WO2024089482A1 - Real time slag temperature control - Google Patents

Real time slag temperature control Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024089482A1
WO2024089482A1 PCT/IB2023/058479 IB2023058479W WO2024089482A1 WO 2024089482 A1 WO2024089482 A1 WO 2024089482A1 IB 2023058479 W IB2023058479 W IB 2023058479W WO 2024089482 A1 WO2024089482 A1 WO 2024089482A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
furnace
temperature
bath
sensor
data
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2023/058479
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Frederik Petrus Greyling
Ruan Greyling
Original Assignee
Frederik Petrus Greyling
Ruan Greyling
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Frederik Petrus Greyling, Ruan Greyling filed Critical Frederik Petrus Greyling
Publication of WO2024089482A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024089482A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
    • C21C5/42—Constructional features of converters
    • C21C5/46—Details or accessories
    • C21C5/4673—Measuring and sampling devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/08—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Tank furnaces heated electrically, with or without any other source of heat
    • F27B3/085—Arc furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/10—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to hearth-type furnaces
    • F27B3/28—Arrangement of controlling, monitoring, alarm or the like devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C2005/5288—Measuring or sampling devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
    • F27D2019/0003—Monitoring the temperature or a characteristic of the charge and using it as a controlling value
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
    • F27D2019/0028—Regulation
    • F27D2019/0034—Regulation through control of a heating quantity such as fuel, oxidant or intensity of current
    • F27D2019/0037—Quantity of electric current
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D19/00—Arrangements of controlling devices
    • F27D2019/0028—Regulation
    • F27D2019/0075—Regulation of the charge quantity

