WO2024083130A1 - 一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置及施工方法 - Google Patents

一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置及施工方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024083130A1
WO2024083130A1 PCT/CN2023/125027 CN2023125027W WO2024083130A1 WO 2024083130 A1 WO2024083130 A1 WO 2024083130A1 CN 2023125027 W CN2023125027 W CN 2023125027W WO 2024083130 A1 WO2024083130 A1 WO 2024083130A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
rock
drill bit
hole
bit body
water
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2023/125027
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王军
韩健勇
武兆龙
左从兵
刘永奎
申永安
王博
刘秀芝
邵广彪
吴圣智
Original Assignee
山东建筑大学
中铁十四局集团第二工程有限公司
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Application filed by 山东建筑大学, 中铁十四局集团第二工程有限公司 filed Critical 山东建筑大学
Publication of WO2024083130A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024083130A1/zh

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/28—Enlarging drilled holes, e.g. by counterboring
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/26—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/60—Drill bits characterised by conduits or nozzles for drilling fluids
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
    • E21B17/04—Couplings; joints between rod or the like and bit or between rod and rod or the like
    • E21B17/042—Threaded
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
    • E21B17/04—Couplings; joints between rod or the like and bit or between rod and rod or the like
    • E21B17/042—Threaded
    • E21B17/043—Threaded with locking means
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
    • E21B36/001—Cooling arrangements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
    • E21B36/02—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using burners

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of raise borers, in particular to a cold and hot alternating raise bore rock expansion device and a construction method.
  • Reverse shaft construction is a project of vertical or inclined connecting passages, coal bunkers, blind shafts, etc. between underground tunnels. Since it is impossible to arrange a large number of equipment such as stabilizing vehicles and winches like in the construction of shafts on the ground, the reverse shaft method is generally adopted.
  • a pilot shaft is drilled first, and a pilot hole is drilled from top to bottom until the pilot hole penetrates the lower horizontal channel.
  • the pilot hole drill bit is removed here, and the reaming drill bit of this invention is connected. Then the hole is expanded from bottom to top, and the water diversion tunnel is formed by reverse pulling.
  • the reaming cutter disc includes a disc body and a roller cutter mounted on the disc body.
  • the disc body is used to fix the roller cutter.
  • the main shaft drives the disc body to rotate, and the roller cutter performs circular motion around the center line of the main shaft to cut. It is mainly used for drilling deep well tunnels.
  • the roller cutter mainly rolls the rock to break the rock.
  • the roller cutter is very susceptible to wear, resulting in the need to replace the roller cutter frequently, which not only increases the maintenance time and maintenance cost, but also causes delays in the construction period.
  • alternating hot and cold auxiliary rock breaking can produce microscopic and macroscopic cracks inside the rock, greatly reducing the strength of the rock, thereby increasing the penetration and service life of the mechanical tool and reducing It reduces the wear of the cutter, reduces the maintenance time of the mechanical rock breaking device, and increases the construction efficiency.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a cold and hot alternating reverse well expansion device and construction method, which can realize "one cold and one hot" combined auxiliary rock breaking through alternating cold and hot operations, reduce the wear of mechanical tools, and greatly increase the efficiency of rock breaking construction.
  • an embodiment of the present invention provides a hot and cold alternating reverse well expansion device, comprising a pull rod and a cutter disc, wherein the cutter disc comprises a basic drill bit body and an extended drill bit body, wherein the basic drill bit body is arranged on the pull rod, and the outer ring of the basic drill bit body is the extended drill bit body; a plurality of groove-shaped roller cutter bases are provided on the outer rings of the extended drill bit body and the basic drill bit body, a group of insert roller cutters are installed in each roller cutter base, a first hole and a second hole are provided between adjacent roller cutter bases, a high-temperature flame nozzle is provided in the first hole, a low-temperature water nozzle is provided in the second hole, and a slag outlet is provided in the inner rings of the first hole and the second hole.
  • the high-temperature flame nozzle is connected to a gas pipeline system located in the pull rod, and the gas pipeline system is connected to an acetylene supply device and an oxygen supply device.
  • the low-temperature water nozzle is connected to a circular annular flow divider, the annular flow divider is connected to a water pipeline system, and the water pipeline system is connected to a water supply device.
  • the spray section of the low-temperature water nozzle is inclined with respect to the rock surface, and all the spray ends are inclined at the same angle in the counterclockwise direction, which is less than 90°, so as to accelerate the water flow to carry the rock blocks down and increase the water flow spray surface.
  • a water baffle is placed on the disc between the low-temperature water nozzle and the high-temperature flame nozzle to prevent the two injection systems from affecting each other.
  • the pull rod includes multiple sections, and adjacent sections are detachably connected; the gas pipeline is a retractable elastic pipeline, and the water pipeline is a hose.
  • an embodiment of the present invention further provides a rock expansion method of first expanding a small hole and then expanding a large hole, and this method is also implemented based on the above-mentioned hot and cold alternating reverse well rock expansion device.
