WO2024039727A1 - Dispersible bauxite granules and methods for amending soil with bauxite - Google Patents
Dispersible bauxite granules and methods for amending soil with bauxite Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2024039727A1 WO2024039727A1 PCT/US2023/030358 US2023030358W WO2024039727A1 WO 2024039727 A1 WO2024039727 A1 WO 2024039727A1 US 2023030358 W US2023030358 W US 2023030358W WO 2024039727 A1 WO2024039727 A1 WO 2024039727A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- bauxite
- domain
- dispersible
- granules
- supplemental
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 447
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 199
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002594 sorbent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000003232 water-soluble binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 claims description 77
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;phosphoric acid Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP(O)(O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002426 superphosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005645 nematicide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000419 plant extract Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003375 plant hormone Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006012 monoammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005696 Diammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 22
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 11
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 9
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 8
- 241000209082 Lolium Species 0.000 description 8
- -1 metal oxide hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 5
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- JLIDBLDQVAYHNE-YKALOCIXSA-N (+)-Abscisic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)/C=C(/C)\C=C\[C@@]1(O)C(C)=CC(=O)CC1(C)C JLIDBLDQVAYHNE-YKALOCIXSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical class OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PUKLDDOGISCFCP-JSQCKWNTSA-N 21-Deoxycortisone Chemical compound C1CC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@@](C(=O)C)(O)[C@@]1(C)CC2=O PUKLDDOGISCFCP-JSQCKWNTSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2C=CC1C(C(=O)O)C2(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FCYKAQOGGFGCMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fulvic acid Natural products O1C2=CC(O)=C(O)C(C(O)=O)=C2C(=O)C2=C1CC(C)(O)OC2 FCYKAQOGGFGCMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002509 fulvic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940095100 fulvic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910001679 gibbsite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000043623 perennial rye grass Species 0.000 description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000005208 1,4-dihydroxybenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005660 Abamectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 241000228212 Aspergillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000416162 Astragalus gummifer Species 0.000 description 1
- 229930192334 Auxin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 241000193830 Bacillus <bacterium> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222120 Candida <Saccharomycetales> Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229930191978 Gibberellin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000005907 Indoxacarb Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004166 Lanolin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000007472 Leucaena leucocephala Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010643 Leucaena leucocephala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004296 Lolium perenne Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000589516 Pseudomonas Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000190932 Rhodopseudomonas Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000235070 Saccharomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910018162 SeO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VXSIXFKKSNGRRO-MXOVTSAMSA-N [(1s)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-[(2z)-penta-2,4-dienyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl] (1r,3r)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate;[(1s)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-[(2z)-penta-2,4-dienyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl] (1r,3r)-3-[(e)-3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl Chemical class CC1(C)[C@H](C=C(C)C)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@@H]1C(C)=C(C\C=C/C=C)C(=O)C1.CC1(C)[C@H](/C=C(\C)C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@@H]1C(C)=C(C\C=C/C=C)C(=O)C1 VXSIXFKKSNGRRO-MXOVTSAMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010419 agar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940023476 agar Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000009418 agronomic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M aluminum;oxygen(2-);hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[Al+3] VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920005550 ammonium lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002363 auxin Substances 0.000 description 1
- RRZXIRBKKLTSOM-XPNPUAGNSA-N avermectin B1a Chemical compound C1=C[C@H](C)[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)O[C@]11O[C@H](C\C=C(C)\[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O[C@@H]3O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](OC)C3)[C@@H](OC)C2)[C@@H](C)\C=C\C=C/2[C@]3([C@H](C(=O)O4)C=C(C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3OC\2)O)C[C@H]4C1 RRZXIRBKKLTSOM-XPNPUAGNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000686 benzalkonium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001950 benzethonium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UREZNYTWGJKWBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzethonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(C(C)(C)CC(C)(C)C)=CC=C1OCCOCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 UREZNYTWGJKWBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[NH+](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001647 brassinosteroids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920005551 calcium lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYAGRZNBULDMBW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;3-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[2-methoxy-4-(3-sulfonatopropyl)phenoxy]propane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].COC1=CC=CC(CC(CS([O-])(=O)=O)OC=2C(=CC(CCCS([O-])(=O)=O)=CC=2)OC)=C1O RYAGRZNBULDMBW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000004657 carbamic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OVFCVRIJCCDFNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;copper Chemical compound [Cu].OC(O)=O OVFCVRIJCCDFNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010418 carrageenan Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000679 carrageenan Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001525 carrageenan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940113118 carrageenan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000009 copper(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011646 cupric carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004062 cytokinin Substances 0.000 description 1
- UQHKFADEQIVWID-UHFFFAOYSA-N cytokinin Natural products C1=NC=2C(NCC=C(CO)C)=NC=NC=2N1C1CC(O)C(CO)O1 UQHKFADEQIVWID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- FCRACOPGPMPSHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N desoxyabscisic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C(C)C=CC1C(C)=CC(=O)CC1(C)C FCRACOPGPMPSHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001470 diamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001648 diaspore Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008056 dicarboxyimides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019329 dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- YHAIUSTWZPMYGG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;2,2-dioctyl-3-sulfobutanedioate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].CCCCCCCCC(C([O-])=O)(C(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O)CCCCCCCC YHAIUSTWZPMYGG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003090 exacerbative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930003935 flavonoid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002215 flavonoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000017173 flavonoids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IXORZMNAPKEEDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N gibberellic acid GA3 Natural products OC(=O)C1C2(C3)CC(=C)C3(O)CCC2C2(C=CC3O)C1C3(C)C(=O)O2 IXORZMNAPKEEDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003448 gibberellin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005908 glyceryl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052598 goethite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021384 green leafy vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052595 hematite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011019 hematite Substances 0.000 description 1
- AEIXRCIKZIZYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxy(oxo)iron Chemical compound [O][Fe]O AEIXRCIKZIZYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VBCVPMMZEGZULK-NRFANRHFSA-N indoxacarb Chemical compound C([C@@]1(OC2)C(=O)OC)C3=CC(Cl)=CC=C3C1=NN2C(=O)N(C(=O)OC)C1=CC=C(OC(F)(F)F)C=C1 VBCVPMMZEGZULK-NRFANRHFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014413 iron hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Fe+2] NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940039696 lactobacillus Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019388 lanolin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940039717 lanolin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004682 monohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZHALDANPYXAMJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoate;tris(2-hydroxyethyl)azanium Chemical compound OCC[NH+](CCO)CCO.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O ZHALDANPYXAMJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960000292 pectin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002367 phosphate rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003017 phosphorus Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195732 phytohormone Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 102000054765 polymorphisms of proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940096992 potassium oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MLICVSDCCDDWMD-KVVVOXFISA-M potassium;(z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound [K+].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O MLICVSDCCDDWMD-KVVVOXFISA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- HYJYGLGUBUDSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrethrin Natural products CCC(=O)OC1CC(=C)C2CC3OC3(C)C2C2OC(=O)C(=C)C12 HYJYGLGUBUDSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940070846 pyrethrins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002728 pyrethroid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003230 pyrimidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JPJALAQPGMAKDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Se]=O JPJALAQPGMAKDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium docusate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002364 soil amendment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000196 tragacanth Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010487 tragacanth Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940116362 tragacanth Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003918 triazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940029614 triethanolamine stearate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004684 trihydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
- C05D9/02—Other inorganic fertilisers containing trace elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
Definitions
- This application is directed to dispersible bauxite granules and methods for amending soil with bauxite.
- this application is directed to dispersible bauxite granules with at least one bauxite domain and at least one supplemental domain clustered together as distinct domains, dispersible bauxite granules free of chemical modification with NaOH agglomerated with water-soluble binder, and methods for amending soil with bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH.
- Phosphorus is a key nutrient for plant growth. Phosphorus must reside in a soluble form to be taken up by crops. While most soils exhibit a long history of phosphorus application, only a small fraction of the phosphorus remains in a soluble, plant-available form. In general, the vast majority of phosphorus is precipitated and/or adsorbed by soil particles upon application. Soils with a high phosphorus buffering capacity (often approximated by the phosphorus buffering index (“PBI”)) quickly and tightly bind phosphorus fertilizer, making it unavailable to plants. High PBI soil systems require excessive phosphorus application quantities in order to achieve adequate soluble phosphorus reservoirs to achieve maximum crop yields. This disproportionate phosphorus applied to phosphorus uptake ratio results in increases in phosphorus runoff, exacerbating already fragile environmental systems.
- PBI phosphorus buffering index
- an optimal soil system would regulate phosphorus buffering capacity by adsorbing phosphorus in a readily-accessible arrangement to allow quick desorption and solubility when triggered by plant needs.
- Certain soil amendments, such as activated alumina attempt to simulate this phosphorus regulation property, as they display both phosphorus concentrationdependent and pH-dependent desorption characteristics.
- high manufacturing carbon footprints and financial costs render these systems inopportune for large-scale agriculture applications.
- a sustainable option with adequate, long-term supply would be preferable.
- Bauxite is a mined ore with relatively high aluminum content. As such, it is the main source of material for aluminum metal and alumina production. Unlike refined aluminum, bauxite ore includes many other minerals, including iron oxides and titanium oxides. The aluminum present in bauxite is in the form of various geologic mineral types and polymorphisms, such as gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore. Despite the conglomerate of materials, bauxites are effective adsorbents and are occasionally utilized in wastewater treatment processes to absorb, but not desorb, phosphates, fluorides, and other contaminants. While bauxite quality and material composition differ around the globe, current worldwide reserve estimates exceed 30 billion tons.
- dispersible bauxite granules include at least one bauxite domain and at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof.
- the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together.
- dispersible bauxite granules include bauxite particles and water-soluble binder agglomerating the plurality of bauxite particles into the dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the bauxite particles are free of chemical modification with NaOH.
- a method for amending soil with bauxite includes applying bauxite to soil, wherein the bauxite is mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH, the bauxite is mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH, the bauxite has a moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%, the bauxite has a size of less than 0.6 mm, and the bauxite increases the efficacy of phosphate present in the soil by at least 5%.
- Dispersible bauxite granules including at least one bauxite domain and at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together.
- the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one nutrient domain
- the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of bioavailable species of phosphorus, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, manganese, vanadium, calcium, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, silicon, magnesium, sodium, nitrogen, boron, and combinations thereof.
- dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause wherein the at least one phosphate domain is selected from the group consisting of diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, single superphosphate, and combinations thereof.
- the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one biological domain
- the at least one biological domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of humics, fulvics, living microbes, microbial metabolites, plant extracts, exogenous plant hormones, and combinations thereof.
- the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one pesticide domain
- the at least one pesticide domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, and combinations thereof.
- the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one sorbent domain
- the at least one sorbent domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of zeolites, zeotypes, and combinations thereof.
- the at least one supplemental domain includes at least one phosphate domain and at least one of an additional nutrient domain other than a phosphate, the at least one pesticide domain, the at least one biological additive domain, and combinations thereof.
- dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are coherent dispersible bauxite granules and the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the coherent dispersible bauxite granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together such that the coherent dispersible bauxite granules have an intergranular variability in bauxite domain to supplemental domain weight ratio of ⁇ 40% and a coherent dispersible bauxite granule crush strength of at least 3 Ibf.
- dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are agglomerated dispersible bauxite granules.
- the dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause further including at least one layer disposed on the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one layer being selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient layer, at least one pesticide layer, at least one biological additive layer, at least one sorbent layer, and combinations thereof.
- dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause further including at least one of a water-soluble binder, a suspension agent, or an emulsifying agent.
- Dispersible bauxite granules including bauxite particles and water-soluble binder agglomerating the plurality of bauxite particles into the dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the bauxite particles are free of chemical modification with NaOH.
- the dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause wherein the bauxite particles have an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite particles.
- dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause further including at least one of a suspension agent or an emulsifying agent.
- a method for amending soil with bauxite including applying bauxite to soil, wherein the bauxite is mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH, the bauxite has a moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%, the bauxite has a size of less than 0.6 mm, and the bauxite increases the efficacy of phosphate present in the soil by at least 5%.
- the bauxite is present as at least one bauxite domain in dispersible bauxite granules, the dispersible bauxite granules further including at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof, and the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together.
- the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one nutrient domain
- the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of bioavailable species of phosphorus, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, manganese, vanadium, calcium, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, silicon, magnesium, sodium, nitrogen, boron, and combinations thereof.
- the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one phosphate domain as the bioavailablc species of phosphorus.
- the at least one phosphate domain is selected from the group consisting of diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, single superphosphate, and combinations thereof.
- the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one biological domain
- the at least one biological domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of humics, fulvics, living microbes, microbial metabolites, plant extracts, exogenous plant hormones, and combinations thereof.
- the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one pesticide domain
- the at least one pesticide domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, and combinations thereof.
- the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one sorbent domain
- the at least one sorbent domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of zeolites, zeotypes, and combinations thereof.
- the at least one supplemental domain includes at least one phosphate domain and at least one of an additional nutrient domain other than a phosphate, the at least one pesticide domain, the at least one biological additive domain, and combinations thereof.
- the dispersible bauxite granules are coherent dispersible bauxite granules and the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the coherent dispersible bauxite granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together such that the coherent dispersible bauxite granules have an intergranular variability in bauxite domain to supplemental domain weight ratio of ⁇ 40% and a coherent dispersible bauxite granule crush strength of at least 3 Ibf.
- dispersible bauxite granules are agglomerated dispersible bauxite granules.
- any preceding clause further including at least one layer disposed on the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one layer being selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient layer, at least one pesticide layer, at least one biological additive layer, at least one sorbent layer, and combinations thereof.
- the bauxite includes at least one of lateritic bauxite or karst bauxite.
- FIG. 1 is a bar graph showing the effect of application of bauxite on shoot mass of annual ryegrass plants after a 50% reduction in phosphorus, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing the combined root and shoot mass of ryegrass following 21 days of growth for treated samples, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing the total phosphorus uptake in ryegrass following 21 days of growth or treated samples, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing the combined root and shoot biomass of ryegrass following 21 days of growth for treated samples, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing the combined root and shoot biomass of ryegrass following 21 days of growth for treated samples, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing normalized differential vegetation indices for various small plots treated at different phosphorous application and bauxite granule rates, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing phosphate uptake in various small field plots receiving different applications of phosphorus and bauxite, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing com yield in various small plots receiving different applications of phosphorous and bauxite, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- Disclosed herein are dispersible bauxite granules and methods for amending soil with bauxite.
- Embodiments of the present disclosure in contrast to granules and methods lacking one or more of the features disclosed herein, reduce cost, reduce negative environmental impacts, reduce carbon emissions, reduce production of red mud byproduct, or combinations thereof.
- “coherent” dispersible granules are differentiated from “agglomerated” dispersible granules in that “agglomerated” refers to granules formed by mechanically agglomerating at least two types of preformed particles together, whereas “coherent” refers to granules formed by agglomerating one type of preformed particle with a second domain of material which is being simultaneously formed.
- Structural distinctions between coherent dispersible granules and agglomerated dispersible granules include, but are not limited to, greater granule crush strength, improved resistance to attrition, reduced moisture content, greater hygroscopic stability, less intergranular variability in bauxite:supplemental domain weight ratio, greater contact surface area between bauxite and supplemental domains resulting in tighter adhesion, increased bauxite surface area, reduced binder incorporation, a greater degree of intermixed domains, or combinations thereof.
- dispersible bauxite granules include bauxite particles and water- soluble binder agglomerating the plurality of bauxite particles into the dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the bauxite particles are free of chemical modification with NaOH.
- the bauxite particles may have an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite particles, alternatively at least 40 wt%, alternatively at least 45 wt%, alternatively at least 50 wt%, alternatively at least 55 wt%.
- the bauxite particles may have a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite particles, alternatively at least 60 wt%, alternatively at least 65 wt%, alternatively at least 70 wt%, alternatively at least 75 wt%.
- the bauxite particles may include at least one of lateritic bauxite or karst bauxite.
- the dispersible bauxite granules may further include at least one of a suspension agent or an emulsifying agent.
- the dispersible bauxite granules may have a moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%, alternatively less than 8%, alternatively less than 6%, alternatively less than 5%, alternatively less than 4%, alternatively less than 3%, alternatively less than 2%, alternatively less than 1%.
- the dispersible bauxite granule may have any suitable size, including, but not limited to, a size of less than 0.6 mm, alternatively less than 0.5 mm, alternatively less than 0.4 mm, alternatively less than 0.3 mm, alternatively less than 0.2 mm, alternatively less than 0.1 mm.
- dispersible bauxite granules include at least one bauxite domain and at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof.
- the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together.
- the at least one bauxite domain may include an activated bauxite domain.
- the activated bauxite may be activated via calcination, acid treatment, or combinations thereof.
- the at least one bauxite domain may have any suitable alumina content, including, but not limited to, an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain, alternatively at least 40 wt%, alternatively at least 45 wt%, alternatively at least 50 wt%, alternatively at least 55 wt%.
- the at least one bauxite domain may have any suitable combined alumina and iron oxide content, including, but not limited to, a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain, alternatively at least 60 wt%, alternatively at least 65 wt%, alternatively at least 70 wt%, alternatively at least 75 wt%.
- the at least one bauxite domain includes mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH.
- bauxite residue also known as red mud, bauxite tailings, red sludge, or alumina refinery residues
- the processing of bauxite into alumina using the Bayer or similar processes is chemically altered by, inter alia, treatment of the bauxite with NaOH.
- the at least one bauxite domain may include any suitable bauxite mineral, including, but not limited to, lateritic bauxite, karst bauxite, or combinations thereof.
- the dispersible bauxite granules may further include at least one additional metal oxide domain.
- Suitable additional metal oxide domains include, but are not limited to, aluminum oxide, a-alumina, ⁇ -alumina, y-alumina, 5-alumina, alumina trihydrate, alumina monohydrate, boehmite, pseudoboehmite, gibbsite, iron oxide, hematite, maghemite, magnetite, goethite, iron hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, copper oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, manganese dioxide, nickel oxide, silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, activated metal oxides forms of any of the foregoing, or combinations thereof.
- the metal oxide may be activated via calcination, acid treatment, or combinations thereof.
- metal oxide is understood to be inclusive of metal oxide hydrates and metal oxide hydroxides.
- the dispersible bauxite granules may be coherent dispersible bauxite granules or agglomerated dispersible bauxite granules.
- the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the coherent dispersible bauxite granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together such that the coherent dispersible bauxite granules have an intergranular variability in bauxite domain to supplemental domain weight ratio of ⁇ 40% and a coherent dispersible bauxite granule crush strength of at least 3 Ibf, alternatively at least 3.5 Ibf, alternatively at least 4 Ibf, alternatively at least 4.5 Ibf, alternatively at least 5 Ibf.
- the coherent dispersible bauxite granules may have reduced intergranular bauxite domain to supplemental domain ratio variability in comparison to otherwise identical agglomerated bauxite dispersible granules, alternatively 5% less intergranular bauxite domain to supplemental domain ratio variability, alternatively 10% less, alternatively 15% less, alternatively 20% less, alternatively 25% less.
- the coherent dispersible bauxite granules have an intergranular variability in bauxite domain to supplemental domain weight ratio of ⁇ 40%, alternatively ⁇ 35%, alternatively ⁇ 30%, alternatively ⁇ 25%, alternatively ⁇ 20%, alternatively ⁇ 15%.
- intergranular variability is measured relative to the lesser component of bauxite domain and supplemental domain as measured by the average across the coherent dispersible bauxite granules such that if the average bauxite domain: supplemental domain weight ratio is 50:50 with an intergranularity of ⁇ 40%, the bauxite domaimsupplemental domain weight ratio may range from 30:70 to 70:30. By way of further explanation, if the average bauxite domaimsupplemental domain weight ratio is 25:75 with an intergranularity of ⁇ 40%., the bauxite domaimsupplemental domain weight ratio may range from 15:85 to 35:65.
- Structural distinctions between “coherent bauxite dispersible granules” and “agglomerated dispersible bauxite granules” include, but arc not limited to, greater granule crush strength, improved resistance to attrition, reduced moisture content, greater hygroscopic stability, less intergranular variability in bauxite domain: supplemental domain weight ratio, greater contact surface area between bauxite and supplemental domains, tighter adhesion between bauxite and supplemental domains, increased bauxite surface area, reduced binder incorporation, a greater degree of intermixed domains, or combinations thereof.
