WO2024038092A1

WO2024038092A1 - Method for generating an nft cryptographic token from a unique physical token for the purpose of guaranteeing rights associated with a real or virtual object

Info

Publication number: WO2024038092A1
Application number: PCT/EP2023/072572
Authority: WO
Inventors: Francis Bourrieres; Franck Bourrieres; Clément KAISER; Florian ANDRE
Original assignee: Novatec
Priority date: 2022-08-16
Filing date: 2023-08-16
Publication date: 2024-02-22
Also published as: FR3138952A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for generating at least one NFT cryptographic token (100), in a blockchain (BC) on a decentralized computing network, said NFT representing a real or virtual object (200), said method comprising issuing a unique hardware-based physical token (10) having at least one digital signature (20), associating said physical token directly or indirectly with the object (200), and integrating said signature into the NFT (100), thus making it possible to guarantee rights associated with said object in terms of its origin and in terms of its trademark right or copyright.

Description

Method for generating an NFT cryptographic token from a unique physical token to guarantee rights associated with a real or virtual object

TECHNICAL AREA

The present invention belongs to the general field of non-fungible tokens, better known by their English acronym NFT (non-fungible token), in particular the authentication of objects associated with NFTs, and more particularly relates to a method for generating a cryptographic token NFT from a unique physical token to guarantee rights associated with a real or virtual object associated with said NFT, and in a transposable way to guarantee the civic identity of a person with their associated rights.

The present invention finds a direct, but not exclusive, application in establishing a reliable authentication link between a right holder, for example an artist holding a copyright, and a protected object emanating from this last, for example a real or virtual work. It can also be applied in the management of rights assigned by an authority to a natural person.

STATE OF THE ART

NFTs are now experiencing great expansion and attracting attention around the world. The development of the NFT ecosystem is in particular due to their technologies which offer multiple application perspectives.

As a reminder, a non-fungible token (NFT) is a valuable digital asset composed of a unique cryptographic token (which is not interchangeable) representing an object, often digital (image, video, etc.), to which an identity is attached digital of at least one owner. Such an asset is stored and authenticated (traced and timestamped) using a blockchain protocol. Thus, each NFT can be considered as a title of ownership recorded in a public and decentralized digital register.

Initially designed to be tamper-proof, the fact remains that NFTs have led to a phenomenon of massive plagiarism and abusive exploitation, and therefore to repeated infringements of copyright, trademark rights, etc., by malicious or simply negligent people.

In particular, many artists have complained about the violation of their rights by anonymous NFT creators who exploit their works without authorization.

According to OpenSea, the world's leading marketplace for the sale of NFTs, in 2022, more than 80% of NFTs created for free on the platform are plagiarism.

One of the main causes of the proliferation of contentious acts relating to NFTs is the absence of a “strong link” between the digital world and the real world, consequently preventing any verification which would make it possible to link an object protected by a right to the true holder of said right.

Indeed, an NFT makes it possible to associate a non-fungible asset, digital (an image, a video, a piece of music, etc.) or physical (a work of art, a numbered bottle of wine, etc.), with a digital token, so that the holder of said token becomes the owner of said asset guaranteed by the blockchain. However, the digital token is characterized by the veracity of its information only in the virtual world, but the authenticity of the associated object is not guaranteed in the real world. As a result, information certified on the blockchain can perfectly correspond to false information in the real world, particularly in the situation where the alleged author of a work has never given his consent to associate the work in question with an NFT.

Some solutions have tried to improve the tracing and verification of the authenticity of physical objects associated with NFTs.

The most notable is that described in document US10505726 (Nike) which concerns a system in which blockchain can be used to cryptographically attach secure digital assets to a physical product, in this case a pair of sports shoes . The platform used also makes it possible to track ownership and verify the authenticity of the shoes. sports using a blockchain-based system. More specifically, when a user purchases so-called “CryptoKicks” shoes, they also receive a digital asset associated with a unique identifier of these shoes. This results in digital scarcity of digital assets, as their production is effectively tied to the production of real shoes.