Definitions

  • This invention relates to furnaces and more particularly to electric arc furnaces comprising a system for and employing a method of thermal control of an open-bath of such a furnace.
  • An electric arc furnace is a furnace where at least part of the energy is supplied by means of an electric arc extending from at least one electrode.
  • Electric arc furnaces include an open-bath furnace, which is typically a furnace for the reduction of ores or for slag cleaning, where a large portion of the bath is in molten state with a layer of molten slag on top of a layer of molten metal, alloy or matte.
  • a partially open-bath furnace is one where at least an area around or close to the electrode or electrodes is in a molten state.
  • Control of open-bath furnace slag temperature is conventionally achieved by providing constant power to the electrodes of the furnace and then by controlling the feed rate of material into the furnace. More particularly, in practice, the material feed rate is theoretically determined and the slag temperature is measured intermittently or periodically, normally when slag is tapped from the furnace, typically every 4 hours. Deviation from the required temperature is then corrected by minor adjustment of the material feed rate. Disadvantages of the conventional thermal control systems are that, because slag temperature is measured and controlled during tapping events only, substantial temperature drift could occur between consecutive tapping events. Furthermore, in some cases it is problematic accurately to monitor and control the feed rate, specifically when feeding pre-heated or pre-reduced molten material into the furnace.
  • any minor mismatch between power input and material feed rate would give rise to a substantial deviation in slag temperature, effectively making unworkable the practice of measuring slag temperature during tapping events only.
  • a furnace comprising a furnace shell and a roof collectively defining a chamber for accommodating an at least partial open-bath;
  • a system for thermal control of the furnace comprising: o at least one temperature sensor mounted in a position spaced from the at least partial open-bath for generating data relating to a measured temperature of the bath; and o a temperature controller having a first input which is in data communication with the at least one sensor to receive the data relating to the measured temperature and a second input for receiving data relating to a temperature setpoint; the temperature controller being configured in real time to compare the received temperature data relating to the measured temperature to the setpoint data and, in response to the comparison, in real time, to initiate a furnace operational step, to ensure that the measured temperature data remains within predetermined limits of the setpoint data.
  • the at least one sensor may comprise one of a high temperature camera and/or a high temperature optical pyrometer.
  • the at least one sensor may be mounted to the roof of the furnace to face down onto the at least partial open-bath.
  • the at least one sensor may be mounted on the furnace shell, more particularly in a region of a sidewall of the shell towards the roof, to face down onto the at least partial open-bath.
  • the roof may define a port and the at least one sensor may be mounted at or in the port, to face down onto the at least partial open-bath.
  • the at least one sensor may be mounted above the roof to face down onto the at least partial open-bath through the port.
  • the bath may be an open-bath.
  • the furnace may be an electrical arc furnace comprising at least one electrode which is connected to an electrical power controller and at least one material feed chute having a material feed controller and wherein the output of the temperature controller may be connected to at least one of a) the electrical power controller and b) the material feed controller, to control at least one of the electrical power supplied to the at least one electrode and a rate at which material is fed via the chute.
  • a method of thermal control of a furnace comprising a furnace shell and a roof collectively defining a chamber for accommodating an at least partial open-bath, the method comprising:
  • the invention further extends to a system for thermal control of a furnace as herein defined and/or described.
  • figure 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view through an example embodiment of an open-bath electrical furnace
  • figure 2 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a system for thermal control of the furnace
  • figure 3 is a flow diagram of an example of a method of thermal control of the furnace.
  • FIG. 1 An example embodiment of a system 10 for thermal control of an openbath electrical furnace 12 is shown in figure 2 and is described in more detail further below.
  • the furnace 12 is shown in figure 1.
  • the furnace comprises a shell 14 having refractory sidewalls 16; and a roof 18, collectively defining a chamber 20.
  • At least a first electrode 22 extends from a support and electrical connection structure (not shown) above the roof through the roof 18 and into the chamber.
  • a second electrode 24 similarly extends through the roof into the chamber.
  • a material feed chute 26 for feeding material into the chamber is provided in the roof.
  • a rate at which material is fed into the chamber is controlled (in known manner) by a feed rate controller 28 which is associated with the feed chute.
  • Electrical power delivered to the at least one electrode is controlled by an electrical power controller 30, also in known manner.
  • the chamber 16 accommodates an at least partial open-bath 32 (as defined above) comprising a layer of slag 34 on top of a layer 36 of metal, alloy or matte.
  • the system 10 comprises at least one temperature sensor 38 mounted in a position spaced from the at least partial open-bath 32.
  • the sensor 38 generates data relating to a measured temperature of the bath, more particularly the slag layer.
  • the system further comprises a temperature controller 40 having a first input 42 which is in data communication with the sensor 38 to receive the data relating to a temperature measured or sensed by the sensor, a second input 44 for receiving data relating to a temperature setpoint and an output 46.
  • the temperature controller 40 is configured a) in real time to compare the received temperature data to the setpoint data and b) in real time to respond via the output 46 to the comparison, by initiating a furnace operational step, to ensure that the measured data remains within predetermined limits of the setpoint data.
  • the operational step may be any one or a combination of: a) adjusting via electrical power controller 30 the electrical power provided to the at least one electrode; and b) adjusting the material feed rate via feed rate controller 28.
  • the temperature sensor 38 may comprise at least one high temperature furnace camera, alternatively a high temperature optical pyrometer.
  • a high temperature camera is the CANTY high temperature camera (manufactured and sold by J.M. Canty Inc) which is suitable for use in extreme temperature environments from 750°F (400°C) to 3000°F (1650°C).
  • the one or more high temperature cameras are positioned in or at a respective port 48 defined in the furnace roof 18 to face down onto the open-bath 32.
  • the at least one camera provides real time measured temperature data to the first input 42 of the temperature controller 40.
  • the cameras may also be very useful to provide an image of the electrodes 22, 24, arc 50 and slag bath 34 to operating personnel.
  • the at least one sensor 38 may be mounted to the roof 18 of the furnace. In yet other embodiments, the sensor 38 may be mounted externally of the chamber and/or furnace, for example above the port, so that the sensor, in the form of a camera, would have line of sight onto the bath via the port 48.
  • FIG 3 A flow diagram of an example embodiment of a method of thermal control of a furnace is shown in figure 3, which is self-explanatory. It will be appreciated that there is provided a system for and a method of in real time to control the temperature of a bath, more particularly the slag layer in an open-bath furnace. The control is achieved by continuously performing real time temperature measurements and comparisons thereof to setpoint data, as well as real time adjustment of one or both of electrical power supplied to the electrodes and material feed rate.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)