- Suitable at least one nutrient domains include, but are not limited to, bioavailable species of phosphorus, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, manganese, vanadium, calcium, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, silicon, magnesium, sodium, nitrogen, boron, or combinations thereof
- Bioavailable species of the foregoing nutrients include, but are not limited to, Moth", SeO 2 “, Zn 2+ , ZnCl”, CuCO 3 , Co 2+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Ni 2+ , NiCl + , Mn 2+ , MnCl + , HVO 4 2 ’, Ca 2+ , K+, SO 4 2 ", Cl-, SiOH 4 , Mg 2+ , Na + , NH 4+ , NCh”, H3BO3, and B 4 O?
- the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one phosphate domain as the bioavailable species of phosphorus.
- Suitable phosphates for the bioavailable species include, but are not limited to, diammonium phosphates (“DAP”), monoammonium phosphates (“MAP”), triple superphosphates (“TSP”), single superphosphates (“SSP”), or combinations thereof.
- Suitable at least one biological additive domains include, but are not limited to, humics, fulvics, living microbes, microbial metabolites, plant extracts, exogenous plant hormones, or combinations thereof. Any suitable variations of humic or fulvic acid-containing formulations or any materials of which are organic matter derived and contain numerous humic and/or fulvic acid species may be employed.
- Microbes may include, but are not limited to, Rhodopseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Saccharomyces spp., Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., or combinations thereof.
- Plant extracts may include, but are not limited to, phytohormones, quinols, plastoquinones, flavonoids, plant-growth-promoting metabolites, or combinations thereof.
- Exogenous plant hormones may include, but are not limited to, IDAA, gibberellin, abscisic acid, auxins, jasmonates, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, salicylic acid, or combinations thereof.
- Suitable at least one pesticide domains include, but are not limited to, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, or combinations thereof.
- Suitable herbicides include, but are not limited to, sulfonylurcas, HPPD-inhibitors, chloroacctamidcs, PPO-inhibitors, phcnylurca, triazines, or combinations thereof.
- Suitable insecticides include, but are not limited to, organophosphates, carbamides, pyrethrins, neonicotinoids, spinosins, indoxacarb, diamides, or combinations thereof.
- Suitable fungicides include, but are not limited to, strobilurines, pyrimidines, triazoles, dicarboximides, or combinations thereof.
- Suitable nematicides include, but are not limited to, avermectin, carbamates, organophosphates, or combinations thereof.
- the at least one sorbent domain may include, but is not limited to, zeolites, zeotypes, or combinations thereof.
- the at least one supplemental domain includes at least one phosphate domain and at least one of, at least two of, or each of, an additional nutrient domain other than a phosphate, the at least one pesticide domain, the at least one biological additive domain, or combinations thereof.
- the dispersible bauxite granules may include at least one layer disposed on the dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the at least one layer is at least one nutrient layer, at least one pesticide layer, at least one biological additive layer, at least one sorbent layer, or combinations thereof.
- the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain may be intragranularly homogenously or heterogeneously distributed in the dispersible bauxite granules.
- the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain may be intergranularly homogenously or heterogeneously distributed in the dispersible bauxite granules.
- the dispersible bauxite granules may be disposed as a coating layer on a seed.
- each of the at least one bauxite domain is at least 50% surrounded by the at least one supplemental domain, alternatively at least 60% surrounded, alternatively at least 70% surrounded, alternatively at least 80% surrounded, alternatively at least 90% surrounded, alternatively at least 95% surrounded, alternatively at least 99% surrounded, alternatively entirely surrounded.
- the dispersible bauxite granules may have any suitable weight ratio of bauxite to supplemental domain, including, but not limited to, a weight ratio of 10:1 to 1:10, alternatively 8:1 to 1:8, alternatively 7:1 to 1:7, alternatively 6:1 to 1:6, alternatively 5:1 to 1:5, alternatively 4:1 to 1:4, alternatively 3:1 to 1:3, alternatively 2:1 to 1:2, alternatively 3:1 to 1:1, alternatively 1:1 to 1:3, alternative about 2:1, alternatively about 1:1, alternatively about 1:2, or any sub-range or combination of ranges thereof.
- the dispersible bauxite granules may include at least one of a water-soluble binder, a suspension agent, or an emulsifying agent.
- the dispersible bauxite granules include, by weight, 1-40% water-soluble binder, alternatively 5-35%, alternatively 5-15%, alternatively 10-20%, alternatively 15-25%, alternatively 20-30%, alternatively 25-35%, or any sub-range or combination thereof.
- Suitable water-soluble binders include, but are not limited to, calcium lignosulfonate, ammonium lignosulfonate, or combinations thereof.
- Suitable suspension agents include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides, inorganic salts, carbomers, or combinations thereof.
- Suitable emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, vegetable derivatives such as acacia, tragacanth, agar, pectin, carrageenan, or lecithin, animal derivatives such as gelatin, lanolin, or cholesterol, semi-synthetic agents such as methylcellulose, or carboxymethylcellulose, synthetics such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, alkali soaps (including sodium or potassium oleate), amine soaps (including triethanolamine stearate), detergents (including sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, or sodium docusate), sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene derivatives of sorbitan esters, glyceryl esters, or combinations thereof.
- the dispersible bauxite granules may further include at least one additional domain present as a distinct domain.
- Suitable additional domains include, but are not limited to, at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain or combinations thereof.
- the at least one additional domain may be coherently agglomerated with the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain in the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one additional domain may be agglomerated with the coherently agglomerated with the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain in the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one additional domain may be coated onto the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one additional domain may be intermixed with the dispersible bauxite granules, or combinations thereof.
- Bauxite particles constituting the at least one bauxite domain may have any suitable size, including, but not limited to, smaller than about 300 pm, alternatively smaller than about 150 pm, alternatively smaller than about 100 pm, alternatively smaller than about 75 pm, alternatively smaller than about 50 pm, alternatively smaller than about 25 pm, or smaller, or any sub-range or combination thereof.
- the dispersible bauxite granules include, by weight, 5-80% bauxite domain, 10-95% supplemental domain, and, optionally, 1-50% water-soluble binder, alternatively 30-40% bauxite domain, 30-40% supplemental domain, and 20-40% water-soluble binder, alternatively 35% bauxite domain, 35% supplemental domain, and 30% water-soluble binder.
- the dispersible bauxite granules include by weight, 5-70% bauxite domain, 10-70% supplemental domain, up to 50% water-soluble binder, and up to 20% surfactants and emulsifiers combined, alternatively consist of, by weight, 5-50% bauxite domain, 10-50% supplemental domain, up to 50% water-soluble binder, and up to 5% surfactants and emulsifiers combined.
- the dispersible bauxite granules may have any suitable size (as measured by diameter based upon the median within the sample). Suitable sizing for the dispersible bauxite granules may include, but is not limited to, about 0.4 mm to about 4.0 mm, alternatively about 0.4 mm to about 1 .2 mm, alternatively about 0.9 mm to about 1 .5 mm, alternatively about 1 .2 mm to about 1 .8 mm, alternatively about 1.5 mm to about 2.1 mm, alternatively about 1.8 mm to about 2.4 mm, alternatively about 2.1 mm to about 2.7 mm, alternatively about 2.4 mm to about 3.0 mm, alternatively about 2.7 mm to about 3.3 mm, alternatively about 3.0 mm to about 3.6 mm.
- golf greens may use dispersible bauxite granules of about 0.5 mm to about 0.8 mm.
- com may use dispersible bauxite granules via a broadcast application of about 2.4 mm.
- any crop with a strip-till machine application may use dispersible bauxite granules of about 1.5 mm.
- the dispersible bauxite granules are micronized, and have a particle size less than about 200 pm, alternatively less than about 150 pm, alternatively less than about 100 pm, alternatively less than about 75 pm, alternatively less than about 1 pm, alternatively less than about 1 pm, alternatively less than about 50 pm, alternatively less than about 25 pm, alternatively less than about 10 pm, alternatively less than about 5 pm, alternatively less than about 2 pm, alternatively less than about 1 pm, alternatively less than about 0.75 pm, alternatively less than about 0.5 pm, alternatively less than about 0.25 pm, alternatively less than about 0.1 pm, alternatively less than about 0.05 pm, alternatively less than about 0.01 pm, as measured by largest particle dimension.
- a method for forming coherent dispersible bauxite granules includes mixing phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid in an acid surge tank, reacting the phosphoric acid with ammonia in the presence of the sulfuric acid in a reactor vessel to form ammonium phosphate, introducing bauxite particles into the presence of the ammonium phosphate, coagglomerating the ammonium phosphate and the bauxite particles in a rotary drum ammoniator- granulator to form coherent dispersible bauxite granules, and drying the coherent dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental (phosphate) domain are present in the coherent dispersible granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together.
- a method for forming coherent dispersible granules includes mixing phosphoric acid and ground phosphate rock in a reactor, feeding the slurry into a granulator, introducing bauxite particles into the presence of the agglomerating superphosphate, co-agglomerating the superphosphate and the bauxite particles in the granulator to form the coherent dispersible bauxite granules, and drying the coherent dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental (phosphate) domain are present in the coherent dispersible bauxite granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together.
- Introducing the bauxite particles into the presence of the ammonium phosphate may include premixing the bauxite particles with the phosphoric acid prior to reacting the phosphoric acid with the ammonia, adding the bauxite particles into the acid surge tank, adding the bauxite particles into the reactor vessel, adding the bauxite particles into the rotary drum ammoniator- granulator, or any combination thereof.
- the bauxite particles are maintained within a pH range of about 1.5 to about 7.5 from introduction through coherent agglomeration, alternatively about 1.5 to 2.5, alternatively about 2 to 3, alternatively about 2.5 to 3.5, alternatively about 3 to 4, alternatively about 3.5 to 4.5, alternatively about 4 to 5, alternatively about 4.5 to 5.5, alternatively about 5 to 6, alternatively about 5.5 to 6.5, alternatively about 6 to 7, alternatively about 6.5 to 7.5, or any sub-range or combination thereof.
- Drying the coherent dispersible bauxite granules may include drying the coherent dispersible bauxite granules in a rotary dryer. Further bauxite particles may be introduced into the rotary dryer to be dried and further agglomerated with the coherent dispersible bauxite granules.