However, this solution does not resolve the major problem of falsification and counterfeiting that can directly concern shoes while preserving the reliability of NFT transactions linked to “fake” shoes injected into the commercial circuit. Indeed, shoes, as physical objects, are simply intended to be unique, but this uniqueness is absolutely not guaranteed by intrinsic physical properties which would prevent any copying. Identical reproduction of shoes therefore becomes entirely possible.

Concerning the uniqueness of physical objects associated with NFTs, document W02020044341 A1 describes a system for creating a cryptographic non-fungible unique identity token (IUT), comprising a code for authenticating a user on the basis of a sequence genetic. A genetic sequence is by definition unique, but remains ephemeral and does not survive the disappearance of its carrier.

As a result, such a solution would simply make it possible to authenticate a natural person having an identity (IUT) in the form of an NFT, and in no case to authenticate physical or virtual objects protected by a right itself held by a natural person. or morality.

Apart from the fact that a genetic sequence is not presented on a manipulatable and easily readable medium, it allows at best to characterize a single person and does not provide any means of emitting unique signatures characterizing different objects emanating from the same person.

In short, NFTs are currently not sufficient to create a proven link in the eyes of buyers between a physical object and a right protecting said object, in particular between a work and its author.

Conversely, certain platforms, accessible to all creators, transfer all the risks to the buyer, specifying that they cannot protect them against the purchase of NFTs in connection with counterfeit or imitations and that it is up to everyone to ensure the authenticity of the works before purchasing them.

Proof of authenticity of a physical object is partially provided by a digital link consisting of an identifier physically attached to the object. Current solutions range from a simple reference, QR code, Datamatrix to a radio identification chip (RFID or NFC) depending on the desired level of traceability.

An electronic chip (RFID or NFC) can to some extent enable authentication. It is accessible for writing and reading, it is above all a memory whose access secret has been introduced by man in an encrypted manner with the consequence of an intrinsic security of discovery of the secret which weakens over time.

PRESENTATION OF THE INVENTION

From all of the above in the analysis of the state of the art, it is clear that the blockchain is fully adapted to fungible objects such as cryptocurrencies but that it is unsuitable in a strictly identical use for so-called non-fungible objects. NFT. To address this problem, the present invention does not aim to intervene in new blockchain protocols but to provide answers to the different natures of fraud specific to NFTs. These frauds are part of cryptographic crime. In the absence of responses to these threats of fraud, the promising future of NFTs is seriously compromised.

Thus, the present invention aims to overcome all or part of the disadvantages of the prior art exposed above and proposes an innovative solution making it possible to constitute and integrate a materiality, in the form of physical tokens, which participates digitally in the constitution of an NFT cryptographic token when recording the latter in a blockchain, and to rely on this materiality during reading and control, in order to verify the sincerity and authenticity of said information in relation to a real or virtual object associated with its rights holder, and consequently with its owner.

By extension, the present invention is also applicable to the management of citizens' digital identities in relation to the rights assigned by a state authority and/or a legal administration. In other words, the present invention aims to establish proofs of truth linked to the object associated with the NFT token.

To this end, the subject of the present invention is a method for generating at least one non-fungible cryptographic token, called NFT, in a blockchain on a decentralized computer network, said NFT representing a real or virtual object, said method being remarkable in that it comprises the issuance of a unique physical token presenting at least one digital signature; the association of said physical token with the real or virtual object directly or indirectly or with the person carrying it; and the integration of said signature into the NFT, thus making it possible to guarantee a link of said object with a smart contract or the identity of the person.

Thus, the generated NFT integrates a signature from a physical token and links the object associated with it to proof in the physical world materialized by said physical token whose uniqueness characterizes the uniqueness of said object.

Advantageously, the digital signature of the unique physical token is obtained from chaotic codes generated by said physical token.

This avoids any duplication of the signature.

According to one embodiment, the unique physical token is a non-electronic component composed of bubbles embedded in a transparent polymer matrix, called “bubble code”.

