WO2024038358A1

WO2024038358A1 - Systems and methods for analyte-based access controls

Info

Publication number: WO2024038358A1
Application number: PCT/IB2023/058072
Authority: WO
Inventors: Phillip Bosua; Ronald Erickson; Peter Conley
Original assignee: Know Labs, Inc.
Priority date: 2022-08-15
Filing date: 2023-08-09
Publication date: 2024-02-22

Abstract

One or more analytes are detected non-invasively, and an access level is determined based on the one or more analytes. The one or more analytes indicate at least one of an identity and/or a current status of an individual seeking access, and the access level is based on the identity and/or status of the individual. Access to a location, a device, one or more device functionalities, a vehicle, one or more vehicle functionalities, and the like can be granted based on the access level.

Description

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ANALYTE-BASED ACCESS CONTROLS

Field

[0001] This disclosure is directed to access control systems and methods of access control using non-invasive detection of one or more analytes to determine an identity or status of a person seeking access and providing access based on the identity or status.

Background

[0002] Access to devices, functionalities thereof, locations, and the like can be controlled based on an identity of a user, for example through identification materials such as passes, ID cards, and the like, knowledge-based identification such as passwords, or biometrics such as fingerprints, facial recognition, features of the eye and other such factors. The biometric factors are typically permanent, immutable characteristics of the individual to provide identification but do not reflect a current state of the identified individual.

Summary

[0003] This disclosure is directed to access control systems and methods of access control using non-invasive detection of one or more analytes to determine an identity or status of a person seeking access and providing access based on the identity or status.

[0004] By using non-invasive detection of analytes to confirm an identity and/or state of an individual seeking access, the granting of access can be made secure and optionally made dependent on a state of the individual, for example, restricting access to the individual when the individual is showing levels of one or more analytes corresponding to intoxication, such as high blood alcohol levels, the presence of opiates or other drugs, and the like.

[0005] By using non-invasive analyte detection to control use of a vehicle, the ability to use a vehicle can be conditioned on an identity and status of the potential driver. The status can be an intoxication status determined based on the presence and/or amount of analytes, which can be indicative of not only alcohol intoxication, but other intoxicants as well, providing more comprehensive prevention of intoxicated driving. Further, the combination of determining identity while also checking the status of the potential driver reduces the likelihood of circumvention of such controls. Additionally, the one or more analytes can include biomarkers indicative of other potential states of the driver such as tiredness, sickness, and the like, and optionally, vehicle access can also be conditioned on these other states of the driver.

[0006] In an embodiment, an access control system includes a sensor and a controller. The sensor includes an antenna array having at least one transmit antenna and at least one receive antenna. The at least one transmit antenna is positioned and arranged to transmit a transmit signal into an individual seeking access, and the at least one receive antenna is positioned and arranged to detect a response resulting from transmission of the transmit signal by the at least one transmit antenna into the individual seeking access. The sensor further includes a transmit circuit that is electrically connectable to the at least one transmit antenna. The transmit circuit is configured to generate a transmit signal to be transmitted by the at least one transmit antenna. The transmit signal is in a radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The sensor also includes a receive circuit that is electrically connectable to the at least one receive antenna, the receive circuit configured to receive a response detected by the at least one receive antenna. The controller is configured to determine an identity and/or status of the individual seeking access. The determination of identity and/or status is based on a presence or amount of one or more analytes determined by processing of the response. The controller is further configured to provide or deny access to the individual seeking access based on the identity and/or status of the individual seeking access.

[0007] In an embodiment, the controller is configured to process the response to determine the presence or amount of the one or more analytes. In an embodiment, the controller is configured to provide or deny access to the individual seeking access based on the status of the individual seeking access. In an embodiment, the status of the individual seeking access includes an intoxication state of the individual seeking access. In an embodiment, the access is access to a location. In an embodiment, the sensor is disposed at an entry to the location. In an embodiment, the sensor is disposed in a mobile device. In an embodiment, the access is access to a device. In an embodiment, the sensor is included in the device. In an embodiment, the access is access to one or more functionalities of a device. In an embodiment, the sensor is included in the device. [0008] In an embodiment, a method of controlling access includes non-invasively detecting one or more analytes. Non-invasively detecting the one or more analytes includes generating a transmit signal using a transmit circuit of a sensor, transmitting the transmit signal into an individual seeking access using a transmit antenna of the sensor, the transmit signal in a radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum, detecting a response resulting from transmitting the transmit signal into the individual seeking access using a receive antenna of the sensor, and processing the response to determine a presence or amount of the one or more analytes in the target. The method of controlling access further includes determining, based on the presence or amount of the one or more analytes in the target, an identity and/or status of the individual seeking access at a controller and allowing or denying access to the individual seeking access based on the identity and/or status of the individual seeking access.

[0009] In an embodiment, the controller is configured to provide or deny access to the individual based on the status of the individual seeking access. In an embodiment, the status of the individual seeking access includes an intoxication state of the individual seeking access. In an embodiment, the access is access to a location. In an embodiment, the access is to a device. In an embodiment, the access is to one or more functionalities of a device.

[0010] In an embodiment, a method of access control includes confirming a biological identity of an individual using a non-invasive sensor. The confirming is performed using at least one transmit antenna to transmit first transmit signals in a radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum into the individual and detecting responses resulting from transmitting the first transmit signals into the individual using at least one receive antenna. The method further includes determining a presence and/or amount of an analyte in the individual using a non-invasive sensor. The determining is performed by transmitting, using at least one transmit antenna, second transmit signals in a radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum into the individual and detecting responses resulting from transmitting the second transmit signals into the individual using at least one receive antenna. The method also includes permitting or blocking access based on the confirming and the determining. [0011] In an embodiment, the non-invasive sensor used in the confirming is the same non- invasive sensor used in the determining. In an embodiment, the non-invasive sensor used in the confirming is different from the non-invasive sensor used in the determining.

[0012] In an embodiment, a vehicle access control system includes a sensor. The sensor includes an antenna array having at least one transmit antenna and at least one receive antenna. The at least one transmit antenna is positioned and arranged to transmit a transmit signal into an individual seeking access, and the at least one receive antenna is positioned and arranged to detect a response resulting from transmission of the transmit signal by the at least one transmit antenna into the individual seeking access. The sensor further includes a transmit circuit that is electrically connectable to the at least one transmit antenna, the transmit circuit is configured to generate a transmit signal to be transmitted by the at least one transmit antenna, the transmit signal is in a radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum and a receive circuit that is electrically connectable to the at least one receive antenna, the receive circuit is configured to receive a response detected by the at least one receive antenna. The vehicle access control system further includes a controller configured to determine an identity and/or status of the individual seeking access, based on a presence and/or amount of one or more analytes determined by processing of the response, and determine an access permission for a vehicle based at least in part on the identity and/or status of the individual.

[0013] In an embodiment, the sensor is included in the vehicle. In an embodiment, the sensor is included in a mobile device and the mobile device includes an antenna configured to send a communication signal to the vehicle. In an embodiment, the controller is included in the mobile device. In an embodiment, the controller is included in the vehicle. In an embodiment, the controller is disposed at a remote server. In an embodiment, the access permission is based on the identity of the individual seeking access. In an embodiment, the access permission is based on the status of the individual seeking access. In an embodiment, the status is based on an amount of the one or more analytes in the individual seeking access. In an embodiment, the one or more analytes include one or more intoxicants. In an embodiment, the access permission is based on both the identity and the status of the individual seeking access. [0014] In an embodiment, a vehicle includes an access mechanism, an access control sensor, and a controller. The access control sensor includes an antenna array having at least one transmit antenna and at least one receive antenna. The at least one transmit antenna is positioned and arranged to transmit a transmit signal into an individual seeking access, and the at least one receive antenna is positioned and arranged to detect a response resulting from transmission of the transmit signal by the at least one transmit antenna into the individual seeking access. The access control sensor further includes a transmit circuit that is electrically connectable to the at least one transmit antenna. The transmit circuit is configured to generate a transmit signal to be transmitted by the at least one transmit antenna, the transmit signal is in a radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The access control sensor also includes a receive circuit that is electrically connectable to the at least one receive antenna, the receive circuit is configured to receive a response detected by the at least one receive antenna. The controller is configured to determine an identity and/or status of the individual seeking access, based on a presence and/or amount of one or more analytes determined by processing of the response, and control the access mechanism based on the determined identity and/or status of the individual seeking access.

[0015] In an embodiment, wherein the access control is an ignition of the vehicle. In an embodiment, the access control is a controller configured to control an electric motor of the vehicle. In an embodiment, the access control is a door lock of the vehicle. In an embodiment, the sensor is disposed in a control of the vehicle. In an embodiment, the control of the vehicle is a steering wheel of the vehicle. In an embodiment, the sensor is disposed in a panel provided in a driver section of the vehicle.

[0016] In an embodiment, a method of controlling use of a vehicle including non-invasively detecting one or more analytes. Non-invasively detecting the one or more analytes includes generating a transmit signal using a transmit circuit of a sensor, transmitting the transmit signal into an individual seeking access using a transmit antenna of the sensor, the transmit signal in a radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum, detecting a response resulting from transmitting the transmit signal into the individual seeking access using a receive antenna of the sensor, and processing the response to determine a presence or amount of the one or more analytes in the individual seeking access. The method of controlling use of the vehicle further includes determining, based on the presence or amount of the one or more analytes in the individual seeking access, an identity and/or status of the individual seeking access and operating an access mechanism of the vehicle based on the identity and/or status of the individual seeking access.

[0017] In an embodiment, operating the access mechanism of the vehicle includes preventing access to or operation of the vehicle when the status of the individual includes intoxication.

[0018] In an embodiment, a method of controlling use of a motor vehicle includes confirming a biological identity of an individual using a non-invasive sensor by transmitting, using at least one transmit antenna, first transmit signals in a radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum into the individual and detecting responses resulting from transmitting the first transmit signals into the individual using at least one receive antenna. The method further includes determining a presence and/or amount of an analyte in the individual using a non-invasive sensor by transmitting, using at least one transmit antenna, second transmit signals in a radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum into the individual and detecting responses resulting from transmitting the second transmit signals into the individual using at least one receive antenna. The method further includes permitting or blocking access to or operation of the motor vehicle based on the confirming and the determining.

[0019] In an embodiment, the non-invasive sensor used in the confirming is the same non- invasive sensor used in the determining. In an embodiment, the non-invasive sensor used in the confirming is different from the non-invasive sensor used in the determining.

Drawings

[0020] Figure 1 shows a sensor according to an embodiment.

[0021] Figure 2 shows a flowchart of a method for access control according to an embodiment.

[0022] Figure 3 shows a system for access control for a location according to an embodiment.

[0023] Figure 4 shows a system for access control for a device according to an embodiment.

[0024] Figure 5 shows a flowchart of a method controlling access to a vehicle according to an embodiment.

[0025] Figure 6 shows steering wheel of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

[0026] Figure 7 shows a driver’s side of a vehicle according to an embodiment. [0027] Figure 8 shows a schematic of a vehicle and an access control system therefor according to an embodiment.

Detailed Description

[0028] This disclosure is directed to access control systems and methods of access control using non-invasive detection of one or more analytes to determine an identity or status of a person seeking access and providing access based on the identity or status.

[0029] The transmit antenna and the receive antenna are decoupled (which may also be referred to as detuned or the like) from one another. Decoupling refers to intentionally fabricating the configuration and/or arrangement of the transmit antenna and the receive antenna to minimize direct communication between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna, preferably absent shielding. Shielding between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna can be utilized. However, the transmit antenna and the receive antenna are decoupled even without the presence of shielding.

[0030] The signal(s) detected by the receive antenna can be analyzed to detect the analyte based on the intensity of the received signal(s) and reductions in intensity at one or more frequencies where the analyte absorbs the transmitted signal. Examples of detecting an analyte using a non-invasive spectroscopy sensor operating in the radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum are described in WO 2019/217461, U.S. Patent No. 11,063,373, U.S. Patent No. 11,058,331, U.S. Patent No. 11,033,208, U.S. Patent No. 11,284,819, U.S. Patent No. 11,284,820, U.S. Patent No. 10,548,503, U.S. Patent No. 11,234,619, U.S. Patent No. 11,031,970, U.S. Patent No. 11,223,383, U.S. Patent No. 11,058,317, U.S. Patent No. 11,193,923, and U.S. Patent 11,234,618, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0031] In one embodiment, the sensor described herein can be used to detect the presence of at least one analyte in a target. In another embodiment, the sensor described herein can detect an amount or a concentration of the at least one analyte in the target. The target can be any target containing at least one analyte of interest that one may wish to detect. The target can be human or non-human, animal or non-animal, biological or non-biological. For example, the target can include, but is not limited to, human tissue, animal tissue, plant tissue, an inanimate object, soil, a fluid, genetic material, or a microbe. Non-limiting examples of targets include, but are not limited to, a fluid, for example blood, interstitial fluid, cerebral spinal fluid, lymph fluid or urine, human tissue, animal tissue, plant tissue, an inanimate object, soil, genetic material, one or more microbes, combinations thereof, and the like.

[0032] The analyte(s) can be any analyte that one may wish to detect. The analyte can be human or non-human, animal or non-animal, biological or non-biological. For example, the analyte(s) can include, but is not limited to, one or more of glucose, alcohol, white blood cells, or luteinizing hormone. The analyte(s) can include, but is not limited to, a chemical, a combination of chemicals, a virus, bacteria, or the like. The analyte can be a chemical included in another medium, with non-limiting examples of such media including a fluid containing the at least one analyte, for example blood, interstitial fluid, cerebral spinal fluid, lymph fluid or urine, human tissue, animal tissue, plant tissue, an inanimate object, soil, genetic material, one or more microbes, or combinations thereof. The analyte(s) may also be a non-human, non-biological particle such as a mineral or a contaminant.

[0033] The analyte(s) can include, for example, naturally occurring substances, artificial substances, metabolites, and/or reaction products. As non-limiting examples, the at least one analyte can include, but is not limited to, insulin, acarboxyprothrombin; acylcamitine; adenine phosphoribosyl transferase; adenosine deaminase; albumin; ketones, alphafetoprotein; amino acid profiles (arginine (Krebs cycle), histidine/urocanic acid, homocysteine, phenylalanine/tyrosine, tryptophan); andrenostenedione; antipyrine; arabinitol enantiomers; arginase; benzoylecgonine (cocaine); biotinidase; biopterin; c-reactive protein; carnitine; pro-BNP; BNP; troponin; carnosinase; CD4; ceruloplasmin; chenodeoxycholic acid; chloroquine; cholesterol; cholinesterase; conjugated 1-P hydroxy-cholic acid; cortisol; creatine kinase; creatine kinase MM isoenzyme; cyclosporin A; d-penicillamine; deethyl chloroquine; dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; DNA (acetylator polymorphism, alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha 1 -antitrypsin, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy, analyte-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin A, hemoglobin S, hemoglobin C, hemoglobin D, hemoglobin E, hemoglobin F, D-Punjab, beta-thalassemia, hepatitis B virus, HCMV, HIV-1, HTLV-1, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, MCAD, RNA, PKU, Plasmodium vivax, sexual differentiation, 21 -deoxy cortisol); desbutylhalofantrine; dihydropteridine reductase; diptheria/tetanus antitoxin; erythrocyte arginase; erythrocyte protoporphyrin; esterase D; fatty acids/acylglycines; free P-human chorionic gonadotropin; free erythrocyte porphyrin; free thyroxine (FT4); free tri-iodothyronine (FT3); fumarylacetoacetase; galactose/gal-1 -phosphate; galactose- 1 -phosphate uridyltransferase; gentamicin; analyte-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glutathione; glutathione perioxidase; glycocholic acid; glycosylated hemoglobin; halofantrine; hemoglobin variants; hexosaminidase A; human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I; 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone; hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase; immunoreactive trypsin; lactate; lead; lipoproteins ((a), B/A-l, P); lysozyme; mefloquine; netilmicin; phenobarbitone; phenytoin; phytanic/pristanic acid; progesterone; prolactin; prolidase; purine nucleoside phosphorylase; quinine; reverse tri-iodothyronine (rT3); selenium; serum pancreatic lipase; sissomicin; somatomedin C; specific antibodies (adenovirus, anti-nuclear antibody, anti-zeta antibody, arbovirus, Aujeszky's disease virus, dengue virus, Dracunculus medinensis, Echinococcus granulosus, Entamoeba histolytica, enterovirus, Giardia duodenalisa, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus, herpes virus, HIV-1, IgE (atopic disease), influenza virus, Leishmania donovani, leptospira, measles/mumps/rubella, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Myoglobin, Onchocerca volvulus, parainfluenza virus, Plasmodium falciparum, polio virus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respiratory syncytial virus, rickettsia (scrub typhus), Schistosoma mansoni, Toxoplasma gondii, Trepenoma pallidium, Trypanosoma cruzi/rangeli, vesicular stomatis virus, Wuchereria bancrofti, yellow fever virus); specific antigens (hepatitis B virus, HIV-1); succinylacetone; sulfadoxine; theophylline; thyrotropin (TSH); thyroxine (T4); thyroxine-binding globulin; trace elements; transferrin; UDP- galactose-4-epimerase; urea; uroporphyrinogen I synthase; vitamin A; white blood cells; and zinc protoporphyrin.

[0034] The analyte(s) can also include one or more chemicals introduced into the target. The analyte(s) can include a marker such as a contrast agent, a radioisotope, or other chemical agent. The analyte(s) can include a fluorocarbon-based synthetic blood. The analyte(s) can include a drug or pharmaceutical composition or metabolites thereof, with nonlimiting examples including ethanol or other alcohols; ketones; cannabis (marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol, hashish); inhalants (nitrous oxide, amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite, chlorohydrocarbons, hydrocarbons); cocaine (crack cocaine); stimulants (amphetamines, methamphetamines, Ritalin, Cylert, Preludin, Didrex, PreState, Voranil, Sandrex, Plegine); depressants (barbiturates, methaqualone, tranquilizers such as Valium, Librium, Miltown, Serax, Equanil, Tranxene); hallucinogens (phencyclidine, lysergic acid, mescaline, peyote, psilocybin); narcotics (heroin, codeine, morphine, opium, meperidine, Percocet, Percodan, Tussionex, Fentanyl, Darvon, Talwin, Lomotil); designer drugs (analogs of fentanyl, meperidine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and phencyclidine, for example, Ecstasy); anabolic steroids; and nicotine. The analyte(s) can include other drugs or pharmaceutical compositions. The analyte(s) can include neurochemicals or other chemicals generated within the body, such as, for example, ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, noradrenaline, 3- methoxytyramine (3MT), 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT), and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (FHIAA).

[0035] In an embodiment, the one or more analyte(s) can be detected in some or all of a plurality of tissues, bodily fluids, and the like that are subjected to a transmit signal, in turn resulting in a response signal. For example, a transmit signal into a subject at a location where the transmit signal passes through, for example, skin, bone, muscle, interstitial fluid, blood vessels, and blood can result in a response signal indicative of the presence or amount of analytes present in some or all of the tissues and/or fluids that the transmit signal enters into or passes through. In embodiments, the response signal can be indicative of the presence or amount of some or all of a plurality of organs, such as the liver, the pancreas, the kidneys, the gallbladder, and/or any other such organ. In an embodiment, the response signal can be parsed based on characteristics thereof to estimate or determine the presence or amount of the analyte(s) in particular tissues and/or bodily fluids, for example the presence or amount of the analyte specifically present in blood, interstitial fluid, a particular tissue or organ, or the like.

[0036] Figure 1 shows a sensor at a measurement location according to an embodiment. An embodiment of a non-invasive analyte sensor system with a non-invasive analyte sensor 5 is illustrated. The sensor 5 is depicted relative to a target 7 that contains one or more analyte(s) of interest 9. In this example, the sensor 5 is depicted as including an antenna array that includes a transmit antenna/element 11 (hereinafter “transmit antenna 11”) and a receive antenna/element 13 (hereinafter “receive antenna 13”). The sensor 5 further includes a transmit circuit 15, a receive circuit 17, and a controller 19. As discussed further below, the sensor 5 can also include a power supply, such as a battery (not shown in Figure 1). Sensor 5 can be a non-invasive sensor. Non-invasive sensing can include sensing without disruption to tissue of a subject, for example without requiring injection, implantation into the subject, or the like. It is understood that while sensor 5 is a non-invasive sensor capable of non-invasive sensing, it can also be used to detect the one or more analytes in samples that have been obtained from a subject such as blood or tissue samples. [0037] The analyte(s) of interest 9 are to be detected at target 7. The target can be one or more parts of a person seeking access to the device or location based on detection of the one or more analytes by the sensor 5. For example, the target 7 can be any one or more of, for example, the lower left leg, upper left leg, lower right leg, upper right leg, lower left arm, upper left arm, groin, abdomen, chest, neck, and/or the head of the individual seeking access to the device or location.

[0038] The transmit antenna 11 is positioned, arranged and configured to transmit a signal 21 that is the radio frequency (RF) or microwave range of the electromagnetic spectrum into the target 7. The transmit antenna 11 can be an electrode or any other suitable transmitter of electromagnetic signals in the radio frequency (RF) or microwave range. The transmit antenna 11 can have any arrangement and orientation relative to the target 7 that is sufficient to allow the analyte sensing to take place. In one non-limiting embodiment, the transmit antenna 11 can be arranged to face in a direction that is substantially toward the target 7.

[0039] The signal 21 transmitted by the transmit antenna 11 is generated by the transmit circuit 15 which is electrically connectable to the transmit antenna 11. The transmit circuit 15 can have any configuration that is suitable to generate a transmit signal to be transmitted by the transmit antenna 11. Transmit circuits for generating transmit signals in the RF or microwave frequency range are well known in the art. In one embodiment, the transmit circuit 15 can include, for example, a connection to a power source, a frequency generator, and optionally filters, amplifiers or any other suitable elements for a circuit generating an RF or microwave frequency electromagnetic signal. In an embodiment, the signal generated by the transmit circuit 15 includes a frequency in the range from about 10 kHz to about 100 GHz. In another embodiment, the frequency can be in a range from about 300 MHz to about 6000 MHz. In an embodiment, the transmit circuit 15 can be configured to sweep through a range of frequencies that are within the range of about 10 kHz to about 100 GHz, or in another embodiment a range of about 300 MHz to about 6000 MHz.

[0040] The receive antenna 13 is positioned, arranged, and configured to detect one or more electromagnetic response signals 23 that result from the transmission of the transmit signal 21 by the transmit antenna 11 into the target 7 and impinging on the analyte(s) 9. The receive antenna 13 can be an electrode or any other suitable receiver of electromagnetic signals in the radio frequency (RF) or microwave range. In an embodiment, the receive antenna 13 is configured to detect electromagnetic signals including a frequency in the range from about 10 kHz to about 100 GHz, or in another embodiment a range from about 300 MHz to about 6000 MHz. The receive antenna 13 can have any arrangement and orientation relative to the target 7 that is sufficient to allow detection of the response signal(s) 23 to allow the analyte sensing to take place. In one non-limiting embodiment, the receive antenna 13 can be arranged to face in a direction that is substantially toward the target 7. When the target 7 is a living subject or a part thereof, the signal obtained by receive antenna 13 can be indicative of the analyte(s) present in at least both the blood and the interstitial fluid of the living subject.

[0041] The receive circuit 17 is electrically connectable to the receive antenna 13 and conveys the received response from the receive antenna 13 to the controller 19. The receive circuit 17 can have any configuration that is suitable for interfacing with the receive antenna 13 to convert the electromagnetic energy detected by the receive antenna 13 into one or more signals reflective of the response signal(s) 23. The construction of receive circuits are well known in the art. The receive circuit 17 can be configured to condition the signal(s) prior to providing the signal(s) to the controller 19, for example through amplifying the signal(s), filtering the signal(s), or the like. Accordingly, the receive circuit 17 may include filters, amplifiers, or any other suitable components for conditioning the signal(s) provided to the controller 19.

[0042] The controller 19 controls the operation of the sensor 5. The controller 19, for example, can direct the transmit circuit 15 to generate a transmit signal to be transmitted by the transmit antenna 11. The controller 19 further receives signals from the receive circuit 17. The controller 19 can optionally process the signals from the receive circuit 17 to detect the analyte(s) 9 in the target 7. In one embodiment, the controller 19 may optionally be in communication with at least one external device 25 such as a user device and/or a remote server 27, for example through one or more wireless connections such as Bluetooth, wireless data connections such a 4G, 5G, LTE or the like, or Wi-Fi. If provided, the external device 25 and/or remote server 27 may process (or further process) the signals that the controller 19 receives from the receive circuit 17, for example to detect the analyte(s) 9. If provided, the external device 25 may be used to provide communication between the sensor 5 and the remote server 27, for example using a wired data connection or via a wireless data connection or Wi-Fi of the external device 25 to provide the connection to the remote server 27. In an embodiment, the external device 25 is a device to which access is controlled based on the one or more analytes detected by the sensor 5. In an embodiment, the external device 25 is an access control to a location, such as a gate, door, elevator, or controls thereof, and the like. In an embodiment, the external device is a mobile device of the individual seeking access controlled based on the one or more analytes detected by the sensor 5.

[0043] In an embodiment, controller 19 can be configured to determine a presence or amount of the one or more analytes at the target based on the return signal. In an embodiment, the external device 25 or remote server 27 can include a controller 33 configured to determine the presence or amount of the one or more analytes at the target based on the return signal. At least one of controllers 19 or 33 is configured to determine an identity and/or a status of the individual including the target 7 based on the presence or amount of the one or more analytes. The determination of identity and/or status can be based by comparing the presence or amount of the one or more analytes to values for the one or more analytes that are associate with or indicative of the identity and/or the status of the individual. Identity can be a specific identity of an individual, confirmation that the individual is part of a particular group, or the like. Status can be a current state of the individual such as an intoxication status based on the presence or amount of one or more intoxicants such as alcohol, prescription or recreational drugs, or the like. Other example statuses can include tiredness or exhaustion, attentiveness, sickness, and the like. These statuses can be based on the presence or amounts of least some of the one or more analytes such as biomarkers associated with the statuses, drugs or associated compounds having the statuses as a side effect or resulting condition, particular pathogens or indicators thereof, and the like. Based on the particular identity and/or status, at least one of the controllers 19 and/or 33 can determine an access permission for the individual including target 7. The access permission is determined based on the identity and/or status of the individual. The access permission can be based at least in part on the identity of the individual, such as being an owner of a device or the location, being a person authorized to enter a location or access a device or functionalities thereof, being part of a set of people granted access to a location, or the like. The access permission can be based at least in part on the status of the individual, such as not being intoxicated by alcohol and/or other drugs, in a state of sufficient alertness, not carrying communicable diseases, or the like. In embodiments, both the identity and the status can be used to determine the access permission, such as only allowing access to specific persons, and doing so conditionally based on the status. In embodiments, additional external factors can be included in the determination of the access permission, such as date, time, triggers such as events, and the like. For example, access to a location can be restricted to certain dates and/or ranges of hours in addition to the identity and/or the status of the individual seeking access. The controller 19 and/or 33 can communicate with an access device 35 to provide or prevent access based on the determined access control. In an embodiment, the access device 35 can be, for example, a lock for a gate or door, a door and/or travel controls for an elevator, or any other suitable device for granting or preventing access to a location or device to the individual. In embodiments, the access permission can relate to complete access to a location or a device. In an embodiment, the access permission relates to specific functionalities of a device such as access to particular applications such as software applications, access to one or more subsets of functionalities of the device, and the like. For example, access permissions for a mobile device can include requiring confirmation of identity and/or status of the user to allow financial transactions to be made, limits on contacts that can be messaged based on identity and/or status of the user, and the like. Particular functionalities of other devices such as industrial or construction equipment and the like can likewise be controlled based on identity and/or status of the user, for example, allowing access to different functionalities for different sets or classifications of individuals and/or the particular statuses thereof.

[0044] With continued reference to Figure 1, the sensor 5 may include a sensor housing 29 (shown in dashed lines) that defines an interior space 31. Components of the sensor 5 may be attached to and/or disposed within the housing 29. For example, the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 are attached to the housing 29. In some embodiments, the antennas 11, 13 may be entirely or partially within the interior space 31 of the housing 29. In some embodiments, the antennas 11, 13 may be attached to the housing 29 but at least partially or fully located outside the interior space 31. In some embodiments, the transmit circuit 15, the receive circuit 17 and the controller 19 are attached to the housing 29 and disposed entirely within the sensor housing 29. In an embodiment, the sensor housing 29 is included in an access point to a location, for example at a door, gate, elevator, or the like. In an embodiment, the sensor housing 29 is included in a device to which access is controlled based on the detection of the one or more analytes by the sensor 5, for example, a mobile phone, a computer such as a workstation, industrial equipment, construction equipment, or any other suitable device to which access is controlled based on sensor 5.

[0045] The receive antenna 13 is decoupled or detuned with respect to the transmit antenna 11 such that electromagnetic coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is reduced. The decoupling of the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 increases the portion of the signal(s) detected by the receive antenna 13 that is the response signal(s) 23 from the target 7, and minimizes direct receipt of the transmitted signal 21 by the receive antenna 13. The decoupling of the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 results in transmission from the transmit antenna 11 to the receive antenna 13 having a reduced forward gain (S21) and an increased reflection at output (S22) compared to antenna systems having coupled transmit and receive antennas.

[0046] In an embodiment, coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is 95% or less. In another embodiment, coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is 90% or less. In another embodiment, coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is 85% or less. In another embodiment, coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is 75% or less.

[0047] Any technique for reducing coupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 can be used. For example, the decoupling between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 can be achieved by one or more intentionally fabricated configurations and/or arrangements between the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 that is sufficient to decouple the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 from one another.

[0048] For example, in one embodiment described further below, the decoupling of the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 can be achieved by intentionally configuring the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 to have different geometries from one another. Intentionally different geometries refers to different geometric configurations of the transmit and receive antennas 11, 13 that are intentional. Intentional differences in geometry are distinct from differences in geometry of transmit and receive antennas that may occur by accident or unintentionally, for example due to manufacturing errors or tolerances.

[0049] Another technique to achieve decoupling of the transmit antenna 11 and the receive antenna 13 is to provide appropriate spacing between each antenna 11, 13 that is sufficient to decouple the antennas 11, 13 and force a proportion of the electromagnetic lines of force of the transmitted signal 21 into the target 7 thereby minimizing or eliminating as much as possible direct receipt of electromagnetic energy by the receive antenna 13 directly from the transmit antenna 11 without traveling into the target 7. The appropriate spacing between each antenna 11, 13 can be determined based upon factors that include, but are not limited to, the output power of the signal from the transmit antenna 11, the size of the antennas 11, 13, the frequency or frequencies of the transmitted signal, and the presence of any shielding between the antennas. This technique helps to ensure that the response detected by the receive antenna 13 is measuring the analyte(s) 9 and is not just the transmitted signal 21 flowing directly from the transmit antenna 11 to the receive antenna 13. In some embodiments, the appropriate spacing between the antennas 11, 13 can be used together with the intentional difference in geometries of the antennas 11, 13 to achieve decoupling.

[0050] In one embodiment, the transmit signal (or each of the transmit signals) can be transmitted over a transmit time that is less than, equal to, or greater than about 300 ms. In another embodiment, the transmit time can be than, equal to, or greater than about 200 ms. In still another embodiment, the transmit time can be less than, equal to, or greater than about 30 ms. The transmit time could also have a magnitude that is measured in seconds, for example 1 second, 5 seconds, 10 seconds, or more. In an embodiment, the same transmit signal can be transmitted multiple times, and then the transmit time can be averaged. In another embodiment, the transmit signal (or each of the transmit signals) can be transmitted with a duty cycle that is less than or equal to about 50%.

[0051] Further information on the sensor 5 and its components and variations thereof can be found in U.S. Patents 11,063,373, 11,234,619, 11,031,970, 11,223,383, 11,058,317, 11,058,331, 11,193,923, 10,548,503, 11,330,997, 11,033,208, 11,234,618, 11,284,819, and 11,284,820, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0052] Figure 2 shows a flowchart of a method for access control according to an embodiment. Method 40 includes non-invasively detecting a presence or amount of one or more analytes 42. The non-invasive detection at 42 includes generating a transmit signal 44, transmitting the transmit signal into a target 46, receiving a response at 48, and processing the response 50. The method 40 further includes determining an identity and/or a status of the individual including the target at 52, determining access for the individual based on the identity and/or status at 54, and granting or denying the access to the individual at 56.

[0053] Non-invasive detection of one or more analytes is performed at 42. The non-invasive detection of the one or more analytes is at a target that is part of an individual seeking access according to method 40. The non-invasive detection at 42 can be performed using a sensor such as the sensor 5 described above and shown in Figure 1. Detection of the one or more analytes at 42 can include generating a transmit signal 44. The transmit signal can be generated at 44 by a transmit circuit of a sensor, such as transmit circuit 15 of sensor 5 as described above and shown in Figure 1. The detection of the one or more analytes at 42 can also include transmitting the transmit signal into the target 46. The transmit signal can be transmitted into the target by a transmit antenna of the sensor, such as transmit antenna 11 as described above and shown in Figure 1. Detection of the one or more analytes at 42 can further include obtaining a response signal 48. The response signal results from the transmitting of the first transmit signal into the target. The first response signal can be obtained using a receive antenna of the sensor such as receive antenna 13 of sensor 5 as described above and shown in Figure 1. The response obtained at 48 can be processed at 50 to determine a presence or amount of the one or more analytes, for example through converting the received response signal(s) to values indicative of a presence or amount of the one or more analytes.

[0054] An identity and/or status of the individual is determined 52 based on the presence or amount of the one or more analytes detected at 42. The identity of the individual can be an identification of the individual including the target as a particular individual, or determining whether the individual including the target is a part of a particular group. The identity can be determined, for example, by comparing the presence or amount of at least some of the one or more analytes to known analyte presences or levels associated with particular individuals or groups that the individual may belong to. The one or more analytes used to determine identity can be, for example, DNA sequences, proteins, hormones, bacteria, viruses, portions thereof, particular conformations thereof, combinations thereof, and/or ratios thereof, and the like. The detected presence or amounts of the one or more analytes can be compared to individual or group profiles including specific analytes, ranges and/or ratios for one or more particular analytes, conditional logic regarding combinations, ratios, or the like of the one or more analytes, or any other suitable information for determining whether an individual meets the profile based on the one or more analytes. The status of the individual can be any transient state that can be characterized by the detection of one or more analytes. Non-limiting examples of statuses of the individual that can be determined based on the one or more analytes at 52 can include a sobriety state, an intoxication state, an alert state, a tired state, certain emotional states such as stress or anger, sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous states, glucose states such as high or low blood sugar states, and the like. For example, a sobriety state or an intoxication state can be determined based on the presence or absence of recreational drugs, or amounts of such recreational drugs exceeding predetermined thresholds. Other states can be based on other suitable analytes such as prescription or over- the-counter drugs, metabolites, hormones, bacteria, viruses, glucose, or particular levels, combinations, or ratios thereof. For example, a communicable disease state can be based on a presence or absence of one or more pathogens of interest among the detected one or more analytes. The status of the individual can be determined by comparing at least some of the one or more analytes detected at 42 to criteria for one or more statuses to be determined. The criteria for the statuses can include the presence and/or amount of one or more analytes, conditional logic regarding combinations or ratios of a plurality of analytes, or any other suitable. In an embodiment, the status criteria can be particular to an individual. In an embodiment, the status criteria can be applied to any individual seeking access according to method 40. At 52, one or both of the identity of the individual and the status of the individual seeking access can be determined based on the one or more analytes detected at 42.

[0055] Access for the individual is determined at 54, based on one or both of the identity and the status of the individual. In an embodiment, the identity of the individual can be used to determine the access for the individual at 54. For example, when the identity of the individual matches an individual permitted access to the location or device, such as an owner of the location or device, an individual on a list of permitted persons such as employees, service providers, renters, guests, or the like, or when the individual is categorized as a member of a group granted access to a location or device. In an embodiment, the identity of the individual can be compared to a list of individuals or groups to be denied access, and access denied accordingly if the individual is a person or part of a group to be denied access. In an embodiment, the status of the individual can be used to determine access for the individual at 54. The access can be granted or denied based on the presence or absence of one or more statuses or combinations thereof determined at 52. For example, access to a location or device can be denied when intoxication is determined at 52, and access can be granted when sobriety is determined at 52 or when intoxication is not determined at 52. The access determination at 54 can be based on any status or combinations thereof, such as requiring both sobriety and alertness to be determined in order for access to be provided to a location or device. In an embodiment, both the identity and the status can be used in determining access for the individual at 54, for example, requiring both that the identity of the individual match that of a permitted access to the location or device while also requiring the presence or absence of one or more certain states in order for the access to be granted, with access denied to other individuals and/or when a person of the proper identity is in a state preventing the granting of access or lacking a state required for granting of access. In an embodiment, one or more additional factors can further be included in the determination of access at 54. For example, the date, time, current or predicted ambient conditions (for example, weather), and the like can further be used in a determination of access. For example, in addition to identity and/or status, access to a device can be conditioned on the access being sought within a permitted time of day, such as during working hours, being during daylight hours, being on particular dates, when a device is within a particular location, and the like. For example, an individual can be granted access during particular ranges of dates, such as periods of rental of a location or device. In an embodiment, current or predicted ambient conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and the like can be a further condition on which the access is determined, for example, blocking use of a device based on precipitation or temperature, even when the identity and/or status of the user would otherwise lead to a determination of access. In an embodiment, the access granted is access to an entire location or device, or the entire set of functionalities of the device. In an embodiment, the access granted can be partial access, such as access to particular sub-locations within a location, or access to only particular functionalities of the device. For example, different access levels having different identity and/or status criteria can be provided, corresponding to different levels of access to locations, devices, or functionalities thereof. The functionalities can be, for example, particular capabilities, applications and/or software, connections made by the device, combinations thereof, and the like. Specific device functionalities or sub-locations can have access conditioned on different identities and/or statuses from those allowed access to other functionalities or sub-locations. The different identities and/or statuses for access to particular functionalities or sub-locations can be, for example, set by users, device or location owners, or the like, for example based on characteristics of the sub-location or functionalities. For example, certain applications or device connections directed to executing financial transactions can be restricted to particular individuals and/or statuses that differ from the identities and/or statuses that can access other functionalities of the device. In another example, a specific sub-location such as a specific individual’s office or a room containing an electrical panel of the location can have access criteria differing from other sub-locations within the location. [0056] The determined access is granted or denied to the individual at 56. The granting or denial of access can be any suitable granting or denial of access based on the location or device to which access is controlled according to method 40. For example, when the access being controlled is access to a location, the granting or denial of access at 56 can include the locking or unlocking of a door or gate, calling an elevator or allowing the elevator to reach selected floors, or the like. When the access being controlled is access to a device, the granting or denial of access can include locking or unlocking the device or specific applications or functionalities thereof, starting or preventing starting of the device, performance of particular functionalities of the device, or the like. In an embodiment, granting or denying access to the individual at 56 can include providing or not providing access information to the individual. The access information can be, for example, a code such as an alphanumeric code for the individual to input at an access interface, a code or image such as a QR code to be scanned at an access interface, or the like. The access information can be provided to the individual, for example, at a mobile device of the individual.

[0057] Figure 3 shows a system for access control for a location according to an embodiment. Location access control system 60 includes location access 62, access interface 64, and controller 66. Optionally, location access control system 60 can further include a mobile device 68 and/or a remote server 70.

[0058] Location access control 60 is configured to control access to a particular location. The location is a region of space that is sectioned off by walls, fences, gates, doors, and the like. In an embodiment, access to the location can be by way of an elevator. Access to the location can be controlled at one or more location accesses 62. Each location access 62 is an entry to the location that can be controlled to permit or deny access, such as lockable doors or gates, elevators to the location, or the like. An access interface 64 can be provided at the location access 62. The access interface 64 is an interface that obtains the identity and/or status of the individual seeking access at the location access 62, or an access permission thereof. In an embodiment, the access interface 64 includes a sensor such as the sensor 5 shown in Figure 1 and described above. In such an embodiment, the access interface 64 detects the presence or amount of one or more analytes by the sensor. The presence or amount of the one or more analytes detected by the sensor at access interface 64 can then be processed, at a controller included in access interface 64, at mobile device 68 such as a wearable device, a smartphone, or the like, and/or remote server 70 to determine the identity and/or status of the individual seeking access. In an embodiment, the mobile device 68 can include the sensor such as sensor 5 to detect the presence or amount of the one or more analytes. The mobile device 68 can communicate the presence or amount of the one or more analytes to one or more of access interface 64 and/or remote server 70. The detection of the presence or amount of the one or more analytes can be processed to determine the identity and/or status of the individual at a controller included in access interface 64, at mobile device 68, and/or remote server 70. The access permission of the individual can be determined based on the identity and/or status, for example at a controller included in access interface 64, at mobile device 68, and/or remote server 70. The determinations of the identity and/or status and the access permission can be made separately or together at any one or more of the access interface 64, mobile device 68, and/or remote server 70. The access interface 64 and mobile device 68 and/or remote server 70 can be in communication with one another through any suitable wired or wireless communications, with non-limiting examples of communications including wired connections (direct or through one or more buses or other devices), Bluetooth, wireless data connections such a 4G, 5G, LTE or the like, or Wi-Fi. The access permission can optionally further be based on additional external factors additional to identity and/or status, such as time, date, event-based triggers, or the like. The location access 62 can be controlled according to the access permission to permit or deny access to the location to the individual. For example, location access 62 can be controlled according to the access permission by locking, unlocking, or maintaining a locked or unlocked state of a gate or door, allowing or denying elevator access to the location such as controlling the floors an elevator can travel to, or the like.

[0059] Figure 4 shows a system for access control for a device according to an embodiment. The device access control system 75 includes the device 77. The device access control system can optionally further include one or more of a mobile device 79, a remote server 81, and/or a sensor unit 83.

[0060] Device 77 can be any suitable device for which access to at least some functionalities is to be controlled. Device 77 can include, but are not limited to, computing devices such as mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, computers such as laptop computers, desktop computers, gaming devices such as electronic slot machines, electric gaming tables, and the like, industrial or construction machinery, commercial devices such as sales terminals or inventory management terminals, vehicles, and the like. In an embodiment, the device 77 includes a sensor such as sensor 5 to detect the presence or amount of one or more analytes in a potential user. In an embodiment, a discrete sensor unit 83 separate from the device 77 can be provided to detect the presence or amount of the one or more analytes. The sensor unit 83 can include a sensor such as sensor 5. In an embodiment, the sensor can be included in a mobile device 79, such as a wearable device, a smartphone, or the like. The sensor, whether included in device 77, mobile device 79, or provided as a discrete sensor unit 83 can transmit a transmit signal into a target included in the individual seeking access to the device. A response is obtained, and the response processed to detect a presence or amount of the one or more analytes. The processing of the response can be at any suitable processor, such as a controller included in the device 77, sensor unit 83, mobile device 79, or at a remote server 81. From the presence or amount of the one or more analytes, an identity and/or status of the individual seeking access to device 77 can be determined. The determination of identity and/or status can be at any one or more of a controller included in the device 77, sensor unit 83, mobile device 79, or at a remote server 81. An access permission can be determined based on the identity and/or status. The access permission can be determined at any one or more of a controller included in the device 77, sensor unit 83, mobile device 79, or at a remote server 81. The device 77, sensor unit 83, mobile device 79, and/or remote server 81, when included in access control system 75, can be in communication with one another through any suitable wired or wireless communications, with non-limiting examples of communications including wired connections (direct or through one or more buses or other devices), Bluetooth, wireless data connections such a 4G, 5G, LTE or the like, or Wi-Fi. The access permission can include access to the device 77 generally, or access to one or more particular functionalities of the device 77. The particular functionalities can include, for example, one or more software applications, access to one or more subsets of functionalities of the device, and the like. For example, access permissions for device 77 when device 77 is a computing device such as a smartphone or a personal computer can include requiring confirmation of identity and/or status of the user to allow financial transactions to be made, limits on contacts that can be messaged based on identity and/or status of the user, and the like. Particular functionalities of other devices 77 such as industrial or construction equipment and the like can likewise be controlled based on identity and/or status of the user, for example, allowing access to different functionalities for different sets or classifications of individuals and/or the particular statuses thereof. In embodiments, the access to the device can be access to the device using a profile or account of the individual for whom identity and optionally status are determined for based on the one or more analytes, for example using a specific user account on a computer device, a player account on gaming device, or the like.

[0061] Figure 5 shows a flowchart of a method controlling access to a vehicle according to an embodiment. Method 90 includes non-invasively detecting one or more analytes 92. The non-invasive detection at 92 includes generating a transmit signal 94, transmitting the transmit signal into a target 96, receiving a response at 98, and processing the response 100. The method 90 further includes determining an identity and/or a status of the individual including the target at 102, determining access to the vehicle based on the identity and/or status at 104, and controlling a starter of the vehicle at 106.

[0062] Non-invasive detection of one or more analytes is performed at 92. The non-invasive detection of the one or more analytes is at a target that is part of an individual seeking access according to method 90. The non-invasive detection at 92 can be performed using a sensor such as the sensor 5 described above and shown in Figure 1. Detection of the one or more analytes at 92 can include generating a transmit signal 94. The transmit signal can be generated at 94 by a transmit circuit of a sensor, such as transmit circuit 15 of sensor 5 as described above and shown in Figure 1. The detection of the one or more analytes at 92 can also include transmitting the transmit signal into the target 96. The transmit signal can be transmitted into the target by a transmit antenna of the sensor, such as transmit antenna 11 as described above and shown in Figure 1. Detection of the one or more analytes at 92 can further include obtaining a response signal 98. The response signal results from the transmitting of the first transmit signal into the target. The first response signal can be obtained using a receive antenna of the sensor such as receive antenna 13 of sensor 5 as described above and shown in Figure 1. The response obtained at 98 can be processed at 100 to determine a presence or amount of the one or more analytes, for example through converting the received response signal(s) to values indicative of a presence or amount of the one or more analytes.

[0063] An identity and/or status of the individual is determined 102 based on the presence or amount of the one or more analytes detected at 92. The identity of the individual can be an identification of the individual including the target as a particular individual, or determining whether the individual including the target is a part of a particular group. The identity can be determined, for example, by comparing the presence or amount of at least some of the one or more analytes to known analyte presences or levels associated with particular individuals or groups that the individual may belong to. The one or more analytes used to determine identity can be, for example, DNA sequences, proteins, hormones, bacteria, viruses, portions thereof, particular conformations thereof, combinations thereof, and/or ratios thereof, and the like. The identity can be a biological identity of the individual based on the one or more analytes. The detected presence or amounts of the one or more analytes can be compared to individual or group profiles including specific analytes, ranges and/or ratios for one or more particular analytes, conditional logic regarding combinations, ratios, or the like of the one or more analytes, or any other suitable information for determining whether an individual meets the profile based on the one or more analytes. The status of the individual can be any transient state that can be characterized by the detection of one or more analytes. Non-limiting examples of statuses of the individual that can be determined based on the one or more analytes at 102 can include a sobriety state, an intoxication state, an alert state, a tired state, certain emotional states such as stress or anger, sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous states, blood sugar levels, and the like. For example, a sobriety state or an intoxication state can be determined based on the presence or absence of recreational drugs, or amounts of such recreational drugs exceeding predetermined thresholds. Other states can be based on other suitable analytes such as prescription or over-the-counter drugs, metabolites, hormones, bacteria, viruses, or particular levels, combinations, or ratios thereof. For example, a communicable disease state can be based on a presence or absence of one or more pathogens of interest among the detected one or more analytes. The status of the individual can be determined by comparing at least some of the one or more analytes detected at 92 to criteria for one or more statuses to be determined. The criteria for the statuses can include the presence and/or amount of one or more analytes, conditional logic regarding combinations or ratios of a plurality of analytes, or any other suitable. In an embodiment, the status criteria can be particular to an individual. In an embodiment, the status criteria can be applied to any individual seeking access according to method 90. At 102, one or both of the identity of the individual and the status of the individual seeking access can be determined based on the one or more analytes detected at 92.

[0064] Access to the vehicle is determined at 104, based on one or both of the identity and the status of the individual. In an embodiment, the identity of the individual can be used to determine the access to the vehicle at 104. For example, when the identity of the individual matches an individual permitted access to the vehicle, such as an owner, lessee, or renter of the vehicle, or an employee or other agent of an owner, lessee, or renter, or the like. In an embodiment, the identity of the individual can be compared to a list of individuals or groups to be denied access, and access denied accordingly if the individual is a person or part of a group to be denied access. In an embodiment, the identity can be a confirmation of the individual having characteristics matching a group or class that can have access to the vehicle. In an embodiment, the status of the individual can be used to determine access to the vehicle at 104. The access can be granted or denied based on the presence or absence of one or more statuses or combinations thereof determined at 102. For example, access to the vehicle can be denied when intoxication is determined at 102, and access can be granted when sobriety is determined at 102 or when intoxication is not determined at 102. The access determination at 104 can be based on any status or combinations thereof, such as requiring both sobriety and alertness to be determined in order for access to be provided to vehicle. In an embodiment, both the identity and the status can be used in determining access to the vehicle at 104, for example, requiring both that the identity of the individual match that of a permitted access to the vehicle, while also requiring the presence or absence of one or more certain states in order for the access to be granted, with access denied to other individuals and/or when a person of the proper identity is in a state preventing the granting of access or lacking a state required for granting of access. In an embodiment, one or more additional factors can further be included in the determination of access at 104. For example, the date, time, current or predicted ambient conditions (for example, weather), and the like can further be used in a determination of access. For example, in addition to identity and/or status, access to a device can be conditioned on the access being sought within a permitted time of day, such as during working hours, being during daylight hours, being on particular dates, when a device is within a particular location, and the like. For example, an individual can be granted access during particular ranges of dates, such as periods of rental of the vehicle. In an embodiment, current or predicted ambient conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and the like can be a further condition on which the access is determined, for example, blocking use of a vehicle based on precipitation, visibility, or other such factors affecting use of the vehicle or the safety or risk thereof. The conditioning of use on the vehicle can be based on one or more of these additional factors even when the identity and/or status of the user would otherwise lead to a determination of access to the vehicle. In an embodiment, the access granted can be partial access, such as an ability to start an engine of a vehicle but not to put it into gear to drive, for example to allow a permitted user of the vehicle based on identity to use vehicle electronics or charging capabilities even when their status is not acceptable to actually drive the vehicle.

[0065] An access mechanism of the vehicle is operated at 106. The access mechanism operated at 106 can be any suitable mechanism for controlling access to or use of the vehicle. The access mechanism can be a starter for the engine used in the vehicle, for example an ignition for a combustion engine, a controller of an electric or a combustion engine, or any other suitable device capable of controlling starting of the vehicle. Control of the starter is according to the access determination made at 104, for example by starting an engine or preventing starting of the engine based on the determination made at 104. In an embodiment, instead of a starter, a shifter of the vehicle can instead be the access mechanism and controlled according to the access determination made at 104, for example by allowing or preventing the driver from shifting out of a parking state to a driving state such as putting the vehicle into gear. In embodiments, the access mechanism can be locks of the vehicle, which are controlled according to the access determination. In an embodiment, control of the access mechanism 106 can include providing access information to the individual seeking access, such as a passcode to be entered such as an alphanumeric code, an image or code to be scanned such as a QR code, or the like. The individual can then present the access information to an access interface of the vehicle in order to obtain the desired access, for example by inputting the code, scanning the information from a display such as a display of a mobile device, or the like.

[0066] Figure 6 shows steering wheel of a vehicle according to an embodiment. Steering wheel 110 includes a gripping area 112 surrounding a center 114. One or more sensors 116 can be disposed within the gripping area 112. The sensor 116 is a non-invasive sensor capable of detecting one or more analytes in the subject. The sensor 116 can be a sensor such as sensor 5 discussed above and shown in Figure 1. The sensor 116 can be positioned within gripping area 112 such that a hand of a user is positioned proximate to the sensor in a typical grip on the steering wheel 110 during a starting operation of the vehicle including steering wheel 110. The sensor 116 can detect the presence and/or amount of the one or more analytes in at least one hand of a potential driver gripping the steering wheel. The sensor 116 can communicate with a controller such as a controller 19 or 33 as described above and shown in Figure 1, either included in the vehicle, a mobile device, or a remote server. The communication can be wired or wireless. In an embodiment, the sensor 116 communicates the response signal to a controller for processing to detect the presence and/or amount of one or more analytes. In an embodiment, the sensor 116 is configured to process the response signal to detect the presence and/or amount of the one or more analytes, and to communicate the presence and/or amount of the one or more analytes to another controller to determine the identity and/or status of the potential driver and in turn determine access to the vehicle.

[0067] Figure 7 shows a driver’s area of a vehicle according to an embodiment. Driver’s area 120 includes a steering wheel 122, a starter 124, an access interface 126 including a controller 128, and a shifter 130. Driver’s area 120 can be a cockpit of a vehicle, a driver’s side of a vehicle, or the like. Driver’s area 120 can be, for example, the portion of a car interior within arm’s reach of the driver when seated in the driver’s seat. Steering wheel 122 can be included in the driver’s area 120. The steering wheel 122 can optionally include one or more sensors, such as sensors 116 of the steering wheel 110 shown in Figure 6 and described above. A starter 124 can be present in the driver’s area 120. The starter 124 can be any suitable starter for controlling starting of the vehicle including the driver’s area 120. In the embodiment shown in Figure 7, starter 124 is a keyed ignition for an engine of the vehicle. In an embodiment, the starter 124 can be a push-button starter for an electric or combustion engine, or an interface with a controller configured to start an engine such as an electric or combustion engine. The starter 124 can be controlled to allow or prevent starting of the engine of the vehicle according to access permissions, for example those determined by a controller 128 based on detection of one or more analytes by a sensor, for example a sensor included in the steering wheel 122 or access interface 126. In embodiments, an access interface 126 can be provided in the driver’s area 120. The access interface 126 can include a surface or other feature allowing a potential driver to place a part of their body in proximity to a sensor, such as sensor 5 discussed above and shown in Figure 1, to allow the sensor to detect the one or more analytes in the potential driver. The access interface 126 can alternatively or additionally interface with a device or server such as external device 25 or remote server 27 as shown in Figure 1 and discussed above, to receive data regarding the presence and/or amount of one or more analytes, identities or statuses determined based on the presence and/or amount of the one or more analytes, and/or access determinations made based on the identity and/or status. Controller 128 can be included in access interface 126 or elsewhere within the vehicle including driver’s area 120. Controller 128 can be configured to process responses obtained by the sensor to determine a presence and/or amount of the one or more analytes, and/or make determinations based on the detected presence and/or amount of the one or more analytes such as to determine identities or statuses, or determine access to operate the vehicle. Controller 128 can communicate with starter 124 to permit or deny starting of the vehicle based on the determination of access to the vehicle. Shifter 130 can be a control used by the driver to control operation of the vehicle, for example putting the vehicle into gear to enable forwards or reverse driving of the vehicle. In an embodiment, controller 128 can communicate with shifter 130 to permit or deny operations of the vehicle such as putting the vehicle into gear such that the vehicle can be driven. In an embodiment, the control of the starter 124 and the shifter 130 can be such that a vehicle can be started, for example to access electronics or charging capabilities of the vehicle, but preventing the vehicle from being driven, for example when a driver has a proper identity to use the vehicle but their current state would not allow driving of the vehicle.

[0068] Figure 8 shows a schematic of a vehicle and an access control system therefor according to an embodiment. Vehicle 135 includes a motor 137, access mechanism 139, a sensor 141, a controller 143, and a shifter 145. The vehicle access control system 147 includes at least sensor 141 and controller 143. The vehicle access control system 147 can optionally further include mobile device 149 and/or remote server 151.

[0069] Vehicle 135 is a vehicle for which access is controlled by vehicle access control system. Vehicle 135 can be any suitable vehicle such as an automobile, motorcycle, van, truck, tractors tractor-trailers, construction equipment such as bulldozers or graders and the like, farming equipment such as harvesters, farm tractors, combines and the like, etc. Vehicle 135 can include additional vehicle-specific access controls such as keys, key fobs, and the like. The vehicle 135 is a powered vehicle, having at least one motor 137. Motor 137 is any suitable motor for vehicle 135, such as a combustion motor, for example gasoline or diesel motors, an electric motor, or the like. Vehicle 135 includes access mechanism 139. In an embodiment, the access mechanism 139 is a door lock of the vehicle 135. In an embodiment, the access mechanism 89 is a starter configured to control the starting and/or operation of motor 137. When access mechanism 139 is a starter, the starter can be any suitable starter for the motor 137, such as an ignition, for example a keyed or keyless ignition for a combustion motor, a controller for an electric motor or a combustion motor, or the like. Vehicle 135 can include a shifter 145 configured to allow a driver to control a transmission or other gearing to control a drive mode of the vehicle 135. [0070] Vehicle access control system 147 includes sensor 141 and controller 143. Sensor 141 is a sensor such as sensor 5, configured to non-invasively detect one or more analytes in a potential driver. The detection of the one or more analytes by sensor 141 can be performed when the potential driver is attempting to access the vehicle. Controller 143 is a controller configured to control access mechanism 139 and/or shifter 145 so as to grant or deny access to the vehicle, for example by locking or unlocking one or more doors of the vehicle 135, preventing or allowing starting of the vehicle 135, permitting, denying or limiting the placement of the vehicle 135 into gear by use of the shifter 145, or the like. Controller 143 can further be configured to process a signal obtained by sensor 141 to determine the presence and/or amount of the one or more analytes, determine an identity and/or status based on the one or more analytes, and/or determine an access level based on the identity and/or status. The processing to determine the presence and/or amount of the one or more analytes, determine an identity and/or status based on the one or more analytes, and/or determine an access level based on the identity and/or status can alternatively be performed by other processors, such as additional processors included in vehicle 135, mobile device 149, and/or remote server 151. Controller 143 can control the access mechanism 139 and/or shifter 145 based on the determined access level, whether that value is determined at the controller 143 or if controller 143 receives the access level from another processor.

[0071] The sensor 141 and the controller 143 can each be included in the vehicle 135. The sensor 141 can be included, for example, in a steering wheel such as steering wheel 110 described above and shown in Figure 6, or in an access interface such as access interface 126 described above and shown in Figure 7. Sensor 141 can instead alternatively be included in mobile device 149, such as a smartphone, wearable device, or the like. Controller 143 can be included in any of vehicle 135 (either in the body of the vehicle or a specific access control device for the vehicle such as a key or key fob), mobile device 149, or remote server 151. The controller 143 can communicate with sensor 141, access mechanism 139, and/or shifter 145 by any suitable wired communications or wireless communications such as Bluetooth, wireless data connections such a 4G, 5G, LTE or the like, or Wi-Fi, as suitable for where sensor 141 and controller 143 are included in vehicle 135, mobile device 149, or remote server 151. In embodiments where additional processors are used to process a signal obtained by sensor 141 to determine the presence and/or amount of the one or more analytes, determine an identity and/or status based on the one or more analytes, and/or determine an access level based on the identity and/or status, these additional processors can be included in any of vehicle 135, mobile device 149, or remote server 151 and be connected accordingly to one another, sensor 141, and/or controller 143. In an embodiment, access information can be provided to the mobile device 149 when it is determined to provide access based on the identity and/or status, which can be input into an access interface so as to gain access to the vehicle.

[0072] The examples disclosed in this application are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not limitative. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description; and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.

Claims

1. An access control system, comprising: a sensor comprising: an antenna array having at least one transmit antenna and at least one receive antenna, the at least one transmit antenna is positioned and arranged to transmit a transmit signal into an individual seeking access, and the at least one receive antenna is positioned and arranged to detect a response resulting from transmission of the transmit signal by the at least one transmit antenna into the individual seeking access; a transmit circuit that is electrically connectable to the at least one transmit antenna, the transmit circuit is configured to generate a transmit signal to be transmitted by the at least one transmit antenna, the transmit signal is in a radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum; and a receive circuit that is electrically connectable to the at least one receive antenna, the receive circuit is configured to receive a response detected by the at least one receive antenna, a controller configured to: determine an identity and/or status of the individual seeking access, based on a presence or amount of one or more analytes determined by processing of the response; and provide or deny access to the individual seeking access based on the identity and/or status of the individual seeking access.

2. The access control system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to provide or deny access to the individual seeking access based on the status of the individual seeking access.

3. The access control system of claim 2, wherein the status of the individual seeking access includes an intoxication state of the individual seeking access.

4. The access control system of any of claims 1-3, wherein the access is access to a location.

5. The access control system of claim 4, wherein the sensor is disposed at an entry to the location.

6. The access control system of claim 5, wherein the sensor is disposed in a mobile device.

7. The access control system of any of claims 1-3, wherein the access is access to a device.

8. The access control system of claim 7, wherein the sensor is included in the device.

9. The access control system of any of claims 1-3, wherein the access is access to one or more functionalities of a device.

10. The access control system of claim 9, wherein the sensor is included in the device.

11. The access control system of any of claims 1-3, wherein the access is access to a vehicle.

12. The access control system of claim 11, wherein the sensor is included in the vehicle.

13. The access control system of claim 11, wherein the sensor is included in a mobile device.

14. The access control system of any of claims 11-13, wherein access to the vehicle is controlled by a vehicle ignition or a controller of an electric motor of the vehicle.

15. A method of controlling access, comprising: non-invasively detecting one or more analytes, wherein non-invasively detecting the one or more analytes includes: generating a transmit signal using a transmit circuit of a sensor; transmitting the transmit signal into an individual seeking access using a transmit antenna of the sensor, the transmit signal in a radio or microwave frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum; detecting a response resulting from transmitting the transmit signal into the individual seeking access using a receive antenna of the sensor; and processing the response to determine a presence or amount of the one or more analytes in the individual seeking access; determining, based on the presence or amount of the one or more analytes in the individual seeking access, an identity and/or status of the individual seeking access at a controller; and allowing or denying access to the individual seeking access based on the identity and/or status of the individual seeking access.