- a method for amending soil with bauxite includes applying bauxite to soil, wherein the bauxite is mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH.
- the bauxite may have any suitable moisture content, including, but not limited to, a moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%, alternatively less than 8%, alternatively less than 6%, alternatively less than 5%, alternatively less than 4%, alternatively less than 3%, alternatively less than 2%, alternatively less than 1%.
- the bauxite may have any suitable size, including, but not limited to, a size of less than 0.6 mm, alternatively less than 0.5 mm, alternatively less than 0.4 mm, alternatively less than 0.3 mm, alternatively less than 0.2 mm, alternatively less than 0.1 mm.
- the bauxite increases the efficacy of phosphate present in the soil by at least 5%, alternatively at least 10%, alternatively at least 15%, alternatively at least 20%, alternatively at least 25%, alternatively at least 30%, alternatively at least 35%, alternatively at least 40%, alternatively at least 45%, alternatively at least 50%.
- increasing the efficacy of the phosphate present in the soil means that, for plants grown in the soil at a particular phosphate loading, at least one of the shoot mass or the root mass yielded is increased by the recited amount as a measure of efficacy.
- the bauxite may be applied to the soil by any suitable technique, including, but not limited to, a no-till application, a till application, an in-furrow application, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the bauxite is applied to a non-bauxitic soil.
- the bauxite may be present as at least one bauxite domain in dispersible bauxite granules, the dispersible bauxite granules further including at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof, and the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together, as further described above.
- the bauxite may be applied as a coating layer on a seed, and then applied to the soil by distribution of such coated seeds into the soil.
- the bauxite may have any suitable alumina content, including, but not limited to, an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain, alternatively at least 40 wt%, alternatively at least 45 wt%, alternatively at least 50 wt%, alternatively at least 55 wt%.
- the bauxite may have any suitable combined alumina and iron oxide content, including, but not limited to, a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain, alternatively at least 60 wt%, alternatively at least 65 wt%, alternatively at least 70 wt%, alternatively at least 75 wt%.
- the bauxite may be free of chemical modification with NaOH.
- the bauxite domain may be lateritic bauxite, karst bauxite, or combinations thereof.
- the bauxite may include at least one of a water-soluble binder, a suspension agent, or an emulsifying agent.
- FIG. 1 a 21 -day grow room trial involving annual ryegrass was performed in pots, where phosphorus levels were modified.
- Various raw bauxite sources and alumina were applied as 250 pm (-60 mesh) powders at a converted rate of 100 Ib/acre. Plant shoot mass data suggested that soil supplementation with raw bauxite powder enabled similar shoot growth with only 50% of the applied P2O5 relative to a control.
- Bauxites (Bauxite #1, Bauxite #2, Bauxite #3, Bauxite #4, and Bauxite #5) were prepared for plant grow room studies by grinding and sieving the resulting powders through a specified mesh size. Test treatments (Bauxite + reduced phosphorus) were compared to a negative reference (no phosphate fertilizer) and to two positive references (100% and 50% phosphorous controls). Bauxite #1, Bauxite #2, Bauxite #3, Bauxite #4, and Bauxite #5 were bauxites from different geographical regions.
- Plant growth testing conditions included a mixture of graded fine 100% sand and peat moss at a 13.33:1 sand:peat ratio as the soil (with 75 wt% water, low nitrogen (10 kg N/ha), reduced phosphorus (100% phosphorous was defined as 45.4 kg P20s/ha), and low potassium (10 kg K2O/ha) disposed in six-inch square pots having 900 g medium per pot with 127.69 cm 2 surface area. Ten replications per treatment were performed with 0.5 g seeds per pot.
- the light source was 300-350 pmol/nr/s with a 16-hour light and 8-hour dark cycle at 28 °C under light and 22 °C under dark.
- Fertilizer was applied (10-0-32 (N-P2O5-K2O) at a rate of 0.1 g per pot once upon planting; monoammonium phosphate 11-52-0 (N-P2O5-K2O) at varying rates of P2O5 per pot once upon planting, urea 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O) was supplemented as needed once upon planting to ensure a total of 0.032 g N per pot).
- the growth was thinned to 30 seedlings per pot to standardize subsequent biomass increase for comparison. Growth was monitored for 21 days total, and both root and shoot biomass were analyzed.
- a small-plot field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of various rates of granular bauxite on com (#2 yellow dent) yields with reduced phosphorous fertilizer rates. (50% and 25%). Control checks were established at 100% phosphorous grower standard practice as well as at both 50% phosphorous and 25% phosphorous levels.
- This trial was a randomized complete block design (“RCBD”) with 10 treatments and 6 repetitions per treatment. Each plot was four rows wide and 40 feet long. Only yield data from the central two rows of each plot was taken to avoid treatment effect overlap that may be seen on the plot edges.
- the trial was conducted by a third-party research organization in Troy, OH. Reported site soil conditions were 40 ppm phosphorous, 3.8% organic material, and pH 5.4.
- Table 1 Treatments of various small agricultural corn plots in Sidney, Ohio (weights indicate an application rate of pounds per acre (lb/ac)).
- NDVI normalized differential vegetation indices
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
Dispersible bauxite granules are disclosed, including at least one bauxite domain and at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, or combinations thereof present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together, or bauxite particles and water-soluble binder agglomerating the plurality of bauxite particles into the dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the bauxite particles are free of chemical modification with NaOH. A method for amending soil with bauxite is disclosed, including applying bauxite to soil, wherein the bauxite is mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH, the bauxite has a moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%, the bauxite has a size of less than 0.6 mm, and the bauxite increases the efficacy of phosphate present in the soil by at least 5%.
Description
DISPERSIBLE BAUXITE GRANULES AND METHODS FOR AMENDING SOIL WITH BAUXITE
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/399,383, filed August 19, 2022, entitled “Dispersible Bauxite Granules and Methods for Amending Soil with Bauxite,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This application is directed to dispersible bauxite granules and methods for amending soil with bauxite. In particular, this application is directed to dispersible bauxite granules with at least one bauxite domain and at least one supplemental domain clustered together as distinct domains, dispersible bauxite granules free of chemical modification with NaOH agglomerated with water-soluble binder, and methods for amending soil with bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Phosphorus is a key nutrient for plant growth. Phosphorus must reside in a soluble form to be taken up by crops. While most soils exhibit a long history of phosphorus application, only a small fraction of the phosphorus remains in a soluble, plant-available form. In general, the vast majority of phosphorus is precipitated and/or adsorbed by soil particles upon application. Soils with a high phosphorus buffering capacity (often approximated by the phosphorus buffering index (“PBI”)) quickly and tightly bind phosphorus fertilizer, making it unavailable to plants. High PBI soil systems require excessive phosphorus application quantities in order to achieve adequate soluble phosphorus reservoirs to achieve maximum crop yields. This disproportionate phosphorus applied to phosphorus uptake ratio results in increases in phosphorus runoff, exacerbating already fragile environmental systems.
[0004] In contrast, an optimal soil system would regulate phosphorus buffering capacity by adsorbing phosphorus in a readily-accessible arrangement to allow quick desorption and solubility
when triggered by plant needs. Certain soil amendments, such as activated alumina, attempt to simulate this phosphorus regulation property, as they display both phosphorus concentrationdependent and pH-dependent desorption characteristics. However, high manufacturing carbon footprints and financial costs render these systems inopportune for large-scale agriculture applications. Ultimately, a sustainable option with adequate, long-term supply would be preferable.
[0005] Bauxite is a mined ore with relatively high aluminum content. As such, it is the main source of material for aluminum metal and alumina production. Unlike refined aluminum, bauxite ore includes many other minerals, including iron oxides and titanium oxides. The aluminum present in bauxite is in the form of various geologic mineral types and polymorphisms, such as gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore. Despite the conglomerate of materials, bauxites are effective adsorbents and are occasionally utilized in wastewater treatment processes to absorb, but not desorb, phosphates, fluorides, and other contaminants. While bauxite quality and material composition differ around the globe, current worldwide reserve estimates exceed 30 billion tons.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0006] In one exemplary embodiment, dispersible bauxite granules include at least one bauxite domain and at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof. The at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together.
[0007] In another exemplary embodiment, dispersible bauxite granules include bauxite particles and water-soluble binder agglomerating the plurality of bauxite particles into the dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the bauxite particles are free of chemical modification with NaOH.
[0008] In another exemplary embodiment, a method for amending soil with bauxite includes applying bauxite to soil, wherein the bauxite is mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH, the bauxite is mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH, the bauxite has a
moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%, the bauxite has a size of less than 0.6 mm, and the bauxite increases the efficacy of phosphate present in the soil by at least 5%.
[0009] Further aspects of the subject matter of the present disclosure are provided by the following clauses:
[0010] Dispersible bauxite granules including at least one bauxite domain and at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together.
[0011] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one nutrient domain, and the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of bioavailable species of phosphorus, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, manganese, vanadium, calcium, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, silicon, magnesium, sodium, nitrogen, boron, and combinations thereof.
[0012] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one phosphate domain as the bioavailable species of phosphorus.
[0013] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one phosphate domain is selected from the group consisting of diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, single superphosphate, and combinations thereof.
[0014] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one biological domain, and the at least one biological domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of humics, fulvics, living microbes, microbial metabolites, plant extracts, exogenous plant hormones, and combinations thereof.
[0015] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one
supplemental domain includes the at least one pesticide domain, and the at least one pesticide domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, and combinations thereof.
[0016] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one sorbent domain, and the at least one sorbent domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of zeolites, zeotypes, and combinations thereof.
[0017] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes at least one phosphate domain and at least one of an additional nutrient domain other than a phosphate, the at least one pesticide domain, the at least one biological additive domain, and combinations thereof.
[0018] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are coherent dispersible bauxite granules and the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the coherent dispersible bauxite granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together such that the coherent dispersible bauxite granules have an intergranular variability in bauxite domain to supplemental domain weight ratio of ±40% and a coherent dispersible bauxite granule crush strength of at least 3 Ibf.
[0019] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are agglomerated dispersible bauxite granules.
[0020] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, further including at least one layer disposed on the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one layer being selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient layer, at least one pesticide layer, at least one biological additive layer, at least one sorbent layer, and combinations thereof.