Unlike electronic chips (RFID and NFC), bubble code signatures correspond to a chaotic natural phenomenon that can never be guessed by any means. The bubble code is therefore unpredictable with a constellation of bubbles that is immutable over time, which guarantees intrinsic security that does not weaken. It is a reading algorithm which will extract the correct signature relating to the application to access local (chip) or remote (cloud) memory. Bubble code is a visible material public signature, capable of generating an infinite number of private digital signatures. The strength of the bubble code secret does not lie in the visibility of the constellation of bubbles but in the impossibility of physical duplication, which leads to always being in the presence of the original to carry the secret. In the case of using a bubble code with an electronic chip, the latter does not ensure than the memory function, access security being provided by the bubble code.

The present invention aims to provide proof of truth and/or conversely of fraud, it is important that the physical token does not break down voluntarily or involuntarily, which can be the case for an electronic chip which then becomes “mute”.

Other forms of physical tokens capable of generating digital signatures exist, for example the interweaving in paper of fibers called “FiberTag” from the company PROOFTAG or a constellation of optically variable particles called “RAMDOT” from the same company. . These types of markings can be used depending on the level of security required, particularly over time. The RFID or NFC type electronic chip, despite its vulnerabilities, can be used in the context of the present invention depending on the use case depending on the desired security and durability.

According to one aspect of the invention, the unique physical token is associated with a right attached to the object, such as a commercial brand, or to a creator of the object, such as an author, or to a right assigned by an authority to a citizen through their civic digital identity.

According to an example, the object is a consumer product and the right is a brand or designation of origin protecting the product resulting from said brand, proof of authenticity or a property right.

According to another example, the object is a virtual work, in particular artistic, such as a painting, and the creator is a natural person.

Generally speaking, the bubble code described above is suitable for processing a high-value asset for an unlimited period of time. For example, for logistical processing of a package whose journey we wish to control as it passes through checkpoints, a token of the RFID/NFC or FiberTag or RAMDOT type or even of the printed QR code type integrating encrypted security can be sufficient.

This token can therefore consist of a printed QR code type marking integrating CryptoMatrix type encrypted security (registered trademark) from the PROOFTAG company. According to one embodiment, the issued physical token is recorded in a database of a third-party certifier, and one of the digital signatures of said physical token is integrated into a first NFT associated with a copyright, which first NFT allowing the generation of a second NFT directly associated with objects issued by the author.

The present invention also relates to a method for establishing an authentication link between a rights holder and any protected object emanating from said holder, in the context of NFT transactions associated with said objects on a blockchain, said method including:

- a step of opening a cryptocurrency wallet by the right holder on a dedicated platform;

- a step of attribution of a main, unique physical token to the right holder by a third-party certifier;

- a step of generating a first NFT on the blockchain via a smart contract, said first NFT being associated with a right belonging to the right holder;

- a step of assigning a secondary, unique physical token for each object of the rights holder; And

- a step of generating a second NFT on the blockchain for each object emanating from the right holder.

The steps for generating the first NFT and the second NFT are carried out according to the method for generating an NFT as presented.

This process of establishing the authentication link provides a double guarantee: that of the rights holder and that of the authenticity of the object. Knowing that the guarantee of ownership is provided by the expression of the NFT cryptographic token through knowledge of the secret key of the cryptocurrency wallet in which it is stored.

In addition, the third-party certifier, in the form of a platform, will constitute both a filter during the registration of NFTs and a “judge” during control operations prior to any transactions.

According to one embodiment, the secondary physical tokens associated with the objects emanating from the rights holder are previously stored in the blockchain in the form of a common root resulting from a Merkle tree. This in order to limit the size to a single digital digest for an unlimited number of secondary physical tokens belonging to the same rights holder.

Advantageously, the step of allocating the main physical token consists of providing the rights holder with a material card comprising a photo of said token and identity information of said holder.

