the composition including the material, such that the composition is about 0 wt% to about 5 wt% of the material, or about 0 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 5 wt% or less, or less than, equal to, or greater than about 4.5 wt%, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, or about 0.001 wt% or less. The term “substantially free of” can mean having a trivial amount of, such that a composition is about 0 wt% to about 5 wt% of the material, or about 0 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 5 wt% or less, or less than, equal to, or greater than about 4.5 wt%, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, or about 0.001 wt% or less, or about 0 wt%. The term “organic group” as used herein refers to any carbon-containing functional group. Examples can include an oxygen-containing group such as an alkoxy group, aryloxy group, aralkyloxy group, oxo(carbonyl) group; a carboxyl group including a carboxylic acid, carboxylate, and a carboxylate ester; a sulfur-containing group such as an alkyl and aryl sulfide group; and other heteroatom-containing groups. Non-limiting examples of organic groups include -OR, -OOR, -OC(=O)N(R)2, -CN, CF3, -OCF3, R, -C(=O), methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, -N(R)2, -SR, -SOR, SO2R, SO2N(R)2, SO3R, -C(=O)R, -C(=O)C(=O)R, - C(=O)CH2C(=O)R, -C(=S)R, C(=O)OR, -OC(=O)R, -C(=O)N(R)2, -OC(=O)N(R)2, - - 6 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) C(=S)N(R)2, (CH2)0-2N(R)C(=O)R, (CH2)0-2N(R)N(R)2, N(R)N(R)C(=O)R, N(R)N(R)C(=O)OR, N(R)N(R)CON(R)2, N(R)SO2R, N(R)SO2N(R)2, N(R)C(=O)OR, N(R)C(=O)R, N(R)C(S)R, N(R)C(=O)N(R)2, N(R)C(S)N(R)2, N(COR)COR, N(OR)R, - C(=NH)N(R)2, -C(=O)N(OR)R, -C(=NOR)R, and substituted or unsubstituted (C1- C100)hydrocarbyl, wherein R can be hydrogen (in examples that include other carbon atoms) or a carbon-based moiety, and wherein the carbon-based moiety can be substituted or unsubstituted. The term “substituted” as used herein in conjunction with a molecule or an organic group as defined herein refers to the state in which one or more hydrogen atoms contained therein are replaced by one or more non-hydrogen atoms. The substitution can be direct substitution, whereby the hydrogen atom is replaced by a functional group or substituent, or an indirect substitution, whereby an intervening linker group replaces the hydrogen atom, and the substituent or functional group is bonded to the intervening linker group. A non-limiting example of direct substitution is: RR-H ^ RR-Cl, wherein RR is an organic moiety/fragment/molecule. A example of indirect substitution is: RR-H ^ RR-
(LL)zz-Cl, wherein RR is an organic moiety/fragment/molecule, LL is an linker
group, and ‘zz’ is an integer from 0 to 100 inclusive. When zz is 0, LL is absent, and direct substitution results. The intervening linker group LL is at each occurrence independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -O-, -OR, -S-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, -SR, -N(R)-, - NR2, -CR=, -C ^ ^ ^-CH2-, -CHR-, -CR2-, -CH3, -C(=O)-, -C(=NR)-, and combinations thereof. (LL)zz can be linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, and combinations thereof. The term “functional group” or “substituent” as used herein refers to a group that can be or is substituted onto a molecule or onto an organic group. Examples of substituents or functional groups include, but are not limited to, a halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, and I); an oxygen atom in groups such as hydroxy groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, aralkyloxy groups, oxo(carbonyl) groups, carboxyl groups including carboxylic acids, carboxylates, and carboxylate esters; a sulfur atom in groups such as thiol groups, alkyl and aryl sulfide groups, sulfoxide groups, sulfone groups, sulfonyl groups, and sulfonamide groups; a nitrogen atom in groups such as amines, hydroxyamines, nitriles, nitro groups, N-oxides, hydrazides, azides, and enamines; and other heteroatoms in various other groups. Non-limiting examples of substituents that can be bonded to a substituted carbon (or other) atom include F, Cl, Br, I, - OR, -OC(=O)N(R)2, -CN, NO, NO2, ONO2, azido, CF3, OCF3, -R, -O- (oxo), S (thiono), C(=O), S(=O), methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, N(R)2, SR, SOR, SO2R, SO2N(R)2, SO3R, - - 7 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) C(=O)R, -C(=O)C(=O)R, -C(=O)CH2C(=O)R, -C(=S)R, -C(=O)OR, -OC(=O)R, - C(=O)N(R)2, -OC(=O)N(R)2, -C(=S)N(R)2, (CH2)0-2N(R)C(=O)R, (CH2)0-2N(R)N(R)2, N(R)N(R)C(=O)R, N(R)N(R)C(=O)OR, N(R)N(R)CON(R)2, N(R)SO2R, N(R)SO2N(R)2, N(R)C(=O)OR, N(R)C(=O)R, N(R)C(S)R, N(R)C(=O)N(R)2, N(R)C(S)N(R)2, N(COR)COR, N(OR)R, -C(=NH)N(R)2, -C(=O)N(OR)R, and -C(=NOR)R, wherein R can be hydrogen or a carbon-based moiety; for example, R can be hydrogen, (C1-C100)hydrocarbyl, alkyl, acyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; or wherein two R groups bonded to a nitrogen atom or to adjacent nitrogen atoms can together with the nitrogen atom or atoms form a heterocyclyl. The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to straight chain and branched alkyl groups and cycloalkyl groups having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 12 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of straight chain alkyl groups include those with from 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and n-octyl groups. Examples of branched alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, and 2,2- dimethylpropyl groups. As used herein, the term “alkyl” encompasses n-alkyl, isoalkyl, and anteisoalkyl groups as well as other branched chain forms of alkyl. Representative substituted alkyl groups can be substituted one or more times with any of the groups listed herein, for example, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen groups. The term “alkenyl” as used herein refers to straight and branched chain and cyclic alkyl groups as defined herein, except that at least one double bond exists between two carbon atoms. Thus, alkenyl groups have from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, or 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or 2 to 12 carbon atoms or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to vinyl, -CH=C=CCH2, -CH=CH(CH3), - CH=C(CH3)2, -C(CH3)=CH2, -C(CH3)=CH(CH3), -C(CH2CH3)=CH2, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexadienyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, and hexadienyl among others. The term “alkynyl” as used herein refers to straight and branched chain alkyl groups, except that at least one triple bond exists between two carbon atoms. Thus, alkynyl groups have from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or from 2 to 12 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to – C ^CH, -C ^C(CH3), -C ^C(CH2CH3), -CH2C ^CH, -CH2C ^C(CH3), and -CH2C ^C(CH2CH3) among others. The term “acyl” as used herein refers to a group containing a carbonyl moiety wherein - 8 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) the group is bonded via the carbonyl carbon atom. The carbonyl carbon atom is bonded to a hydrogen forming a “formyl” group or is bonded to another carbon atom, which can be part of an alkyl, aryl, aralkyl cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl group or the like. An acyl group can include 0 to about 12, 0 to about 20, or 0 to about 40 additional carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl group. An acyl group can include double or triple bonds within the meaning herein. An acryloyl group is an example of an acyl group. An acyl group can also include heteroatoms within the meaning herein. A nicotinoyl group (pyridyl-3-carbonyl) is an example of an acyl group within the meaning herein. Other examples include acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl, pyridylacetyl, cinnamoyl, and acryloyl groups and the like. When the group containing the carbon atom that is bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom contains a halogen, the group is termed a “haloacyl” group. An example is a trifluoroacetyl group. The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein refers to cyclic alkyl groups such as, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl groups. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group can have 3 to about 8-12 ring members, whereas in other embodiments the number of ring carbon atoms range from 3 to 4, 5, 6, or 7. Cycloalkyl groups further include polycyclic cycloalkyl groups such as, but not limited to, norbornyl, adamantyl, bornyl, camphenyl, isocamphenyl, and carenyl groups, and fused rings such as, but not limited to, decalinyl, and the like. Cycloalkyl groups also include rings that are substituted with straight or branched chain alkyl groups as defined herein. Representative substituted cycloalkyl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, 2,2-, 2,3-, 2,4- 2,5- or 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl groups or mono-, di- or tri-substituted norbornyl or cycloheptyl groups, which can be substituted with, for example, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen groups. The term “cycloalkenyl” alone or in combination denotes a cyclic alkenyl group. The term “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a cycloalkyl group as defined herein in which one or more carbon atoms in the ring are replaced by a heteroatom such as O, N, S, P, and the like, each of which may be substituted as described herein if an open valence is present, and each may be in any suitable stable oxidation state. The term “aryl” as used herein refers to cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups that do not contain heteroatoms in the ring. Thus, aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, azulenyl, heptalenyl, biphenyl, indacenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, naphthacenyl, chrysenyl, biphenylenyl, anthracenyl, and naphthyl groups. In some embodiments, aryl groups contain about 6 to about 14 carbons in the ring portions of the - 9 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) groups. Aryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted, as defined herein. Representative substituted aryl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, a phenyl group substituted at any one or more of 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions of the phenyl ring, or a naphthyl group substituted at any one or more of 2- to 8-positions thereof. The term “aralkyl” as used herein refers to alkyl groups as defined herein in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to an aryl group as defined herein. Representative aralkyl groups include benzyl and phenylethyl groups and fused (cycloalkylaryl)alkyl groups such as 4-ethyl-indanyl. Aralkenyl groups are alkenyl groups as defined herein in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to an aryl group as defined herein. The term “heterocyclyl” as used herein refers to aromatic and non-aromatic ring compounds containing three or more ring members, of which one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S. Thus, a heterocyclyl can be a cycloheteroalkyl, or a heteroaryl, or if polycyclic, any combination thereof. In some embodiments, heterocyclyl groups include 3 to about 20 ring members, whereas other such groups have 3 to about 15 ring members. The term heterocyclyl includes rings where a CH2 group in the ring is replaced by one or more C=O groups, such as found in cyclic ketones, lactones, and lactams. Examples of heterocyclyl groups containing a C=O group include, but are not limited to, β- propiolactam, γ-butyrolactam, δ-valerolactam, and ε-caprolactam, as well as the corresponding lactones. A