WO2024059822A1 - Jacketed bullet with reduced range and reduced richochet range incidence - Google Patents

Abstract

A spin stabilized bullet includes a thin, thermally conductive exterior metal jacket that forms at least one cavity, and a bullet core disposed within the at least one cavity and comprised of at least one or more eutectic metals having thermally conductive characteristics. A ductile combination of the metal jacket and the eutectic metals in the bullet core is structured to facilitate engraving of an exterior of the bullet as expanding propellant gases push the bullet through a rifled barrel, the engraving caused by lands in the barrel, imparting heat at a temperature higher than a melting temperature of the eutectic metals. The portion of the bullet core having the eutectic metals transitions from a solid phase to a molten liquid phase as the heat conducts inward. A portion of the bullet core disposed near a nose of the bullet remains solid when the bullet impacts on a target.

Description

JACKETED BULLET WITH REDUCED RANGE AND REDUCED RICHOCHET RANGE INCIDENCE

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This patent application claims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S.

Provisional Application No. 63/375,892, filed on September 16, 2022, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION:

[0002] The disclosed concept relates generally to a jacketed bullet with reduced range and reduced ricochet incidence.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:

[0003] Ricochets problems with conventional ammunition and frangible bullets are well known. The underlying Physics of Ricochets have been discussed with references with 3 models. The Tate ricochet model gauges the sufficiency of initial interaction allowing a rotating rigid rod to ricochet from a hard surface impact. The Rosenberg model which examines whether the forces from the rod-tip interaction are sufficient to deflect the tip from a penetrating trajectory. The Segletes (Army Research Lab) ricochet model characterizes interaction stresses and fluxes in the rod and target causing forces and moments that cause and sustain a plastic hinge at the rod/target interface, causing a ricochet. Hydrocode based modeling of ricochet events are cited in a recent publication: Investigation of Ricochet Angles for 5 mm Various Metal Plates with AP 7.62 Bullets by Umit YILMAZ* 1 , Oktay KAYA1, Mutlu Tank CAKIR I , which provides for a thoughtful discussion of the physics causing ricochets in small caliber projectiles.

[0004] Conventional ammunition herein refers to jacketed ball ammunition, typically having a lead core. To provide a full understanding of R2 technology, it is useful to note specific bullet features and characteristics related to prior art of conventional bullets, frangible bullets and reduced range bullets. Conventional bullets are illustrated with reference to Figures 1A-1C2, IF, 2C1, 4A-4G, 5A-C, 5I-K and 6A-C. Both conventional jacketed bullets (10) and jacketed frangible bullets (02) are typically constructed with an

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) exterior metal jacket (12) with a solid ductile core (16A) of a material such as lead, the jacket and core in combination allowing the rifle barrel to facilitate firing of a bullet (32A) where the ignition of the primer causes the propellant in the cartridge case to combust such that the expanding combustion gases push on the base of the bullet, and the bullet transits the barrel, imparting rotation such that an engraved bullet (26A) exits the muzzle (09) at a velocity where the bullet enters exterior ballistic flight (90). A conventional projectile (10E) ballistic radar plot (92C) depicted in Figure 4A, with a linear velocity drop exhibited at range as set forth therein. Conventional jacketed bullets (10E) typically deform and expand when penetrating a gel block (100A) as illustrated in Figure 51. The penetration (148) of a gel block (100A) by conventional jacketed bullets (10) is typically accompanied by creation of a temporary cavity (144) creating a permanent cavity (146), as illustratedin Figure 5F.

[0005] Conventional Bullet Ricochet Hazards: With reference to Figure 5K and ricochet references cited in this disclosure, ricochets typically occur when a conventional jacketed bullet (10) impact on a hard target (232) at an oblique angle (212A) and exit ricochet angle (212B) where the impact (154) produces a deflection of the bullet (10E), with an impact velocity (214A) and ricochet velocity (214B), and the ricochet bullet, that retains an aero- ballistically efficient form, continues to fly at a velocity that sustains flight (96). Typically, the ricocheting bullet (216) will have minimal deformation but does exhibit a modest velocity drop (see Figure 4G) after hitting a hard target (102), at a hard surface, and ricocheting at an oblique exit angel (212B), or ricochet trajectory (96,96A, 96B) as set forth in Figure 4E, 4F and 4G.

[0006] Conventional Bullet Gel Block Performance: Conventional bullets (10) impacting in a gel block (100A) as illustrated in Figure 5B, typically create a temporary cavity (144A) and deeply penetrate the gel block (144B), creating a Permanent Cavity (146A), and Permanent penetration Depth (146B) . With reference to Figure 5C, a sectioned gel block allows for measurement of cracks (52), when the gel block (100A) is sectioned (100A2) at 20 cm intervals.

[0007] Conventional Bullet, Glass Impact Deflection: With reference to Figure 5K, a conventional bullet (10) impacting on an oblique intermediary glass barrier (104), typically exhibits a defection effect (104A), that can cause a bullet to miss a target (100).

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0008] De-spun Reduced Range Bullets: Up to now, two basic design variations for reduced range ammunition have been brought to the market using a technique to alter the outer mold design to include de-spinners (04). In flight, the de-spinners reduce the spin rate of the bullet (04), typically reducing the ballistic range of a de-spun bullet (94A) to a range that is 30-50% of the flight range of a conventional Bullet (92). Figure IB provides an illustration of a reduced range bullet (04A) with nose de- spinner (06 A), the bullet (04A) having a flight profile (94) that is typically 50% of the range of a conventional bullet. Figure 1C1 provides an illustration of a reduced range bullet (04B) with a tail de-spinner (06B).

[0009] Conventional Frangible Bullets Deconstruction: Conventional Frangible Bullets developed in the 1990s were found to be useful by law-enforcement as the frangible bullet technology significantly reduced the occurrence of injury due to ricochets. Conventional frangible bullets (02) have a unique manner of deconstructing (232A), as depicted in Figure 5J, producing frangible debris (238B) and residue (226).

[0010] Notable work and references related to frangible ammunition include U.S., Patent

No. 2,409,307, U.S. Patent No. 2,995,090A, U.S. Patent No. 4,165,692, U.S. Patent No. 4,881,465, U.S. Patent No. 4,949,645, U.S. Patent No. 5,069,869, U.S. Patent No.

5,237,930, U.S. Patent No. 5,442,989, U.S. Patent No. 5,527,376, U.S. Patent No.

5,616,642, U.S. Patent No. 6,074,454, U.S. Patent No. 7,121,211, U.S. Patent No. 7,373,877, U.S. Patent No. 7,654,202, U.S. Patent No. 7,966,937, U.S. Patent No.

8,205,556, U.S. Patent No. 8,312,815, U.S. Patent No. 8,794,156, U.S. Patent No.

9,121,679, U.S. Patent No. 9,702,679, U.S. Patent No. 10,088,287, U.S. Patent No. 10,502,537, U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0152914, U.S. Patent Application No. 2010/0212535, U.S. Patent Application No. 2014/0013990, U.S. Patent Application No. 2014/0326156, U.S. Patent Application No. 2020/0096302, H700, and WO 93/16349. The ricochet reducing frangible patents and/or patent applications rely on material properties of sintered materials since ricochet reducing frangible bullets typically rely on material properties of sintered materials, that efficiently deconstruct into powder or small fragments, to minimize the risk of ricochets.

[0011] However, conventional jacketed bullets and frangible bullets face numerous problems regarding ricochets. With regard to ricochet reduction, almost all current

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) jacketed bullets are plagued by causation of ricochets, which are produced when conventional jacketed bullets impact off of hard surfaces. Unlike these patents, Sullivan et al in U.S. Patent No. 9,952,024, Ammunition Cartridge with Induced Instability at a Preset Range, issued on April 24, 2018, explains how a use of a phase change mass can induce instability in a projectile. Sullivan et at teaches that the process of harvesting friction could be used to impart heat on a projectile traversing a barrel, mainly focusing on application the process in medium caliber projectiles.