[0021] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one bauxite domain includes an activated bauxite domain.
[0022] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are intragranularly homogenously
distributed in the dispersible bauxite granules.
[0023] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are intergranularly homogenously distributed in the dispersible bauxite granules.
[0024] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are disposed as a coating layer on a seed.
[0025] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one bauxite domain has an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain.
[0026] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one bauxite domain has a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain.
[0027] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one bauxite domain includes mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH.
[0028] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one bauxite domain includes at least one of lateritic bauxite or karst bauxite.
[0029] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, further including at least one of a water-soluble binder, a suspension agent, or an emulsifying agent.
[0030] Dispersible bauxite granules including bauxite particles and water-soluble binder agglomerating the plurality of bauxite particles into the dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the bauxite particles are free of chemical modification with NaOH.
[0031] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are disposed as a coating layer on a seed.
[0032] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the bauxite particles have an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite particles.
[0033] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the bauxite particles have a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite particles.
[0034] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the bauxite particles include at least one of lateritic bauxite or karst bauxite.
[0035] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, further including at least one of a suspension agent or an emulsifying agent.
[0036] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules have a moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%.
[0037] The dispersible bauxite granules of any preceding clause, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules have a size of less than 0.6 mm.
[0038] A method for amending soil with bauxite including applying bauxite to soil, wherein the bauxite is mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH, the bauxite has a moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%, the bauxite has a size of less than 0.6 mm, and the bauxite increases the efficacy of phosphate present in the soil by at least 5%.
[0039] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the bauxite is present as at least one bauxite domain in dispersible bauxite granules, the dispersible bauxite granules further including at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof, and the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together.
[0040] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one nutrient domain, and the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of bioavailable species of phosphorus, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, manganese, vanadium, calcium, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, silicon, magnesium, sodium, nitrogen, boron, and combinations thereof.
[0041] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one phosphate domain as the bioavailablc species of phosphorus.
[0042] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one phosphate domain is selected from the group consisting of diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, single superphosphate, and combinations thereof.
[0043] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one biological domain, and the at least one biological domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of humics, fulvics, living microbes, microbial metabolites, plant extracts, exogenous plant hormones, and combinations thereof.
[0044] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one pesticide domain, and the at least one pesticide domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, and combinations thereof.
[0045] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one sorbent domain, and the at least one sorbent domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of zeolites, zeotypes, and combinations thereof.
[0046] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes at least one phosphate domain and at least one of an additional nutrient domain other than a phosphate, the at least one pesticide domain, the at least one biological additive domain, and combinations thereof.
[0047] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are coherent dispersible bauxite granules and the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the coherent dispersible bauxite granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together such that the coherent dispersible bauxite granules have an intergranular variability in bauxite domain to supplemental domain weight ratio of ±40% and a coherent dispersible bauxite granule crush strength of at least 3 Ibf.
[0048] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are
agglomerated dispersible bauxite granules.
[0049] The method of any preceding clause, further including at least one layer disposed on the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one layer being selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient layer, at least one pesticide layer, at least one biological additive layer, at least one sorbent layer, and combinations thereof.
[0050] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one bauxite domain includes an activated bauxite domain.
[0051] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are intragranularly homogenously distributed in the dispersible bauxite granules.
[0052] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are intergranularly homogenously distributed in the dispersible bauxite granules.
[0053] The method of any preceding clause, further including at least one of a water-soluble binder, a suspension agent, or an emulsifying agent.
[0054] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the bauxite is disposed as a coating layer on a seed.
[0055] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the bauxite has an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite.
[0056] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the bauxite has a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite.
[0057] The method of any preceding clause, wherein the bauxite includes at least one of lateritic bauxite or karst bauxite.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0058] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present subject matter will
become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0059] FIG. 1 is a bar graph showing the effect of application of bauxite on shoot mass of annual ryegrass plants after a 50% reduction in phosphorus, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0060] FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing the combined root and shoot mass of ryegrass following 21 days of growth for treated samples, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0061] FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing the total phosphorus uptake in ryegrass following 21 days of growth or treated samples, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0062] FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing the combined root and shoot biomass of ryegrass following 21 days of growth for treated samples, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0063] FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing the combined root and shoot biomass of ryegrass following 21 days of growth for treated samples, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0064] FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing normalized differential vegetation indices for various small plots treated at different phosphorous application and bauxite granule rates, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0065] FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing phosphate uptake in various small field plots receiving different applications of phosphorus and bauxite, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0066] FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing com yield in various small plots receiving different applications of phosphorous and bauxite, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0067] Disclosed herein are dispersible bauxite granules and methods for amending soil with
bauxite. Embodiments of the present disclosure, in contrast to granules and methods lacking one or more of the features disclosed herein, reduce cost, reduce negative environmental impacts, reduce carbon emissions, reduce production of red mud byproduct, or combinations thereof.
[0068] As used herein, “about” indicates a variance of up to 10% from the value being so modified. All values modified with “about” are also intended to convey the unmodified value as an alternative, so that “about 10 gm,” by way of examples, discloses both a range of 9-11 gm as well as specifically 10 gm.
[0069] As used herein, “coherent” dispersible granules are differentiated from “agglomerated” dispersible granules in that “agglomerated” refers to granules formed by mechanically agglomerating at least two types of preformed particles together, whereas “coherent” refers to granules formed by agglomerating one type of preformed particle with a second domain of material which is being simultaneously formed. Structural distinctions between coherent dispersible granules and agglomerated dispersible granules include, but are not limited to, greater granule crush strength, improved resistance to attrition, reduced moisture content, greater hygroscopic stability, less intergranular variability in bauxite:supplemental domain weight ratio, greater contact surface area between bauxite and supplemental domains resulting in tighter adhesion, increased bauxite surface area, reduced binder incorporation, a greater degree of intermixed domains, or combinations thereof.
[0070] In one embodiment, dispersible bauxite granules include bauxite particles and water- soluble binder agglomerating the plurality of bauxite particles into the dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the bauxite particles are free of chemical modification with NaOH. The bauxite particles may have an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite particles, alternatively at least 40 wt%, alternatively at least 45 wt%, alternatively at least 50 wt%, alternatively at least 55 wt%. The bauxite particles may have a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite particles, alternatively at least 60 wt%, alternatively at least 65 wt%, alternatively at least 70 wt%, alternatively at least 75 wt%. The bauxite particles may include at least one of lateritic bauxite or karst bauxite. The dispersible bauxite granules may further include at least one of a suspension agent or an emulsifying agent. The dispersible bauxite granules may have a moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%,
alternatively less than 8%, alternatively less than 6%, alternatively less than 5%, alternatively less than 4%, alternatively less than 3%, alternatively less than 2%, alternatively less than 1%. The dispersible bauxite granule may have any suitable size, including, but not limited to, a size of less than 0.6 mm, alternatively less than 0.5 mm, alternatively less than 0.4 mm, alternatively less than 0.3 mm, alternatively less than 0.2 mm, alternatively less than 0.1 mm.
[0071] In one embodiment, dispersible bauxite granules include at least one bauxite domain and at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof. The at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together. The at least one bauxite domain may include an activated bauxite domain. The activated bauxite may be activated via calcination, acid treatment, or combinations thereof.
[0072] The at least one bauxite domain may have any suitable alumina content, including, but not limited to, an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain, alternatively at least 40 wt%, alternatively at least 45 wt%, alternatively at least 50 wt%, alternatively at least 55 wt%.
[0073] The at least one bauxite domain may have any suitable combined alumina and iron oxide content, including, but not limited to, a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain, alternatively at least 60 wt%, alternatively at least 65 wt%, alternatively at least 70 wt%, alternatively at least 75 wt%.
[0074] In one embodiment, the at least one bauxite domain includes mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH. In contrast, bauxite residue (also known as red mud, bauxite tailings, red sludge, or alumina refinery residues) from the processing of bauxite into alumina using the Bayer or similar processes is chemically altered by, inter alia, treatment of the bauxite with NaOH.
[0075] The at least one bauxite domain may include any suitable bauxite mineral, including, but not limited to, lateritic bauxite, karst bauxite, or combinations thereof.
[0076] The dispersible bauxite granules may further include at least one additional metal oxide
domain. Suitable additional metal oxide domains include, but are not limited to, aluminum oxide, a-alumina, ^-alumina, y-alumina, 5-alumina, alumina trihydrate, alumina monohydrate, boehmite, pseudoboehmite, gibbsite, iron oxide, hematite, maghemite, magnetite, goethite, iron hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, copper oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, manganese dioxide, nickel oxide, silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, activated metal oxides forms of any of the foregoing, or combinations thereof. The metal oxide may be activated via calcination, acid treatment, or combinations thereof. As used herein, “metal oxide” is understood to be inclusive of metal oxide hydrates and metal oxide hydroxides.
[0077] The dispersible bauxite granules may be coherent dispersible bauxite granules or agglomerated dispersible bauxite granules. In one embodiment, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are coherent dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the coherent dispersible bauxite granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together such that the coherent dispersible bauxite granules have an intergranular variability in bauxite domain to supplemental domain weight ratio of ±40% and a coherent dispersible bauxite granule crush strength of at least 3 Ibf, alternatively at least 3.5 Ibf, alternatively at least 4 Ibf, alternatively at least 4.5 Ibf, alternatively at least 5 Ibf. The coherent dispersible bauxite granules may have reduced intergranular bauxite domain to supplemental domain ratio variability in comparison to otherwise identical agglomerated bauxite dispersible granules, alternatively 5% less intergranular bauxite domain to supplemental domain ratio variability, alternatively 10% less, alternatively 15% less, alternatively 20% less, alternatively 25% less. In one embodiment, the coherent dispersible bauxite granules have an intergranular variability in bauxite domain to supplemental domain weight ratio of ±40%, alternatively ±35%, alternatively ±30%, alternatively ±25%, alternatively ±20%, alternatively ±15%. As used herein, intergranular variability is measured relative to the lesser component of bauxite domain and supplemental domain as measured by the average across the coherent dispersible bauxite granules such that if the average bauxite domain: supplemental domain weight ratio is 50:50 with an intergranularity of ±40%, the bauxite domaimsupplemental domain weight ratio may range from 30:70 to 70:30. By way of further explanation, if the average bauxite domaimsupplemental domain weight ratio is 25:75 with an intergranularity of ±40%., the bauxite domaimsupplemental domain weight ratio may range from 15:85 to 35:65.