heterocyclyl group designated as a C2-heterocyclyl can be a 5-ring with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-ring with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth. Likewise, a C4-heterocyclyl can be a 5-ring with one heteroatom, a 6-ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth. The number of carbon atoms plus the number of heteroatoms equals the total number of ring atoms. A heterocyclyl ring can also include one or more double bonds. A heteroaryl ring is an embodiment of a heterocyclyl group. The phrase “heterocyclyl group” includes fused ring species including those that include fused aromatic and non-aromatic groups. For example, a dioxolanyl ring and a benzdioxolanyl ring system (methylenedioxyphenyl ring system) are both heterocyclyl groups within the meaning herein. The phrase also includes polycyclic ring systems containing a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, quinuclidyl. Heterocyclyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted as discussed herein. Heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, - 10 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) dihydrobenzofuranyl, indolyl, dihydroindolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and quinazolinyl groups. Representative substituted heterocyclyl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, piperidinyl or quinolinyl groups, which are 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6- substituted, or disubstituted with groups such as those listed herein. The term “heteroaryl” as used herein refers to aromatic ring compounds containing 5 or more ring members, of which, one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S; for instance, heteroaryl rings can have 5 to about 8-12 ring members. A heteroaryl group is a variety of a heterocyclyl group that possesses an aromatic electronic structure. A heteroaryl group designated as a C2-heteroaryl can be a 5-ring with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-ring with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth. Likewise, a C4-heteroaryl can be a 5-ring with one heteroatom, a 6-ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth. The number of carbon atoms plus the number of heteroatoms sums up to equal the total number of ring atoms. A heterocyclyl ring designated Cx-y can be any ring containing ‘x’ members up to ‘y’ members, including all intermediate integers between ‘x’ and ‘y’ and that contains one or more heteroatoms, as defined herein. In a ring designated Cx-y, all non-heteroatom members are carbon. Heterocyclyl rings designated Cx-y can also be polycyclic ring systems, such as bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems. Heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and quinazolinyl groups. Heteroaryl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted with groups as discussed herein. Representative substituted heteroaryl groups can be substituted one or more times with groups such as those listed herein. Additional examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to phenyl, biphenyl, indenyl, naphthyl (1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl), N-hydroxytetrazolyl, N- hydroxytriazolyl, N-hydroxyimidazolyl, anthracenyl (1-anthracenyl, 2-anthracenyl, 3- anthracenyl), thiophenyl (2-thienyl, 3-thienyl), furyl (2-furyl, 3-furyl) , indolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, fluorenyl, xanthenyl, isoindanyl, benzhydryl, acridinyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolyl (2-pyrrolyl), pyrazolyl (3-pyrazolyl), imidazolyl (1-imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, - 11 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) 4-imidazolyl, 5-imidazolyl), triazolyl (1,2,3-triazol-1-yl, 1,2,3-triazol-2-yl 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl), oxazolyl (2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl), thiazolyl (2-thiazolyl, 4- thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl), pyridyl (2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl), pyrimidinyl (2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl), pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl (3- pyridazinyl, 4- pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl), quinolyl (2-quinolyl, 3-quinolyl, 4-quinolyl, 5-quinolyl, 6- quinolyl, 7-quinolyl, 8-quinolyl), isoquinolyl (1-isoquinolyl, 3-isoquinolyl, 4-isoquinolyl, 5- isoquinolyl, 6-isoquinolyl, 7-isoquinolyl, 8-isoquinolyl), benzo[b]furanyl (2-benzo[b]furanyl, 3-benzo[b]furanyl, 4-benzo[b]furanyl, 5-benzo[b]furanyl, 6-benzo[b]furanyl, 7- benzo[b]furanyl), 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl (2-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 3-(2,3- dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 4-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 5-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 6-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), 7-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]furanyl), benzo[b]thiophenyl (2- benzo[b]thiophenyl, 3-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 4-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 5-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 6- benzo[b]thiophenyl, 7-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl, (2-(2,3- dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 3-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 4-(2,3-dihydro- benzo[b]thiophenyl), 5-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), 6-(2,3-dihydro- benzo[b]thiophenyl), 7-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl), indolyl (1-indolyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 4-indolyl, 5-indolyl, 6-indolyl, 7-indolyl), indazole (1-indazolyl, 3-indazolyl, 4-indazolyl, 5-indazolyl, 6-indazolyl, 7-indazolyl), benzimidazolyl (1-benzimidazolyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 4-benzimidazolyl, 5-benzimidazolyl, 6-benzimidazolyl, 7-benzimidazolyl, 8-benzimidazolyl), benzoxazolyl (1-benzoxazolyl, 2-benzoxazolyl), benzothiazolyl (1- benzothiazolyl, 2-benzothiazolyl, 4-benzothiazolyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, 6-benzothiazolyl, 7-benzothiazolyl), carbazolyl (1-carbazolyl, 2-carbazolyl, 3-carbazolyl, 4-carbazolyl), 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (5H-dibenz[b,f]azepin-1-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-2-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-3-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-4-yl, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-yl), 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-1-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-2-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-3-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-4-yl, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-yl), and the like. The term “heterocyclylalkyl” as used herein refers to alkyl groups as defined herein in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group as defined herein is replaced with a bond to a heterocyclyl group as defined herein. Representative heterocyclyl alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, furan-2-yl methyl, furan-3-yl methyl, pyridine-3-yl methyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl ethyl, and indol-2-yl propyl. The term “heteroarylalkyl” as used herein refers to alkyl groups as defined herein in - 12 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to a heteroaryl group as defined herein. The term “alkoxy” as used herein refers to an oxygen atom connected to an alkyl group, including a cycloalkyl group, as are defined herein. Examples of linear alkoxy groups include but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, and the like. Examples of branched alkoxy include but are not limited to isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, isopentyloxy, isohexyloxy, and the like. Examples of cyclic alkoxy include but are not limited to cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and the like. An alkoxy group can include about 1 to about 12, about 1 to about 20, or about 1 to about 40 carbon atoms bonded to the oxygen atom, and can further include double or triple bonds, and can also include heteroatoms. For example, an allyloxy group or a methoxyethoxy group is also an alkoxy group within the meaning herein, as is a methylenedioxy group in a context where two adjacent atoms of a structure are substituted therewith. The term “amine” as used herein refers to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines having, e.g., the formula N(group)3 wherein each group can independently be H or non-H, such as alkyl, aryl, and the like. Amines include but are not limited to R-NH2, for example, alkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines; R2NH wherein each R is independently selected, such as dialkylamines, diarylamines, aralkylamines, heterocyclylamines and the like; and R3N wherein each R is independently selected, such as trialkylamines, dialkylarylamines, alkyldiarylamines, triarylamines, and the like. The term “amine” also includes ammonium ions as used herein. The term “amino group” as used herein refers to a substituent of the form -NH2, - NHR, -NR2, -NR3 +, wherein each R is independently selected, and protonated forms of each, except for -NR3+, which cannot be protonated. Accordingly, any compound substituted with an amino group can be viewed as an amine. An “amino group” within the meaning herein can be a primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amino group. An “alkylamino” group includes a monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, and trialkylamino group. The terms “halo,” “halogen,” or “halide” group, as used herein, by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. The term “haloalkyl” group, as used herein, includes mono-halo alkyl groups, poly- halo alkyl groups wherein all halo atoms can be the same or different, and per-halo alkyl groups, wherein all hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms, such as fluoro. Examples of haloalkyl include trifluoromethyl, 1,1-dichloroethyl, 1,2-dichloroethyl, 1,3-dibromo-3,3- - 13 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) difluoropropyl, perfluorobutyl, and the like. The terms “epoxy-functional” or “epoxy-substituted” as used herein refers to a functional group in which an oxygen atom, the epoxy substituent, is directly attached to two adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system. Examples of epoxy-substituted functional groups include, but are not limited to, 2,3-epoxypropyl, 3,4-epoxybutyl, 4,5- epoxypentyl, 2,3-epoxypropoxy, epoxypropoxypropyl, 2-glycidoxyethyl, 3-glycidoxypropyl, 4-glycidoxybutyl, 2-(glycidoxycarbonyl)propyl, 3-(3,4-epoxycylohexyl)propyl, 2-(3,4- epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl, 2-(2,3-epoxycylopentyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methyl-3,4- epoxycyclohexyl)propyl, 2-(3,4-epoxy-3-methylcylohexyl)-2-methylethyl, and 5,6- epoxyhexyl. The term “monovalent” as used herein refers to a substituent connecting via a single bond to a substituted molecule. When a substituent is monovalent, such as, for example, F or Cl, it is bonded to the atom it is substituting by a single bond. The term “hydrocarbon” or “hydrocarbyl” as used herein refers to a molecule or functional group that includes carbon and hydrogen atoms. The term can also refer to a molecule or functional group that normally includes both carbon and hydrogen atoms but wherein all the hydrogen atoms are substituted with other functional groups. As used herein, the term “hydrocarbyl” refers to a functional group derived from a straight chain, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon, and can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, or any combination thereof. Hydrocarbyl groups can be shown as (Ca- Cb)hydrocarbyl, wherein a and b are integers and mean having any of a to b number of carbon atoms. For example, (C1-C4)hydrocarbyl means the hydrocarbyl group can be methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), propyl (C3), or butyl (C4), and (C0-Cb)hydrocarbyl means in certain embodiments there is no hydrocarbyl group. The term “solvent” as used herein refers to a liquid that can dissolve a solid, liquid, or gas. Non-limiting examples of solvents are silicones, organic compounds, water, alcohols, ionic liquids, and supercritical fluids. The term “independently selected from” as used herein refers to referenced groups being the same, different, or a mixture thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, under this definition, the phrase “X1, X2, and X3 are independently selected from noble gases” would include the scenario where, for example, X1, X2, and X3 are all the same, where X1, X2, and X3 are all different, where X1 and X2 are the same but X3 is different, and other analogous permutations. The term “room temperature” as used herein refers to a temperature of about 15 °C to - 14 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) 28 °C. The term “standard temperature and pressure” as used herein refers to 20 °C and 101 kPa. As used herein, the term “composition” or “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture of at least one compound described herein with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to a patient or subject. Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not limited to, intravenous, oral, aerosol, parenteral, ophthalmic, pulmonary, and topical administration. A “disease” is a state of health of an animal wherein the animal cannot maintain homeostasis, and wherein if the disease is not ameliorated then the animal’s health continues to deteriorate. In contrast, a “disorder” in an animal is a state of health in which the animal is able to maintain homeostasis, but in which the animal’s state of health is less favorable than it would be in the absence of the disorder. Left untreated, a disorder does not necessarily cause a further decrease in the animal’s state of health. As used herein, a “diagnostically effective amount” or “pharmaceutically effective amount” is an amount sufficient to achieve or provide a clinically relevant MRI image or images of a tissue volume, such as a cancer, without causing any adverse reaction in the subject to which the compounds is administered. In some embodiments, a clinically relevant image is one that a physician can use to base some or all of a diagnosis. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively non-toxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained. As used herein, the language “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of the administered compounds prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases and/or buffers, including inorganic acids or bases, organic acids, or bases, solvates, hydrates, or clathrates thereof. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid. Examples of inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric (including sulfate and hydrogen sulfate), and phosphoric acids (including hydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate). Appropriate - 15 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which include formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, malonic, saccharin, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic, alginic, β-hydroxybutyric, salicylic, galactaric and galacturonic acid. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compounds described herein include, for example, ammonium salts, metallic salts including alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and transition metal salts such as, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts also include organic salts made from basic amines such as, for example, N,N’-dibenzylethylene-diamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine. All of these salts may be prepared from the corresponding compound by reacting, for example, the appropriate acid or base with the compound. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or carrier, such as a liquid or solid filler, stabilizer, dispersing agent, suspending agent, diluent, excipient, thickening agent, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a compound described herein within or to the patient such that it may perform its intended function. Typically, such constructs are carried or transported from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation, including the compound(s) described herein, and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials that may serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; surface active agents; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer’s solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer - 16 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) solutions; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” also includes any and all coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are compatible with the activity of the compound(s) described herein, and are physiologically acceptable to the patient. Supplementary active compounds may also be incorporated into the compositions. The “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound(s) described herein. Other additional ingredients that may be included in the pharmaceutical compositions used with the methods or compounds described herein are known in the art and described, for example in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (Genaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., 1985, Easton, PA), which is incorporated herein by reference. The terms “patient,” “subject,” or “individual” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to any animal, or cells thereof whether in vitro or in situ, amenable to the methods described herein. In a non-limiting embodiment, the patient, subject or individual is a human. Preparation of Compounds Compounds of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) or otherwise described herein can be prepared by the general schemes described herein, using the synthetic method known by those skilled in the art. The following examples illustrate non-limiting embodiments of the compound(s) described herein and their preparation. In various embodiments, a method of making a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) is provided. Y1 N N , In
transition metal ion selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn. In certain embodiments, each Y1, Y2, Y3, or Y4 is independently H or -X-CH2- P(O)(OH)2. - 17 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) In certain embodiments, each X is independently a bond or LL. In certain embodiments, each LL is independently a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C1-12 hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of the hydrocarbon are independently replaced with -O-, -S-, -N(R*)-, -OC(=O)-, -C(=O)O-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, - N(R*)S(O)2-, -S(O)2N(R*)-, -N(R*)C(=O)-, -C(=O)N(R*)-, -OC(=O)N(R*)-, or - N(R*)C(=O)O-. In certain embodiments, each R* is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least two of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, if present, are independently -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2. In certain embodiments, X is a bond. In certain embodiments, X is -CH2-. In certain embodiments, X is -CH2-CH2-. In certain embodiments, X is -CH2-C(=O)-NH-. In certain embodiments, Tn is Mn (II) or Mn(III) in the compound formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie). In certain embodiments, Tn is Fe (II) or Fe(III) in the compound formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie). In certain embodiments, Tn is Co (II) or Co(III) in the compound formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie). In certain embodiments, Tn is Ni (II) or Ni(III) in the compound formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie). In certain embodiments, Tn is Zn (II) in the compound formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie). In certain embodiments, LL does not comprise a -O-O- bond. In certain embodiments, LL does not comprise a -S-S- bond. In certain embodiments, LL does not comprise a -N-N- bond. In certain embodiments, LL does not comprise a -N-O- bond. In certain embodiments, the method comprises contacting a salt of Tn with a ligand, or a salt thereof, having the structure Y1 N N , 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) , in an organic solvent of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie),
In various embodiments, the solvent is an alcohol, such as but not limited to methanol, ethanol, and the like. In various embodiments, the ligand is an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt. In various embodiments, the ligand is unsalted (does not have a counterion associated with it) and is in the form of a free based and phosphonic acid/phosphonate. In various embodiments, the salt of Tn is a fluoride, chloride, bromide, or nitrate salt. As discussed herein, compounds of the disclosure are prepared, in some embodiments, in an organic solvent under inert atmosphere, so that divalent transition metal ions such as Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+ or Ni2+, or trivalent transition metal ions, cannot be oxidized. Ligands such as NOTP6-, DOTP8-, or DOTA-4AMP8- are dissolved in ethanol (absolute) and purged with inert gas (nitrogen gas). Ligands may be used in unsalted form (free amine/phosphonic acids or phosphonate) or as alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts, such as Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and the like. In various embodiments, the ligands have the following structures: Ligand Chemical Name
- 19 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10- tetra(methylene phosphonate) r
Tn ion) are dissolved in ethanol (absolute) under inert atmosphere of nitrogen gas. Suitable metal salts include, but are not limited to, MnCl2, MnBr2, MnSO4, Mn(NO3)2, MnCl3, MnBr3, Mn2(SO4)3, Mn(NO3)3, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeSO4, Fe(NO3)2, FeCl3, FeBr3, Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(NO3)3, CoCl2, CoBr2, Co(NO3)2, CoSO4, CoCl3, CoBr3, Co(NO3)3, Co2(SO4)3, NiCl2, NiBr2, Ni(NO3)2, NiSO4, NiCl3, NiBr3, Ni(NO3)3, Ni2(SO4)3, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, Zn(NO3)2, ZnSO4, and the like. Also suitable are hydrates of these transition metal salts, and other salts that are soluble in the organic solvent in which the complexation with the ligand is performed. The respective ligand (NOTP6-, DOTP8-, or DOTA-4AMP8-) solution is mixed with the respective transition metal salt solution and stirred under inert atmosphere for 24h. After completion of the synthesis, the complex is purified through set of physiochemical methods and chromatography. The pH and temperature sensing abilities of compounds of the disclosure are set forth in Table 1. The sodium sensing abilities of compounds of the disclosure are set - 20 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) forth in Table 2. Table 1. pH and temperature sensing abilities of TnNOTP4-, TnDOTP6-, TnDOTA-4AMP6- (Tn2+ = Fe2+, Co2+ or Ni2+) compared with equivalent complexes of trivalent thulium ion (Tm3+). While all probes are BIRDS sensitive, note the DOTA-4AMP8- complexes are also CEST active (see Figure 6). Probes Non- T (ppm/ °C) pH (ppm/pH unit) exchangeable