[0012] There is a room for improving ricochet reducing frangible ammunition.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:

[0013] These needs, and others, are met by the present invention providing for a spin stabilized bullet structured to be incorporated in a cartridge. The bullet includes a thin, thermally conductive exterior metal jacket, the bullet jacket forming at least one cavity; and a bullet core disposed within the at least one cavity, the bullet core being comprised of at least one or more eutectic metals having thermally conductive characteristics. A combination of the metal jacket and the one or more eutectic metals in the bullet core is ductile and structured to facilitate engraving of an exterior of the bullet as expanding propellant gases push the bullet through a rifled barrel, the engraving caused by lands in the barrel, imparting heat at a temperature higher than a melting temperature of the one or more eutectic metals. The portion of the bullet core having the one or more eutectic metals transitions from a solid phase to a molten liquid phase as the heat conducts inward. A portion of the bullet core disposed near a nose of the bullet remains solid when the bullet impacts on a target.

[0014] In some example embodiments, the bullet is configured with a central penetrator that is not ductile.

[0015] In some example embodiments, the bullet deconstructs on impact against a hard target.

[0016] In some example embodiments, the deconstruction of the bullet precludes causation of a ricochet.

[0017] In some example embodiments, the deconstruction of the bullet creates a shallow debris field.

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0018] In some example embodiments, when the bullet impacts on a soft gel block, the bullet remains intact at impact on the soft gel block and forms a narrow entry hole and expands as the bullet penetrates the soft gel block, a process of the expanding and deacceleration in the soft gel block creates a temporary cavity that damages the soft gel block.

[0019] In some example embodiments, sectioned gel blocks exhibit more cracks at a shallower penetration depth upon impact by the bullet when compared to being impacted by a solid eutectic core bullet that retains a solid phase of eutectic metals upon being pushed by expanding propellant gases through a rifled barrel.

[0020] In some example embodiments, damages to the soft gel block provide an enhanced incapacitation effect when compared to the solid eutectic core bullet.

[0021] In some example embodiments, after initial penetration, the bullet exhibits enhanced break-up when compared to the solid eutectic core bullet and produces additional fragments that de-accelerate and lodge in the soft gel block.

[0022] In some example embodiments, fragments of the bullet upon impact are metal detectable by X-Ray when lodged in the soft gel block.

[0023] In some example embodiments, when impacting on glass, the bullet does not deflect and continues along a flight path with no deflection.

[0024] In some example embodiments, where the volume of the portion in the molten liquid phase exceeds 40% of encapsulated cavity volume of the bullet, the liquefaction of the one or more eutectic metals induces an onset of flight instability, shortening the flight of the bullet.

[0025] In some example embodiments, the bullet releases one or more molten eutectic metals at impact with a hard surface, the impact causing bullet deconstruction and a shallow debris field of jacket shards, powder and particulate.

[0026] In some example embodiments, one or more molten eutectic metals, impacting on a composite woven armor, erode a woven ballistic material of the armor, providing an additional penetration in the woven armor.

[0027] In some example embodiments, one or more molten eutectic metals, impacting on a ceramic armor, penetrate and damage the ceramic armor.

[0028] Another example embodiment provides a method of fabricating a spin stabilized

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) bullet. The method includes inserting a ductile thermally conductive eutectic metal core of the bullet into a thermally conductive metal jacket.

[0029] In some example embodiments, the inserting the ductile thermally conductive eutectic metal core of the bullet into a thermally conductive metal jacket includes sequentially swaging the core into the jacket, partially or fully crimping the jacket, and encapsulating the core by the jacket.

[0030] In some example embodiments, the inserting the ductile thermally conductive eutectic metal core of the bullet into a thermally conductive metal jacket includes injecting, dispensing or pouring a vertically oriented, heated molten eutectic metal into the metal jacket.

[0031] Yet another example embodiment provides a spin stabilized bullet having a plurality of eutectic metal cores. When the bullet is imparting forces on the bullet in ballistic flight and at least two eutectic metal cores are liquified in the ballistic flight. A combination of a first drag component of liquified eutectic materials in the at least two eutectic metal cores and a second drag component at boundaries with solid surfaces inside the bullet imparts a torque about an axis of rotation of the bullet during the flight, a differential drag force between the first drag component and the second drag component causing the torque and accelerating the onset of ballistic flight instability.

[0032] In some example embodiments, the bullet exhibits a ballistic flight range less than

25% of a flight range of a lead core bullet.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:

[0033] A full understanding of the invention can be gained from the following description of the preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0034] Figure 1A shows an example conventional frangible bullet;

[0035] Figure IB shows an example conventional reduced range bullet;

[0036] Figure 1B1 shows an example prior art bullet with tail de-spinner;

[0037] Figure 1C1 shows an example prior art bullet with tail de-spinner;

[0038] Figure 1C2 shows an example prior art bullet with closed nose de-spinner;

[0039] Figure ID shows an R2 single cavity closed nose bullet according to a non-limiting,

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0040] Figure IE shows an R2 dual cavity closed nose bullet according to a non-limiting, example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0041] Figure IF shows an example conventional open nose bullet;

[0042] Figure 1G shows an example R2 single cavity open nose bullet according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0043] Figure 1H shows an example R2 dual cavity open nose bullet according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0044] Figure 2A shows an example barrel rifling having lands and groves according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0045] Figure 2B1 shows an example friction induced traversing bullet in a rifled barrel according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0046] Figure 2B2 shows an example ballistic trajectory (after Barrel Exit) according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0047] Figure 2C1 shows an example bullet (pre-filing) according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0048] Figure 2C2 shows perspective views of a fired bullet engraving and/or impression according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0049] Figure 2C3 shows a profile view of an example fired bullet engraving and/or impression according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0050] Figure 2C4 shows an example exterior temperature of a heated bullet jacket at muzzle exit according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0051] Figure 2D shows an example charts for friction traversing a barrel according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0052] Figure 2E shows an example R2 heat soaked bullet cross section 0.002 seconds after muzzle exit according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0053] Figure 2F shows an example R2 heat soaked bullet cross section 0.05 seconds after muzzle exit according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0054] Figure 2G shows an example R2 heat soaked bullet cross section 0.25 seconds after muzzle exit according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0055] Figure 2H shows an example heat soaked bullet cross section 0.75 seconds after muzzle exit according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0056] Figure 3A shows an example R2 single cavity bullet prior to firing and thermal heating according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0057] Figure 3B1 shows an example R2 dual cavity bullet undergoing thermal heating according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0058] Figure 3B2 shows an example R2 single cavity armor piercing bullet according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0059] Figure 3C shows an example cross section synthetic model R2 bullet (0.004 seconds) core phase change according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0060] Figure 3D shows an example cross section synthetic model R2 bullet (0.05 seconds) core phase change according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0061] Figure 3E shows an example cross section synthetic model R2 bullet (0.10 seconds) core phase change according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0062] Figure 3F shows an example cross section synthetic model R2 bullet (0.20 seconds) core phase change according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0063] Figure 4A shows an example conventional velocity, trajectory and radar plot;

[0064] Figure 4B shows an example conventional .50 cal trajectory;

[0065] Figure 4C shows an example conventional .50 cal drag;

[0066] Figure 4D shows an example conventional reduced range bullet;

[0067] Figure 4E shows an example conventional ricochet trajectory;

[0068] Figure 4F shows an example conventional ricochet drift;

[0069] Figure 4G shows an example conventional ricochet velocity (steel plate 10°);

[0070] Figure 4H shows an example R2 nutational amplitude (yaw)/range according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0071] Figure 41 shows an example modeling of an R2 flight stability according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0072] Figure 4J shows an example R2 radar track according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0073] Figure 4J 1 shows conventional, de-spun and R2 trajectories according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0074] Figure 4J2 shows an example R2 velocity /range according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0075] Figure 4J3 shows an example R2 drag according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0076] Figure 5A shows an example bullet terminal ballistics according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0077] Figure 5B shows an example conventional target impact gel block;

[0078] Figure 5C shows a section view of an example conventional soft target impact gel block;

[0079] Figure 5D shows an example conventional frangible bullet target impact gel block;

[0080] Figure 5E1A shows an example R2 bullet soft target entry according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0081] Figure 5E1B shows an example R2 bullet soft target entry according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0082] Figure 5E1C shows an example R2 bullet soft target entry according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0083] Figure 5E1D shows an example R2 bullet soft target entry according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0084] Figure 5F1 shows an example R2 bullet target impact on a gel block according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0085] Figure 5F2 shows an example R2 gelatin block damage according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0086] Figure 5F3 shows an example R2 gelatin block crack measurements over cross sections from 100A1 of Figure 3F2 according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0087] Figure 5G shows a comparison and R2 effect in soft targets according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0088] Figure 5H shows a R2 effect a comparison and comparison total cracks in a gel block according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0089] Figure 51 shows an example conventional bullet hard target impact;

[0090] Figure 5 J shows an example conventional frangible bullet impact physics;

[0091] Figure 5J1 shows an example conventional bullet oblique impact ricochets;

[0092] Figure 5J2 shows an example R2 bullet oblique impact deconstruction process according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0093] Figure 5J3 shows an example R2 bullet hard target impact deconstruction according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0094] Figure 5J4 shows conventional bullet glass impact physics;

[0095] Figure 5K shows conventional bullet glass impact deflection physics;

[0096] Figure 5L shows an R2 bullet glass impact deflection physics according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0097] Figure 5M shows an example ceramic body armor penetration according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0098] Figure 5N shows an example R2 bullet and woven ballistic body physics according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0099] Figure 6A shows an example deconstructed conventional jacketed bullet according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0100] Figure 6B shows an example deconstructed frangible bullet according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0101] Figure 6C shows an example deconstructed bullet (bullet debris) according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept;

[0102] Figure 7A shows an example swaging process to produce an R2 bullet according to a non-limiting limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept; and

[0103] Figure 7B shows an example casting process to produce an R2 bullet according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION:

[0104] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to Figures 1A-7B of the drawings. Identical elements in various figures are

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) designated with the same reference numerals. The term “R2” is used to describe an inventive bullet according to the disclosed concept, the acronym identifying that the bullet technology reduces the incidence of ricochets and also exhibits a reduced range, when compared to conventional bullets. This invention addresses shortcomings associate with both conventional jacketed bullets and frangible bullets, using a novel design, where a phase change process, allows liquid to act on a thin metal jacket, the action causing a controlled deconstruction of the bullet when hitting oblique and hard targets. Unlike frangible bullets, this bullet retains most of the performance parameters of conventional bullets.

[0105] The present disclosure discloses a spin stabilized bullet with a thin (e.g., without limitation, approximately in a range of 0.5mm to 1.5mm), thermally conductive metal jacket, fabricated with one or more cavities that are filled with a eutectic metal that is thermally conductive and, the jacket and the eutectic core in combination are ductile at ambient temperatures and facilitate engraving of the bullet. When the bullet is fired, the bullet traverses a rifled barrel, undergoing an engraving process that imparts significant heat on an exterior metal jacket of the bullet, elevating temperature of the engraved metal jacket when the projectile exits the muzzle and transitions to external ballistic flight. While in external ballistic flight, the heated, eutectic metal core progressively transitions into a molten, liquid, and the increasing volume of molten liquid induces instability at a predictable distance from the muzzle exit, while the bullet is in ballistic flight. An R2 bullet is a spin stabilized small caliber bullet with an engravable, thin metal jacket, with an underlying ductile, thermally conductive metal eutectic core (R2 bullet). The firing process for an inventive R2 bullet includes: propelling a bullet to traverse a barrel as expanding propellant gases behind the bullet and pushing the bullet, thru the rifled barrel, the process causing a rapid engraving of the thin metal jacket, as the metal jacket moves thru the barrel.

[0106] In general, a conventional bullet (projectile) in flight exhibits six degrees-of- freedom. The physics associated with conventional bullets is well explained in Robert L McCoy’s Seminole Work Modem Exterior Ballistics: The Launch and Flight Dynamics of Symmetric Projectiles. When an R2 core liquifies, an R2 bullet is influenced by additional forces beyond those discussed in McCoy’s work including (i) forces associated with oscillation of the liquid (or liquids) in a R2 projectile’s cavity, (ii) drag of the liquid

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) eutectic metal against the exterior metal jacket of R2 bullets, and torque moment (for dual cavity R2 bullets).

[0107] R2 Liquid Oscillation: Oscillation of the liquid in an interior void creates additional physical characteristics acting on the projectile. The oscillation differs when using different eutectic materials when in its molten state.

[0108] R2 Drag: In addition to the drag acting on the exterior projectile’s outer mold line, flying thru the atmosphere, and R2 bullet uniquely has one or more additional components of rotational drag induced at the boundary of the phase change of the eutectic metal. The drag is induced at the boundary of the jacket and liquid eutectic core and at the boundary of the liquid core and solid core. The dual components of drag impart in the projectile a rapid deacceleration of the projectile’s rotation rate, as the projectile rotates around the projectile’s axis-of-spin.

[0109] R2 Torque Moment: It can also be desirable to utilize more than one molten metal in an R2 bullet, where the liquified materials exhibit different oscillatory or drag characteristics when housed in a metal jacket. Normally, the addition of more than one eutectic material, beneficially accelerates the on-set of instability, as the different eutectic metals transition from a solid to a molten core metal, a torque force acts on the bullet as it rotates along its rotational axis. The reduced spin rate, and addition of moment forces act in combination to impart an accelerated instability (when compared to R2 bullets with a single cavity). The combination of additional physical forces, create additional degrees- of- freedom, causing the bullet to exhibit accentuated flight perturbations that rapidly and exponentially accelerate the drag acting on the bullet.

[0110] R2 Reduced Range Effect: The R2 bullet core’ s transition to a molten state, causes the R2 bullet to exhibit increased yaw in flight, as the molten liquid, flowing and oscillating in the bullet, act on the solid mass rotating about the liquified core. The resulting effect is that the R2 bullet exhibits yaw and increased notational movement, so that the R2 bullet encounter increases aeroballistics drag, when compared to conventional bullets and frangible bullets. The effect causes the R2 bullet to slow such that it rapidly lose kinetic energy, thereby shortening the flight range of the bullet.

[0111] R2 Terminal Effects: The below Table 1 identifies and compares the different features of four types of bullets, with respect to the range reduction capacity and risk of

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) ricochets.

Table 1 - Comparative Range Reduction and Ricochet Risk by Bullet Type

When discussing terminal effects of ammunition, the performance of ammunition in gel block and penetration of different ballistic armor can be characterized and ballistic armer effect, as these characteristics are well understood by military and law enforcement users. The terminal effects of ammunition on gel block can be characterized using, e.g., without limitation, cavity, mean crack measurements (MCM), Mean crack depth (MCD), fragments (Frag.) as shown in the below Table 2. The ballistic armor may include, e.g., without limitation, a woven armor, a ceramic armor, or a metal armor.

Table 2 - Comparative Terminal Effect by Bullet Type

Law Enforcement agencies have special concerns regarding penetration and deflection firing thru glass, as certain sniper and SWAT type engagements necessitate firing thru car or plate glass, with a goal to incapacitate a threat.

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26)

Table 3 - Terminal Ballistics Penetration and Deflection

[0112] R2 Firing Thru Glass: The physics associated with impact on glass is similar to the physics of ricochets, as the impacting bullet nose coupled with the unitary mechanical strength of the bullet, in conditions of lateral shear, induce moment forces that change in the bullet’s orientation and projectile’s rotational axis, exhibit impact deflection.

[0113] A novel exemplary R2 metal jacketed bullet with a molten eutectic core of the disclosed concept has minimal mechanical strength when subjected to lateral shear forces. The lack of strength, when subjected to lateral mechanical forces, provides for deformation and precludes an R2 bullet from shifting its rotational axis, when the bullet is impacting on oblique glass windows. In this condition, the liquified core and jacket penetrate glass without exhibiting deflection, allowing the bullet to continue along its flight path and reliably impact on an aligned target. This thru glass performance feature can be useful to law enforcement snipers who are frequently tasked with the task of incapacitating targets in close proximity to civilians such as in cars or mobile homes.

[0114] Differences between the disclosed concept and Sullivan et al. (US 9,952,204) are identified in Table 4 below.

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26)

Table 4 - Characteristics of R2 Bullets

R2 Deconstruction on Impact and Reduced Ricochet Risk: The underlying physics associated with the disclosed invention, relate to the liquification of the bullet’s metal eutectic core, where the phase transition of core material from a solid to a molten liquid causes a loss in the bullet’s mechanical strength to survive oblique impacts on hard targets. When impacting, the molten liquid pressure acts on the jacket, to deconstruct the bullet. In this deconstructed state, there is little risk of a ricochet. As provided for in several aforementioned references, ricochet occurs where small caliber bullets impact at oblique angle on hard targets, as these conditions frequently produce ricocheting bullets. The inventive R2 bullet’s nose, typically remains a solid, when impacting soft targets. In this circumstance, the liquid column behind the nose causes the mass to move forward, and liquid near the base causes undergoes rapid de-acceleration, pushing on the R2 metal jacket causing the case to 1^st mushroom and then burst (fail). When an R2 bullet impacts on oblique hard targets deconstructs, in contrast to conventional jacketed bullets that that frequently produce ricochet of ball ammunition.

[0115] R2 Terminal Effects (Glass, Protective Armor): Additionally, the inventive R2 bullet’s molten core housed in the thin metal jacket has beneficial effects when the bullet is impacting a target including, e.g., without limitation, intermediary glass, ballistic weave armor, and ceramic armor.

[0116] The inventive R2 bullet also exhibits useful terminal effects in gel block and tissue.

The underling physics, when transitioning from external ballistic flight and impacting on a target, differs in significant and useful ways, from conventional ammunition.

[0117] The construction and physics associated with the inventive R2 bullet’s transition to

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SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) house a liquid core has beneficial changes to the mechanical strength of the inventive R2 bullet when obliquely impacting on hard targets. As provided for in a number of useful references, ricochet occurs where small caliber bullets impact at an oblique angle on hard targets, as these conditions frequently produce ricocheting bullets.

[0118] As the inventive R2 bullet’s nose advantageously remains a solid, when impacting soft targets, the liquid column behind the nose causes the mass to move forward, and liquid near the base causes the jacket to mushroom and fail, and an oblique hard targets, conditions that frequently produce ricochet of ball ammunition. Additionally, the inventive R2 bullet’s molten core housed in the thin metal jacket, has beneficial effects when impacting glass; ballistic weave armor; and/or composite armor.

[0119] Additionally, the underling physics, when transitioning from external ballistic flight and impacting on a target differs in significant and useful ways, from conventional ammunition.

[0120] The inventive R2 bullet core’s transition to a molten state, causes the R2 bullet to exhibit increased yaw in flight, as the molten liquid, flowing and oscillating in the bullet, act on the solid mass rotating about the liquified core. The resulting effect is that the R2 bullet to exhibit yaw and increased notational movement, and so that the R2 bullet encounter’s increased aeroballistics drag, when compared to conventional bullets and frangible bullets. The effect causes the R2 bullet to slow rapidly lose kinetic energy, the process shorting the flight range of the bullet.

[0121] The present disclosure discloses an inventive R2 bullet comprised of thermally conductive thin metal jacket, a eutectic metal core, that transitions to a molten state while the bullet is in ballistic flight, where upon impact on a hard target, the bullet exhibits a terminal effect that minimizes causation of bullet ricochets. The underlying physics associated with the disclosed invention relate to the liquification of the bullet’s metal eutectic core, where the phase transition of core material causes a loss in the bullet’s mechanical strength to survive oblique impacts on hard targets. The inventive R2 bullet 20, 20A-Eis now described with reference to Figures 1D-E, 1G-H, 2A, 2C1-3F, 4H-J, 4J2- 3J3, 5A, 5E1A-5F3, 5J2-5J3, 5L-N, 6A-C, and 7A-B. The conventional ammunition and associated information are also used to enhance the understanding of the inventive R2 bullet 20, 20A-E and the benefits thereof.

16

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0122] Figure 1A shows an example conventional prior art frangible bullet. Figure IB shows an example conventional reduced range bullet 4. Figure IB 1 shows an example prior art bullet 4A with a nose de-spinner 6 A. Figure 1C1 shows an example prior art bullet with base de-spinner. Figure 1C2 shows an example prior art conventional closed nose bullet 4B. Figure ID shows an R2 single cavity closed nose bullet 20, 20A according to a nonlimiting, example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure IE shows an R2 dual cavity closed nose bullet 20, 20B, 20C according to a non-limiting, example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure IF shows an example conventional open nose bullet 10. Figure 1G shows an example R2 single cavity open nose bullet 20A, 20D according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 1H shows an example R2 dual cavity open nose bullet 20, 20B, 20D according to a non- limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept.

[0123] Figure 2A illustrates a cross section view of the interior diameter of a rifle barrel 8, with engaging lands 8A and grooves 8B in the barrel 8 according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 2B1 shows a cross sectional view of a rifled barrel and muzzle, and a bullet 20 traversing the rifled barrel 8 according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 2B2 shows an example ballistic trajectory (after Barrel Exit) 90 according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 2C1 shows an example R2 bullet (pre-filing) 20 according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 2C2 shows perspective views of an R2 bullet 20E engraved 33 and/or impressioned after firing according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 2C3 shows a cross section, profile view of an example bullet 20 pre fired non engraved bullet (left) and an engraved and/or impressed R2 bullet 20E after firing according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 2C4 shows an example of the engraving and exterior temperature 24 A, 24B of a heated, R2 bullet jacket 20E at muzzle exit according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 2D shows an example chart for friction traversing a barrel according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 2E shows an example of the heat soaking of an R2 bullet 20E, in cross section, at muzzle exit 0.002 seconds after firing according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 2F shows an example

17

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) of the heat soaking of an R2 bullet 20E, in cross section, at muzzle exit 0.05 seconds after firing according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 2G shows an example of the heat soaking of an R2 bullet 20E, in cross section, at muzzle exit 0.25 seconds after firing according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 2H shows an example of the heat soaking of an R2 bullet 20E, in cross section, at muzzle exit 0.75 seconds after firing according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept.

[0124] Figure 3A shows an example cross section synthetic model R2 single cavity bullet

20A prior to firing and thermal heating according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 3B 1 shows an example cross section of an R2 dual cavity bullet 20B undergoing thermal heating according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept, with two torque components at the boundary of the molten eutectic metal. Figure 3B2 shows an example armor piercing R2 single cavity bullet 20A according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 3C shows an example cross section synthetic model R2 bullet 20E 0.004 seconds after firing according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 3D shows an example cross section synthetic model R2 bullet 20E 0.05 seconds after firing according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 3E shows an example cross section synthetic model R2 bullet 20E 0.10 seconds after according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 3F shows an example cross section synthetic model R2 bullet 20E 0.20 seconds after firing according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept.

[0125] Figure 4A shows an example radar trajectory plot of conventional, frangible and de-spun bullets (prior art) 4. Figure 4B shows an example conventional .50 cal trajectory curve (prior art) 92A. Figure 4C shows an example conventional .50 cal drag curve (prior art) 92D. Figure 4D shows an example of both a conventional (prior art), frangible (prior art) 6A and de-spun (prior art) 6B reduced range bullet and their corresponding trajectory curves 92B, 94B, respectively. Figure 4E shows an example conventional and de-spun projectile ricochet trajectory (prior art) 96B. Figure 4F shows an example conventional ricochet drift 96A for conventional and de-spun projectile ricochet drift (prior art). Figure 4G shows an example conventional and de-spun ricochet velocity/range (prior art) 96.

18

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) Figure 4H shows an example R2 nutational amplitude (yaw) 88 of conventional bullets at various ranges according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 41 shows an example modeling of an R2 flight stability 86 in accordance with Stewartson’s Instability Criteria. Figure 4J shows an example R2 radar track 98C according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 4J1 shows an example of conventional (prior art) 92, frangible (prior art), de-spun (prior art) 94 and R2 trajectory 98 according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 4J2 shows an example of the immediate onset 86 of instability of an R2 bullet 20for a velocity /range according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 4J3 shows an example R2 drag 98D upon the onset 86 of instability, according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept.

[0126] Figure 5A shows an example bullet terminal ballistics according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5B shows an example conventional bullet impact on a gel block (soft target) 100A1 (prior art). Figure 5C shows an example of a sectioned view of a gel block (soft target) 100A2 impacted by a conventional bullet (prior art) 2. Figure 5D shows an example conventional frangible bullet impacting in a soft target impact gel block (prior art). Figure 5E1A shows an example R2 bullet 20E entry into a soft target 100A1 according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5E1B shows an example R2 bullet 20E entry into a gel block (soft target) 100A1 according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5E1C shows an example R2 bullet entry and initial traverse into a gel block (soft target) 100A1, exhibiting expansion 142, according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5E1D shows an example R2 bullet entry and traverse into a gel block (soft target) 100A, exhibiting wall failure 141 A, according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5F1 shows an example R2 bullet creation of a temporary cavity 144A, 144B, penetration 141 A and permanent penetration 146 A of a gelatin block 100A1, and associated damage according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5F2 shows an example of the permanent cavity 146 A created by impact of an R2 bullet 20E in a gelatin block (soft target) 100A1 according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5F3 shows an example of a sectioned view of a gel block (soft target) 100A2, impacted by an

19

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) R220E; according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5G shows a comparison and R2 and conventional bullets permanent impact damage effect in soft targets according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5H shows a comparison and R220E and conventional bullet 10E permanent impact damage (crack length) in soft targets 100A according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 51 shows an example conventional bullet (prior art) expansion upon impact with a hard target impact. Figure 5J shows an example conventional frangible bullet impact physics. Figure 5J 1 shows an example impact 232 and ricochet effect of conventional bullet’s obliquely impact on hard surfaces 102. Figure 5J2 shows an example R2 bullet oblique impact, and deconstruction according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5J3 shows an example R2 bullet hard target surface 102 , causing deconstruction of the R2 bullet according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5J4 shows conventional bullet impacting and fracturing glass (impact physics, prior art) 236B. Figure 5K shows conventional bullet glass impact 104 deflection physics (prior art). Figure 5L shows an R2 bullet glass impact 104 deflection physics according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5M shows an example R2 bullet damage 250B of a ceramic body HOB according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 5N shows an example R2 bullet impact damage 260B in woven ballistic body armor HOC according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept.

[0127] Figure 6 A shows an example of conventional jacketed bullet break up 238 A according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 6B shows an example frangible bullet break up 226 according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 6C shows an example R2 bullet break up 238C according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept.

[0128] Figure 7A shows a swaging process to produce an R2 bullet 276 according to a nonlimiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept. Figure 7B shows a casting process 278 to produce an R2 bullet according to a non-limiting example embodiment of the disclosed concept.

[0129] In one example embodiment, a spin stabilized bullet (20) structured to be

20

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) incorporated in a cartridge (60) includes a thin, thermally conductive exterior metal jacket (30) forming at least one cavity; and a bullet core (16B) disposed within the at least one cavity and comprised of at least one or more eutectic metals ( 16B 1 , 16B2) having thermally conductive characteristics as shown in Figures ID, IE, 1G, 1H, 2B1, 2B2, 2C1, 2C2, 2C4, 3A. A combination of the metal jacket (30) and the one or more eutectic metals (16B1, 16B2) in the bullet core (16B) is ductile and structured to facilitate engraving of an exterior of the bullet (20) as expanding propellant gases push the bullet (20) through a rifled barrel (8), the engraving caused by lands (8A) in the barrel (8), imparting heat at a temperature higher than a melting temperature (e.g., without limitation, approximately, 290°C or 340°C) of the one or more eutectic metals (16B1, 16B2) as shown in at least Figure 2C4. The portion of the bullet core (16B) having the one or more eutectic metals (16B1, 16B2) transitions from a solid phase to a molten liquid phase as the heat conducts inward as shown in Figures 2E-H. A portion (46) of the bullet core disposed near a nose of the bullet (20) remains solid when the bullet (20) impacts on a target (100A, 100A1, 100A2, 102, 104) as shown in Figures 2E-H. An R2 bullet (20) may be configured with a central penetrator (48) that is not ductile.

[0130] The R2 bullet (20E) deconstructs on impact against a hard target (102) as shown at least in Figures 5J1-5J2. The deconstruction of the inventive R2 bullet (20E) advantageously precludes causation of a ricochet. The deconstruction of the bullet (20E) creates a shallow debris field, as depicted in Figure 5J2, the shallow debris field unique formed from droplets of the solidified core (232C2,224) and residual jacket shards (222). When the bullet (20E) impacts on a soft gel block (100A), the bullet (20) remains intactat impact on the soft gel block (100A) and forms a narrow entry channel (141) that produces an enlarged temporary cavity (145) as expands as the bullet (20E) penetrates the soft gel block (100A), a process of the expanding and deacceleration in the soft gel block (100A) creates a temporary cavity (144A) that damages the soft gel block (100A) as shown at least in Figures 5B-5F3. Sectioned gel blocks (100A2) exhibit more cracks at a shallower penetration depth upon impact by the bullet (20E) when compared to being impacted by a conventional lead core bullet. An R2 bullet (20E) impacting on a soft gel block (100A) provide an enhanced incapacitation effect when compared to the solid lead core bullet (10E). After initial penetration, the bullet (20) exhibits enhanced break-up when compared

21

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) to the solid eutectic core bullet and produces additional fragments that de-accelerate and lodge in the soft gel block (100A). Fragments of the bullet (20) upon impact are metal detectable by X-Ray when lodged in the soft gel block (100A). When impacting on glass, the bullet (20E) does not deflect and continues along a flight path with no deflection.

[0131] Where the volume of the portion (16D) in the molten liquid phase exceeds 40% of encapsulated cavity volume of the bullet (20E), the liquefaction of the one or more eutectic metals (16A, 16B) induces an onset of flight instability, shortening the flight of the bullet (20E). The bullet (20E) releases one or more molten eutectic metals (16A, 16B) at impact with a hard surface (102), the impact causing bullet deconstruction and a shallow debris field (238) of jacket shards (222), metal powder and particulate (224). One or more molten eutectic metals (16D), impacting on a composite woven armor (HOC), erode a woven ballistic material of the armor (HOC), providing an additional penetration in the woven armor (110C) as shown at least in Figure 5M. One or more molten eutectic metals (16D), impacting on a ceramic armor (HOB), penetrate and damage the ceramic armor (110B) as shown at least in Figure 5N.

[0132] In another example embodiment, a method of fabricating a spin stabilized bullet

(20) is provided as shown in Figures 7A-B. The method includes inserting a ductile, thermally conductive eutectic metal core (16B) of the bullet (20) into a thermally conductive metal jacket (30). The inserting the ductile thermally conductive eutectic metal core (16B) of the bullet (20) into a thermally conductive metal jacket (30) includes sequentially swaging the core 16B) into the jacket (30), partially or fully crimping the jacket (30), and encapsulating the core (16B) by the jacket (30). That is, by a process of swaging of the R2 bullet (20) into a bullet jacket (30) as shown in Figure 7A. The inserting the ductile thermally conductive eutectic metal core (16B) of the bullet (20) into a thermally conductive metal jacket (30) includes injecting, dispensing or pouring a vertically oriented, heated molten eutectic metal into the metal jacket. That is, by a process of casting molten eutectic metal into a bullet jacket (30) as shown in Figure 7B.

[0133] In yet another example embodiment, a spin stabilized bullet (20) having a plurality of eutectic metal cores (16B). When the bullet (20) is imparting forces on the bullet (20) in ballistic flight and at least two eutectic metal cores (16B) are liquified in the ballistic flight. A combination of a first drag component of liquified eutectic materials in the at

22

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) least two eutectic metal cores (16B) and a second drag component at boundaries (36A) with solid surfaces inside the bullet (20) imparts a torque about an axis of rotation (7) of the bullet (20) during the flight, a differential drag force between the first drag component and the second drag component causing the torque and accelerating the onset of ballistic flight instability. The bullet (20) exhibits a ballistic flight range less than 25% of a flight range of a lead core bullet.

[0134] In yet another example embodiment, an R2 bullet construction is provided, which includes a jacketed bullet (20), with a eutectic core (16B) and a thin thermally conductive metal jacket (12A), encapsulating said eutectic metal core (16B). A jacketed bullet (20) may house one or more conductive eutectic metal materials (16B1, 16B2) in the bullet’s cavity (26), in contact with the external jacket.

[0135] In another example embodiment, an R2 bullet single or dual cavity configuration is provided. In this configuration, an R2 bullet (20) may incorporate two different eutectic metals (16B1, 16B2), the heated combination undergoing a phase change from a solid (16C) to a Liquid (16D) where an increasing volume of the core material (16C) transitions to a liquid state (34B). The increasing volume of liquid acts to cause the onset (84) of flight instability (80), where actuated yaw (88) and drag (92D) causing deacceleration as aeroballistics drag acts on the R2 bullet (20E).

[0136] Heating and Transition to External Ballistic Flight: When the cartridge fit with an

R2 bullet (20) is fired (32A), the bullet (20) traverses the barrel and rifling (32) and the process imparts significant friction heat on the exterior jacket (33B). After the bullet (20) exits the muzzle (26) and transitions to ballistic flight (90) the conductive eutectic metal (16B) conducts thermal heat into the core (34), as the projectile (20E) continues in ballistic flight, heat transfer causes more of the void volume to change to a liquid as heat progressively moves from the engraved jacket (33) into the inner core (34D).

[0137] R2 Bullet Solid Nose: While the form of the R2 Bullet and thermal conductive capacitance of the eutectic material allows one or more cavities (25) to undergo liquification (16D), while thermal conductance does not liquify the bullet’s nose (46), where the nose remains solid (16C) until the R2 bullet (20E) impacts on a target (100A, 100B, 100C, 102A, 102B).

[0138] R2 Bullet Soft Target Terminal Effect: A R2 Bullet (20) with a metal jacket (30),

23

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) with a eutectic core (16B), is heated and undergoes a phase change from a solid (16C) to a liquid (16D) while ballistic flight (90) and the liquid core metal (34B) has a conductive capacitance allowing heat to flow inward (Figures 3C-3F), while the material forward, near the bullet’s nose (46) does not undergo a phase change and remains solid (34A), the solid nose (46) allowing the R2 bullet (20E) to impact, penetrate and undergoes deconstruction when it impacts and penetrates a soft target (100A). When impacting on a soft target (100A), the R2 bullet jacket (30) expands (142) as it deaccelerates, the solid nose (46) penetrating the soft gelatin (100A), depositing debris in the gelatin 100A back, the debris being detectable by X-Ray.

[0139] R2 Bullet Deconstruction Hard Target Impact: The R2 bullet (20E), having a partially liquified core (34D), rapidly deconstructs when impacting on a hard surface at an oblique angle (102A), as the liquified core material (34E) burst thru the jacket (30), where the mass of the liquid column (112), behind the solid nose material (46) is uncompressible under pressure the impact causing the thin metal jacket (30) to burst (232C1), releasing the heated compressed molten liquid (232C2), allowing the molten droplets (232C2) to atomize and quickly solidify, the process effectively deconstructing the R2 bullet (20) on impact with a hard oblique surface (232), precluding any incidence of ricochets.

[0140] R2 Bullet Reduction of Ricochet Incidence Hitting Hard Targets: As discussedin the noted references, ricochets (212) typically occur where conventional bullets (10E) impact at oblique angles on hard surfaces (232). In these circumstances, a ricocheting bullet (216) retains an aero ballistically efficient form and the deformation does not create an imbalance to the bullet’s symmetry.

[0141] When impacts on a hard surface (232), the R2 bullet (20E) with a metal jacket

(12A), liquid eutectic core (16D) and solid nose fill (46) retains its form penetrating soft targets (100A); however, the liquefied metal column (122) behind the nose (46) imparts significant hydrostatic forces (122B) on the outer jacket (12) causing the jacket to burst (124). The R2 bullet (20E) deconstructs, when the jacket bursts (124), and the impact coupled with residual spin releases the atomized hot liquid metal (232C2) ejecting the liquid (232C2) into the atmosphere, where the liquid (232C2) rapidly cools and solidifies as it is exposed to the cool atmosphere.

[0142] Kinetic Energy Transfer to Soft Targets: The R2 bullet (20E, 33B) impacting on

24

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) a soft target (100A) causes more crack damage (148C) in a gelatin block (100A1), at a shorter penetration depth, when compared to a comparable conventional bullet (10E), the bullets (20, 33B, 10) having the same mass and impact energy.

[0143] Energy Transfer to Ballistic Armor: The R2 bullet (20E,33B) impacting on Woven and Ceramic Body Armor (110B, 110C) causes comparable damage to the damage caused by conventional bullet (10) impacts on the same targets.

[0144] After a R2 bullet (20E) passes the cartridge’s effective range, it is desirable that the

R2 bullet does not cause unintended collateral damage. When a volume of the eutectic core liquified (34E), the R2 bullet (20E) becomes unstable (86A) due to oscillations in the liquid core (34E), yaw amplitude (88) increases and drag acts on the bullet (20), the effect reducing the R2 bullet’s flight range (94).

[0145] Further differences between the example embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure and U.S. Patent No. 9,952,204 are set forth in Table 5 below.

Table 5 - Characteristics of R2 Bullets

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0146] The fabrication process for an R2 bullet (20), starts with fitting a conductive jacket (30) in a die (272). As depicted in Figure 7 A, the R2 conductive jacket is held in the die, as a solid, eutectic metal (270) pre-form is inserted (276) by swaging the preform into the conductive metal jacket (276) under force, forming an R2 bullet (20). Alternatively, with reference to Figure 7B, the eutectic metal is heated to a molten state (16C) and then poured

(278) into a vertically oriented conductive metal jacket (276) held in a die (272), and cooled, forming an R2 bullet (20).

[0147] Accordingly, the present invention according to the disclosed concept provides a novel trackable ammunition projectile which fulfills all the objects and advantages sought therefor. Many changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications of the subject invention will, however, become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering this specification and the accompanying drawings which disclose the preferred embodiments thereof. All such changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention, which is to be limited only by the claims which follow.

[0148] While specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alternatives to those details could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of disclosed concept which is to be given the full breadth of the claims appended and any and all equivalents thereof.

REFERENCE NUMBERS:

[0149] 02 Conventional Frangible Bullet

[0150] 04 Conventional Reduced Range Bullets

[0151] 04A Conventional Reduced Range Bullet with a Nose De-spinner

[0152] 04B Conventional Reduced Range Bullet with a Tail De-spinner

[0153] 06 De-spinner

[0154] 06A Nose De-spinner

[0155] 06B Tail De-spinner

26

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0156] 07 Bullet axis of rotation

[0157] 08 Rifled Barrel

[0158] 08A Lands inner diameter of a batter

[0159] 08B Grooves inner diameter of a barrel

[0160] 09 Muzzle

[0161] 09A Muzzle exit (not depicted)

[0162] 10 Conventional Jacketed Bullet Configuration

[0163] 10E Engraved, Fired Jacketed Bullet

[0164] 12 Bullet Metal Jacket

[0165] 12A Thermally Conductive Jacketed Bullet

[0166] 14 Bullet Nose

[0167] 14A Open Nose Jacket

[0168] 14B Closed Nose Jacket

[0169] 16 Ductile Bullet Core

[0170] 16A Conventional Bullet Ductile Metal Core

[0171] 16B R2 Bullet Ductile, Thermally Conductive, Eutectic Metal Core

[0172] 16B 1 R2 Type B 1 Thermally Conductive, Eutectic Metal Material in a cavity

[0173] 16B2 R2 Type B2 Thermally Conductive, Eutectic Metal Material in a second cavity

[0174] 16C R2 Solid Phase Core Material

[0175] 16D R2 Liquid (Molten) Phase Core Material

[0176] 18 B ullet Range and Traj ectory

[0177] 18A Conventional Bullet

[0178] 18B Reduced Range w/De-spinner in Bullet Nose

[0179] 18C Reduced Range w/De-spinner in Bullet Base

[0180] 20 R2 Bullet

[0181] 20A R2 Single Cavity Bullet

[0182] 20B R2 Dual or Multi Chamber Cavity Bullet

[0183] 20C R2 Bullet with a Closed Nose

[0184] 20D R2 Bullet with an Open Nose

[0185] 20E Fired, engraved R2 Bullet

27

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0186] 22 Solid Thermally Conductive Eutectic Metal Core

[0187] 22A R2 Eutectic Metal (Phase change) Melting Point A

[0188] 22B R2 Eutectic Metal (Phase change) Melting Point B

[0189] 22C R2 Eutectic Metal Melting Point C

[0190] 24 Surface Temperature of an R2 bullet

[0191] 24A Surface Temperature of the engraved R2 Bullet channel at muzzle exit

[0192] 24B Surface Temperature of the unengraved R2 Bullet skin at muzzle exit

[0193] 25 One or more cavities

[0194] 26 Muzzle Exit

[0195] 26 A Engraved Fired R2 Bullet (Exterior View)

[0196] 27 A R2 Bullet Engraved Channel

[0197] 27B R2 Bullet Unengraved Jacket (Only)

[0198] 28 R2 Separation Disk

[0199] 30 R2 Thermally Conductive Metal Jacket

[0200] 32 R2 Bullet Traverse and Heating

[0201] 32A Bullet Firing

[0202] 33 Engraved R2 Bullet Jacket

[0203] 33 A Engraved R2 Jacket Cross Section

[0204] 33B Heated, Engraved R2 Bullet (Exterior View)

[0205] 34 Heat-soaked Process/Phenomena

[0206] 34A R2 Solid Core Material

[0207] 34B R2 Liquified Core Material

[0208] 34C Heat Soaked Core

[0209] 34D Inner Core

[0210] 36 R2 Phase Change Boundary

[0211] 36A R2 Boundary (Liquid - Solid Interface)

[0212] 36B R2 Molten Material Flow

[0213] 36B 1 Drag (Solid -Liquid Surface) Molten Material 16B2

[0214] 36B2 Drag (Solid- Liquid Surface) Molten Material 16B2

[0215] 38A R2 Material Viscosity 1

[0216] 38B R2 Material Viscosity 2

28

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0217] 40 R2 Thermal Heating, Induced Instability and Flight Time

[0218] 42 R2 Ambient (Cool) Bullet

[0219] 43A Heated lacket

[0220] 44A Cool R2 Core Temp

[0221] 44B Heated R2 Core Temp

[0222] 46 Solid Nose Core

[0223] 48 Solid Penetrator

[0224] 50 Frangible Bullet

[0225] 60 Cartridge with a Bullet

[0226] 86 R2 Instability Onset

[0227] 86A Unstable Projectile Ballistic Flight (Effect/Range)

[0228] 88 Nutational Amplitude of Y aw

[0229] 90 Exterior Ballistic Trajectory

[0230] 92 Conventional Bullet (Velocity I Range)

[0231] 92A .50 cal Conventional Bullet Trajectory

[0232] 92B Conventional Bullet Trajectory (Range I Altitude)

[0233] 92C Conventional Bullet Radar Plot (Velocity / Time)

[0234] 92D Conventional Bullet Drag

[0235] 94 De- spun Bullet (Velocity /Range)

[0236] 94A Conventional De- spun Bullet (Elevation I Range)

[0237] 94B De-spun Bullet Trajectory (Range/ Altitude)

[0238] 96 Conventional Ricochet Bullet (Velocity /Range)

[0239] 96A Conventional Ricochet Bullet (Range/Drift)

[0240] 96B Conventional Ricochet (Range/ Altitude)

[0241] 98 R2 Bullet (Velocity / Range)

[0242] 98C R2 Bullet Radar Plot (Velocity I Time)

[0243] 98D R2 Bullet Drag

[0244] 100A Soft Target I Gel Block

[0245] 100A1 Gel Block (depicting penetration depth)

[0246] 100 A2 Gel Block Section (depicting cracks adjacent to penetration)

[0247] 100B Mixed Material Target

29

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0248] 102 Hard Target

[0249] 102 A Oblique Hard Target

[0250] 104 Intermediary Glass Barrier

[0251] 104A Glass Deflection Effect on Conventional Bullets

[0252] 106 Behind Glass Effect

[0253] 108 Ricochet Dynamics

[0254] 110 Body Armor

[0255] 110A Metal Armor

[0256] HOB Ceramic body Armor

[0257] 110C Woven Composite Armor

[0258] 120 R2 Impact Physics

[0259] 122 Liquid Column

[0260] 122A Force and Momentum of Liquid Column @ Impact

[0261] 122B High Pressure Liquid Acting on Metal Jacket

[0262] 124 Metal Jacket Wall Failure

[0263] 126 Ejection of Atomized Liquid

[0264] 134 Molten Penetrator

[0265] 136 Molten Penetrator Impact

[0266] 138 Solid Nose

[0267] 140 Gelatin and Soft Tissue Characterization

[0268] 141 Penetration Channel

[0269] 142 Expanded Bullet

[0270] 144 Temporary Cavity

[0271] 144A Maximum Temporary Cavity (in a Gel Block)

[0272] 144B Maximum Penetration Depth (in a Gel Block)

[0273] 146 Permanent Penetration

[0274] 146B Permanent Cavity

[0275] 145A Temporary Cavity

[0276] 145B Temporary Penetration (Depth)

[0277] 146 A Permanent Cavity

[0278] 146B Permanent Penetration (Depth)

30

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0279] 147 Gel Block Crack

[0280] 147B Gel Block Crack Sub-Total Measurement by Gel Block Layer

[0281] 147C Gel Block Crack Measurement (Sectioned Measurement)

[0282] 148 Permanent Cracks

[0283] 148A Permanent Crack Length (Total)

[0284] 148B Total Permanent Crack Length Measurement (All Gel Block Cross Sections)

[0285] 148C Crack Measurement (for a section)

[0286] 150 Impact Angle

[0287] 152 Oblique Imp act

[0288] 154 Impact

[0289] 210 Ricochet

[0290] 212A Ricochet Impact Angle

[0291] 212B Ricochet Exit Angle

[0292] 214A Impact Velocity

[0293] 214B Ricochet Velocity

[0294] 216 Deformed, Bullet with Aero-ballistically efficient form

[0295] 220 Residual Impact Debris and Material

[0296] 222 Residual Jacket Material (All bullet types sans frangible)

[0297] 224 Residual Core Material (All bullet types sans frangible)

[0298] 226 Deconstructed Residual Frangible Powder

[0299] 228A Residual R2 Core Material w/o Phase Change

[0300] 228B Residual R2 Core Material post Phase Change

[0301] 230 Bullet Deformation and Deconstruction Characterization

[0302] 232 Hard Target Impact

[0303] 232A Frangible Deconstruction Process (Hard Target)

[0304] 232B Conventional Deformation (Hard Target)

[0305] 232C R2 Deconstruction (Hard Target)

[0306] 232C1 Jacket Failure

[0307] 232C2 Liquid Atomized Release

31

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26) [0308] 234A Frangible Deconstruction Process (Soft Target)

[0309] 234B Conventional Deformation (Soft Target)

[0310] 234C R2 Deconstruction (Soft Target)

[0311] 236A Frangible Deconstruction Process (Glass)

[0312] 236B Conventional Glass Shattering (Glass)

[0313] 236C R2 Deconstruction (Glass)

[0314] 236C1 Liquid Penetrator

[0315] 238 Bullet Debris

[0316] 238 A Conventional Bullet Debris (Post Impact)

[0317] 238B Frangible Bullet Powder Debris (Post Impact)

[0318] 238C R2 Bullet Debris (Post Impact)

[0319] 238D Jacket Debris

[0320] 238E Core Debris

[0321] 239 Mushroomed Conventioinal Bullet

[0322] 240 Firing Into Glass

[0323] 242 Glass Deflection

[0324] 242A Bullet Entry Angle

[0325] 242B Deflected Bullet Exit Angle

[0326] 244 Undeflected R2 Exit Path

[0327] 250 Ceramic Plate Damage

[0328] 250A Conventional Bullet Impact Damage Ceramic Plate

[0329] 250B R2 Bullet Impact Damage Ceramic Plate

[0330] 260 Woven Body Armor Damage

[0331] 260A Conventional Bullet Impact Damage

[0332] 260B R2 Bullet Impact Damage Woven Body Armor

[0333] 270 Eutectic Preform

[0334] 272 Tool Dye with Jacket

[0335] 274 Swaging Press Tool

[0336] 276 Process of Swaging of R2 Bullet (into a bullet Jacket)

[0337] 278 Process of casting molten eutectic metal (into a bullet jacket)

32

SUBSTITUTE SHEET ( RULE 26)

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A spin stabilized bullet structured to be incorporated in a cartridge, the bullet comprising: a thin, thermally conductive exterior metal jacket, the bullet jacket forming at least one cavity; and a bullet core disposed within the at least one cavity, the bullet core being comprised of at least one or more eutectic metals having thermally conductive characteristics, wherein a combination of the metal jacket and the one or more eutectic metals in the bullet core is ductile and structured to facilitate engraving of an exterior of the bullet as expanding propellant gases push the bullet through a rifled barrel, the engraving caused by lands in the barrel, imparting heat at a temperature higher than a melting temperature of the one or more eutectic metals, wherein the bullet being engraved allows heat imparted on the exterior of the bullet jacket to be conducted inward toward a portion of the bullet core having the one or more eutectic metals as the bullet exits the barrel and follows a ballistic flight path, wherein the portion of the bullet core having the one or more eutectic metals transitions from a solid phase to a molten liquid phase as the heat conducts inward and, wherein a portion of the bullet core disposed near a nose of the bullet remains solid when the bullet impacts on a target.

2. The bullet in claim 1, wherein the bullet is configured with a central penetrator that is not ductile.

3. The bullet of claim 1, wherein the bullet deconstructs on impact against a hard target.

4. The bullet of claim 3, wherein the deconstruction of the bullet precludes causation of a ricochet.

5. The bullet of claim 3, wherein the deconstruction of the bullet creates a shallow debris field.

33

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

6. The bullet of claim 1, wherein, when the bullet impacts on a soft gel block, the bullet remains intact at impact on the soft gel block and forms a narrow entry hole andexpands as the bullet penetrates the soft gel block, a process of the expanding and deacceleration in the soft gel block creates a temporary cavity that damages the soft gel block.

7. The bullet of claim 6, wherein sectioned gel blocks exhibit more cracks at a shallower penetration depth upon impact by the bullet when compared to being impacted by a solid eutectic core bullet that retains a solid phase of eutectic metals upon being pushed by expanding propellant gases through a rifled barrel.

8. The bullet of claim 7, wherein damages to the soft gel block provide an enhanced incapacitation effect when compared to the solid eutectic core bullet.

9. The bullet of claim 6, wherein after initial penetration, the bullet exhibits enhanced break-up when compared to the solid eutectic core bullet and produces additional fragments that de-accelerate and lodge in the soft gel block.

10. The bullet of claim 9, wherein fragments of the bullet upon impact are metal detectable by X-Ray when lodged in the soft gel block.

11. The bullet of claim 1, wherein, when impacting on glass, the bullet does not deflect and continues along a flight path with no deflection.

12. The bullet of claim 1, wherein the volume of the portion in the molten liquid phase exceeds 40% of encapsulated cavity volume of the bullet, and the liquefaction of the one or more eutectic metals induces an onset of flight instability, shortening the flight of the bullet.

13. The bullet of claim 1, wherein the bullet releases one or more molten eutectic metals at impact with a hard surface, the impact causing bullet deconstruction and a shallow debris field of jacket shards, powder and particulate.

34

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

14. The bullet of claim 1, wherein one or more molten eutectic metals, impacting on a composite woven armor, erode a woven ballistic material of the armor, providing an additional penetration in the woven armor.

15. The bullet of claim 1, wherein one or more molten eutectic metals, impacting on a ceramic armor, penetrate and damage the ceramic armor.

16. A method of fabricating a spin stabilized bullet, comprising: inserting a ductile thermally conductive eutectic metal core of the bullet into a thermally conductive metal jacket.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the inserting the ductile thermally conductive eutectic metal core of the bullet into a thermally conductive metal jacket comprises: sequentially swaging the core into the jacket; partially or fully crimping the jacket; and encapsulating the core by the jacket.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the inserting the ductile thermally conductive eutectic metal core of the bullet into a thermally conductive metal jacket comprises: injecting, dispensing or pouring a vertically oriented, heated molten eutectic metal into the metal jacket.

19. A spin stabilized bullet, comprising: a plurality of eutectic metal cores, wherein, when the bullet is imparting forces on the bullet in ballistic flight and at least two eutectic metal cores are liquified in the ballistic flight, and wherein a combination of a first drag component of liquified eutectic materials in the at least two eutectic metal cores and a second drag component at boundaries with solid surfaces inside the bullet, imparts a torque about an axis of rotation of the bullet during the flight, a differential drag force between the first drag component and the second drag component causing the torque and accelerating the onset of ballistic flight instability.

35

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

20. The bullet of claim 19, wherein the bullet exhibits a ballistic flight range less than 25% of a flight range of a lead core bullet.

36

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)