  • a guide well is first drilled, and a guide hole is drilled from top to bottom until the guide hole penetrates the lower horizontal channel, the guide hole drill bit is removed here, and the hole expansion drill bit of this invention is connected, and then the hole is expanded from bottom to top, first a small hole is expanded through the basic drill bit body (first layer drill bit body), and then a large hole is expanded through the expansion drill bit body (second layer drill bit body).
  • a high-temperature flame is first sprayed through the drive and control system, and then water is sprayed for cooling after a while.
  • the entire hole expansion process is carried out by squeezing the rock mass through the toothed hob to expand and break the rock, so as to expand a complete hole, reduce the strength of the surrounding rock of the face, improve the rock expansion efficiency, and reduce the degree of wear of the rock mass on the tool.
  • the drill rod is inserted into the bottom of the guide hole and the above-mentioned hot and cold alternating well-reversing and rock-expanding device is installed.
  • the basic drill bit body is first flame-sprayed close to the rock mass, and then water is sprayed to cool it down after a while.
  • the main engine provides torque and tension for the drill rod.
  • the toothed cutter on the basic drill bit body contacts the broken rock and rotates, first rolling the rock to expand the hole, and the broken rock falls through the hollow area of the disc body; the drill rod is fixedly connected to the basic drill bit body;
  • the extended drill bit body is moved until it is close to the rock, the drill rod stops rotating and pulling, and the extended drill bit body is first flame-sprayed, and then water is sprayed to cool it down after a while.
  • the toothed cutter on the expansion drill body contacts the broken rock and rotates, rolling the rock to expand the hole, and the broken rock falls through the hollow area of the disc body.
  • steps 3 to 7 continuously, first expand the small hole and then expand the hole, and use the reverse well method to expand the hole from bottom to top. During the process, the pull rod is continuously removed until the hot and cold alternating reverse well expansion device is drilled out of the ground.
  • the present invention provides a hot and cold alternating reverse well expansion rock expansion device and construction method, which realizes "one cold and one hot” combined auxiliary rock breaking through alternating hot and cold operations, and utilizes the principles of thermal expansion and contraction and thermal splitting to create cracks inside the rock, making the rock easier to break, thereby increasing the penetration and service life of mechanical tools and reducing the wear of mechanical tools; reducing the maintenance time of mechanical rock breaking devices, greatly increasing rock breaking construction efficiency and reducing construction costs.
  • Patent [202011384511.X] discloses a rock-breaking shield machine system and operating method that uses temperature difference as an auxiliary measure. Because it needs to rub the face to generate a large amount of heat, its friction element rotates very fast, but frictional heat will affect kinetic energy and thus also affect the rotation speed.
  • Friction will form a transmission Dynamic resistance, such as friction between rotating parts and friction between relatively sliding parts, will increase power consumption.
  • the present application can avoid large energy consumption and electric power consumption due to friction.
  • the friction element designed in the patent is easily damaged, which may cause the friction element to be damaged before the rock reaches the heating temperature.
  • the damage requires repair, which increases the repair time and reduces the construction efficiency. Since the height of the high-temperature flame nozzle and the low-temperature water nozzle in the present application is less than the cross-sectional height of the block cutter, it is not easy to be damaged and can make the rock smoothly and fully heated.
  • the heat generated by friction in the patent is relatively low, and frictional heat can only make the rock reach about 200 degrees.
  • the flame spraying device in the present application can heat the rock to 500-600 degrees, burn it fully, and when it encounters cold water to stimulate the rock, it can produce larger cracks and improve the cutting efficiency.
  • water spraying cooling in the patent water molecules will adhere to the face of the tunnel. Since water molecules cannot generate heat by friction, the friction efficiency is affected.
  • the low-temperature cold water sprayed in the present application will not have an adverse effect on the excavation process, but can increase the humidity in the air and have a certain dust removal effect.
  • the composite cutter head requires a less complex structure, does not consume too much power, and generally does not produce factors such as "thermal runaway".
  • Each fire and water flow in the auxiliary excavation process of this application occurs independently and does not affect each other, so the next process will not be affected by the previous fire and water flow.
  • FIG1 is a top view of the structure section of the hot and cold alternating well raising and rock expanding device of the present invention
  • FIG2 is a front view of the structure section of the hot and cold alternating well raising and rock expanding device of the present invention
  • FIG3 is a schematic structural diagram of a high temperature flame spraying device according to the present invention.
  • FIG4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a low-temperature and high-pressure water spraying device according to the present invention.
  • the existing reaming cutterhead mainly breaks rocks by rolling the cutters during use.
  • the cutters are very susceptible to wear during single use, resulting in the need to frequently replace the cutters, which not only increases maintenance time and maintenance costs, but also causes construction delays.
  • the present invention applies for a hot and cold alternating reverse well expansion device and a corresponding construction method.
  • the present embodiment discloses a disk body of a hole enlarging device of a raise drilling rig, including an extended drill bit body 1 and a basic drill bit body 2.