- 21 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) FeDOTA-4AMP6- A 0.413 --
, , 2+, Co2+ or Ni2+) compared with reported shiftability and broadening potentials. Note that negative and positive shiftability values indicate downfield and upfield signals from unshifted sodium signal. Sensor Shiftability (Sc) (ppm/mM) Broadening (βc) (ppm/mM) TmNOTP3- -0.568 0.018
In various embodiments, a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie), a - 22 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) deuterated analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided: Y1 N N Tn , In , (Id), or (Ie), each
Tn is a group Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn. In certain embodiments of the compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie), each Y1, Y2, Y3, or Y4 is independently H or -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2. In certain embodiments of the compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie), each X is independently a bond or LL. In certain embodiments of the compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie), each LL is independently a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C1-12 hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of the hydrocarbon are independently replaced with -O-, -S-, -N(R*)-, -OC(=O)-, -C(=O)O-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -N(R*)S(O)2-, - S(O)2N(R*)-, -N(R*)C(=O)-, -C(=O)N(R*)-, -OC(=O)N(R*)-,or -N(R*)C(=O)O-. In certain embodiments of the compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie), each R* is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments of the compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie), at least two of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, if present, are independently -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2. In certain embodiments, LL does not comprise a -O-O- bond. In certain embodiments, LL does not comprise a -S-S- bond. In certain embodiments, LL does not comprise a -N-N- bond. In certain embodiments, LL does not comprise a -N-O- bond. By “deuterated analog” of a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) it is meant that one or more of the non-exchangeable hydrogen atoms (protons) in the compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) is/are replaced by deuterium. For example, and without limitation, - 23 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) , and (Ie) is
perdeuterated such that all non-exchangeable hydrogen atoms (protons) in the compound are deuterium atoms. Contemplated herein is every deuterated isomer of any particular compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) as if each was individually drawn out. Contemplated herein is every deuterated isomer of a compound selected from the group consisting of .
of a derivative of the ligand diamsar: - 24 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) , wherein each L is X is as defined herein.
In various embodiments, X is wherein the * designates the point ring N atom in formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic),
(Id), or (Ie). In various embodiments, Tn is in the +2 oxidation state. In various embodiments, Tn is Fe, Co, or Ni. In various embodiments, Tn is in the +3 oxidation state. In various embodiments, Tn is Fe, Co, or Ni. In various embodiments, the compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) has the structure:
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) . the
.
formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient is provided. In various embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous solution of the compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) and water or isotonic saline solution. The compounds described herein can possess one or more stereocenters, and each stereocenter can exist independently in either the (R) or (S) configuration. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are present in optically active or racemic forms. It is to be understood that the compounds described herein encompass racemic, optically-active, regioisomeric and stereoisomeric forms, or combinations thereof that possess the useful properties described herein. Preparation of optically active forms is achieved in any suitable manner, including by way of non-limiting example, by resolution of the racemic form with recrystallization techniques, synthesis from optically-active starting materials, chiral synthesis, or chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase. In certain embodiments, a mixture of one or more isomer is utilized as the therapeutic compound described herein. In other embodiments, compounds described herein contain one or more chiral centers. These compounds are prepared by any means, including stereoselective synthesis, enantioselective synthesis and/or separation of a mixture of enantiomers and/ or - 26 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) diastereomers. Resolution of compounds and isomers thereof is achieved by any means including, by way of non-limiting example, chemical processes, enzymatic processes, fractional crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. The methods and formulations described herein include the use of N-oxides (if appropriate), crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), solvates, amorphous phases, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds having the structure of any compound(s) described herein, as well as metabolites and active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity. Solvates include water, ether (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, methyl tert-butyl ether) or alcohol (e.g., ethanol) solvates, acetates and the like. In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in solution forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, and ethanol. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in powdered form. In certain embodiments, the compound(s) described herein can exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within the scope of the compounds presented herein. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs. A “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. In certain embodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically active form of the compound. In other embodiments, a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically active form of the compound. In certain embodiments, sites on, for example, the aromatic ring portion of compound(s) described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions. Incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures may reduce, minimize, or eliminate this metabolic pathway. In certain embodiments, the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a deuterium, a halogen, or an alkyl group. Compounds described herein also include isotope-labeled compounds wherein one or more atoms is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds described herein include and are not limited to 2H, 3H, 11C, 13C, 14C, 36Cl, 18F, 123I, 125I, 13N, 15N, 15O, 17O, 18O, 32P, and 35S. In certain embodiments, isotope-labeled compounds are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. In other embodiments, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium affords greater metabolic stability (for example, increased in vivo half-life or - 27 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) reduced dosage requirements). In yet other embodiments, substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as 11C, 18F, 15O and 13N, is useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy. Isotope-labeled compounds are prepared by any suitable method or by processes using an appropriate isotope-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed. In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein are labeled by other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels. The compounds described herein, and other related compounds having different substituents are synthesized using techniques and materials described herein and as described, for example, in Fieser & Fieser’s Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd’s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991), Larock’s Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989), March, Advanced Organic Chemistry 4th Ed., (Wiley 1992); Carey & Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry 4th Ed., Vols. A and B (Plenum 2000,2001), and Green & Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis 3rd Ed., (Wiley 1999) (all of which are incorporated by reference for such disclosure). General methods for the preparation of compound as described herein are modified by the use of appropriate reagents and conditions, for the introduction of the various moieties found in the formula as provided herein. Compounds described herein are synthesized using any suitable procedures starting from compounds that are available from commercial sources, or are prepared using procedures described herein. In certain embodiments, reactive functional groups, such as hydroxyl, amino, imino, thio or carboxy groups, are protected in order to avoid their unwanted participation in reactions. Protecting groups are used to block some or all of the reactive moieties and prevent such groups from participating in chemical reactions until the protective group is removed. In other embodiments, each protective group is removable by a different means. Protective groups that are cleaved under totally disparate reaction conditions fulfill the requirement of differential removal. In certain embodiments, protective groups are removed by acid, base, reducing conditions (such as, for example, hydrogenolysis), and/or oxidative conditions. Groups such as trityl, dimethoxytrityl, acetal and t-butyldimethylsilyl are acid labile and are used to protect carboxy and hydroxy reactive moieties in the presence of amino groups protected - 28 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) with Cbz groups, which are removable by hydrogenolysis, and Fmoc groups, which are base labile. Carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties are blocked with base labile groups such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, and acetyl, in the presence of amines that are blocked with acid labile groups, such as t-butyl carbamate, or with carbamates that are both acid and base stable but hydrolytically removable. In certain embodiments, carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties are blocked with hydrolytically removable protective groups such as the benzyl group, while amine groups capable of hydrogen bonding with acids are blocked with base labile groups such as Fmoc. Carboxylic acid reactive moieties are protected by conversion to simple ester compounds as exemplified herein, which include conversion to alkyl esters, or are blocked with oxidatively-removable protective groups such as 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, while co- existing amino groups are blocked with fluoride labile silyl carbamates. Allyl blocking groups are useful in the presence of acid- and base- protecting groups since the former are stable and are subsequently removed by metal or pi-acid catalysts. For example, an allyl-blocked carboxylic acid is deprotected with a palladium-catalyzed reaction in the presence of acid labile t-butyl carbamate or base-labile acetate amine protecting groups. Yet another form of protecting group is a resin to which a compound or intermediate is attached. As long as the residue is attached to the resin, that functional group is blocked and does not react. Once released from the resin, the functional group is available to react. Typically blocking/protecting groups may be selected from: .