Abstract

A furnace (12) comprises furnace shell defining a chamber for an open-bath (32) and a system (10) for thermal control of the furnace. The system comprises at least one temperature sensor (38) mounted in a position spaced from the open-bath. The system comprises a temperature controller (40) having a first input (42) which is in data communication with the sensor (38) to receive data relating to a temperature measured or sensed by the sensor and a second input (44) for receiving data relating to a temperature setpoint. The temperature controller (40) is configured in real time to compare the received temperature data to the setpoint data and in real time to respond to the comparison, by initiating at least one of a) adjusting via electrical power controller (30) electrical power provided to at least one electrode; and b) adjusting the material feed rate via feed rate controller (28).

Description

REAL TIME SLAG TEMPERATURE CONTROL
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
This invention relates to furnaces and more particularly to electric arc furnaces comprising a system for and employing a method of thermal control of an open-bath of such a furnace.
An electric arc furnace is a furnace where at least part of the energy is supplied by means of an electric arc extending from at least one electrode. Electric arc furnaces include an open-bath furnace, which is typically a furnace for the reduction of ores or for slag cleaning, where a large portion of the bath is in molten state with a layer of molten slag on top of a layer of molten metal, alloy or matte. A partially open-bath furnace is one where at least an area around or close to the electrode or electrodes is in a molten state.
Accurate control of slag temperature inside a reduction or slag cleaning furnace is essential. A significant increase in slag temperature could cause damage to refractory lining and in extreme cases, could cause a burn- through on the furnace sidewall. On the other hand, too low temperatures could give rise to a less liquid slag, tapping problems and lower yield.
Control of open-bath furnace slag temperature is conventionally achieved by providing constant power to the electrodes of the furnace and then by controlling the feed rate of material into the furnace. More particularly, in practice, the material feed rate is theoretically determined and the slag temperature is measured intermittently or periodically, normally when slag is tapped from the furnace, typically every 4 hours. Deviation from the required temperature is then corrected by minor adjustment of the material feed rate. Disadvantages of the conventional thermal control systems are that, because slag temperature is measured and controlled during tapping events only, substantial temperature drift could occur between consecutive tapping events. Furthermore, in some cases it is problematic accurately to monitor and control the feed rate, specifically when feeding pre-heated or pre-reduced molten material into the furnace. For example, in a case where pre-reduced molten material is fed into an open-bath furnace, typically at temperatures in excess of 1600°C, any minor mismatch between power input and material feed rate would give rise to a substantial deviation in slag temperature, effectively making unworkable the practice of measuring slag temperature during tapping events only.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a furnace with a system and a method of thermal control of an open-bath of the furnace with which the applicant believes the aforementioned disadvantages may at least be alleviated or which may provide a useful alternative for the known systems and methods. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention there is provided a furnace comprising a furnace shell and a roof collectively defining a chamber for accommodating an at least partial open-bath; and
- a system for thermal control of the furnace comprising: o at least one temperature sensor mounted in a position spaced from the at least partial open-bath for generating data relating to a measured temperature of the bath; and o a temperature controller having a first input which is in data communication with the at least one sensor to receive the data relating to the measured temperature and a second input for receiving data relating to a temperature setpoint; the temperature controller being configured in real time to compare the received temperature data relating to the measured temperature to the setpoint data and, in response to the comparison, in real time, to initiate a furnace operational step, to ensure that the measured temperature data remains within predetermined limits of the setpoint data.
The at least one sensor may comprise one of a high temperature camera and/or a high temperature optical pyrometer. The at least one sensor may be mounted to the roof of the furnace to face down onto the at least partial open-bath. Alternatively or in addition, the at least one sensor may be mounted on the furnace shell, more particularly in a region of a sidewall of the shell towards the roof, to face down onto the at least partial open-bath.
The roof may define a port and the at least one sensor may be mounted at or in the port, to face down onto the at least partial open-bath.
In other embodiments the at least one sensor may be mounted above the roof to face down onto the at least partial open-bath through the port.
The bath may be an open-bath.