The present invention also relates to a computer program product downloadable from a communications network and/or stored on a medium readable by a microprocessor and/or executable by a microprocessor, comprising program code instructions for the execution of computer steps of a process as presented.

The present invention also relates to a storage medium readable by a terminal and non-transitory, storing a computer program comprising a set of instructions executable by a computer or a processor to implement computer steps of a method such as presented.

All of the above-mentioned steps are considered “computing”, except for the steps of manufacturing physical tokens and hardware cards and direct association (by gluing for example) of these tokens to real objects.

The fundamental concepts of the invention having just been explained above in their most basic form, other details and characteristics will emerge more clearly on reading the description which follows and with reference to the appended drawings, giving as non-limiting example of the embodiments of a method for generating a cryptographic token associated with a unique physical token and a method for establishing an authentication link, in accordance with the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The figures are given for purely illustrative purposes for a better understanding of the invention without limiting its scope. The different elements are represented schematically. In all the figures, identical or equivalent elements bear the same numerical reference.

It is thus illustrated in:

Figure 1: the integration of a unique physical token into an NFT associated with an object according to the invention; - Figure 2: the generation of several NFTs associated with virtual works from a unique physical token associated with an author of said works;

- Figure 3: an example of a physical token, in the form of a bubble code, according to the invention;

- Figure 4: photographs of a bubble code under different lighting conditions;

- Figure 5: a flowchart of the main steps of a method for establishing an authentication link between object and holder of a right to the object according to the invention;

- Figure 6: an example of implementation of the method for establishing the authentication link according to the invention;

- Figure 7: a block diagram of the computer implementation of the method of Figure 6;

- Figure 8: the block diagram of Figure 6 with control links between different bricks during a transaction with the second NFT.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

It should be noted that certain technical elements well known to those skilled in the art are described here to avoid any insufficiency or ambiguity in the understanding of the present invention.

In the embodiment described below, reference is made to a method for generating an NFT cryptographic token associated with a signature of a unique physical token to authenticate an object, intended mainly to protect rights holders against acts of counterfeiting. This non-limiting example is given for a better understanding of the invention and does not exclude the implementation of the method to secure industrial and/or commercial operations such as package tracking.

In this description, and unless otherwise indicated, the following definitions are adopted:

- The English acronym “NFT” designates a non-fungible token;

- The English term “blockchain” designates a chain of blocks;

- An “instruction” is a series of commands checking the following properties: i. commands are grouped based on function; ii. the command series is a component of a computer program; and iii. the series of commands is executable by a processor.

All other technical and scientific terms used have the same meanings as those commonly accepted in the technical field of the invention.

Also, by “generate”, “associate”, “emit”, “attribute”, “integrate”, and their derived forms, or more broadly by “executable operation” within the meaning of the invention, we mean, an action performed by a device or processor unless the context indicates otherwise. In this regard, operations refer to actions and/or processes of a data processing system, for example a computer system or electronic computing device, which manipulates and transforms data represented as physical quantities (electronic ) in the memories of the computer system or other information storage, transmission or display devices. These operations can be based on applications or software.

By digital signature we mean any digital expression attached to a physical token. The physical token and the digital expression form an inseparable couple. This signature is unpredictable when it comes from the reading of chaos. It can also be calculated by an additional algorithm and then linked to the physical token. It can also be calculated or interpreted from a captured image. In summary, the signature provides an identifier function while the physical token provides the authenticator function.

To facilitate reading of this description with reference to the figures, the main steps of the process which is the subject of the present invention will be presented in their general form with reference to Figures 1 to 3; and a method for establishing an authentication link, derived from the basic method, will then be explained visually with reference to Figures 4 to 7.

Figure 1 represents an NFT 100 generated in a BC blockchain and associated with a real object 200, here a bottle of wine. The NFT 100 is generated from a unique physical token 10 associated with the object 200 and materializing a right R attached to said object such as a commercial brand. More precisely, at least one digital signature 20 from the physical token 10 is integrated into the NFT 100 in order to guarantee the authenticity of the object 200 in view of the right R.

The physical token 10 can be directly or indirectly associated with the object 200 depending on whether the latter is real or virtual. In the example illustrated, the physical token 10 is directly associated with the real object 200 by being attached to it.

Thus, the method of generating the NFT 100 from the physical token 10 generally comprises:

- a step of issuing the physical token 10, in particular by a third-party certifier;

- a step of associating the physical token with the object 200; And

- a step of integrating the digital signature 20 of the physical token 100 into the NFT 100.

This association of an intrinsic characteristic of a unique physical token, represented by the digital signature, with a classic NFT cryptographic token makes it possible to create a link, therefore non-existent, between the physical universe (that of objects and people) and the digital universe (that of NFTs) to be able to control the authenticity of any object associated with an NFT generated according to the invention.

The unique physical token 10 makes it possible to materialize the uniqueness of the right R attached to object 200.

This right is for example a commercial brand, a model, a designation of origin, in which case the uniqueness arises from the legal nature of the right, each commercial brand being by definition unique; or a copyright, in which case the uniqueness is above all that of the author as an identified natural person. In the case of a natural person, this right R can be their civil status recorded in a digital register, the physical token 10 held by the person concerned is their proof of legal existence.

Figure 2 represents a situation in which a single physical token 10 is associated with a plurality of objects 200a-c, all virtual, from the same right holder A. This situation typically corresponds to virtual works, such as paintings 200a-c, produced by the same artist A and marketed on an NFT platform. In this case, the NFT 100a-c associated with each virtual object 200a-c is generated from the one and only physical token 10 allocated to the person A holding a right to said objects. The physical token 10 can be of several types and offer a gradation of resistance to falsification and duplication depending on the use case.

Preferably, the physical token 10 is a non-electronic device comprising a visible chaotic arrangement whose probability of reproduction is infinitely small, practically zero. For example, a device composed of bubbles frozen in a polymer, called “bubble code”, makes it possible to obtain such intrinsic characteristics.

Figure 3 represents a bubble code 10 composed of bubbles 1 1 embedded in a transparent polymer 12.

Figure 4 represents photographs of a real bubble code, under two conditions of directed lighting (a) and (b) of different directions showing the generation of reflections, and uniform lighting (c). The bubbles 11 are three-dimensionally interpretable with accessibility only for reading and not for writing. It is the interpretative optical measurement of a constellation of bubbles included in the material which makes it possible to extract unique signatures whose lengths are potentially extremely important if this is necessary in the problem to be treated.

Bubble code 10 comes from a manufactured chaos where seeds of bubbles introduced into a transparent polymer agitate, grow and interact simultaneously in a Brownian movement during a reaction process leading from the liquid state to the solid state where the gas bubbles 1 1 are frozen.

This bubble complex is then split into chips, each of which has its own unique dispersion/number/shapes/constellation of bubbles from which digital signatures will be either extracted or associated with unique identifiers that can be serialized.

In addition, these bubbles 1 1 have remarkable optical properties with refractive indices of 1 compared to approximately 1.5 for the polymer 12 which contains them. This property results in a very high level of visual discrimination allowing consistency of signatures even over periods of several centuries. It is demonstrated by statistical calculations a probability of reproduction of (1/10)^160 for an average of forty bubbles per chip. This chaotic sequence of negligible periodicity therefore allows concrete cryptographic applications with an exceptional level of security. Furthermore, it is practically impossible to duplicate a bubble code 10 by any artificial means so as to obtain identical measurable optical characteristics. The intrinsic security of the bubble code does not weaken over time, it remains constant, it is the reading tools which allow an increasingly fine interpretation which can go as far as a molecular measurement of the surface state of the the boundary separating the polymer from the bubble. This surface state is perfect up to this scale because it results from a balance of surface tensions during the enlargement of the bubble until it solidifies. In addition, this perfect surface condition determines the consistency of reflection of an applied ray of light. This is the reason why any attempt at reproduction is unattainable, including by the most efficient photo-lithographic means.

Thus, when the physical token 10 is a bubble code, the step of its emission consists of manufacturing the marker which will be associated with the object 200 to be authenticated, either by manufacturing a bubble complex which will then be split into markers or into cutting a marker from a previously manufactured complex.

The step of associating the physical token 10 with the object 200 consists of sticking the bubble code on the object in question when it is real (bottle of wine, painting, etc.) or affixed to a specific card allocated to a rights holder when the object concerned is virtual.

Finally, the extraction of a digital signature 20 and/or an image from a bubble code 10 to integrate it into the NFT 100 which will be generated can be done in different ways. For example, the bubble code can be scanned by a reading device implementing dedicated software to convert the image of the bubble code into a binary code, in the form of a sequence or matrix, the length of which is adjustable and determines the level of encryption sought.

This conversion consists, for example, of reading each pixel of the image and converting it into 0 or 1 depending on whether it is dark or light. As a result, the reading device is provided with a lighting means making it possible to increase the exposure of the surfaces of the bubbles relative to the polymer matrix, as shown in (b) in Figure 2.

In addition to the NFT associated with the right R of a right holder and generated from a digital signature 20 of the physical token 10, the method allows in one mode realization of generating a second NFT directly associated with the object 200 protected by the right R.

This makes it possible to create an authentication link making it possible to go back from object 200 to the rights holder.

Figure 5 represents the main steps of a method 500 for establishing an authentication link between the right holder A and any protected object 200 emanating from said holder, in the context of NFT transactions associated with said objects, said method including:

- a step 510 of opening a cryptocurrency wallet by the right holder on a dedicated platform;

- a step 520 of allocation of a unique main physical token to the right holder by a third-party certifier;

- a step 530 of generating a first NFT, called NFT 1, on the blockchain via a smart contract, the NFT1 being associated with a right belonging to the right holder;

- a step 540 of assigning a unique secondary physical token for each object of the rights holder;

- a step 550 of generating a second NFT, called NFT2, on the blockchain for each object emanating from the right holder; And

- a possible 560 step of transactions with NFT2.

The step 510 of opening a cryptocurrency wallet is in itself ordinary and can be carried out on a known platform or on a specific platform developed for the purposes of the present invention. Opening the cryptocurrency wallet is accompanied by the issuance of a public key and a secret key.

The step 520 of attribution of a main physical token to the right holder by a third party certifier makes it possible to prove the exclusivity of the right in question and the authenticity of the objects to which said right is attached. This step consists, according to one embodiment, of issuing for example a bubble code and associating it with an identification card of the rights holder. This identification card includes the bubble code as well as personal information of the rights holder. This step 520 can rely non-exhaustively on different registers such as trademark registers, website registers, company registration registers, social networks, etc., to constitute a body of evidence establishing the identity of the right holder.

The step 530 of generating the NFT1 consists of generating an NFT relating to the right holder from information on the civil status, power and rights of the right holder, via a smart contract (smart contract ) registered on the blockchain.

The step 540 of acquiring N secondary physical tokens (N natural integer greater than 1) by the right holder consists of acquiring, for example, numbered unit bubble codes, each associated with an object emanating from the right holder. Each bubble code is linked to NFT1 and thus makes it possible to trace and authenticate the object with which it is associated.

NFT2 generation step 550 consists of generating an NFT for each protected object of the right holder, from NFT1 and a reference to said object. The NFT2 thus makes it possible to individually certify the rights holder and to certify the origin of the object.

The transaction step 560 with the NFT2 corresponds to an ordinary transaction on the platform relating to the NFT2 as an NFT associated with a given object emanating from the right holder, the link between said holder and said object then being authenticable.

Figures 6 to 8 schematize an example of implementation of the method for establishing an authentication link between an object 200, here a bottle of wine, and the holder of the trademark right protecting said bottle.

The rights holder opens a cryptocurrency wallet 150 which delivers a public key and a secret key.

A third party certifier 300 intervenes and allocates physical tokens, a main token 10 and secondary tokens, to the right holder wishing to prove his exclusive right, in particular of the R brand, and the authenticity of his productions including the bottle of wine 200. In firstly, a bubble code 10 is assigned, in the form of a bubble card 110 for example, to the rights holder. The right holder is listed by the third party certifier 300 with his civil status information, powers and rights, as a natural or legal person. Via a smart contract, all of this information is then entered into the BC blockchain, thus forming NFT1. This is accompanied by a concomitant delivery of the bubble card 110 to the right holder, said card representing the materiality of the cryptographic token NFT1.

For added security, NFT1 also includes the public key from cryptocurrency wallet 150 and a bubble code signature 10. This digest is printed on card 110.

NFT1 thus ensures double protection by certifying both the trademark (or copyright) right and the ownership of the cryptocurrency wallet 150, in the event of usurpation or loss of the secret key of said wallet.

NFT1 is stored in the blockchain and makes it possible to prove the rights of the right holder through simple online authentication. As a result, NFT1 formally commits the rights holder because from now on all the 200 objects that he will declare will bear his identity. A protected object emanating from the rights holder must necessarily follow this digital path by being linked to NFT1 otherwise it will be judged illegitimate.

The right holder acquires other bubble codes, as secondary physical tokens, referenced A to H in the illustrated example, to trace and authenticate the 200 objects of its production.

These secondary bubble codes constitute with their order numbers (A to H) a Merkle tree whose common root CB is associated with NFT1 to form CB1. CB1 is registered in the blockchain.

The use of a Merkle tree makes it possible to verify the integrity of a set of data, here the secondary bubble codes, without necessarily having all of them at the time of verification.

This organization of data will allow minors, when verifying new data, to very quickly go back to the last data concerned and thus check whether there is indeed data consistent with that which must be newly recorded. In other words, a Merkle tree makes it possible to very quickly identify transactions which belong to the same member, and this proves to be particularly suitable for the implementation of the present invention to identify objects emanating from the same rights holder. For example, fifty bubble codes individually identified and recorded in the database of third party certifier 300 are attributed to an artist with a common root. Similarly, one million bubble codes individually identified and recorded in the database of third party certifier 300 are attributed to a wine producer with a common root. The rights holder associates a bubble code (A to H) with each of his objects 200, to generate NFT2 from NFT1 + the serial number of the bubble code (A for example) + CB1 + metadata of the object in question. NFT2 is then recorded in the blockchain and makes it possible to individually certify the right holder and the authenticity of the object 200 in relation to the bubble card 110 and the bubble code A placed on the object 200.

In the case of a virtual object, the bubble code associated with the object is virtually supplied from the third party certifier 300, its signature is integrated with the metadata in the same way as a physical object to form NFT2 as explained below. above.

In the particular case of digital works, NFT2 includes a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) address in which the work to be protected is stored due to its digital “weight”. Advantageously, the work stored in this distinct URL address bears a signature from NFT2.

Once generated, NFT2 continues its existence without transaction limits while retaining this ability to prove the authenticity of the object and its rights holder. In other words, the owner of NFT2 benefits from an exclusive property right on the object 200 associated with NFT2, while the right holder continues to retain his right (brand, copyright, etc.) attached to said object. Especially since it is the right attached to the object, through its notoriety (notoriety of a brand, of an artist, etc.), which brings true value to the object, especially when the object is an artistic work for example.

In a control process from object 200, the access number is that of the bubble code A to H accessible in the database of the third party certifier 300 which goes back to NFT2 then CB1 then the image of the code to corresponding bubbles which is compared with that which appears on the object with an objective decision of conformity and therefore of authenticity or not. CB1 being linked to NFT1, the right holder is then determined and authenticated. The materiality of the authenticity of the object with regard to the right attached to it can thus be proven.

In a control process from NFT2, the latter directly returns the image of the bubble code to appear on the object 200 with a comparison as before then an announcement of authenticity or not.

So that the third party certifier 300 is never called into question the integrity of issue, the assigned physical tokens are recorded in the blockchain before their effective use to form NFT1 and NFT2.

The bubble codes relating to objects being the most numerous, they are for example stored in the blockchain during each delivery in the form of a common root CB1 resulting from a Merkel tree with all the associated information (numbers and/or signatures , dates, bubble code images, beneficiaries, etc.). Thus a single blockchain certificate, CB1, can attest to the integrity of an unlimited number of assigned bubble codes. Knowing that knowledge of CB1 makes it possible to recognize the presence or absence of a particular bubble code sequence number when issuing NFT2. This registration of CB1 in the blockchain guarantees the immutability of the certifications of third party certifier 300.

It appears from the present description that certain steps of the process can be modified, replaced or deleted without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

This invention paves the way for providing a missing link to current NFT creation and marketing platforms. It is a platform for legitimizing the rights associated with NFTs with their origin in the process of their issuance and for controlling these rights during transactions.

Claims

CLAIMS Method for generating at least one non-fungible cryptographic token (100), called NFT, in a blockchain (BC) on a decentralized computer network, said NFT representing a real or virtual object (200), characterized in that it comprises: the issuance of a unique physical token (10) presenting at least one digital signature (20); associating said physical token with the object (200) directly or indirectly; and the integration of said signature into the NFT (100), thus making it possible to guarantee a link of said object with a smart contract. Method according to claim 1, in which the unique signature (20) is obtained from chaotic codes generated by the physical token (10). Method according to claim 1 or 2, in which the physical token (10) is a non-electronic component composed of bubbles (11) embedded in a transparent polymer matrix (12). Method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the physical token (10) is associated with a right (R) attached to the object (200), or with a creator (A) of the object (200). Method according to claim 4, in which the object (200) is a product and the right (R) is a trademark or designation of origin. Method according to claim 4, in which the object (200) is a virtual work, in particular artistic, and the creator (A) is a natural person. Method according to claim 4, wherein the object (200) is the civil status of a person and the right (R) is a registration authority. Method according to claim 4, wherein the object (200) is a product and the right (R) is proof of authenticity. Method according to claim 4, wherein the object (200) is a product and the right (R) is a property right. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the issued physical token (10) is recorded in a database (300) of a third party certifier, and in which one of the digital signatures (20) of said physical token is integrated into a first NFT (NFT1) associated with a right attached to the object (200), which first NFT making it possible to generate a second NFT (NFT2) directly associated with the object (200). Method (500) for establishing an authentication link between a rights holder (A) and any protected object (200) emanating from said holder, in the context of non-fungible token (NFT) transactions associated with said objects on a blockchain (BC), characterized in that it includes:

- a step (510) of opening a cryptocurrency wallet (150) by the rights holder on a dedicated platform;

- a step (520) of assigning a unique physical token (10) to the right holder by a third party certifier (300);

- a step (530) of generating a first NFT (NFT1) on the blockchain via a smart contract, said first NFT being associated with a right (R) belonging to the right holder;

- a step (540) of assigning a physical token (A, B, ...) for each object of the rights holder; And

- a step (550) of generating a second NFT (NFT2) on the blockchain for each object emanating from the rights holder; the steps of generating the first NFT and the second NFT being carried out according to one of claims 1 to 10. Method according to claim 11, in which the physical tokens (A, B, ...) associated with the objects (200) emanating of the right holder (A) are previously stored in the blockchain (BC) in the form of a common root (CB) from a Merkle tree. Method according to claim 11 or 12, in which the step (520) of allocating the unique physical token (10) consists of providing the right holder (A) with a hardware card (IDC) comprising a photo of said token and information identity of said holder. Computer program product downloadable from a communications network and/or stored on a microprocessor-readable medium and/or executable by a microprocessor, characterized in that it comprises program code instructions for executing computer steps of a method according to one of claims 1 to 13. Storage medium readable by a terminal and non-transitory, storing a computer program comprising a set of instructions executable by a computer or a processor to implement steps computer data of a method according to one of claims 1 to 13.