- 29 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) creation of protecting groups and their removal are described in Greene & Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1999, and Kocienski, Protective Groups, Thieme Verlag, New York, NY, 1994, which are incorporated herein by reference for such disclosure. Pharmacology In various embodiments, the compound(s) described herein can be administered to a subject in an amount ranging from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, or about 0.5 mg/kg to about 190 mg/kg, or about 0.75 mg/kg to about 180 mg/kg, or about 1 mg/kg to about 170 mg/kg, or about 1.5 mg/kg to about 160 mg/kg, or about 2 mg/kg to about 150 mg/kg, or about 2.5 mg/kg to about 140 mg/kg, or about 3 mg/kg to about 130 mg/kg, or about 3.5 mg/kg to about 120 mg/kg, or about 4 mg/kg to about 110 mg/kg, or about 4.5 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, or about 5 mg/kg to about 95 mg/kg, or about 5.5 mg/kg to about 90 mg/kg, or about 6 mg/kg to about 85 mg/kg, or about 6.5 mg/kg to about 80 mg/kg, or about 7 mg/kg to about 75 mg/kg, or about 7.5 mg/kg to about 70 mg/kg, or about 8 mg/kg to about 65 mg/kg, or about 8.5 mg/kg to about 60 mg/kg, or about 9 mg/kg to about 55 mg/kg or about 9.5 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, or about 10 mg/kg to about 45 mg/kg. In various embodiments, the compound(s) described herein can be administered to a subject in an amount that is less than, equal to, or greater than about 0.01 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 0.75 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 3.5 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 4.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 5.5 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, 6.5 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg, 8.5 mg/kg, 9 mg/kg, 9.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg, 16 mg/kg, 18 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 55 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 65 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg, 85 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 105 mg/kg, 110 mg/kg, 115 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 130 mg/kg, 140 mg/kg, 145 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 155 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg, 170 mg/kg, 175 mg/kg, 180 mg/kg, 185 mg/kg, 190 mg/kg, 195 mg/kg, or 200 mg/kg. Compositions The compositions containing the compound(s) described herein include a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound as described herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In certain embodiments, the composition is formulated for an administration route such as oral or parenteral, for example, transdermal, transmucosal (e.g., sublingual, lingual, (trans)buccal, (trans)urethral, vaginal (e.g., trans- and - 30 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) perivaginally), (intra)nasal and (trans)rectal, intravesical, intrapulmonary, intraduodenal, intragastrical, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intrabronchial, inhalation, and topical administration. Methods of MRI Imaging with Compounds of the Disclosure In various embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of imaging a tissue volume using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a compound of the disclosure, such as a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie). In certain embodiments, the method includes contacting a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of the disclosure with the tissue volume. In certain embodiments, the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data. In certain embodiments, the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. As used herein, “surrounding the tissue volume” means the volume of extracellular fluid adjacent to a particular tissue volume of interest, such as a cancerous tumor. In various embodiments, a method for monitoring the efficacy of a cancer treatment in a patient undergoing chemotherapy is provided. In certain embodiments, the method includes administering a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of the disclosure, such as a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) to the patient. In certain embodiments, the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data. In certain embodiments, the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. In various embodiments, a method for monitoring or determining a cancer prognosis in a patient is provided. In certain embodiments, the method includes administering a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of the disclosure, such as a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) to the patient. In certain embodiments, the patient has at least one tissue volume comprising - 31 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) cancerous tissue. In certain embodiments, the method includes acquiring magnetic resonance image data. In certain embodiments, the image data comprises extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. In various embodiments, a greater volume of measured acidic extracellular pH in an environment surrounding the tissue volume is correlated with a more aggressive cancer. In various embodiments whether a volume is acidic is determined relative to a volume in the same sample or individual that is known not to have any cancerous tumors (normal tissue). In various embodiments, the tissue volume includes or is a cancerous tumor. In various embodiments, acquiring magnetic resonance image data includes measuring of the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) of NH protons in the contrast agent and mapping of extracellular pH of the cancerous tumor. In various embodiments, acquiring magnetic resonance data includes a) exposing the contrast agent to a saturation radiofrequency (RF) pulse. In various embodiments, acquiring magnetic resonance data includes b) exposing the contrast agent to at least one sampling RF pulse. In various embodiments, acquiring magnetic resonance data includes c) exposing the contrast agent to one or more RF pulses to obtain CEST data. In various embodiments, the RF pulse has an amplitude of about 0.1 to about 50 ^T, In various embodiments, the tissue volume includes an in vitro tissue sample. In various embodiments, the tissue volume includes in vivo tissue in a mammal. In various embodiments, the mammal is a human. In various embodiments, compounds of the disclosure such as TnNOTP4-, TnDOTP6-, TnDOTA-4AMP6- agents allow for delineation of lesions with T1-weighted (positive contrast) and/or T2-weighted (negative contrast) imaging. In various embodiments, compounds of the disclosure such as TnNOTP4-, TnDOTP6-, TnDOTA-4AMP6- are agents for pH and temperature sensing ability through a MRSI hyperfine shift method (Table 1). In various embodiments, measuring of the chemical shift of one or more protons in the compound includes the mapping of extracellular pH of a cancer tumor. In various embodiments, compounds of the disclosure such as TnDOTA-4AMP6- are agents for pH and temperature sensing ability through CEST method, and which can also be combined with BIRDS detection scheme. In various embodiments, the methods described herein include measuring pH and/or - 32 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) temperature sensitivity study in vitro or in vivo. In various embodiments, the measuring of the CEST of -NH protons in the compound includes with the mapping of extracellular pH of a cancer tumor. In various embodiments, compounds of the disclosure such as TnNOTP4-, TnDOTP6-, TnDOTA-4AMP6- are agents for sodium ion sensing ability (Table 2). In various embodiments, compounds of the disclosure such as wherein the measuring of the volume of compartmentalized sodium ions includes a volume of extracellular sodium concentration due to interaction with compounds of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) for a cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In various embodiments, the methods described herein are suitable for identification of tumor type, demarcation of tumor boundary, prognosis of tumor therapy. In various embodiments, compounds of the disclosure can be used for the simultaneous mapping of sodium and pH of a cancerous tumor. Administration/Dosage/Formulations In various embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in a diagnostically effective amount. The dose may be continuously infused, or may be a bolus injection. Further, the dosages of the therapeutic formulations may be proportionally increased or decreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic or prophylactic situation. Administration of the compositions described herein to a patient, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human, may be carried out using known procedures, at dosages and for periods of time effective to accurately image a tissue volume in in the patient. A diagnostically effective amount of the therapeutic compound necessary to achieve a therapeutic effect may vary according to factors such as the state of the disease or disorder in the patient; the age, sex, and weight of the patient; and the ability of the therapeutic compound to accurately image a tissue volume in in the patient. Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired imaging for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. A medical doctor, e.g., physician or veterinarian, having ordinary skill in the art may readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds - 33 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) described herein employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. In particular embodiments, it is especially advantageous to formulate the compound in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the patients to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of compound calculated to produce the desired effect in association with the required pharmaceutical vehicle. In certain embodiments, the compositions described herein are formulated using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein comprise a diagnostically effective amount of a compound described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier may be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. The proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it is preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, sodium chloride, or polyalcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions may be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate or gelatin. The compound(s) described herein for administration may be in the range of from about 1 µg to about 10,000 mg, about 20 µg to about 9,500 mg, about 40 µg to about 9,000 mg, about 75 µg to about 8,500 mg, about 150 µg to about 7,500 mg, about 200 µg to about 7,000 mg, about 350 µg to about 6,000 mg, about 500 µg to about 5,000 mg, about 750 µg to about 4,000 mg, about 1 mg to about 3,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 2,500 mg, about 20 mg to about 2,000 mg, about 25 mg to about 1,500 mg, about 30 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 40 mg to about 900 mg, about 50 mg to about 800 mg, about 60 mg to about 750 mg, about 70 mg to about 600 mg, about 80 mg to about 500 mg, and any and all whole or partial increments therebetween. In some embodiments, the dose of a compound described herein is from about 1 mg and about 2,500 mg. In some embodiments, a dose of a compound described herein used in - 34 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) compositions described herein is less than about 10,000 mg, or less than about 8,000 mg, or less than about 6,000 mg, or less than about 5,000 mg, or less than about 3,000 mg, or less than about 2,000 mg, or less than about 1,000 mg, or less than about 500 mg, or less than about 200 mg, or less than about 50 mg. Similarly, in some embodiments, a dose of a second compound as described herein is less than about 1,000 mg, or less than about 800 mg, or less than about 600 mg, or less than about 500 mg, or less than about 400 mg, or less than about 300 mg, or less than about 200 mg, or less than about 100 mg, or less than about 50 mg, or less than about 40 mg, or less than about 30 mg, or less than about 25 mg, or less than about 20 mg, or less than about 15 mg, or less than about 10 mg, or less than about 5 mg, or less than about 2 mg, or less than about 1 mg, or less than about 0.5 mg, and any and all whole or partial increments thereof. In certain embodiments, a composition as described herein is a packaged pharmaceutical composition comprising a container holding a diagnostically effective amount of a compound described herein. Formulations may be employed in admixtures with conventional excipients, i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for oral, parenteral, nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous, enteral, or any other suitable mode of administration, known to the art. The pharmaceutical preparations may be sterilized and if desired mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure buffers, coloring, flavoring and/or aromatic substances and the like. They may also be combined where desired with other active agents, e.g., other analgesic agents. Routes of administration of any of the compositions described herein include oral, nasal, rectal, intravaginal, parenteral, buccal, sublingual or topical. The compounds for use in the compositions described herein can be formulated for administration by any suitable route, such as for oral or parenteral, for example, transdermal, transmucosal (e.g., sublingual, lingual, (trans)buccal, (trans)urethral, vaginal (e.g., trans- and perivaginally), (intra)nasal and (trans)rectal), intravesical, intrapulmonary, intraduodenal, intragastrical, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intrabronchial, inhalation, and topical administration. In various embodiments, compounds of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) are administered in a single intravenous injection, which can be a rapid injection (the entire dose administered in less than 15, 30, or 60 seconds) or an infusion over time (over 1 to 30 minutes). It should be understood that the formulations and compositions described herein are - 35 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) not limited to the particular formulations and compositions that are described herein. Parenteral Administration For parenteral administration, the compounds as described herein may be formulated for injection or infusion, for example, intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection or infusion, or for administration in a bolus dose and/or continuous infusion. Suspensions, solutions or emulsions in an oily or aqueous vehicle, optionally containing other formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents may be used. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions described herein may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as such as lauryl, stearyl, or oleyl alcohols, or similar alcohol. Additional Administration Forms Additional dosage forms suitable for use with the compound(s) and compositions described herein include dosage forms as described in U.S. Patents Nos.6,340,475; 6,488,962; 6,451,808; 5,972,389; 5,582,837; and 5,007,790. Additional dosage forms suitable for use with the compound(s) and compositions described herein also include dosage forms as described in U.S. Patent Applications Nos.20030147952; 20030104062; 20030104053; 20030044466; 20030039688; and 20020051820. Additional dosage forms suitable for use with the compound(s) and compositions described herein also include dosage forms as described in PCT Applications Nos. WO 03/35041; WO 03/35040; WO 03/35029; WO 03/35177; WO 03/35039; WO 02/96404; WO 02/32416; WO 01/97783; WO 01/56544; WO 01/32217; WO 98/55107; WO 98/11879; WO 97/47285; WO 93/18755; and WO 90/11757. - 36 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) Examples Various embodiments of the present application can be better understood by reference to the following Examples which are offered by way of illustration. The scope of the present application is not limited to the Examples given herein. Synthesis of Compounds of the Disclosure The method of complex synthesis is carried out in an organic solvent so that divalent transition metal ions (Tn2+ = Fe2+, Co2+ or Ni2+) cannot be oxidized. About 0.2 mM a ligand (NOTP6-, DOTP8-, or DOTA-4AMP8-) is dissolved in absolute ethanol in an Erlenmeyer flask and purged with inert nitrogen gas. About 0.2 mM of a transition metal salt [Ni(NO₃)₂6H₂O, Co(NO₃)₂6H₂O or FeSO₄ ^7H₂O] is dissolved in absolute ethanol under inert atmosphere of nitrogen gas in a separate Erlenmeyer flask. Finally respective ligand solution is mixed with respective salt solution and stirred under inert atmosphere for 24h. After completion of the synthesis, the complex is precipitated with excess diethyl ether and washed three times to remove uncomplexed Tn2+. The precipitate is dried at room temperature. Finally, dried powders are dissolved in water and the pH of solution is maintained to 7 using HCl and KOH. The pH-maintained samples are lyophilized and stored at -20 ^C for further characterization and evaluation. The samples are further purified and analyzed on a HPCL using C18 column. The transition metal ion concentration of the complexes is then confirmed by ICP-MS analysis. While complexation with Tn2+ and ligands like TACN (1,4,7-triazacyclononane) and cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) are demonstrated here, similar complexation can be achieved with Tn2+ and other ligands, e.g., cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) and their cross bridged (cb) versions like cb-cyclen and cb-cyclam or even diamsar (1,8-diamino- 3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6,6,6]-eicosane) as shown in FIG.8. NMR study: The synthesized complexes are characterized for water proton relaxivities with different concentrations of complexes, as well as their proton sensing (with BIRDS and CEST) and sodium sensing (with 23Na-MRSI) properties on a Bruker AVANCE III HD 500 vertical-bore spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) interfaced with Bruker TopSpin v3.2 software. - 37 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) BIRDS characterization: The 1H NMR chemical shifts for TnNOTP4-, TnDOTP6-, and TnDOTA-4AMP6- complexes (10 mM, pH ranges 6.2-8.0) are obtained by acquiring proton spectra at various temperatures (298 K to 318 K) and calibrated on a Bruker spectrometer (Billerica, MA) at 11.7 T. All spectra are line broadened (100 Hz), phased, and baseline corrected. The chemical shifts of proton resonances are measured relative to the water resonance (4.7 ppm). Temperature and pH sensitive non-exchangeable proton resonances in each complex are chosen for BIRDS detection. The temperature and pH dependences of proton chemical shifts are fitted to second-order polynomial equations: δ = a + b pH + cT + dpH2 + eT2 + f pHT Eq.1 Where, the coefficients a-f are obtained from the fit. The relaxation times (T1 and T2) of these resonances are measured at 35 ^C using typical inversion-recovery and spin-echo methods, respectively. CEST characterization: All CEST experiments for TnDOTA-4AMP6- complexes (20 mM, pH range 6.2-8.0) are collected with a continuous wave saturation RF pulse (4 s, 30 μT) over a range of frequencies (± 150 ppm, 0.5 ppm each step) followed by a short observe RF pulse to measure the residual water signal at different temperatures (298 K to 318 K) on a Bruker spectrometer at 11.7 T. The CEST properties are analyzed by calculating the Z-spectra (i.e. plots of normalized bulk water signal intensity [Ms/M0] as a function of saturation frequency). The CEST effect is quantified as a decrease in total bulk water intensity according to the following equation: ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ൌ 1െ ெೞ ெబ Eq.2 Where, Ms is the magnetization for saturation at the frequency of interest and M0 is the reference magnetization for saturation at a frequency further away from resonance of interest. The second term on the right-hand side of Eq.2 is inversely proportional to (1+ kT1), where k is the exchange rate and T1 is the bulk water longitudinal relaxation time, and k is determined by fitting the Z-spectra to Bloch equations modified for chemical exchange. 23Na Spectra Acquisition: Sodium-23 (23Na), which has 100% natural abundance, is also visible by magnetic resonance (I = 3/2) and provides the second-strongest signal among biological ions after - 38 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) proton. Gyromagnetic ratio of 23Na ( ^^Na = 11.26 MHz/T) is ~1/4 that of 1H, but with shorter T1 and T2, so under idealized situations the sensitivity for 23Na-MRI may potentially be comparable. Sodium (Na+) concentration is normally low intracellularly (~ 10 mM) and high in blood and extracellular spaces (~ 150 mM), producing a strong transmembrane Na+ gradient (ΔNa+ mem ≈ 140 mM) and a weak transendothelial Na+ gradient (ΔNa+ end ≈ 0 mM). Distributions of sodium ion (Na+) across biological membranes are tightly regulated, and thus variations of Na+ across compartments often imply pathological states. In vitro experiments are performed using concentric NMR tubes (spherical and cylindrical; Wilmad-LabGlass, Vineland, NJ, USA). One compartment (inner) contained 150 mM NaCl and the other (outer) contained the same but with varying amounts of transition metal complexes and 10% v/v 2H2O to lock the spectrometer frequency using the 2H2O signal. Each solution is pH-adjusted using HCl or KOH to give five different pH values. 23Na-NMR spectra are collected on the same Bruker system as for 1H NMR. A single 23Na square pulse is used to globally excite the volume of interest (repetition time TR = 275 ms) collecting 2048 FID points in the time domain with an acquisition time taq = 38.9 ms, averaged 1024 times. Spectra are analyzed applying 10 Hz line broadening and manual zeroth- and first-order phasing. The chemical shift and line width of the shifted peak are measured using the “peakw” function on TopSpin. The terms and expressions employed herein are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the embodiments of the present application. Thus, it should be understood that although the present application describes specific embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the compositions, methods, and concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those of ordinary skill in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of embodiments of the present application. Enumerated Embodiments The following enumerated embodiments are provided, the numbering of which is not to be construed as designating levels of importance: Embodiment 1: A compound, a deuterated analogue thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of formula: - 39 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) Y1 N N Tn , wherein: each Tn
a or selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn; each Y1, Y2, Y3, or Y4 is independently H or -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2; each X is independently a bond or LL; each LL is independently a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C1- 12 hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of the hydrocarbon are independently replaced with -O-, -S-, -N(R*)-, -OC(=O)-, -C(=O)O-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -N(R*)S(O)2-, - S(O)2N(R*)-, -N(R*)C(=O)-, -C(=O)N(R*)-, -OC(=O)N(R*)-,or -N(R*)C(=O)O-, wherein each R* is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl; with the proviso that at least two of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, if present, are independently -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2. Embodiment 2: The compound of Embodiment 2, wherein in (Ia), (Ib), or (Id) at least three of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, if present, are independently -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2. Embodiment 3: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1-2, wherein X is , and wherein the * designates the point of attachment to the ring N atom in formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie). Embodiment 4: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1-3, wherein the Tn is in the +2 oxidation state. Embodiment 5: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1-4, wherein Tn is Fe, Co, or Ni. Embodiment 6: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1-5, which has the structure - 40 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) .
structure .
one of Embodiments 1-7 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Embodiment 9: A method of imaging a tissue volume using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the method comprising: contacting a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-7 with the tissue volume; and acquiring magnetic resonance image data, wherein the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. Embodiment 10: The method of Embodiment 9, wherein the tissue volume comprises a cancerous tumor. - 41 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) Embodiment 11: The method of Embodiment 10, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance image data comprises measuring of the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) of NH protons in the contrast agent and mapping of extracellular pH of the cancerous tumor. Embodiment 12: The method of any one of Embodiments 9-11, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance data comprises: a) exposing the contrast agent to a saturation radiofrequency (RF) pulse; b) exposing the contrast agent to at least one sampling RF pulse; and c) exposing the contrast agent to one or more RF pulses to obtain CEST data. Embodiment 13: The method of any one of Embodiments 9-12, wherein the tissue volume comprises an in vitro tissue sample. Embodiment 14: The method of any one of Embodiments 9-13, wherein the tissue volume comprises in vivo tissue in a mammal. Embodiment 15: The method of claim 14, wherein the mammal is a human. Embodiment 16: A method for monitoring the efficacy of a cancer treatment in a patient undergoing chemotherapy, the method comprising: administering a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-7 to the patient; and acquiring magnetic resonance image data, wherein the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. Embodiment 17: The method of Embodiment 16, wherein the tissue volume comprises a cancerous tumor. Embodiment 18: The method of Embodiment 17, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance image data comprises measuring of the CEST of NH protons in the contrast agent and mapping of extracellular pH of the cancerous tumor. Embodiment 19: The method of any one of Embodiments 16-18, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance data comprises: a) exposing the contrast agent to a saturation radiofrequency (RF) pulse; b) exposing the contrast agent to at least one sampling RF pulse; and c) exposing the contrast agent to one or more RF pulses to obtain CEST data. Embodiment 20: A method for monitoring or determining a cancer prognosis in a patient, the method comprising: - 42 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) administering a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-7 to the patient, wherein the patient has at least one tissue volume comprising cancerous tissue; and acquiring magnetic resonance image data, wherein the image data comprises extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. Embodiment 21: The method of Embodiment 20, wherein a greater volume of measured acidic extracellular pH in an environment surrounding the tissue volume is correlated with a more aggressive cancer. Embodiment 22: The method of any one of Embodiments 20-21, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance image data comprises measuring of the CEST of NH protons in the contrast agent and mapping of extracellular pH of the cancerous tissue. Embodiment 23: The method of any one of Embodiments 20-22, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance data comprises: a) exposing the contrast agent to a saturation radiofrequency (RF) pulse; b) exposing the contrast agent to at least one sampling RF pulse; and c) exposing the contrast agent to one or more RF pulses to obtain CEST data. Embodiment 24: A method of making a compound, a deuterated analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or formula: Y1 N N , wherein:
each Tn is independently a divalent or trivalent transition metal ion selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn; each Y1, Y2, Y3, or Y4 is independently H or -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2; each X is independently a bond or LL; each LL is independently a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C1- 12 hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of the hydrocarbon are independently - 43 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) replaced with -O-, -S-, -N(R*)-, -OC(=O)-, -C(=O)O-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -N(R*)S(O)2-, - S(O)2N(R*)-, -N(R*)C(=O)-, -C(=O)N(R*)-, -OC(=O)N(R*)-,or -N(R*)C(=O)O-, wherein each R* is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl; with the proviso that at least two of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, if present, are independently -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2; the method comprising contacting a salt of Tn with a ligand, or a salt thereof, having the structure Y1 N N , in an organic
Embodiment 25: The method of Embodiment 24, wherein the solvent is ethanol. Embodiment 26: The method of any one of Embodiments 24-25, wherein the ligand is an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt. Embodiment 27: The method of any one of Embodiments 24-26, wherein the salt of Tn is a fluoride, chloride, bromide, or nitrate salt. - 44 - 51234675.2
Claims
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A compound, a deuterated analogue thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of formula: Y1 N N , wherein:
each Tn a or selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn; each Y1, Y2, Y3, or Y4 is independently H or -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2; each X is independently a bond or LL; each LL is independently a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C1- 12 hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of the hydrocarbon are independently replaced with -O-, -S-, -N(R*)-, -OC(=O)-, -C(=O)O-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -N(R*)S(O)2-, - S(O)2N(R*)-, -N(R*)C(=O)-, -C(=O)N(R*)-, -OC(=O)N(R*)-,or -N(R*)C(=O)O-, wherein each R* is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl; with the proviso that at least two of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, if present, are independently -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein in (Ia), (Ib), or (Id) at least three of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, if present, are independently -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2. 3. The compound of any one of claims 1-2, wherein X is wherein the * designates the point
N atom in formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), - 45 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) (Id), or (Ie). 4. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the Tn is in a (+2) oxidation state. 5. The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein Tn is Fe, Co, or Ni. 6. The compound of any one of claims 1-5, which has the structure: .