[0078] Structural distinctions between “coherent bauxite dispersible granules” and “agglomerated dispersible bauxite granules” include, but arc not limited to, greater granule crush strength, improved resistance to attrition, reduced moisture content, greater hygroscopic stability, less intergranular variability in bauxite domain: supplemental domain weight ratio, greater contact surface area between bauxite and supplemental domains, tighter adhesion between bauxite and supplemental domains, increased bauxite surface area, reduced binder incorporation, a greater degree of intermixed domains, or combinations thereof.
[0079] Suitable at least one nutrient domains include, but are not limited to, bioavailable species of phosphorus, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, manganese, vanadium, calcium, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, silicon, magnesium, sodium, nitrogen, boron, or combinations thereof Bioavailable species of the foregoing nutrients include, but are not limited to, Moth", SeO2“, Zn2+, ZnCl", CuCO3, Co2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, NiCl+, Mn2+, MnCl+, HVO4 2’, Ca2+, K+, SO4 2", Cl-, SiOH4, Mg2+, Na+, NH4+, NCh”, H3BO3, and B4O?2-. In one embodiment, the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one phosphate domain as the bioavailable species of phosphorus. Suitable phosphates for the bioavailable species include, but are not limited to, diammonium phosphates (“DAP”), monoammonium phosphates (“MAP”), triple superphosphates (“TSP”), single superphosphates (“SSP”), or combinations thereof.
[0080] Suitable at least one biological additive domains include, but are not limited to, humics, fulvics, living microbes, microbial metabolites, plant extracts, exogenous plant hormones, or combinations thereof. Any suitable variations of humic or fulvic acid-containing formulations or any materials of which are organic matter derived and contain numerous humic and/or fulvic acid species may be employed. Microbes may include, but are not limited to, Rhodopseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Saccharomyces spp., Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., or combinations thereof. Plant extracts may include, but are not limited to, phytohormones, quinols, plastoquinones, flavonoids, plant-growth-promoting metabolites, or combinations thereof. Exogenous plant hormones may include, but are not limited to, IDAA, gibberellin, abscisic acid, auxins, jasmonates, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, salicylic acid, or combinations thereof.
[0081] Suitable at least one pesticide domains include, but are not limited to, herbicides,
insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, or combinations thereof. Suitable herbicides include, but are not limited to, sulfonylurcas, HPPD-inhibitors, chloroacctamidcs, PPO-inhibitors, phcnylurca, triazines, or combinations thereof. Suitable insecticides include, but are not limited to, organophosphates, carbamides, pyrethrins, neonicotinoids, spinosins, indoxacarb, diamides, or combinations thereof. Suitable fungicides include, but are not limited to, strobilurines, pyrimidines, triazoles, dicarboximides, or combinations thereof. Suitable nematicides include, but are not limited to, avermectin, carbamates, organophosphates, or combinations thereof.
[0082] The at least one sorbent domain may include, but is not limited to, zeolites, zeotypes, or combinations thereof.
[0083] In one embodiment, the at least one supplemental domain includes at least one phosphate domain and at least one of, at least two of, or each of, an additional nutrient domain other than a phosphate, the at least one pesticide domain, the at least one biological additive domain, or combinations thereof.
[0084] The dispersible bauxite granules may include at least one layer disposed on the dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the at least one layer is at least one nutrient layer, at least one pesticide layer, at least one biological additive layer, at least one sorbent layer, or combinations thereof.
[0085] The at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain may be intragranularly homogenously or heterogeneously distributed in the dispersible bauxite granules. The at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain may be intergranularly homogenously or heterogeneously distributed in the dispersible bauxite granules.
[0086] The dispersible bauxite granules may be disposed as a coating layer on a seed.
[0087] In one embodiment, each of the at least one bauxite domain is at least 50% surrounded by the at least one supplemental domain, alternatively at least 60% surrounded, alternatively at least 70% surrounded, alternatively at least 80% surrounded, alternatively at least 90% surrounded, alternatively at least 95% surrounded, alternatively at least 99% surrounded, alternatively entirely surrounded.
[0088] The dispersible bauxite granules may have any suitable weight ratio of bauxite to supplemental domain, including, but not limited to, a weight ratio of 10:1 to 1:10, alternatively 8:1 to 1:8, alternatively 7:1 to 1:7, alternatively 6:1 to 1:6, alternatively 5:1 to 1:5, alternatively 4:1 to 1:4, alternatively 3:1 to 1:3, alternatively 2:1 to 1:2, alternatively 3:1 to 1:1, alternatively 1:1 to 1:3, alternative about 2:1, alternatively about 1:1, alternatively about 1:2, or any sub-range or combination of ranges thereof.
[0089] The dispersible bauxite granules may include at least one of a water-soluble binder, a suspension agent, or an emulsifying agent. In one embodiment, the dispersible bauxite granules include, by weight, 1-40% water-soluble binder, alternatively 5-35%, alternatively 5-15%, alternatively 10-20%, alternatively 15-25%, alternatively 20-30%, alternatively 25-35%, or any sub-range or combination thereof. Suitable water-soluble binders include, but are not limited to, calcium lignosulfonate, ammonium lignosulfonate, or combinations thereof. Suitable suspension agents include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides, inorganic salts, carbomers, or combinations thereof. Suitable emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, vegetable derivatives such as acacia, tragacanth, agar, pectin, carrageenan, or lecithin, animal derivatives such as gelatin, lanolin, or cholesterol, semi-synthetic agents such as methylcellulose, or carboxymethylcellulose, synthetics such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, alkali soaps (including sodium or potassium oleate), amine soaps (including triethanolamine stearate), detergents (including sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, or sodium docusate), sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene derivatives of sorbitan esters, glyceryl esters, or combinations thereof.
[0090] The dispersible bauxite granules may further include at least one additional domain present as a distinct domain. Suitable additional domains include, but are not limited to, at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain or combinations thereof. The at least one additional domain may be coherently agglomerated with the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain in the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one additional domain may be agglomerated with the coherently agglomerated with the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain in the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one additional domain may be coated onto the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one additional domain may be intermixed with the dispersible bauxite granules, or combinations thereof.
[0091] Bauxite particles constituting the at least one bauxite domain may have any suitable size, including, but not limited to, smaller than about 300 pm, alternatively smaller than about 150 pm, alternatively smaller than about 100 pm, alternatively smaller than about 75 pm, alternatively smaller than about 50 pm, alternatively smaller than about 25 pm, or smaller, or any sub-range or combination thereof.
[0092] In one embodiment, the dispersible bauxite granules include, by weight, 5-80% bauxite domain, 10-95% supplemental domain, and, optionally, 1-50% water-soluble binder, alternatively 30-40% bauxite domain, 30-40% supplemental domain, and 20-40% water-soluble binder, alternatively 35% bauxite domain, 35% supplemental domain, and 30% water-soluble binder. In a further embodiment, the dispersible bauxite granules include by weight, 5-70% bauxite domain, 10-70% supplemental domain, up to 50% water-soluble binder, and up to 20% surfactants and emulsifiers combined, alternatively consist of, by weight, 5-50% bauxite domain, 10-50% supplemental domain, up to 50% water-soluble binder, and up to 5% surfactants and emulsifiers combined.
[0093] The dispersible bauxite granules may have any suitable size (as measured by diameter based upon the median within the sample). Suitable sizing for the dispersible bauxite granules may include, but is not limited to, about 0.4 mm to about 4.0 mm, alternatively about 0.4 mm to about 1 .2 mm, alternatively about 0.9 mm to about 1 .5 mm, alternatively about 1 .2 mm to about 1 .8 mm, alternatively about 1.5 mm to about 2.1 mm, alternatively about 1.8 mm to about 2.4 mm, alternatively about 2.1 mm to about 2.7 mm, alternatively about 2.4 mm to about 3.0 mm, alternatively about 2.7 mm to about 3.3 mm, alternatively about 3.0 mm to about 3.6 mm. alternatively about 3.3 mm to about 4.0 mm, alternatively about 0.4 mm, alternatively about 0.5 mm, alternatively about 0.6 mm, alternatively about 0.7 mm, alternatively about 0.8 mm, alternatively about 0.9 mm, alternatively about 1.0 mm, alternatively about 1.1 mm, alternatively about 1.2 mm, alternatively about 1.3 mm, alternatively about 1.4 mm, alternatively about 1.5 mm, alternatively about 1.6 mm, alternatively about 1.7 mm, alternatively about 1.8 mm, alternatively about 1.9 mm, alternatively about 2.0 mm, alternatively about 2.1 mm, alternatively about 2.2 mm, alternatively about 2.3 mm, alternatively about 2.4 mm, alternatively about 2.5 mm, alternatively about 2.6 mm, alternatively about 2.7 mm, alternatively about 2.8 mm, alternatively about 2.9 mm, alternatively about 3.0 mm, alternatively about 3.1 mm, alternatively about 3.2 mm, alternatively
about 3.3 mm, alternatively about 3.4 mm, alternatively about 3.5 mm, alternatively about 3.6 mm, alternatively about 3.7 mm, alternatively about 3.8 mm, alternatively about 3.9 mm, alternatively about 4.0 mm, alternatively more than about 4.0 mm, or any sub-range or combination thereof. In one non-limiting example, golf greens may use dispersible bauxite granules of about 0.5 mm to about 0.8 mm. In another non-limiting example, com may use dispersible bauxite granules via a broadcast application of about 2.4 mm. In a third non-limiting example, any crop with a strip-till machine application may use dispersible bauxite granules of about 1.5 mm. In one embodiment, suitable, for example, for application as a suspension, the dispersible bauxite granules are micronized, and have a particle size less than about 200 pm, alternatively less than about 150 pm, alternatively less than about 100 pm, alternatively less than about 75 pm, alternatively less than about 1 pm, alternatively less than about 1 pm, alternatively less than about 50 pm, alternatively less than about 25 pm, alternatively less than about 10 pm, alternatively less than about 5 pm, alternatively less than about 2 pm, alternatively less than about 1 pm, alternatively less than about 0.75 pm, alternatively less than about 0.5 pm, alternatively less than about 0.25 pm, alternatively less than about 0.1 pm, alternatively less than about 0.05 pm, alternatively less than about 0.01 pm, as measured by largest particle dimension.