  • the extended drill bit body 1 and the basic drill bit body 2 are fixedly connected by bolts.
  • the base plate of the basic drill bit body 2 has a disk slightly larger than the base plate, and is connected to the top plate of the extended drill bit body 1 by bolts, that is, the basic drill bit body 2 is higher than the extended drill bit body 1, and it contacts the rock mass first; a pull rod 3 is arranged in the longitudinal center of the disk body.
  • the pull rod is connected in sections and disassembled section by section, so a detachable type with thread is adopted between each section of the pull rod.
  • the connection method is that the end of one section of the pull rod is threaded and tightened with the end of the other section of the pull rod, and then there is a first pull rod and its end is also threaded, but its end is fixedly connected to the extended drill bit body 1 and the basic drill bit body 2, so that the first pull rod, the extended drill bit body 1, and the basic drill bit body 2 together form a whole, and an anti-loosening device is arranged between the end of the first pull rod and the extended drill bit body 1 to prevent the drill bit body from sliding and falling off.
  • the extended drill bit body 1 is provided with a tool groove-shaped base 4, a toothed hob 5, a reserved circular hole for water spraying 6, a reserved square hole for flame spraying 7, a water retaining plate 8 between the two nozzles, and a slag outlet 9.
  • the insert cutter 5 is installed on the groove-shaped base 4 at the edge of the disc body. There are two insert cutters in each groove-shaped base 4, forming a block. There are five blocks in total on each layer, and the insert cutter blocks are evenly distributed on each layer of the base.
  • a number of reserved fire-spraying square holes 7, reserved water-spraying circular holes 6 and slag outlets 9 are evenly arranged on the extended drill bit body 1, and a water baffle 8 is provided between the reserved fire-spraying square holes 7 and the reserved water-spraying circular holes 6, and the slag outlet 9 is located in the inner circle of the reserved fire-spraying square holes 7 and the reserved water-spraying circular holes 6; a high-temperature flame nozzle 20 is installed in the fire-spraying square hole 7, and a low-temperature water nozzle 29 is installed in the reserved water-spraying circular hole 6; the setting height of the two nozzles should be less than the setting height of the tool facing the face, so as to ensure that the hot and cold alternating device can work normally and prevent friction damage; the slag outlet 9 is set to prevent the cut gravel from accumulating on the cutter disc, so that the gravel can fall down.
  • a high-temperature flame nozzle 20 and a low-temperature water nozzle 29 are combined into a group of auxiliary units.
  • the distance between the two nozzles is fixed, and a water baffle 8 is arranged between the two nozzles to prevent them from interfering with each other.
  • several groups of auxiliary units of this type are arranged on the drill body, and the end of each nozzle is connected to the control system to realize the automation and intelligence of flame and water spraying.
  • FIG2 it is a schematic diagram of the structure of a high-temperature flame spraying device.
  • a high-temperature flame nozzle 20 is connected to a pipeline delivery system, and its pipeline system is buried in the accommodating cavity of the tie rod 3, and its gas main pipe fitting 17 is also connected in sections like the tie rod 3, and each section of the gas pipeline fitting is buried in each section of the tie rod.
  • the gas main pipe fitting gradually becomes shorter, and each section of the gas main pipe fitting is tightened by nuts, which has good airtightness, and the end of the gas main pipe fitting is connected to a connector 18, and the acetylene cylinder 10 and the oxygen cylinder 11 are placed outside the main machine part, and gas is delivered through the acetylene tube 12 and the oxygen tube 13.
  • the two pipelines are connected to one end thereof by a gas pipe joint 14, and the other end is connected to the gas main pipe fitting 17, on which an acetylene regulating valve is placed.
  • the valve is used to control the supply of acetylene and oxygen to the high-temperature flame nozzle, the valve can also realize the automation of valve opening and closing through the automatic control device, and finally the gas is transported to the diverter 22 through the pipe 17.
  • the diverter of the overall structure is arranged in a circular ring, and is evenly distributed to each branch pipe 19 through the diverter.
  • the automatic ignition and control device 21 is used to realize the function of automatic ignition and ignition and control of its combustion.
  • the flame nozzle head 20 is embedded in the reserved square hole 7 of the disk body, and the injection section of the flame nozzle head is opposite to the rock surface.
  • the whole device is provided with a drive and control cable that can pass through the internal accommodating cavity of the pull rod 3 and is installed at the bottom reaming cutter head. During the upward reaming process, the control cable is continuously retracted into the cable accommodating box.
  • FIG3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a low-temperature high-pressure water jetting device.
  • a low-temperature water nozzle 29 is connected to a pipeline system, and the pipeline system is buried in the accommodating cavity of the pull rod 3.
  • a high-pressure water tank 23 is placed outside the main body part, and water is delivered through a water delivery rubber main pipe 24.
  • the water pipe is connected to a connector 25, and the water delivery rubber main pipe 24 is connected to a swivel joint 26 through the connector 25.
  • the swivel joint adopts a circular ring.
  • the whole device is provided with drive and control cables that can pass through the internal accommodating cavity of the pull rod 3 and be installed at the bottom reaming cutter disc.
  • the high temperature flame nozzle 20 and the low temperature water nozzle 29 do not contact the rock and always maintain a certain distance.
  • the present invention provides a rock expansion method for expanding a small hole first and then an enlarging hole, and the method is also realized based on the above-mentioned hot and cold alternating reverse well expansion device.
  • a pilot well is first drilled, and a pilot hole is drilled from top to bottom until the pilot hole drills through the lower horizontal channel, the pilot hole drill bit is removed here, and the hole expansion drill bit of the present invention is connected, and then the hole is expanded from bottom to top, first a small hole is expanded through a basic drill bit body (first layer drill bit body) 2, and then a large hole is expanded through an expansion drill bit body (second layer drill bit body) 1.
  • a high-temperature flame is sprayed first through a control cable, and then water is sprayed for cooling after a period of time.
  • the rock mass is squeezed by a toothed hob to expand and break the rock during the whole process of hole expansion, so as to expand a complete hole, reduce the strength of the surrounding rock of the face, improve the rock expansion efficiency, and reduce the wear of the rock mass on the tool.
  • control circuit The control circuit, the gas main pipe 17 and the water main pipe 24 are put into the accommodating cavity of the pull rod 3, and the connection between the end of the control circuit and the rock expansion cutter head is connected to the control device 18.
  • the basic drill bit body 2 is close to the rock mass and sprays the rock mass in the designated area with high temperature flame. After a period of time, the area will be cooled down by spraying low-temperature water.
  • the main machine part provides torque and tension for the drill rod.
  • the toothed cutter 5 is pressed into the broken rock on the face and then rotates.
  • the basic drill bit body first rolls the rock to expand a small hole, and the broken rock falls through the through hole 9 in the hollow area of the disc body.
  • the main engine part provides torque and tension for the drill pipe again, and the toothed cutter 5 is pressed into the broken rock on the face and then rotates, and the extended drill bit body 1 rolls the rock to expand a large hole, and the broken rock falls through the through hole 9 in the hollow area of the disc body.