The furnace may be an electrical arc furnace comprising at least one electrode which is connected to an electrical power controller and at least one material feed chute having a material feed controller and wherein the output of the temperature controller may be connected to at least one of a) the electrical power controller and b) the material feed controller, to control at least one of the electrical power supplied to the at least one electrode and a rate at which material is fed via the chute.
Also included within the scope of the present invention is a method of thermal control of a furnace comprising a furnace shell and a roof collectively defining a chamber for accommodating an at least partial open-bath, the method comprising:
- continually and from a position remote from the bath in normal use, measuring a temperature of the bath and generating data relating to the measured temperature;
- in real time comparing the measured temperature data to predetermined temperature setpoint data; and in response to the comparison and in real time, initiating a furnace operational step, to ensure that the measured temperature data remains within predetermined limits of the setpoint data.
The invention further extends to a system for thermal control of a furnace as herein defined and/or described.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DIAGRAMS
The invention will now further be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying diagrams wherein: figure 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view through an example embodiment of an open-bath electrical furnace; figure 2 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a system for thermal control of the furnace; and figure 3 is a flow diagram of an example of a method of thermal control of the furnace.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
An example embodiment of a system 10 for thermal control of an openbath electrical furnace 12 is shown in figure 2 and is described in more detail further below.
The furnace 12 is shown in figure 1. The furnace comprises a shell 14 having refractory sidewalls 16; and a roof 18, collectively defining a chamber 20. At least a first electrode 22 extends from a support and electrical connection structure (not shown) above the roof through the roof 18 and into the chamber. In the example embodiment shown, a second electrode 24 similarly extends through the roof into the chamber. A material feed chute 26 for feeding material into the chamber is provided in the roof. A rate at which material is fed into the chamber is controlled (in known manner) by a feed rate controller 28 which is associated with the feed chute. Electrical power delivered to the at least one electrode is controlled by an electrical power controller 30, also in known manner.
In use, the chamber 16 accommodates an at least partial open-bath 32 (as defined above) comprising a layer of slag 34 on top of a layer 36 of metal, alloy or matte. Referring to figures 1 and 2, the system 10 comprises at least one temperature sensor 38 mounted in a position spaced from the at least partial open-bath 32. The sensor 38 generates data relating to a measured temperature of the bath, more particularly the slag layer. The system further comprises a temperature controller 40 having a first input 42 which is in data communication with the sensor 38 to receive the data relating to a temperature measured or sensed by the sensor, a second input 44 for receiving data relating to a temperature setpoint and an output 46. The temperature controller 40 is configured a) in real time to compare the received temperature data to the setpoint data and b) in real time to respond via the output 46 to the comparison, by initiating a furnace operational step, to ensure that the measured data remains within predetermined limits of the setpoint data.
The operational step may be any one or a combination of: a) adjusting via electrical power controller 30 the electrical power provided to the at least one electrode; and b) adjusting the material feed rate via feed rate controller 28.
The temperature sensor 38 may comprise at least one high temperature furnace camera, alternatively a high temperature optical pyrometer. An example of a high temperature camera is the CANTY high temperature camera (manufactured and sold by J.M. Canty Inc) which is suitable for use in extreme temperature environments from 750°F (400°C) to 3000°F (1650°C).
In a presently preferred embodiment, the one or more high temperature cameras are positioned in or at a respective port 48 defined in the furnace roof 18 to face down onto the open-bath 32. The at least one camera provides real time measured temperature data to the first input 42 of the temperature controller 40. The cameras may also be very useful to provide an image of the electrodes 22, 24, arc 50 and slag bath 34 to operating personnel.
In other embodiments the at least one sensor 38 may be mounted to the roof 18 of the furnace. In yet other embodiments, the sensor 38 may be mounted externally of the chamber and/or furnace, for example above the port, so that the sensor, in the form of a camera, would have line of sight onto the bath via the port 48.
A flow diagram of an example embodiment of a method of thermal control of a furnace is shown in figure 3, which is self-explanatory. It will be appreciated that there is provided a system for and a method of in real time to control the temperature of a bath, more particularly the slag layer in an open-bath furnace. The control is achieved by continuously performing real time temperature measurements and comparisons thereof to setpoint data, as well as real time adjustment of one or both of electrical power supplied to the electrodes and material feed rate.

Claims

1. A furnace (12) comprising a furnace shell (14) and a roof (18) collectively defining a chamber (20) for accommodating an at least partial open-bath (32);
- a system (10) for thermal control of the furnace comprising: o at least one temperature sensor (38) mounted in a position spaced from the at least partial open-bath (32) for generating data relating to a measured temperature of the bath; and o a temperature controller (40) having a first input (42) which is in data communication with the at least one sensor (38) to receive the data relating to the measured temperature and a second input (44) for receiving data relating to a temperature setpoint; the temperature controller (40) being configured in real time to compare the received temperature data relating to the measured temperature to the setpoint data and, in response to the comparison, in real time, to initiate a furnace operational step, to ensure that the measured temperature data remains within predetermined limits of the setpoint data. The furnace as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one sensor (38) comprises one of a high temperature camara and a high temperature optical pyrometer. The furnace as claimed in any one of claim 1 and claim 2 wherein the at least one sensor is mounted to the roof of the furnace to face down onto the at least partial open-bath. The furnace as claimed in any one of claim 1 and claim 2 wherein the roof defines a port (48) and wherein the at least one sensor is mounted at or in the port, to face down onto the at least partial open-bath. The furnace as claimed in any one of claim 1 and claim 2 wherein the roof defines a port (46) and wherein the at least one sensor (38) is mounted above the roof to face down onto the at least partial open-bath through the port. The furnace as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the bath is an open-bath. The furnace as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the furnace is an electrical arc furnace comprising at least one electrode (22, 24) connected to an electrical power controller (30) and at least one material feed chute (26) having a material feed controller (28) and wherein an output (46) of the temperature controller is connected to at least one of a) the electrical power controller (30) and b) the material feed controller (28), to control at least one of the electrical power supplied to the at least one electrode and a rate at which material is fed via the chute. A method of thermal control of a furnace (10) comprising a furnace shell (14) and a roof (18) collectively defining a chamber 20 for accommodating an at least partial open-bath (32), the method comprising:
- continually and from a position remote from the bath (32) in normal use, measuring a temperature of the bath and generating data relating to the measured temperature;
- in real time comparing the measured temperature data to predetermined temperature setpoint data; and in response to the comparison and in real time, initiating a furnace operational step, to ensure that the measured temperature data remains within predetermined limits of the setpoint data.
PCT/IB2023/058479 2022-10-25 2023-08-28 Real time slag temperature control WO2024089482A1 (en)

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ZA202211603 2022-10-25
ZA2022/11603 2022-10-25

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5643528A (en) * 1995-06-06 1997-07-01 Musket System Design And Control Inc. Controlled magnesium melt process, system and components therefor
US20110272866A1 (en) * 2010-04-26 2011-11-10 Ehsan Shameli Measurement of charge bank level in a metallurgical furnace
US10018509B2 (en) * 2013-04-12 2018-07-10 Outotec (Finland) Oy Apparatus for temperature measurements of a molten bath in a top submerged injection lance installation

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5643528A (en) * 1995-06-06 1997-07-01 Musket System Design And Control Inc. Controlled magnesium melt process, system and components therefor
US20110272866A1 (en) * 2010-04-26 2011-11-10 Ehsan Shameli Measurement of charge bank level in a metallurgical furnace
US10018509B2 (en) * 2013-04-12 2018-07-10 Outotec (Finland) Oy Apparatus for temperature measurements of a molten bath in a top submerged injection lance installation

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