[0094] In one embodiment, a method for forming coherent dispersible bauxite granules includes mixing phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid in an acid surge tank, reacting the phosphoric acid with ammonia in the presence of the sulfuric acid in a reactor vessel to form ammonium phosphate, introducing bauxite particles into the presence of the ammonium phosphate, coagglomerating the ammonium phosphate and the bauxite particles in a rotary drum ammoniator- granulator to form coherent dispersible bauxite granules, and drying the coherent dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental (phosphate) domain are present in the coherent dispersible granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together.
[0095] In one embodiment, a method for forming coherent dispersible granules includes mixing phosphoric acid and ground phosphate rock in a reactor, feeding the slurry into a granulator, introducing bauxite particles into the presence of the agglomerating superphosphate, co-agglomerating the superphosphate and the bauxite particles in the granulator to form the coherent dispersible bauxite granules, and drying the coherent dispersible bauxite granules,
wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental (phosphate) domain are present in the coherent dispersible bauxite granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together.
[0096] Introducing the bauxite particles into the presence of the ammonium phosphate may include premixing the bauxite particles with the phosphoric acid prior to reacting the phosphoric acid with the ammonia, adding the bauxite particles into the acid surge tank, adding the bauxite particles into the reactor vessel, adding the bauxite particles into the rotary drum ammoniator- granulator, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the bauxite particles are maintained within a pH range of about 1.5 to about 7.5 from introduction through coherent agglomeration, alternatively about 1.5 to 2.5, alternatively about 2 to 3, alternatively about 2.5 to 3.5, alternatively about 3 to 4, alternatively about 3.5 to 4.5, alternatively about 4 to 5, alternatively about 4.5 to 5.5, alternatively about 5 to 6, alternatively about 5.5 to 6.5, alternatively about 6 to 7, alternatively about 6.5 to 7.5, or any sub-range or combination thereof.
[0097] Drying the coherent dispersible bauxite granules may include drying the coherent dispersible bauxite granules in a rotary dryer. Further bauxite particles may be introduced into the rotary dryer to be dried and further agglomerated with the coherent dispersible bauxite granules.
[0098] In one embodiment, a method for amending soil with bauxite includes applying bauxite to soil, wherein the bauxite is mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH. The bauxite may have any suitable moisture content, including, but not limited to, a moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%, alternatively less than 8%, alternatively less than 6%, alternatively less than 5%, alternatively less than 4%, alternatively less than 3%, alternatively less than 2%, alternatively less than 1%. The bauxite may have any suitable size, including, but not limited to, a size of less than 0.6 mm, alternatively less than 0.5 mm, alternatively less than 0.4 mm, alternatively less than 0.3 mm, alternatively less than 0.2 mm, alternatively less than 0.1 mm. The bauxite increases the efficacy of phosphate present in the soil by at least 5%, alternatively at least 10%, alternatively at least 15%, alternatively at least 20%, alternatively at least 25%, alternatively at least 30%, alternatively at least 35%, alternatively at least 40%, alternatively at least 45%, alternatively at least 50%. As used herein, increasing the efficacy of the phosphate present in the soil means that, for plants grown in the soil at a particular phosphate loading, at least one of the
shoot mass or the root mass yielded is increased by the recited amount as a measure of efficacy.
[0099] The bauxite may be applied to the soil by any suitable technique, including, but not limited to, a no-till application, a till application, an in-furrow application, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the bauxite is applied to a non-bauxitic soil.
[0100] The bauxite may be present as at least one bauxite domain in dispersible bauxite granules, the dispersible bauxite granules further including at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof, and the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together, as further described above.
[0101] The bauxite may be applied as a coating layer on a seed, and then applied to the soil by distribution of such coated seeds into the soil.
[0102] The bauxite may have any suitable alumina content, including, but not limited to, an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain, alternatively at least 40 wt%, alternatively at least 45 wt%, alternatively at least 50 wt%, alternatively at least 55 wt%.
[0103] The bauxite may have any suitable combined alumina and iron oxide content, including, but not limited to, a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain, alternatively at least 60 wt%, alternatively at least 65 wt%, alternatively at least 70 wt%, alternatively at least 75 wt%.
[0104] The bauxite may be free of chemical modification with NaOH. The bauxite domain may be lateritic bauxite, karst bauxite, or combinations thereof. The bauxite may include at least one of a water-soluble binder, a suspension agent, or an emulsifying agent.
EXAMPLES
[0105] Referring to FIG. 1 , a 21 -day grow room trial involving annual ryegrass was performed in pots, where phosphorus levels were modified. Various raw bauxite sources and alumina were applied as 250 pm (-60 mesh) powders at a converted rate of 100 Ib/acre. Plant shoot mass data
suggested that soil supplementation with raw bauxite powder enabled similar shoot growth with only 50% of the applied P2O5 relative to a control.
[0106] Experimental Methods
[0107] Grow Room Studies:
[0108] Bauxites (Bauxite #1, Bauxite #2, Bauxite #3, Bauxite #4, and Bauxite #5) were prepared for plant grow room studies by grinding and sieving the resulting powders through a specified mesh size. Test treatments (Bauxite + reduced phosphorus) were compared to a negative reference (no phosphate fertilizer) and to two positive references (100% and 50% phosphorous controls). Bauxite #1, Bauxite #2, Bauxite #3, Bauxite #4, and Bauxite #5 were bauxites from different geographical regions.
[0109] The agronomic efficiency of bauxites was investigated in a pot experiment with perennial ryegrass (Loliurn perenne L.), conducted in a grow room facility with controlled conditions. Plant growth testing conditions included a mixture of graded fine 100% sand and peat moss at a 13.33:1 sand:peat ratio as the soil (with 75 wt% water, low nitrogen (10 kg N/ha), reduced phosphorus (100% phosphorous was defined as 45.4 kg P20s/ha), and low potassium (10 kg K2O/ha) disposed in six-inch square pots having 900 g medium per pot with 127.69 cm2 surface area. Ten replications per treatment were performed with 0.5 g seeds per pot. The light source was 300-350 pmol/nr/s with a 16-hour light and 8-hour dark cycle at 28 °C under light and 22 °C under dark. Fertilizer was applied (10-0-32 (N-P2O5-K2O) at a rate of 0.1 g per pot once upon planting; monoammonium phosphate 11-52-0 (N-P2O5-K2O) at varying rates of P2O5 per pot once upon planting, urea 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O) was supplemented as needed once upon planting to ensure a total of 0.032 g N per pot). On Day 10, the growth was thinned to 30 seedlings per pot to standardize subsequent biomass increase for comparison. Growth was monitored for 21 days total, and both root and shoot biomass were analyzed.
[0110] Small-Plot Field Trial:
[0111] A small-plot field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of various rates of granular bauxite on com (#2 yellow dent) yields with reduced phosphorous fertilizer rates. (50% and 25%). Control checks were established at 100% phosphorous grower standard practice as well as at both
50% phosphorous and 25% phosphorous levels. This trial was a randomized complete block design (“RCBD”) with 10 treatments and 6 repetitions per treatment. Each plot was four rows wide and 40 feet long. Only yield data from the central two rows of each plot was taken to avoid treatment effect overlap that may be seen on the plot edges. The trial was conducted by a third-party research organization in Troy, OH. Reported site soil conditions were 40 ppm phosphorous, 3.8% organic material, and pH 5.4.
[0112] Referring to FIG. 2, the combined root and shoot mass of ryegrass following 21 days of growth for each of the treated samples was measured. Despite only receiving 50% of the phosphorous application compared to the 100% phosphorous control, samples that received coapplication with a raw, calcined, or granulated bauxite maintained statistical equivalence (or exceeded) the 100% phosphorous application control.
[0113] Referring to FIG. 3, the total phosphorous uptake in ryegrass following 21 days of growth for each of the treated samples as measured. Despite only receiving 50% of the phosphorous application compared to the 100% phosphorous control, samples that received coapplication with a raw, calcined, or granulated bauxite showed increased phosphorous uptake compared to the 50% phosphorous control.
[0114] Referring to FIG. 4, the combined root and shoot biomass of ryegrass following 21 days of growth for each of the treated samples was measured. The percentages in parentheses refer to the input concentration of bauxite into the manufacturing process. Despite only receiving 50% of the phosphorous application compared to the 100% phosphorous control in a form where the bauxite and the phosphorous source were co-granulated within a single granule, samples that received application of the bauxite co-granules maintained statistical equivalence (or exceeded) the 100% phosphorous application control. A trend persisted that greater bauxite inclusion rates within the granules resulted in greater biomass, regardless of whether granulation occurred via chemical or agglomeration-based granulation methods.
[0115] Referring to FIG. 5, the combined root and shoot biomass of ryegrass following 21 days of growth for each of the treated samples was measured. Despite only receiving 50% of the phosphorous application compared to the 100% phosphorous control, each of the samples that received co-application with a raw bauxite maintained statistical equivalence (or exceeded) the
100% phosphorous application control. Calcination of the raw bauxite under various time and temperature conditions showed no statistical impact on biomass.
[0116] Table 1. Treatments of various small agricultural corn plots in Sidney, Ohio (weights indicate an application rate of pounds per acre (lb/ac)).
[0117] Referring to FIG. 6, normalized differential vegetation indices (“NDVI”) for the various small plots treated at different phosphorous application and bauxite granule rates were measured. Despite receiving only 50% or 25% of the phosphorous application compared to the 100% phosphorous plots, plots that received the granular bauxite application showed no statistical difference than the plots receiving 100% phosphorous application.
[0118] Referring to FIG. 7, phosphate uptake in the various small field plots receiving different
applications of phosphorous and bauxite was measured. Despite only receiving 50% or 25% of the phosphorous application compared to the 100% phosphorous control, each of the plot groups that received co-application with a raw bauxite maintained statistical equivalence (or exceeded) the 100% phosphorous application control plots.
[0119] Referring to FIG. 8, com yield in the various small plots receiving different applications of phosphorous and bauxite were measured. Despite only receiving 50% or 25% of the phosphorous application compared to the 100% phosphorous control, each of the plot groups that received co-application with a raw bauxite maintained statistical equivalence (or exceeded) the 100% phosphorous application control plots. A clear trend was observed where greater application rates of granular bauxites resulted in higher yields, dependent upon the phosphorus application rate.