  • control cable part is continuously retracted into the cable storage box at the main machine part, and the gas main pipe fittings 17 and the water main rubber pipe fittings 24 are retracted into the pipe storage box of the main machine part.
  • the present invention utilizes "one cold and one hot" thermal expansion and contraction and thermal splitting to cause cracks to appear inside the rock, making the rock easier to break, thereby improving rock breaking efficiency and reducing construction costs.

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置及施工方法，包括拉杆和刀盘，所述的刀盘包括基础钻头体和扩展钻头体，所述的基础钻头体设置在拉杆上，在基础钻头体的外圈为扩展钻头体；在扩展钻头体的外圈和基础钻头体的外圈均设有多个凹槽状滚刀底座，在每个滚刀底座内均安装有一组镶齿滚刀，在相邻的滚刀底座之间设置有第一孔和第二孔，在第一孔内设置高温火焰喷嘴，在第二孔内设置低温水喷嘴，在第一孔和第二孔的内圈设置出渣口。

Description

一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置及施工方法
本发明要求于2022年10月18日提交中国专利局、申请号为202211273134.1、发明名称为“一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置及施工方法”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本发明中。
技术领域
本发明涉及反井钻机技术领域，具体是一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置及施工方法。
背景技术
反井施工是在地下巷道之间的竖直或倾斜联络通道、煤仓、暗井等工程，由于无法像地面施工井筒那样，布置稳车、绞车等大量设备，一般要采用反井法，在抽水蓄能电站斜井引水洞施工中，先钻凿导井，由上到下钻凿导孔，直至导孔钻透下水平通道，将导孔钻头在此卸下，接上此发明的扩孔钻头，再由下向上扩孔，反拉形成引水洞。
扩孔刀盘包括盘体和安装于盘体上的滚刀，盘体用于固定滚刀，使用时主轴带动盘体旋转，滚刀围绕主轴中心线做圆周运动，进行削切，主要用于对深井隧道的钻凿，随着抽水蓄能电站的不断建设，对于用于输水的大直径长斜管道井的开拓需求越来越大，因此扩孔刀盘在钻孔行业中的使用越来越普遍。现有的扩孔刀盘在使用过程中主要由滚刀滚压岩石进行破岩，但在单独使用过程中，滚刀极易受磨损，导致需要经常更换滚刀，不但会增加检修时间和检修成本，而且还会造成工期延误。
采用冷热交替式辅助破岩可以使得岩石内部产生微观以及宏观的裂缝，大大降低了岩石的强度，从而既能增加机械刀具的贯入度和使用寿命，又能减少 刀具的磨损，减少机械破岩装置的检修时间，增加施工效率。
在专利【CN 202011384511.X】中，公开了一种以温差作为辅助措施的可破岩盾构机系统和作业方法中，但是该系统存在以下问题：①因需要摩擦掌子面产生较大的热量，因此其摩擦元件转速极快，但摩擦生热会影响动能进而对转速也有影响，摩擦即会形成传动阻力，如转动部件间的摩擦、相对滑动零件间的摩擦等，会增加功率的消耗。②摩擦原件易受损，可能使得岩石还没达到加热温度其摩擦元件发生了损坏，损坏需要维修，增加了维修时间，降低了施工效率。③摩擦产生的热量较低，摩擦生热只能使岩石达到200度左右。④在喷水降温的过程中，水分子会附着在掌子面上，由于水分子不能摩擦生热，因此影响摩擦效率。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的不足，本发明的目的是提供一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置及施工方法，通过冷热交替作业实现“一冷一热”的联合辅助破岩，降低机械刀具的磨损，大大增加破岩施工效率。
为了实现上述目的，本发明是通过如下的技术方案来实现：
第一方面，本发明的实施例提供了一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置，包括拉杆和刀盘，所述的刀盘包括基础钻头体和扩展钻头体，所述的基础钻头体设置在拉杆上，在基础钻头体的外圈为扩展钻头体；在扩展钻头体的外圈和基础钻头体的外圈均设有多个凹槽状滚刀底座，在每个滚刀底座内均安装有一组镶齿滚刀，在相邻的滚刀底座之间设置有第一孔和第二孔，在第一孔内设置高温火焰喷嘴，在第二孔内设置低温水喷嘴，在第一孔和第二孔的内圈设置出渣口。
作为进一步的技术方案，所述的高温火焰喷嘴与位于拉杆内的输气管道系统连通，输气管道系统与供乙炔装置与供氧气装置相连。
作为进一步的技术方案，所述的低温水喷嘴与圆环形的分流器相连，所述的环形分流器与输水管道系统相连，所述的输水管道系统与供水装置相连。
作为进一步的技术方案，所述的低温水喷嘴的喷射段与岩石表面倾斜，所有喷水端朝逆时针方向倾斜同一角度，角度要小于90°，以加快水流携带岩块下落，增大水流喷射面。
作为进一步的技术方案，在低温水喷嘴与高温火焰喷嘴之间的盘体上放置挡水板，以防止两喷射系统相互影响。
作为进一步的技术方案，所述的拉杆包括多段，相邻段之间可拆卸式连接；所述的输气管道为可伸缩式的弹性管道，输水管道为软管。
第二方面，本发明实施例还提供了一种先扩小孔后扩大孔的扩岩方法，而该方法也是基于上述冷热交替式反井扩岩装置实现的，在反井法施工过程中，先钻凿导井，由上到下钻凿导孔，直至导孔钻透下水平通道，将导孔钻头在此卸下，接上此发明的扩孔钻头，再由下向上扩孔，先通过基础钻头体(第一层钻头体)扩出小孔，再通过扩展钻头体(第二层钻头体)扩出大孔，在刀盘体旋转过程中通过驱动及控制系统，先进行高温火焰喷射，过段时间再进行喷水降温，扩孔全程通过镶齿滚刀挤压岩体进行扩孔破岩，以此扩出完整的孔洞，降低掌子面围岩的强度，提高了扩岩效率，减小岩体对刀具的磨损程度。
所述扩岩方法的步骤如下：
①钻杆沿导孔深入至底部，并安装上述冷热交替式反井扩岩装置。
②将可伸缩的输气管道系统、输水管道系统送入拉杆的容纳腔，所述输气管道系统端部与扩岩刀盘处的火焰喷嘴头打火控制装置相连接，打火控制装置输入指令，实现喷火智能化；
③基础钻头体靠近岩体先进行火焰喷射，过段时间后再喷水降温。
④主机部分为钻杆提供扭矩和拉力，基础钻头体上的镶齿滚刀接触破裂岩石发生转动，先滚压岩石扩小孔，碎落的岩石通过盘体镂空区掉落；钻杆与基础钻头体固定连接；
⑤然后在主机部分的拉力作用下紧接着将扩展钻头体移动直至靠近岩石，钻杆停止转动和拉动，扩展钻头体先进行火焰喷射，过段时间后再喷水降温。
⑥扩展钻头体上的镶齿滚刀接触破裂岩石发生转动，滚压岩石扩大孔，碎落的岩石通过盘体镂空区掉落。
⑦向上拉动一段拉杆，完成该段作业后拆除该段拉杆，直到拆除到第一拉杆处，将控制电缆部分随着拉杆的拆卸不断收回进主机部分处的电缆容纳箱，并将输水管道和输气管道收回进主机部分的管道容纳箱；
⑧不断重复③到⑦的步骤，先扩小孔后扩大孔，采用反井法自下而上进行扩孔，过程中不断拆卸拉杆，直至冷热交替式反井扩岩装置钻出地面。
⑨通过设置水池对施工全过程进行集水并进行过滤循环利用。
上述本发明的实施例的有益效果如下：
本发明提供了一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置及施工方法，通过冷热交替作业实现“一冷一热”的联合辅助破岩，利用热胀冷缩和热力劈裂等原理，使得岩石内部出现裂痕，使得岩石易于破碎，增加机械刀具的贯入度和使用寿命，降低机械刀具的磨损；减少机械破岩装置的检修时间，大大增加破岩施工效率，降低施工成本。在专利【202011384511.X】中公开的一种以温差作为辅助措施的可破岩盾构机系统和作业方法因需要摩擦掌子面产生较大的热量，因此其摩擦元件转速极快，但摩擦生热会影响动能进而对转速也有影响，摩擦即会形成传 动阻力，如转动部件间的摩擦、相对滑动零件间的摩擦等，会增加功率的消耗。本申请在实例中可以避免因摩擦而产生较大的能量消耗以及电功率消耗。专利中所设计的摩擦原件易受损，可能使得岩石还没达到加热温度其摩擦元件发生了损坏，损坏需要维修，增加了维修时间，降低了施工效率。本申请由于高温火焰喷头与低温水喷头的高度要小于组块滚刀的截面高度，因此不易受损，并且能够使得岩石顺利的充分加热。专利中摩擦产生的热量较低，摩擦生热只能使岩石达到200度左右。而本申请中的火焰喷射装置可以使得岩石加热到500-600度，火烧充分，在遇冷水激石时，可产生较大裂隙，提高切割效率。专利中在喷水降温的过程中，水分子会附着在掌子面上，由于水分子不能摩擦生热，因此影响摩擦效率，而本申请中所喷射的低温冷水对掘进过程不会带来不良影响，反而可以提高空气中的湿度，具有一定的除尘效果。采用高温火焰以及低温水漓相对于其他同等原理的专利而言，此复合刀盘所需要的结构不太复杂，耗电量以及功率不需太高，一般不会产生“热失控”等因素。本申请在辅助掘进过程中的每次火烧水漓是单独发生、互不影响的，因此不会因为上一次火烧水漓而影响下一过程。
附图说明
构成本发明的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的不当限定。
图1为本发明冷热交替式反井扩岩装置结构剖面俯视图；
图2为本发明冷热交替式反井扩岩装置结构剖面正视图；
图3为本发明高温火焰喷射装置结构示意图；
图4为本发明低温高压喷水装置结构示意图；
图中：为显示各部位位置而夸大了互相间间距或尺寸，示意图仅作示意使用。
1.扩展钻头体(第二层刀盘)，2.基础钻头体(第一层刀盘)，3.拉杆，4.凹槽
状滚刀底座，5.镶齿滚刀，6.预留圆形孔，7.预留方形孔，8.挡水板，9.出渣口，10.乙炔瓶，11.氧气瓶，12.乙炔管，13.氧气管，14.气管接头，15.乙炔调节阀，16.氧气调节阀，17.输气总管件，18.连接装置，19.输气支管，20.高温火焰喷嘴头，21.打火及控制装置，22.分流器，23.高压水箱，24.输水橡胶总管，25.连接件，26.回转接头，27.分流器，28.输水支管，29.低温高压喷水嘴头。
具体实施方式
应该指出，以下详细说明都是例示性的，旨在对本发明提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明，本发明使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。
需要注意的是，这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式，而非意图限制根据本发明的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的，除非本发明另外明确指出，否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式，此外，还应当理解的是，当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时，其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、组件和/或它们的组合；
为了方便叙述，本发明中如果出现“上”、“下”、“左”、“右”字样，仅表示与附图本身的上、下、左、右方向一致，并不对结构起限定作用,仅仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的设备或元件必须具有特定的方位，以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。
正如上述背景技术所说，现有的扩孔刀盘在使用过程中主要由滚刀滚压岩石进行破岩，但在单独使用过程中，滚刀极易受磨损，导致需要经常更换滚刀，不但会增加检修时间和检修成本，而且还会造成工期延误，为此，针对以上问题，本发明申请了一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置及相应的施工方法。
如图1—图4中所示，本实施例公开了一种反井钻机扩孔装置盘体，包括扩展钻头体1、基础钻头体2，扩展钻头体1与基础钻头体2之间采用螺栓固定连接，基础钻头体2的底盘存在比底盘较大一点的圆盘，并与扩展钻头体1的顶盘通过螺栓连接，即基础钻头体2高于扩展钻头体1，其先接触岩体；在盘体纵向中心设置有拉杆3，本身对于反井钻机而言，其拉杆为分节连接、逐节拆卸的，因此每节拉杆之间采用带有螺纹的可拆卸式连接方式，即一节拉杆的端部呈螺纹状，与另一节拉杆的末端拧紧，进而存在第一拉杆并且其端部也为螺纹状，但其末端与扩展钻头体1和基础钻头体2固定连接，使得第一拉杆、扩展钻头体1、基础钻头体2共同形成一个整体，第一拉杆末端与扩展钻头体1之间设置防松装置，防止钻头体滑动脱落，扩展钻头体1上设置有刀具凹槽状底座4、镶齿滚刀5、预留喷水圆形孔6、预留喷火方形孔7、两喷嘴之间的挡水板8以及出渣口9。
所述的镶齿滚刀5安装在盘体边缘的凹槽状底座4上，在每个凹槽状底座4内均有两个镶齿滚刀，并组成一个组块，每层总共五个组块，且所述镶齿滚刀组块均匀分布在每层底座上。
如图1所示，进一步的，在扩展钻头体1的上还均匀设置若干预留喷火方形孔7、预留喷水圆形孔6和出渣口9，在预留喷火方形孔7和预留喷水圆形孔6之间还设有挡水板8，出渣口9位于预留喷火方形孔7和预留喷水圆形孔6内圈；在喷火方形孔7内安装高温火焰喷嘴20，在预留喷水圆形孔6内安装低温水喷嘴29；两种喷嘴的设置高度要小于刀具正对掌子面的设置高度，以确保冷热交替装置能够正常工作，防止其摩擦损坏；设置出渣口9是为防止削切的碎石堆积在刀盘上，能够使得碎石落下去。
进一步的，一个高温火焰喷嘴20与一个低温水喷嘴29组合成一组辅助单元，两喷嘴之间的距离是固定的，且在两喷嘴之间设置挡水板8防止其相互干扰，为此在钻头体上设置了若干组此种类型的辅助单元，并且每个喷嘴的末端均与控制系统相连接，实现喷火喷水的自动化、智能化。
如图2所示，为高温火焰喷射装置结构示意图，图2中高温火焰喷嘴20与管道输送系统相连接，其管道系统埋置于拉杆3的容纳腔中，且其输气总管件17也与拉杆3一样分段连接，每段输气管件都埋置于每段拉杆当中，随着拉杆一段一段的移除，输气总管件也逐渐变短，每段输气总管件之间通过螺母拧紧，有较好的密闭性，且所述输气总管件末端与连接头18相连接，乙炔瓶10与氧气瓶11放置于主机部分外，通过乙炔管12与氧气管13进行送气，两种管道采用气管接头14与其一端相连接，另一端连接输气总管件17，其上安置乙炔调节阀15和氧气调节阀16，阀门用于控制乙炔和氧气向高温火焰喷嘴处的供给，阀门还可以通过自动控制装置实现阀门开合的自动化，最终气体通过管件17输送到分流器22处，整体结构的分流器按圆环形布置，通过分流器均匀分配给各支管19，在各喷嘴20处通过自动打火及控制装置21实现自动打火点燃并控制其燃烧的功能，火焰喷嘴头20镶嵌在盘体预留方形孔7内，火焰喷嘴头的喷射段与岩石表面正对，整套装置设置驱动与控制电缆可贯通拉杆3内部容纳腔并安装于底部扩孔刀盘处，在向上扩孔过程中，控制电缆不断收回至电缆容纳箱内。
如图3所示为低温高压水喷射装置结构示意图，图3中低温水喷嘴29与管道系统相连接，其管道系统埋置于拉杆3的容纳腔中，高压水箱23放置在主机部分外侧，通过输水橡胶总管件24进行送水，所述水管与连接头25相连接，输水橡胶总管件24通过连接头25与回转接头26相接，所述回转接头采用圆环 形结构并套装在分流器27上，两者之间相通并密封连接，通过分流器27将水输进各分支的高压水管28中，最终低温水通过高压水喷嘴29喷出，所述喷嘴端与岩石表面倾斜，且所有喷水端朝逆时针方向倾斜同一角度，角度要小于90°，使得低温射水朝同一方向旋转，有利于水流携带碎石快速下落，同时增大喷射面，整套装置设置驱动与控制电缆可贯通拉杆3内部容纳腔并安装于底部扩孔刀盘处。
在此工作环境中，高温火焰喷嘴20与低温水喷嘴29不与岩石接触，始终保持一定距离。
本发明提供了一种先扩小孔后扩大孔的扩岩方法，而该方法也是基于上述冷热交替式反井扩岩装置实现的，在反井法施工过程中，先钻凿导井，由上到下钻凿导孔，直至导孔钻透下水平通道，将导孔钻头在此卸下，接上此发明的扩孔钻头，再由下向上扩孔，先通过基础钻头体(第一层钻头体)2扩出小孔，再通过扩展钻头体(第二层钻头体)1扩出大孔，在刀盘体旋转过程中通过控制电缆，先进行高温火焰喷射，隔段时间再进行喷水降温，扩孔全程通过镶齿滚刀挤压岩体进行扩孔破岩，以此扩出完整的孔洞，降低掌子面围岩的强度，提高了扩岩效率，减小岩体对刀具的磨损程度。
在本发明的施工过程中，具体步骤实例如下：
①钻杆沿导孔深入井筒底部，并安装上述冷热交替式反井扩岩装置进行扩孔。
②将控制电路、输气总管件17、输水总管24送入拉杆3的容纳腔，所述控制电路端部与扩岩刀盘处的连接与控制装置18相连接。
③首先基础钻头体2靠近岩体先对指定区域的岩体进行高温火焰喷射，间隔 一段时间后再对该区域进行低温喷水降温。
④主机部分为钻杆提供扭矩和拉力，镶齿滚刀5压入掌子面的破裂岩石后发生转动，基础钻头体先滚压岩石扩出小孔，碎落的岩石通过盘体镂空区通孔9掉落。
⑤待基础钻头体2扩孔直至扩展钻头体1靠近岩石，钻杆停止转动和拉动，扩展钻头体1靠近岩体先对指定区域的岩体进行高温火焰喷射，间隔一段时间后再对该区域进行低温喷水降温。
⑥主机部分再次为钻杆提供扭矩和拉力，镶齿滚刀5压入掌子面的破裂岩石后发生转动，扩展钻头体1滚压岩石扩出大孔，碎落的岩石通过盘体镂空区通孔9掉落。
⑦将控制电缆部分随着拉杆的拆卸不断收回进主机部分处的电缆容纳箱，并将输气总管件17、输水橡胶总管件24收回进主机部分的管道容纳箱。
⑧不断重复③到⑦的步骤，先扩小孔后扩大孔，采用反井法自下而上进行扩孔，直至冷热交替式反井扩岩装置钻出地面。
⑨通过设置水池对施工全过程进行集水并进行过滤循环利用。
本发明利用“一冷一热”热胀冷缩和热力劈裂，使得岩石内部出现裂痕，使得岩石易于破碎，提高破岩效率，降低施工成本。
最后还需要说明的是，诸如第一和第二之类的关系术语仅仅用来将一个实体或者操作与另一实体或操作区分开来，而不一定要求或者暗示这些实体或操作之间存在任何这种实际的关系或者顺序。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本发明，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则 之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置，其特征在于，包括拉杆和刀盘，所述的刀盘包括基础钻头体和扩展钻头体，所述的基础钻头体设置在拉杆上，在基础钻头体的外圈为扩展钻头体；在扩展钻头体的外圈和基础钻头体的外圈均设有多个凹槽状滚刀底座，在每个滚刀底座内均安装有一组镶齿滚刀，在相邻的滚刀底座之间设置有第一孔和第二孔，在第一孔内设置高温火焰喷嘴，在第二孔内设置低温水喷嘴，在第一孔和第二孔的内圈设置出渣口。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置，其特征在于，所述的高温火焰喷嘴与位于拉杆内的管道系统连通，管道系统与供乙炔装置与供氧气装置相连。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置，其特征在于，所述的高温火焰喷嘴的喷射段与岩石表面正对。
  4. 如权利要求2所述的一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置，其特征在于，每个高温火焰喷嘴与圆环形的分流器相连；圆环形的分流器与管道系统相连。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置，其特征在于，所述的低温水喷嘴与圆环形的分流器相连，所述的圆环形的分流器与供水装置相连。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置，其特征在于，所述的低温水喷嘴的喷射段与岩石表面倾斜，所有喷水端朝逆时针方向倾斜同一角度，角度要小于90°。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置，其特征在于，在低温水喷嘴与高温火焰喷嘴之间的盘体上放置挡水板。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置，其特征在于，所述高温火焰喷嘴与低温高压水喷嘴的截面高度均低于滚刀截面高度，且其喷射路 径与滚刀切割的圆周路径相重合。
  9. 利用权利要求1-8任一所述的一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置进行扩岩的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    步骤1钻杆沿导孔深入至底部，并安装所述的冷热交替式反井扩岩装置；
    步骤2将控制电路、输水总管送入拉杆的容纳腔，所述控制电路端部与扩岩刀盘处的连接与控制装置相连接；
    步骤3基础钻头体靠近岩体先进行火焰喷射，过段时间后再喷水降温；
    步骤4主机部分为钻杆提供扭矩和拉力，基础钻头体上的镶齿滚刀接触破裂岩石发生转动，先滚压岩石扩小孔，碎落的岩石通过盘体镂空区掉落；
    步骤5移动直至扩展钻头体靠近岩石，钻杆停止转动和拉动，扩展钻头体先进行火焰喷射，过段时间后再喷水降温；
    步骤6主机部分再次为钻杆提供扭矩和拉力，扩展钻头体上的镶齿滚刀接触破裂岩石发生转动，滚压岩石扩大孔，碎落的岩石通过盘体镂空区掉落；
    步骤7将控制电缆部分随着拉杆的拆卸不断收回进主机部分处的电缆容纳箱，并将输水管件收回进主机部分的管道容纳箱；
    步骤8不断重复步骤3到步骤7，先扩小孔后扩大孔，采用反井法自下而上进行扩孔，过程中不断拆卸拉杆，直至冷热交替式反井扩岩装置钻出地面；
    步骤9通过设置水池对施工全过程进行集水并进行过滤循环利用。
PCT/CN2023/125027 2022-10-18 2023-10-17 一种冷热交替式反井扩岩装置及施工方法 WO2024083130A1 (zh)

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