7. The compound of any one of claims 1-6, which has the structure: .
8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of claims 1-7 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 9. A method of imaging a tissue volume using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the - 46 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) method comprising: contacting a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of any one of claims 1-7 with the tissue volume; and acquiring magnetic resonance image data, wherein the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and surrounding the tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the tissue volume comprises a cancerous tumor. 11. The method of any one of claims 9-10, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance image data comprises measuring of the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) of NH protons in the contrast agent and mapping of extracellular pH of the cancerous tumor. 12. The method of any one of claims 9-11, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance data comprises: a) exposing the contrast agent to a saturation radiofrequency (RF) pulse; b) exposing the contrast agent to at least one sampling RF pulse; and c) exposing the contrast agent to one or more RF pulses to obtain CEST data. 13. The method of any one of claims 9-12, wherein the tissue volume comprises an in vitro tissue sample. 14. The method of any one of claims 9-12, wherein the tissue volume comprises in vivo tissue in a mammal. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the mammal is a human. 16. A method for monitoring the efficacy of a cancer treatment in a patient undergoing chemotherapy, the method comprising: administering a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of any one of claims 1-7 to the patient; and acquiring magnetic resonance image data, wherein the image data comprises at least one of chemical shift data for non-exchangeable protons in the contrast agent in and - 47 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) surrounding a tissue volume, extracellular sodium concentration surrounding the tissue volume, and extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the tissue volume comprises a cancerous tumor. 18. The method of any one of claims 16-17, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance image data comprises measuring of the CEST of NH protons in the contrast agent and mapping of extracellular pH of the cancerous tumor. 19. The method of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance data comprises: a) exposing the contrast agent to a saturation radiofrequency (RF) pulse; b) exposing the contrast agent to at least one sampling RF pulse; and c) exposing the contrast agent to one or more RF pulses to obtain CEST data. 20. A method for monitoring or determining a cancer prognosis in a patient, the method comprising: administering a bolus of a contrast agent comprising the compound of any one of claims 1-7 to the patient, wherein the patient has at least one tissue volume comprising cancerous tissue; and acquiring magnetic resonance image data, wherein the image data comprises extracellular pH data surrounding the tissue volume. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein a greater volume of measured acidic extracellular pH in an environment surrounding the tissue volume is correlated with a more aggressive cancer. 22. The method of any one of claims 20-21, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance image data comprises measuring of the CEST of NH protons in the contrast agent and mapping of extracellular pH of the cancerous tissue. 23. The method of any one of claims 20-22, wherein the acquiring magnetic resonance data comprises: - 48 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) a) exposing the contrast agent to a saturation radiofrequency (RF) pulse; b) exposing the contrast agent to at least one sampling RF pulse; and c) exposing the contrast agent to one or more RF pulses to obtain CEST data. 24. A method of making a compound, a deuterated analog thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or formula: Y1 N N , wherein:
each Tn is independently a divalent or trivalent transition metal ion selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn; each Y1, Y2, Y3, or Y4 is independently H or -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2; each X is independently a bond or LL; each LL is independently a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C1- 12 hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of the hydrocarbon are independently replaced with -O-, -S-, -N(R*)-, -OC(=O)-, -C(=O)O-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -N(R*)S(O)2-, - S(O)2N(R*)-, -N(R*)C(=O)-, -C(=O)N(R*)-, -OC(=O)N(R*)-,or -N(R*)C(=O)O-, wherein each R* is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl; with the proviso that at least two of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, if present, are independently -X-CH2-P(O)(OH)2; the method comprising contacting a salt of Tn with a ligand, or a salt thereof, having the structure Y1 N N (Ic1),
- 49 - 51234675.2
Attorney Docket No.047162-7416WO1 (02129) in an organic
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the solvent is ethanol. 26. The method of any one of claims 24-25, wherein the ligand is an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt. 27. The method of any one of claims 24-26, wherein the salt of Tn is a fluoride, chloride, bromide, or nitrate salt. - 50 - 51234675.2
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202263421051P | 2022-10-31 | 2022-10-31 | |
US63/421,051 | 2022-10-31 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2024097160A1 true WO2024097160A1 (en) | 2024-05-10 |
Family
ID=90931331
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2023/036363 WO2024097160A1 (en) | 2022-10-31 | 2023-10-31 | Transition metal complexes for mri applications and methods of use |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
WO (1) | WO2024097160A1 (en) |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20200062791A1 (en) * | 2016-12-21 | 2020-02-27 | Ge Healthcare As | Manganese chelate compounds |
US20210260222A1 (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2021-08-26 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Compounds for use as iron (iii) mri contrast agents containing anionic pendents and ancillary groups |
US20220033426A1 (en) * | 2020-07-28 | 2022-02-03 | Yale University | Transition Metal Macrocyclics as MRI Contrast Agents for Molecular Imaging |
-
2023
- 2023-10-31 WO PCT/US2023/036363 patent/WO2024097160A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20200062791A1 (en) * | 2016-12-21 | 2020-02-27 | Ge Healthcare As | Manganese chelate compounds |
US20210260222A1 (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2021-08-26 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Compounds for use as iron (iii) mri contrast agents containing anionic pendents and ancillary groups |
US20220033426A1 (en) * | 2020-07-28 | 2022-02-03 | Yale University | Transition Metal Macrocyclics as MRI Contrast Agents for Molecular Imaging |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US10328162B1 (en) | CEST systems exhibiting a concentration independent responsiveness | |
RU2739834C2 (en) | Dimeric contrast agents | |
RU2743167C2 (en) | Contrast agents | |
EP0806968A2 (en) | Diagnostic imaging contrast agents with extended blood retention | |
JP7145156B2 (en) | dimer contrast agent | |
WO1991014178A1 (en) | Lipophilic contrast agents for diagnostic image analysis | |
US7767196B2 (en) | Optimized relaxivity and specificity hepatobiliary MRI contrast agent | |
US9034928B2 (en) | Methods for metabolic imaging | |
AU640140B2 (en) | Novel magnetic resonance imaging agents | |
WO2012155085A1 (en) | Fe(ii) sequestering agents and uses thereof | |
KR20020000551A (en) | Perfluoroalkylamides, Their Production and Their Use in Diagnosis | |
EP0966414B1 (en) | Triarylmethyl free radicals as image enhancing agents | |
WO2024097160A1 (en) | Transition metal complexes for mri applications and methods of use | |
US20210260222A1 (en) | Compounds for use as iron (iii) mri contrast agents containing anionic pendents and ancillary groups | |
KR101836463B1 (en) | MRI contrast agent comprising manganese complex | |
US6251367B1 (en) | Paramagnetic 3-,8-substituted deuteroporphyrin derivatives, pharmaceutical agents that contain the latter, process for their production, and their use for MR imaging of necrosis and infarction | |
WO1997033625A2 (en) | Water-soluble lipophilic contrast agents | |
US5858329A (en) | MRI diagnostic procedures using tripodal pyridinyl metal complexes | |
EP3015855A1 (en) | Metal biosensors based on compounds with metal-sensitive chemical shifts for magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging | |
WO1993022662A1 (en) | Hydrophilic free radicals for magnetic resonance imaging | |
CA2271735C (en) | Magnetic resonance blood pool agents | |
US5869025A (en) | Tripodal aromatic heterocycle carboxamide MRI contrast agents | |
US6013810A (en) | Free radicals | |
US5869026A (en) | Tripodal carboxamide ligands for MRI contrast agents | |
US20230382934A1 (en) | High entropy oxides and methods of synthesis and use thereof |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 23886598 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |