WO2024073797A1 - Système et procédé de régulation d'évaporation d'eau - Google Patents

Système et procédé de régulation d'évaporation d'eau Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024073797A1
WO2024073797A1 PCT/AU2023/050948 AU2023050948W WO2024073797A1 WO 2024073797 A1 WO2024073797 A1 WO 2024073797A1 AU 2023050948 W AU2023050948 W AU 2023050948W WO 2024073797 A1 WO2024073797 A1 WO 2024073797A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wind
water
barrier
evaporation
monolayer
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU2023/050948
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Junghoon Lee
Joel Mathew Paul SCOFIELD
Greg Guanghua Qiao
Jason Patrick MONTY
Paul Andrew Gurr
Andrew William WESTERN
Original Assignee
The University Of Melbourne
Cotton Research And Development Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AU2022902858A external-priority patent/AU2022902858A0/en
Application filed by The University Of Melbourne, Cotton Research And Development Corporation filed Critical The University Of Melbourne
Publication of WO2024073797A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024073797A1/fr

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B1/00—Equipment or apparatus for, or methods of, general hydraulic engineering, e.g. protection of constructions against ice-strains
    • E02B1/003—Mechanically induced gas or liquid streams in seas, lakes or water-courses for forming weirs or breakwaters; making or keeping water surfaces free from ice, aerating or circulating water, e.g. screens of air-bubbles against sludge formation or salt water entry, pump-assisted water circulation
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/06—Moles; Piers; Quays; Quay walls; Groynes; Breakwaters ; Wave dissipating walls; Quay equipment
    • E02B3/062—Constructions floating in operational condition, e.g. breakwaters or wave dissipating walls
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/16—Preventing evaporation or oxidation of non-metallic liquids by applying a floating layer, e.g. of microballoons
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B5/00—Artificial water canals, e.g. irrigation canals
    • E02B5/08—Details, e.g. gates, screens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D88/00—Large containers
    • B65D88/34—Large containers having floating covers, e.g. floating roofs or blankets
    • B65D88/36—Large containers having floating covers, e.g. floating roofs or blankets with relatively movable sections
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/68—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a water evaporation mitigation system and method for controlling evaporation from a body of water.
  • the invention is particularly applicable to controlling water evaporation from bodies of waters such as reservoirs and dams and it will be convenient to hereinafter disclose the invention in relation to those exemplary applications.
  • the invention is not limited to that application and could be used in a number of other types of water containing bodies and formations.
  • Another solution to reduce evaporation is to apply a monolayer composition onto the surface of a water body, which forms a thin film on or at the water surface.
  • Such films or monolayers can reduce the rate of water loss to the surrounding atmosphere by creating a barrier between the water body and the atmosphere.
  • a problem with many monolayer structures is their lack of stability against wind disruption. In open water storages in external environments, winds which reach speeds above 1 to 2 m/s can cause failure of the monolayer film and therefore there can be no significant evaporation savings.
  • the present invention provides a water evaporation mitigation system configured to control evaporation from a body of water having a water surface, the system comprising: at least one wind barrier that includes at least one wind suppression panel extending outwardly from the water surface and substantially around a perimeter of a selected surface area of the body of water, wherein the at least one wind suppression panel is formed from a mesh material having an optical porosity of from 5 to 65%.
  • the present invention provides a wind barrier that acts to reduce wind shear stress at the water surface.
  • the inventors have surprisingly found that a mesh material can effectively reduce wind shear stress and supress the wave generated by wind. This barrier acts to reduce wind shear stress at the water surface resulting in the reduction of wind driven evaporation directly by mitigating moisture flux across the air-water interface. Accordingly, supressing the formation of waves using mesh materials can result in water evaporation savings.
  • mesh material refers to any material formed from a material formed from of a network of wire, thread or other thin elongate members that crossover, interlace, are interwoven or the like to form a grid pattern with a plurality of apertures therein.
  • Examples of mesh material include nets, woven fabrics, unwoven fabric, wire mesh or the like.
  • the mesh material comprises a flexible mesh material, preferably a mesh fabric.
  • the mesh material comprises a knitted or woven fabric, preferably a shade cloth fabric.
  • a shade cloth is a fabric that comprises woven or knitted strands of polymers such as polypropylene, saran, polyethylene and polyester.
  • the mesh material comprises a woven polymeric fabric.
  • optical porosity is a two-dimensional measure of porosity, which is defined as a simple ratio of perforated area of the material to total area of the material.
  • optical porosity is not equivalent to aerodynamic porosity (p a ) since it does not take into account the three-dimensional nature of the pores, but for a narrow artificial windbreak material, for example a mesh fabric, p is close to p a .
  • the Inventors have found that wind suppression/ retardation functionality can be achieved using a wind suppression panel formed from a mesh material having an optical porosity of from 5 to 65%. However, for areas with large wind speed variations, a narrower range of optical porosities can provide better wind suppression/ retardation functionality, particularly for high wind speeds.
  • the mesh material comprises a porous material having an optical porosity of 25 to 50%, preferably 30 to 40%, and more preferably about 35%. The Inventors have found that for high wind speeds (greater than 3 m/s) an optical porosity of 30 to 40%, and preferably about 35% provides good wind suppression/ retardation functionality.
  • body of water in the present invention encompasses any expanse of water having a surface area from which water can be evaporated.
  • bodies of water in which the present invention can be used include, but are not limited to, at least one of: dams, reservoirs, channels, canals, streams, rivers, creeks, ponds, brooks, pools, lakes, lochs, billabongs or the like.
  • the body of water comprises at least one of a channel, canal, pond, reservoir, or dam.
  • the body of water comprises water irrigation and/or distribution channels, canals, ponds, reservoirs, or dams.
  • the body of water comprises water irrigation and/or distribution channels.
  • the body of water comprises a reservoir, or a dam.
  • the wind barrier preferably forms substantially vertical wind suppression/ retarding barriers around the selected surface area of the body of water.
  • the at least one wind suppression panel preferably extends substantially perpendicular to the water surface. That wind suppression panels preferably extend from the surface of the body of water upwardly thereof. Thus, at least a portion of the at least one wind suppression panel is preferably located at or immersed at or below the water surface of the body of water.
  • the height and separation of the at least one wind suppression panel can be varied to optimise the performance of the wind barrier.
  • the at least one wind suppression panel is configured to have a height (H) to separation (S) ratio of 1 :7.5 to 1 :25, preferably 1 :10 to 1 :20, more preferably 1 :15, wherein height H is the height of the top of the wind suppression panel above the water surface, and separation S is the distance between two parallel spaced apart wind suppression panels.
  • H height of the top of the wind suppression panel above the water surface
  • separation S is the distance between two parallel spaced apart wind suppression panels.
  • the ratio of the height of the wind suppression panels to separation distance between parallel spaced apart wind suppression panel scales linearly. A larger degree of spacing or separation between wind suppression panels reduce the evaporation due to the wind being able to reengage with the surface and increase evaporation.
  • the at least one wind suppression panel includes at least one biased flap configured to move from a closed position to an open position when a selected wind pressure is exerted on the flap.
  • the biased flap comprises an elastically tensioned barrier flap configured to release the wind force exerted on the at least one wind suppression panel during extreme weather conditions.
  • At least one section of a wind suppression panels is configured to pivot or move to release the wind force exerted on the at least one wind suppression panel during extreme weather conditions.
  • the pivot point can form part of on which the at least one wind suppression panel is formed and supported (see below).
  • the wind suppression panel comprises a continuous fabric surface that is mounted to a support frame using a hinge mechanism and the whole wind suppression panel is able to move in response to high wind speeds.
  • the wind barrier and wind suppression panels thereof are typically formed from an underlying structure that supports the wind barrier in position within the body of water.
  • the wind barrier is configured as a floating structure that is located in a floating position on the body of water. This advantageously allows the wind barrier to be positioned in a desired location on the body of water away from the water’s edge of that body of water.
  • the at least one wind barrier includes: a framework on which the at least one wind suppression panel is formed and supported; and at least one float on which the framework is supported, the at least one float being buoyant in water thereby enabling the wind barrier to float on the water surface of the body of water.
  • This framework structure can include a number of interconnecting components which are used to support the at least one wind suppression panel, and also interconnect adjoining wind suppression panels into a desired configuration around the perimeter of the body of water and (if applicable) across the selected area of the body of water bounded by the wind barrier.
  • the framework comprises at least two spaced apart panel mounting poles, each panel mounting pole extending from a float with at least one wind suppression panel extending between each pole.
  • the framework may also include at least one cross-member extending between each spaced apart panel mounting pole.
  • the framework includes supporting crossmembers which extend across the selected surface area.
  • the framework comprises at least one cable, preferably at least one tensioned cable, on which the at least one wind suppression panel is supported.
  • the tensioned cable extends between adjacent floats, and the wind suppression panel hangs or is otherwise supported from that cable.
  • the wind barrier may further include a strengthening mesh, for example a wire or plastic/polymer based mesh or netting, that extends between spaced apart panel mounting poles configured to add structural support to each of the adjacent wind suppression panel.
  • a strengthening mesh for example a wire or plastic/polymer based mesh or netting
  • the float or floats may comprise any suitable buoyant structure which can support the framework and wind suppression panel. Examples include buoys.
  • the at least one float comprises a self-righting float or buoy, such as a wide low float. However, it should be appreciated that many types of buoyant bodies and structures may equally be used.
  • the framework includes a plurality of floats, each float including a panel mounting pole extending therefrom.
  • the wind suppression panels can be configured in any suitable configuration around, across and within a perimeter of a selected surface area of the body of water.
  • the wind suppression panels are configured in a grid pattern over and across the selected surface area of the body of water. Any suitable grid pattern or configuration can be used.
  • each wind barrier comprises at least a two by two polygonal grid of wind suppression panels, preferably a three by two grid of wind suppression panels.
  • the grid pattern comprises a six by three grid, preferably a nine by three grid.
  • the grid pattern comprises a three by three grid of wind suppression panels.
  • the grid pattern comprises a four by two, preferably four by three grid of wind suppression panels.
  • the grid pattern comprises a six by six grid of wind suppression panels.
  • the wind barrier has a modular configuration, in which the wind barrier preferably comprises at least two interconnectable modules.
  • This modular design allows the wind barrier to move independently hence reduce the potential damage caused by persistent or gusts of high wind speed.
  • the floating wind barriers are preferably configured as independent modules forming a grid pattern and are deployed adjacent to an adjoining module, each module being independently tethered to a ground engaging anchor. This independence enables continued coverage over the body of water even if one or more of the independent modules are damaged or are otherwise removed from service.
  • a floating wind barrier can be tethered or otherwise connected to a ground engaging anchor at near or spaced away from the edge of the body of water to locate that wind barrier in the desired location on the body of water.
  • the wind barrier is anchored to at least one ground engaging anchoring point using at least two spaced apart anchoring members, preferably comprising flexible elongated members such as straps or ropes, and wherein each anchoring member includes a resilient extension device (for example at least one spring) to enable the anchoring member to accommodate wind force that may cause mechanical stress to the device.
  • the resilient extension device comprises spring loaded mounts at each ground engaging anchoring point.
  • At least one wind suppression panel includes a biased (for example elastically tensioned) flap which can move from a closed position to an open position when a selected wind pressure is exerted in the flap.
  • the flap can be hinged in some embodiments.
  • the flap is configured to allow a high-speed wind to pass through the flap and escape.
  • at least one section of a wind suppression panel is configured to pivot or move to release the wind force exerted on the at least one wind suppression panel during extreme weather conditions.
  • the pivot point can form part of the structure on which the at least one wind suppression panel is formed and is supported.
  • embodiments of the wind barrier of the present invention can be configured to be sustainable for wind speeds of at least 60 km/h.
  • the wind barrier arrangement of the present invention comprises physical barriers, unlike previous wind barriers, such as shade cloths and floating systems, the wind resistant panels of the present invention are arranged in a perimeter around a large surface area in the body of water, and thus can be sparsely placed (for example 6 m apart between parallel spaced apart wind resistant panels) and thus do not fully cover the water surface area.
  • the water evaporation mitigation system of the present invention can further comprise: at least one monolayer extending as a layer at the surface over at least a portion of the water surface bounded by the at least one wind barrier.
  • the present invention provides a water evaporation mitigation system configured to control evaporation from a body of water having a water surface, the system comprising: at least one wind barrier that includes at least one wind suppression panel extending outwardly from the water surface and substantially around a perimeter of a selected surface area of the body of water; and at least one monolayer extending as a layer at the surface over at least a portion of the water surface bounded by the at least one wind barrier, wherein the at least one wind suppression panel is formed from a mesh material having an optical porosity of from 5 to 65%.
  • the system can therefore also include at least one monolayer formed over a selected surface area of the body of water bounded by the wind barrier arrangement.
  • the wind suppressant function of the wind barrier reduces the impact of wind on the monolayers or thin-films.
  • This wind barrier acts to reduce wind shear stress at the water surface assisting to prevent failure of monolayers at the water surface.
  • the wind barrier or the first aspect of the present invention and the monolayer of this second aspect of the present invention therefore cooperatively reduce evaporation of water from the body of water.
  • the wind barrier also acts to reduce wind shear stress at the water surface and protect the monolayer.
  • the wind barrier provides a physical (mechanical) barrier which acts to reduce the impact of wind (wind shear stress) at the water surface mitigating the failure (breakup/ dispersement) of the monolayers at the water surface.
  • the present invention typically increases the ability of the monolayer to resist wind speeds of >3 m/s, preserving the monolayer and thus mitigating water loss to evaporation.
  • the use of wind barriers and a monolayer combine the benefits from both techniques.
  • the evaporation mitigation performance of the monolayer can be improved by using wind barriers to shield the water surface and therefore reduce the surface movement that can disrupt and/or reduce continuous surface coverage of the monolayer.
  • the wind barriers also allowed the film to reform when wind speeds were reduced to below this threshold, this was tested using wind speeds of 4 m/s (14.4 km/h) as the lower wind speed. This result was a significant increase when compared with trials without barriers, where the monolayer failed at constant wind speeds of 1 m/s (3.6 km/h).
  • the amount of wind barrier material required can be reduced, compared with other existing water covering commercial solutions.
  • any suitable monolayer composition can be used in this second aspect of the present invention.
  • layer structures such as monolayers can be formed from molecules that possess a polar hydrophilic head group and a non-polar hydrophobic tail. These molecules can align themselves at an air-water interface and self-assemble to ideally form a one-molecule thick layer on the surface of a body of water (approximately 2 nm). This structure enables the molecules to sit at the water surface and pack closely together forming a film. It is the close packing of these molecules that provides the resistance to water evaporation.
  • the monolayer materials have been the higher alcohols, that is, linear hydrocarbon chains with 16 or 18 carbons and with an alcohol (-OH) group at one end (hexadecanol or cetyl alcohol and octadecanol or stearyl alcohol respectively).
  • -OH alcohol
  • C16-18 alcohols can be used because they offer high resistance to water evaporation and small flakes of the solid alcohol spread spontaneously to form monolayers with a high molecular packing density.
  • Monolayers based on cetyl or stearyl alcohol are permeable to oxygen and need only be present in a layer one molecule thick; enabling large surface areas to be covered with minimal environmental disturbance. Furthermore, monolayers of cetyl alcohol (a mixture of C16 and C18 alcohols) are biodegradable and have been cleared for use on drinking water storages by national regulatory agencies. They have a minimal effect on the transport of oxygen through the air/water interface, hence a minimal impact on aquatic biota, but can significantly suppress the loss of water by evaporation.
  • the monolayer comprises a composition comprising amphiphilic molecules, preferably a C16 or C18 alcohol, more preferably selected from hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol) or octadecanol (stearyl alcohol).
  • the monolayer composition comprises ethylene glycol monooctadecyl ether (E1 ), cetyl alcohol, or a mixture of cetyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP).
  • a monolayer may be used together with a polymer which interacts with the monolayer.
  • the present invention includes a monolayer taught in International Patent Publication No. WO2010/071931 , the contents of which should be understood to be incorporated herein by this reference.
  • the monolayer is formed by applying a water insoluble compound and a water soluble polymer to the body of water, wherein the water insoluble compound assembles to form a layer at the surface of the body of water, and wherein the water soluble polymer interacts with the water insoluble compound by non-covalent bonding interactions.
  • the monolayer comprises a water insoluble compound and a water soluble polymer including at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of (i) carbonyl polymers including at least one functional group having a carbonyl moiety and (ii) non-carbonyl polymers having a molecular weight of at least about 5000 to the body of water.
  • a water soluble polymer including at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of (i) carbonyl polymers including at least one functional group having a carbonyl moiety and (ii) non-carbonyl polymers having a molecular weight of at least about 5000 to the body of water.
  • Other commercially available monolayer compositions that can be used in this second aspect of the present invention include WaterGuardTM, produced by Aqutain (see for example https://www.aquatain.com/WaterGuard.html) which is a liquid siloxane that forms a thick surface layer to reduce water evaporation.
  • a third aspect of the present invention provides a method of controlling evaporation from a body of water comprising: providing a wind barrier around the perimeter of a selected surface area of the body of water, the wind barrier comprising: at least one wind suppression panel extending outwardly from the water surface and substantially around a perimeter of a selected surface area of the body of water, the at least one wind suppression panel being formed from a mesh material having an optical porosity of from 5 to 65%.
  • the barrier acts to reduce wind shear stress at the water surface resulting in the reduction of wind driven evaporation directly by mitigating moisture flux across the air-water interface.
  • the use of a mesh material has been found to be effective in reducing wind shear stress and supress the wave generated by wind.
  • the wind barrier is preferably configured in accordance with the water evaporation mitigation system according to the first aspect of the present invention.
  • the above described features of the wind barrier and comprising wind suppression panel in relation to the first aspect of the present invention therefore equally apply to this third aspect of the present invention.
  • the wind barriers can be configured in any suitable configuration and/or arrangement on the body of water.
  • the floating wind barriers are configured as independent modules forming a grid pattern and are deployed adjacent to an adjoining module, each module being independently tethered to a ground engaging anchor. This independence enables continued coverage over the body of water even if one or more of the independent modules are damaged or are otherwise removed from service.
  • the method of the present invention can also include the addition of at least one monolayer formed over a selected surface area of the body of water bounded by the wind barrier arrangement.
  • the method of the third aspect of the present invention comprises: applying a monolayer forming composition on the selected surface area within the perimeter bounded by the wind barrier, wherein the monolayer forming composition assembles to form a layer at the surface of the body of water over at least a portion of the water surface bounded by the at least one wind barrier.
  • the monolayer forming composition comprises amphiphilic molecules, preferably a C16 or C18 alcohol, more preferably selected from hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol) or octadecanol (stearyl alcohol).
  • the monolayer forming composition comprises ethylene glycol monooctadecyl ether (E1 ), cetyl alcohol, or a mixture of cetyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP).
  • the present invention may include a monolayer forming composition taught in International Patent Publication No. WO2010/071931 , the contents of which should be understood to be incorporated herein by this reference. Additionally, commercially available polymeric compositions can also be used as discussed above.
  • the monolayer forming composition can be provided in/onto the surface of the body of water in any suitable form.
  • the monolayer forming composition is provided as a powder, a tablet, a pellet, or as a composition within a water-soluble capsule.
  • the monolayer forming composition can be applied in/ onto the surface of the body of water in any suitable manner.
  • the monolayer forming composition is applied to the surface of the body of water by hand, a dispenser device from a specific position at the edge of or within the body of water, or by a dispensing machine, preferably a flying drone.
  • the wind barrier in the system of the present invention has the following further advantages:
  • wind barrier that can save 25 to 35 % water evaporation from the water storage.
  • the addition of monolayer to the system can further save additional 12 to 25 % water loss from evaporations.
  • the system (wind barrier plus monolayer) may therefore save combined water evaporation from water storage surface by 15 to 50 %.
  • Figure 1 provides an arial/ top view image of an embodiment of the wind barrier of present invention showing four adjacent wind barrier modules arranged in a dam.
  • Figure 2 provides an further top view image of one section of a module of the wind barrier shown in Figure 1 showing the floats and wind suppression panels therein.
  • Figure 3 provides a front view image of one module of the wind barrier shown in Figure 1 .
  • Figure 4 provides an image showing the framework construction of part of a wind suppression panel used to form a wind barrier according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 provides a schematic of the grid pattern comprising the four adjacent wind barrier modules shown in Figure 1 .
  • Figure 6 provides a schematic drawing of a wind suppression panel in which the barrier material is pivotably attached to the top cross-member that can be used to form a wind barrier according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • Figures 7A and 7B provide tethering and anchoring detail of one module of the wind barrier shown in Figure 1 .
  • Figures 8A and 8B provide a schematic drawing of a second embodiment of a wind barrier of present invention showing (8A) a front view of a wind suppression panel used to form the wind barrier; and (8B) a top view showing the arrangement of four wind suppression panels spaced around a perimeter that are used to form the wind barrier.
  • Figure 9A provides a schematic and setup used in a larger scale wind wave facility (SIWWI) to investigate the evaporation rate with barriers and monolayer under the influence of constant wind stress.
  • SIWWI larger scale wind wave facility
  • Figure 9B shows the channel setup of a) the control case (channel 2), b) 0.3 m barriers (channel 3), and c) 0.9 m barriers (channel 5).
  • Figure 10 shows the outline of the barrier configuration used during the different stages of channel trials
  • Figure 11 shows the channel setup of channel 3 showing wire mesh added to the wind barriers.
  • Figure 12 shows the evaporation reduction of mixtures of cetyl alcohol (CeOH) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on deionised water under wind comparing a) the impact of amount of cetyl alcohol added, and b) the impact of CeOH:PVP ratio holding the mass of CeOH at 4 mg.
  • Figure 13 shows the evaporation experiments investigating a) the impact of commercial materials (WaterSavr and WaterGuard) on evaporation compared with cetyl alcohol over 12 hours, and b) the impact of WaterSavr addition on evaporation reduction.
  • Figure 14 shows a) the medium porous material and b) the evaporation reduction performance as a function of optical porosity of the new barrier materials in small scale trials
  • Figure 15 shows the evaporation trials in the large wind-wave tank (SIWWI facility) investigating the impact of fence porosity on a) evaporation over time comparing several materials, and b) evaporation savings as a function of fence porosity.
  • Fence porosities of 35% and 65% were trialled in the SIWWI facility and compared with the no fence case.
  • Figure 16A shows a plot of the maximum wind speed before monolayer failure of the barriers vs barrier separation (AS)/bamer height (Ah).
  • Figure 17 shows the change in water height in sections of channel to measure test for differences between water loss, trials were conducted between 2 March 2021 to 9 March 2021 .
  • Figure 18 shows the cumulative change in water height of the channels during barrier trials that were conducted over 28 days from 21 March 2021 to 17 April 2021 . Data is for channel sections 2 to 5. Results were calculated by taking an average of the results from the two sensors on each channel.
  • Figure 19 shows a) The day to day evaporation savings on channels 3 and 4 compared with channel 2 as the control over the barrier only trials, b) the average wind speed during the day between 9 am to 9 pm, c) the average temperature between 9 am to 9 pm, and d) predominant daily wind direction.
  • Figure 20 shows the impact of environmental conditions on the water evaporation rate during barrier trials.
  • Data represented is the impact of daily average temperature on a) the control evaporation rate, b) daily evaporation reduction (%), the impact of daily average wind speed on c) the control evaporation rate, d) daily evaporation reduction (%).
  • Data represented was collected over the period from 21 March 2021 to 17 April 2021.
  • Figure 21 shows the change in water height in channels during combined monolayer trials over 34 days from 21 April 2021 to 24 May 2021. Data is for channel sections 2 to 5. Results were calculated by taking an average of the results from the two sensors on each channel.
  • Figure 22 shows a) The day to day evaporation savings on channels 3 and 4 compared with channel 2 as the control over the combined barrier and monolayer trials, b) the average wind speed during the day between 9 am to 9 pm, c) the average temperature between 9 am to 9 pm, and d) predominant daily wind direction.
  • Figure 23 shows the impact of environmental conditions on the water evaporation rate during combined barrier and monolayer trials.
  • Data represented is the impact of daily average temperature on a) the control evaporation rate, b) daily evaporation reduction (%), the impact of daily average wind speed on c) the control evaporation rate, d) daily evaporation reduction (%).
  • Data represented was collected over the period from 21 April 2021 to 24 May 2021.
  • Figure 24 shows the change in water height in channels during barrier only and combined barrier and monolayer trials over 52 days from 04 February 2022 to 27 March 2022. Data is for channel sections 2 to 4. Results were calculated by taking an average of the results from the two sensors on each channel. Red shaded region indicates the period when monolayer was added to channel 3 with the barriers.
  • Figure 25 provides a photo of the original large scale installation (9x3 cells) prior to the storms with high winds, taken on 09 December 2021 .
  • Figure 26 shows the change in water height of the barrier dam (dam 1 ), control dam (dam 2), and monolayer (ML) only dam (dam 3) over the period from 17 February 2022 until 24 March 2022.
  • the red box indicates the period when the combined barrier and monolayer trial was performed (8 March 2022 to 24 March 2022).
  • Figure 27 shows a) Average daily water evaporation savings in the barrier dam (dam 1 ) compared to the control dam over the period 17 February 2022 until 24 March 2022, and b) the weather conditions (maximum temperature and maximum wind speed) over this period.
  • the red box indicates the period when the combined barrier and monolayer trial was performed.
  • Figure 28 provides a summary of range of variation in evaporation savings over the barrier and combined monolayer trials. Data was calculated by using the sensor data on dams 1 , 2, and 3 over a period from 17 February 2022 until 24 March 2022. A seepage rate of 2.3 mm/day was taken into account.
  • Figure 29 provides plots showing Figure: Impact of environmental conditions on the water evaporation rate during barrier and monolayer trials. Data represented is the impact of; daily average temperature on a) the control evaporation rate and b) daily evaporation reduction (%); the impact of daily average wind speed on c) the control evaporation rate and d) daily evaporation reduction (%). Also represented is e) the correlation between average wind speed and temperature, as well as f) the correlation between daily evaporation reduction (mm) and control evaporation. Data represented was collected over the period from 17 February 2022 until 24 March 2022.
  • the present invention provides a system configured to control evaporation from a body of water which includes: a wind barrier arrangement that forms a mechanical barrier which acts to reduce the impact of wind on water evaporation.
  • This wind barrier arrangement acts to reduce wind shear stress at the water surface resulting in the reduction of wind driven evaporation directly by mitigating moisture flux across the air-water interface.
  • the system also includes at least one monolayer formed over a selected surface area of the body of water bounded by the wind barrier arrangement.
  • the wind barrier arrangement s wind suppressant function reduces the impact of wind on the integrity of the monolayer or thin-film on the surface of the water. This barrier acts to reduce wind shear stress at the water surface assisting to prevent failure of monolayers at the water surface.
  • the wind barrier arrangement and monolayer therefore cooperative reduce evaporation of water from the body of water.
  • body of water that the wind barrier arrangement and at least one monolayer can be used encompasses any expanse of water having a surface area from which water can be evaporated.
  • bodies of water in which the present invention can be used include, but are not limited to at least one of: dams, reservoirs, channels, canals, streams, rivers, creeks, ponds, brooks, pools, lakes, lochs, billabongs or the like.
  • Figures 1 to 7 illustrate one embodiment of the wind barrier of the present invention. As best shown in Figures 1 and 5, the exemplified wind barrier arrangement 100 comprises four adjacent floating modules 110 floating as buoyant structures on the surface 135 of a body of water 132, in this case water 130 in a dam.
  • the wind barrier arrangement 100 comprises four adjacent floating modules 1 10 each comprising a three by two grid arrangement of wind suppression panels 120.
  • Each module 1 10 is independent, and is tethered to ground engaging anchor points 140 in the ground 145 surrounding the water 130 of the dam through tether ropes 142 which are located at various points around the perimeter each module 1 10. This independence enables continued coverage over the body of water 132 even if one or more of the independent modules 1 10 are damaged or are otherwise removed from service.
  • the wind suppression panels 120 are configured in a grid pattern over and across the selected surface area of the body of water 132 enclosed or bounded by each module 1 10.
  • the illustrated modules 1 10 of wind barrier 100 comprises a three by two grid of wind suppression panels 120 (see Figures 1 and 5). As will be described below in more detail, that grid also encloses a number of intersecting supporting cross-members 122 to help add structural stability and strength to the spaced apart wind suppression panels.
  • the illustrated modules 110 shown in Figures 1 , 2 and 3 comprise a three by two grid, it should be appreciated that any suitable grid pattern or structure could be used to suit the particular application and size/ shape/ configuration of the body of water 132 on which the wind barrier 100 is installed. Similarly, any number of modules 1 10 can be used to suit the particular application and size/ shape/ configuration of the body of water 132 on which the wind barrier 100 is installed.
  • each wind suppression panel 120 comprises a substantially planar body that extends outwardly and substantially perpendicularly upwardly from the water surface 135, and using the grid structure, extends substantially around a perimeter of a selected surface area of that body of water 132. As shown in Figure 3, each wind suppression panel 120 extends from the surface 135 of the body of water upwardly thereof with the base of the one wind suppression panel 120 touching or being immersed in the water 130 at the water’s surface 135.
  • each wind suppression panel 120 is formed from a mesh material 121 , in the illustrated case, a knitted or woven shade cloth fabric having an optical porosity of from 5 to 65%.
  • a mesh material 121 in the illustrated case, a knitted or woven shade cloth fabric having an optical porosity of from 5 to 65%.
  • the Inventors tested a number of mesh fabrics with different optical porosities.
  • Mesh fabric materials with an optical porosity of between 25 and 50% showed at least some evaporation mitigation/ reduction results.
  • Mesh fabric materials with an optical porosity of between 25 and 50% showed good evaporation mitigation/ reduction results for higher wind speeds.
  • mesh fabric material with a 35% optical porosity showed the best results evaporation mitigation/ reduction results with a 31 % reduction in evaporation using a wind suppression panel constructed with that material alone.
  • an optical porosity of 30 to 40%, and preferably about 35% provides good wind suppression/ retardation functionality. Barriers with these porosities showed savings above 20% in absence of the monolayer as shown in Figure 14, and above 10% in larger tank trials as shown in Figure 15.
  • the wind barrier 100 and wind suppression panels 120 include an underlying floating and support structure that is located in a floating position on the body of water 132.
  • This supporting structure comprises:
  • the framework 150 comprises a number of interconnected components comprising PVC piping in the illustrated embodiment, but as can be appreciated could be formed from any suitable lightweight elongate member or material.
  • each wind suppression panel 120 is supported between two spaced apart panel mounting poles 152, with each panel mounting pole 124 extending from a float 160.
  • the framework 150 may also include two cross-members - a top cross-member 154 and a lower cross-member 156 - which extend between each spaced apart panel mounting pole 124, maintaining the spacing between the panel mounting pole 124 and providing horizontal structure and stability to the overall wind suppression panel 120.
  • each wind suppression panel 120 may further include a wire or plastic/polymer based mesh or netting extending between spaced apart panel mounting poles 152 configured to add structural support to each of the adjacent wind suppression panel (the use of wire mesh is shown and described below in the example section in relation to Figure 1 1 for an experimental prototype).
  • each wind suppression panel 120 is arranged in a perimeter around a large surface area in the body of water, spaced apart a relatively large distance, for example 6 m apart between wind suppression panel 120. This grid structure therefore does not fully cover the water surface area of the body of water 132 of the dam.
  • each wind suppression panel 120 is constructed to form either a horizontal or vertical wall in a three by two grid of wind suppression panel 120 that form each module 1 10.
  • Each spaced apart wind suppression panel 120 also includes a middle supporting cross-member 122.
  • These supporting cross-members 122 comprise elongate members, typically pipes (again PVC pipes in the illustrated embodiment) that extend across the bounded water surface spaces of the grids, and intersect at a center 170 of that space at a floating support member 172 (best illustrated in Figure 2) that comprises a float 160 and vertical support pole 174.
  • These supporting crossmembers 122 and floating support members 172 provide lateral support between the center point of the spaced apart wind suppression panels 120.
  • the height H ( Figures 4 and 6) and separation S ( Figures 2, 5) between parallel spaced apart wind suppression panels 120 can be varied to optimise the performance of the wind barrier 100.
  • experimental studies have found that a height H to separation S ratio of 1 :7.5 to 1 :25, preferably 1 :10 to 1 :20, more preferably 1 :15 provides a good design for controlling evaporation. It was found that above the 1 :15 ratio (larger separation) the savings will decrease evaporation savings of the barrier alone.
  • Each wind suppression panel 120 need not be mounded to the framework as a solid continuous fabric surface.
  • the mesh fabric 121 may be pivotably or hingedly attached to the top cross-member 154 to enable the wind suppression panel 120 to form a biased flap 180 configured to open when a selected wind pressure is exerted on the flap 180.
  • the bias in the flap 180 can be provided by any suitable means. In the illustrated arrangement, the bias is provided by an elastic member 182 attached to lower cross-member 156 attached to the wind suppression panel 120 which provides a designed tension configured to release the wind force exerted on the wind suppression panel 120 during extreme weather conditions.
  • the wind suppression panel 120 is a continuous fabric surface that is joined at the top (as a hinge mechanism) and the whole side is able to move in response to high wind speeds. Thus, in this structure, the whole panel 120 pivots about the top cross-member 154 during extreme weather conditions.
  • the wind suppression panel 120 is mounted on a wire mesh, plastic/ polymer based mesh or netting, or other supporting structure to provide a mounting platform for the mesh material of the panel 120.
  • each floating module 110 of the wind barrier 100 is tethered to a ground engaging anchor 140 using tether lines 142 (ropes or straps) positioned at various points around the perimeter of the module.
  • anchor 140 and tether 142 arrangement may include a resilient extension device, such as a tension spring 190 (see Figure 7B) to enable the anchoring member to accommodate wind forcing that cause mechanical stress to be transferred to the module 1 10.
  • the wind barrier arrangement 100 can also include at least one monolayer formed over a selected surface area 133 of the body of water 132 bounded by the wind barrier arrangement 100.
  • each module 1 10 of the wind barrier 100 acts to reduce wind shear stress at the water surface 135 and protect the monolayer therein.
  • any suitable monolayer composition can be used.
  • the monolayer forming composition can be provided in/ onto the surface 135 of the body of water 132 in any suitable form such as a powder, a tablet, a pellet, or as a composition within a water-soluble capsule.
  • the monolayer forming composition can be applied in/ onto the surface 135 of the body of water 132 in any suitable manner, for example by hand, a dispenser device from a specific position at the edge of or within the body of water 132, or by a dispensing machine, preferably a flying drone.
  • FIGs 8A and 8B illustrate a second embodiment of a wind barrier of present invention. Similar to the first embodiment described above, the exemplified wind barrier arrangement 100A can be arranged as a floating modules 1 10A floating as buoyant structures on the surface 135A of a body of water 132A.
  • Figure 8B illustrates only four wind suppression panels 120A are configured in a square over and across the selected surface area of the body of water 132A. As indicated by the broken lines, further wind suppression panels 120A can be arranged in a grid pattern similar as shown in Figure 1 to provide a larger module 110A.
  • each module 110A can be tethered to ground engaging anchor points 140A in the ground 145A surrounding the water 130A through tether ropes 142A which are located at various points around the perimeter each module 1 10A.
  • the tether or cable can be anchored using a cable anchor in Geotech bearing areas which is designed for the surrounding soil conditions.
  • This tethering system (tether ropes 142A etc) may include an elastic buffering system to respond to water level change.
  • the wind suppression panels 120A are configured in a grid pattern (of which only one square is illustrated in Figure 8B) over and across the selected surface area 133A of the body of water enclosed or bounded by each module 1 10A. It should be appreciated that any suitable grid pattern or structure could be used to suit the particular application and size/ shape/ configuration of the body of water 132A (not illustrated in full) on which the wind barrier 100A is installed. Similarly, any number of modules 1 10A can be used to suit the particular application and size/ shape/ configuration of the body of water 132A (not illustrated in full) on which the wind barrier 100A is installed.
  • each wind suppression panel 120A comprises a substantially planar body that extends outwardly and substantially perpendicularly upwardly from the water surface 135A, and using the grid structure, extends substantially around a perimeter of a selected surface area of that body of water 132A.
  • Each wind suppression panel 120A extends from the surface 135A of the body of water upwardly thereof with the base of the one wind suppression panel 120A touching or being immersed in the water 130A at the water’s surface 135A.
  • each wind suppression panel 120A of this second embodiment is formed from a porous mesh material 121 A, in the illustrated case, a knitted or woven shade cloth fabric having an optical porosity of from 5 to 65% - as detailed for the first embodiment.
  • the wind barrier 100A and wind suppression panels 120A include an underlying floating and support structure that is located in a floating position on the body of water 132A.
  • This supporting structure comprises:
  • the floats 160A comprise buoyant bodies, for example air filled containers, that enable the wind barrier to float on the water surface 135A of the body of water 132A.
  • the tensioned cable 150A extends between adjacent but spaced apart floats 160A.
  • the porous mesh material 121 A (porous barrier material) extends and is supported along and downwardly from that tensioned cable 150A, with the porous mesh material 121 A also extending between the floats 160A.
  • the porous mesh material 121 A may also be attached or otherwise connected to the floats 160A.
  • the porous mesh material 121 A hangs downwardly from the tensioned cable 150A to the water’s surface 135A.
  • the porous mesh material 121 A may be weighted or elastically restrained to maintain its position between the floats 160A, and handing substantially perpendicularly down from the tensioned cable 150A. It should be noted that the tension requirements of the tensioned cable 150A may be relatively low due to the use of the floats 160A.
  • the illustrated floats 160A comprises self-righting floats, self-righting buoys, or wide low floats. These types of floats or buoys typically include a large buoyant base. It should be appreciated that a variety of float designs can be used, which typically comprise a polymeric buoyant structure designed to include an upright structure 152A such as a pole or other structure which extends upwardly from the water’s surface 135 designed to support the tensioned cable 150A thereover, and the porous mesh material 121 A therebetween.
  • each wind suppression panel 120 may further include a wire or plastic/ polymer based mesh or netting extending between the upright structure 152A of each float 160A configured to add structural support to each of the adjacent wind suppression panel.
  • the height H and separation S between parallel spaced apart wind suppression panels 120A can be varied to optimise the performance of the wind barrier 100A.
  • experimental studies have found that a height H to separation S ratio of 1 :7.5 to 1 :25, preferably 1 :10 to 1 :20, more preferably 1 :15 provides a good design for controlling evaporation.
  • the wind barrier arrangement 100A can also include at least one monolayer formed over a selected surface area 133A of the body of water 132A bounded by the wind barrier arrangement 100A, as discussed above for the first embodiment. The same considerations and advantages are also applicable for this embodiment.
  • each module 110A of the wind barrier 100A acts to reduce wind shear stress at the water surface 135A and protect the monolayer therein.
  • FIG. 9A shows a schematic of the experimental setup. Barriers, with the dimensions of 0.3 x 0.7 m, were made using a Perspex frame and shade cloth with a range of porosities (5%, 35%, 65%). These mechanical devices with different porous materials were used to investigate the relationship between the material porosity and the evaporation reduction obtained. The choice of these materials considered reducing initial costs (including material and installation costs) and self-sustaining mechanism under the various environmental conditions. Six of these devices were installed partly submerged to have a height above the water surface of 0.1 m.
  • Weather data (temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and humidity) were collected using an onsite weather station.
  • the data from this sensor is publicly available on Weather Underground (see https://www.weatherground.com/dashboard/pws/INARRA2).
  • the evaporation supressing material used in this trial was Cetyl alcohol (>95% pure, milled and sieved to less than 250 pm) which was purchased from P&G Chemicals.
  • the material (7.64 g) was added as a solid powder daily throughout the trials, to test the monolayer performance, with the materials being added to the water surface between the barriers. The location of addition was varied throughout the trials to eliminate the potential of monolayer being contained in one section of the channel.
  • Channel 5 design Barrier height: 0.9 m; Barrier separation - Across the channel: 5 m; Along the channel: 13.5 m
  • the barriers on channel 3 were modified by combining wire mesh with the shade cloth to improve stability of the barriers, Figure 1 1 .
  • the wire mesh was added to the cross channel barriers on Channel 3.
  • the barriers on channel 4 were removed and this was used as a control along with channel 2.
  • Channels 1 and 5 were not used during these trials as the depth sensors on these sections were brought to the dam trial site for background testing.
  • the same shade cloth was used as the previous year (with an optical porosity of 35%) and were attached to pickets along the length of the channel as before.
  • the barriers were installed across the width of the channels as well as along the sides.
  • the wire mesh was able to keep the mesh in place so the cement weights were not required during these trials.
  • the dimensions of the barriers on specific channels are - Channel 3 design: Barrier height above water: 0.3 m; Barrier separation: 4.5 m
  • the trial site for the channel trials was the University of Melbourne - Dookie Campus.
  • An analysis of the historical evaporation in the area was done (Shepparton is near Dookie) and compared with the evaporation data from the location from the channel trials (Yanco) and a location for previous field trials (St George). Shepparton shows similar daily evaporation rates over January as the other locations considered, Table 1. The location is also ideal due to the high average wind speeds and relatively high maximum daily temperature in January, Table 2.
  • Three Dams were used in the experiment. Dam 1 was chosen as the location for the barrier instillation and had an approximate area of 0.173 ha. Dam 2 had an approximate area of 0.17 ha when full and was chosen as the control. Dam 3 was chosen as the experimental dam to trial the monolayer without the barrier intervention and had an approximate area of 0.056 ha.
  • T able 1 Summary of the last 10 years of evaporation (January data) at the proposed site for field trials (Dookie College, near Shepparton, Vic), the location for channels trials (Yanco, NSW), two locations in NSW (Narrabri) and Qld (St George).
  • Table 2 Summary of the average weather conditions in January over the last 10 years of evaporation at the proposed site for field trials (Dookie College, near Shepparton, Vic), the location for channels trials (Yanco), two possible locations in NSW (Narrabri) and Qld (St George).
  • Stage 1 Seepage/control evaporation measurements
  • polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was investigated in small scale laboratory trials as a way of increasing film viscosity, which will help improve resistance to wind further. However, these trials demonstrated that the addition of polymer reduced the performance of cetyl alcohol and was not considered further - see Figure 12.
  • WaterGuard showed the best performance with an average evaporation reduction of 83% when 0.1 ml of liquid was applied to an area of 1094 cm 2 (0.91 ml/m 2 ) as shown in Figure 13a.
  • WaterSavr showed an average savings of 58% when 20 mg was added to an area of 1094 cm 2 (183 mg/m 2 ).
  • Increasing the loading of WaterSavr showed a large increase in performance from 10 mg to 20 mg loading however this levelled off with further increases reaching 68.8% savings at 40 mg (366 mg/m 2 ) and 79% with 60 mg (549 mg/m 2 ) as shown in Figure 13b.
  • the results of WaterSavr showed similar reductions to the cetyl alcohol used in the channel trials. For the dam trials 20 mg (183 mg/m 2 ) was used as this was below the recommended maximum usage indicated by the manufacturer of WaterSavr.
  • the figure also shows the average wind speed (b), the average temperature (c), and the predominant wind direction (d). Looking at the day to day evaporation savings shows that there are periods of time where the savings exceed 20 % (10 out of 30 days and 7 out of 30 days for channel 3 and 4, respectively).
  • Table 4 Correlation coefficients between different weather conditions and evaporation/ evaporation reduction from data collected during the barrier trials.
  • the monolayer was applied to alternating sections of the channel to prevent potential issues with monolayer spreading through the barriers.
  • Table 5 Correlation coefficients between different weather conditions and evaporation/ evaporation reduction from data collected during the combined barrier and monolayer trials.
  • the floating barrier designed was confirmed and scaled up to construct three by nine grid (27 cells) to cover the barrier dam (dam 3) which had dimensions of 30 m by 60 m.
  • the Individual cell design was a barrier height of 0.4 m with 35% porous barrier materials combined with stainless steel mesh wire for additional support. These barrier walls were supported by solid rectangle frame made out of PVC pipe. The individual walls were connected using PVC pipe joints with cement glue and multiple screws to form a square cell. These cells consist of four barrier walls which are 6 m by 6 m (length by width). The next cell was built as an extension of the cell adjacent to it to make the three by nine grid consist of 27 cells.
  • this three by nine grid was 54 m by 18 m (length by width) to cover the barrier dam (dam 3) as shown in Figure 25.
  • This large-scale grid was built next to the barrier dam and deployed. Once the floating barriers were in position, it was securely mounted with high- strength ropes (breaking strength of 120 kg) attached to the multiple star pickets mounted around the bank. It was observed that this three by nine grid of floating barriers withstood wind gusts up to 50 km/h. However, there was an unexpected severely weather condition with a windstorm near the site causing wind gusts up to 80 km/h which damaged a third of the grid structure. Further design work was undertaken to enhance the structural integrity of the floating barriers. Additionally, a smart way to release or navigate extreme wind forcing to avoid any unexpected damage caused by extreme weather conditions were implemented.
  • the green solid line shows the cumulative water height changes for the monolayer only case in dam 3.
  • dam 3 There was no barrier installed on dam 3 to protect monolayer from the wind shear stress and the monolayer was added at the same time as the barrier dam.
  • Figure 29 indicates that implementation of the barriers and barriers in combination with monolayer have a strong positive correlation with between evaporation reduction (mm) and daily evaporation on the control dam (mm).
  • evaporation reduction mm
  • mm evaporation reduction
  • mm daily evaporation on the control dam

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur un système d'atténuation d'évaporation d'eau configuré pour réguler l'évaporation à partir d'une masse d'eau ayant une surface d'eau, le système comprenant : au moins une barrière contre le vent qui comprend au moins un panneau de suppression de vent s'étendant vers l'extérieur depuis la surface d'eau et sensiblement autour d'un périmètre d'une zone de surface sélectionnée de la masse d'eau, ledit panneau de suppression de vent étant formé à partir d'un matériau de maille ayant une porosité optique de 5 à 65 %.
PCT/AU2023/050948 2022-10-03 2023-10-03 Système et procédé de régulation d'évaporation d'eau WO2024073797A1 (fr)

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Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3462040A (en) * 1965-12-01 1969-08-19 James Galloway Device for reducing the evaporation of water from dams,tanks and like water storage units
US5265976A (en) * 1991-09-02 1993-11-30 Melbourne Water Corporation Cover for ponds
EP2042662A2 (fr) * 2006-05-16 2009-04-01 Atarfil, S.L. Système de couverture d'ombrage fixe contre l'évaporation
ES2334613A1 (es) * 2007-12-14 2010-03-12 Enrique Victor Sanmartin Allegue Cubierta adaptable para embalses.
EP2376219B1 (fr) * 2008-12-22 2018-03-14 The University Of Melbourne Procédé pour contrôler l'évaporation de l'eau
WO2021005579A1 (fr) * 2019-07-11 2021-01-14 The State Of Israel, Ministry Of Agriculture & Rural Development, Agricultural Research Organization (Aro) (Volcani Center) Suppression de l'évaporation d'eau à l'aide de structures flottantes de type treillis
CN113890461A (zh) * 2021-10-13 2022-01-04 新疆农业大学 用于干旱区桩基式水上光伏发电及蒸发节水的集成装置

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3462040A (en) * 1965-12-01 1969-08-19 James Galloway Device for reducing the evaporation of water from dams,tanks and like water storage units
US5265976A (en) * 1991-09-02 1993-11-30 Melbourne Water Corporation Cover for ponds
EP2042662A2 (fr) * 2006-05-16 2009-04-01 Atarfil, S.L. Système de couverture d'ombrage fixe contre l'évaporation
ES2334613A1 (es) * 2007-12-14 2010-03-12 Enrique Victor Sanmartin Allegue Cubierta adaptable para embalses.
EP2376219B1 (fr) * 2008-12-22 2018-03-14 The University Of Melbourne Procédé pour contrôler l'évaporation de l'eau
WO2021005579A1 (fr) * 2019-07-11 2021-01-14 The State Of Israel, Ministry Of Agriculture & Rural Development, Agricultural Research Organization (Aro) (Volcani Center) Suppression de l'évaporation d'eau à l'aide de structures flottantes de type treillis
CN113890461A (zh) * 2021-10-13 2022-01-04 新疆农业大学 用于干旱区桩基式水上光伏发电及蒸发节水的集成装置

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