[0120] While the foregoing specification illustrates and describes exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
1. Dispersible bauxite granules, comprising: at least one bauxite domain; and at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together.
2. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one nutrient domain, and the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of bioavailable species of phosphorus, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, manganese, vanadium, calcium, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, silicon, magnesium, sodium, nitrogen, boron, and combinations thereof.
3. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 2, wherein the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one phosphate domain as the bioavailable species of phosphorus.
4. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 3, wherein the at least one phosphate domain is selected from the group consisting of diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, single superphosphate, and combinations thereof
5. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one biological domain, and the at least one biological domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of humics, fulvics, living microbes, microbial metabolites, plant extracts, exogenous plant hormones, and combinations thereof.
6. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one pesticide domain, and the at least one pesticide domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, and combinations thereof.
7. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one supplemental domain
includes the at least one sorbent domain, and the at least one sorbent domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of zeolites, zcotypcs, and combinations thereof The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes at least one phosphate domain and at least one of an additional nutrient domain other than a phosphate, the at least one pesticide domain, the at least one biological additive domain, and combinations thereof. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are coherent dispersible bauxite granules and the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the coherent dispersible bauxite granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together such that the coherent dispersible bauxite granules have an intergranular variability in bauxite domain to supplemental domain weight ratio of ±40% and a coherent dispersible bauxite granule crush strength of at least 3 Ibf. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are agglomerated dispersible bauxite granules. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1 , further including at least one layer disposed on the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one layer being selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient layer, at least one pesticide layer, at least one biological additive layer, at least one sorbent layer, and combinations thereof. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one bauxite domain includes an activated bauxite domain. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are intragranularly homogenously distributed in the dispersible bauxite granules. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are intergranularly homogenously distributed in the dispersible bauxite granules. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are disposed as a coating layer on a seed. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one bauxite domain has an
alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one bauxite domain has a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the at least one bauxite domain. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one bauxite domain includes mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, wherein the at least one bauxite domain includes at least one of lateritic bauxite or karst bauxite. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 1, further including at least one of a water-soluble binder, a suspension agent, or an emulsifying agent. Dispersible bauxite granules, comprising: bauxite particles; and water-soluble binder agglomerating the plurality of bauxite particles into the dispersible bauxite granules, wherein the bauxite particles are free of chemical modification with NaOH. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 21, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are disposed as a coating layer on a seed. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 21, wherein the bauxite particles have an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite particles. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 21, wherein the bauxite particles have a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite particles. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 21, wherein the bauxite particles include at least one of lateritic bauxite or karst bauxite. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 21, further including at least one of a suspension agent or an emulsifying agent. The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 21, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules have a moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%.
The dispersible bauxite granules of claim 21 , wherein the dispersible bauxite granules have a size of less than 0.6 mm. A method for amending soil with bauxite, comprising: applying bauxite to soil, wherein: the bauxite is mineral bauxite free of chemical modification with NaOH; the bauxite has a moisture content, by weight, of less than 10%; the bauxite has a size of less than 0.6 mm; and the bauxite increases the efficacy of phosphate present in the soil by at least 5%. The method of claim 29, wherein the bauxite is present as at least one bauxite domain in dispersible bauxite granules, the dispersible bauxite granules further including at least one supplemental domain selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient domain, at least one pesticide domain, at least one biological additive domain, at least one sorbent domain, and combinations thereof, and the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the dispersible bauxite granule as distinct domains clustered together. The method of claim 30, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one nutrient domain, and the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of bioavailable species of phosphorus, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, manganese, vanadium, calcium, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, silicon, magnesium, sodium, nitrogen, boron, and combinations thereof. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one nutrient domain includes at least one phosphate domain as the bioavailable species of phosphorus. The method of claim 32, wherein the at least one phosphate domain is selected from the group consisting of diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, single superphosphate, and combinations thereof. The method of claim 30, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one biological domain, and the at least one biological domain includes at least one additive
selected from the group consisting of humics, fulvics, living microbes, microbial metabolites, plant extracts, exogenous plant hormones, and combinations thereof. The method of claim 30, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one pesticide domain, and the at least one pesticide domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, and combinations thereof. The method of claim 30, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes the at least one sorbent domain, and the at least one sorbent domain includes at least one additive selected from the group consisting of zeolites, zeotypes, and combinations thereof. The method of claim 30, wherein the at least one supplemental domain includes at least one phosphate domain and at least one of an additional nutrient domain other than a phosphate, the at least one pesticide domain, the at least one biological additive domain, and combinations thereof. The method of claim 30, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are coherent dispersible bauxite granules and the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are present in the coherent dispersible bauxite granules as distinct domains coherently agglomerated together such that the coherent dispersible bauxite granules have an intergranular variability in bauxite domain to supplemental domain weight ratio of ±40% and a coherent dispersible bauxite granule crush strength of at least 3 Ibf. The method of claim 30, wherein the dispersible bauxite granules are agglomerated dispersible bauxite granules. The method of claim 30, further including at least one layer disposed on the dispersible bauxite granules, the at least one layer being selected from the group consisting of at least one nutrient layer, at least one pesticide layer, at least one biological additive layer, at least one sorbent layer, and combinations thereof. The method of claim 30, wherein the at least one bauxite domain includes an activated bauxite domain. The method of claim 30, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are intragranularly homogenously distributed in the dispersible bauxite
granules. The method of claim 30, wherein the at least one bauxite domain and the at least one supplemental domain are intergranularly homogenously distributed in the dispersible bauxite granules. The method of claim 29, further including at least one of a water-soluble binder, a suspension agent, or an emulsifying agent. The method of claim 29, wherein the bauxite is disposed as a coating layer on a seed. The method of claim 29, wherein the bauxite has an alumina content of at least 35 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite. The method of claim 29, wherein the bauxite has a combined alumina and iron oxide content of at least 55 wt% based on the total weight of the bauxite. The method of claim 29, wherein the bauxite includes at least one of lateritic bauxite or karst bauxite.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202263399383P | 2022-08-19 | 2022-08-19 | |
US63/399,383 | 2022-08-19 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2024039727A1 true WO2024039727A1 (en) | 2024-02-22 |
Family
ID=88093477
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2023/030358 WO2024039727A1 (en) | 2022-08-19 | 2023-08-16 | Dispersible bauxite granules and methods for amending soil with bauxite |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
WO (1) | WO2024039727A1 (en) |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3228891A (en) * | 1962-08-17 | 1966-01-11 | Minerals & Chem Philipp Corp | Method for producing spherical bauxite adsorbent granules |
US3406125A (en) * | 1967-04-20 | 1968-10-15 | Engelhard Min & Chem | Activated bauxite aggregates and preparation thereof |
WO2004046064A1 (en) * | 2002-11-18 | 2004-06-03 | Mt Aspiring Geochemistry Consultants Pty Ltd | Fertiliser |
CN108623400A (en) * | 2018-07-23 | 2018-10-09 | 望江县东方米业有限责任公司 | A kind of rice organic composite base fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
CN109320362A (en) * | 2018-12-06 | 2019-02-12 | 安徽铜陵天门白姜食品有限责任公司 | A kind of ginger organic farm manure and its processing technology |
WO2023028134A2 (en) * | 2021-08-25 | 2023-03-02 | Phospholutions Inc. | Coherent dispersible granules and methods for forming coherent dispersible granules |
-
2023
- 2023-08-16 WO PCT/US2023/030358 patent/WO2024039727A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3228891A (en) * | 1962-08-17 | 1966-01-11 | Minerals & Chem Philipp Corp | Method for producing spherical bauxite adsorbent granules |
US3406125A (en) * | 1967-04-20 | 1968-10-15 | Engelhard Min & Chem | Activated bauxite aggregates and preparation thereof |
WO2004046064A1 (en) * | 2002-11-18 | 2004-06-03 | Mt Aspiring Geochemistry Consultants Pty Ltd | Fertiliser |
CN108623400A (en) * | 2018-07-23 | 2018-10-09 | 望江县东方米业有限责任公司 | A kind of rice organic composite base fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
CN109320362A (en) * | 2018-12-06 | 2019-02-12 | 安徽铜陵天门白姜食品有限责任公司 | A kind of ginger organic farm manure and its processing technology |
WO2023028134A2 (en) * | 2021-08-25 | 2023-03-02 | Phospholutions Inc. | Coherent dispersible granules and methods for forming coherent dispersible granules |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US10513470B2 (en) | Slow and fast release fertilizer composition and methods for making same | |
US9540291B2 (en) | Coating for improved granular fertilizer efficiency | |
KR102561235B1 (en) | Expandable fertilizer granules containing elemental sulfur with increased oxidation rate | |
US11066340B2 (en) | Fertilizers containing slow and fast release sources of boron | |
WO2023028134A2 (en) | Coherent dispersible granules and methods for forming coherent dispersible granules | |
Sekhar et al. | Phosphate rock with farmyard manure as P fertilizer in neutral and weakly alkaline soils | |
WO2011114221A1 (en) | Fertilizer composition | |
WO2024039727A1 (en) | Dispersible bauxite granules and methods for amending soil with bauxite | |
EP4118060B1 (en) | Agglomerated dispersible granules, methods for amending soil, and activated alumina suspensions | |
Liu et al. | Enhancing efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers through formula modifications | |
CN101844950A (en) | Method for producing novel magnetic compound fertilizer | |
EP1381580B8 (en) | Phosphorous forest fertilizer | |
WO2023239775A1 (en) | Soil regulation dispersible granules | |
WO2024039757A1 (en) | Dispersible activated bauxite granules and methods for forming dispersible activated bauxite granules | |
OA20907A (en) | Agglomerated dispersible granules, methods for amending soil, and activated alumina suspensions. | |
Liu et al. | 10 Enhancing Efficiency | |
Huang | Effects of green manure, rock phosphate, and lime on plant growth in highly weathered, acid soils | |
Bishop et al. | MICRO-NUTRIENTS UPTAKE EFFICIENCY AS A FUNCTION OF FORM AND PLACEMENT–A REVIEW |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 23772625 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |