WO2024030076A1 - Dispositif photovoltachromique - Google Patents

Dispositif photovoltachromique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024030076A1
WO2024030076A1 PCT/SG2023/050516 SG2023050516W WO2024030076A1 WO 2024030076 A1 WO2024030076 A1 WO 2024030076A1 SG 2023050516 W SG2023050516 W SG 2023050516W WO 2024030076 A1 WO2024030076 A1 WO 2024030076A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
transparent
photovoltaic cell
light
reflective
tachromic
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PCT/SG2023/050516
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Changyun JIANG
Wei Peng Goh
Yong Long Thomas ANG
Shi Wun Tong
Chi Jin Darren NEO
Xiaohu Huang
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Agency For Science, Technology And Research
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Publication of WO2024030076A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024030076A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
    • A01G9/24—Devices or systems for heating, ventilating, regulating temperature, illuminating, or watering, in greenhouses, forcing-frames, or the like
    • A01G9/243—Collecting solar energy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
    • A01G9/22—Shades or blinds for greenhouses, or the like
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/20—Optical components
    • H02S40/22—Light-reflecting or light-concentrating means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/80—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for controlling collection or absorption of solar radiation

Definitions

  • Various embodiments relate to a photovoltachromic device, such as a photovol tachromic window.
  • the photovoltachromic device may be used for modulating light into a building and/or harvesting light energy.
  • Greenhouses in a tropical climate may trap excessive heat to result in unnecessary loss of moisture from plants and elevated temperatures detrimental to plant growth.
  • Agrivoltaics and dynamic sunlight shading may constitute two key technologies for energy saving in tropical greenhouses and farms.
  • Agrivoltaics may refer to the use of photovoltaic (PV) panels such as solar panels in agriculture. By installing solar panels, shade may be provided and solar energy may be harnessed at the same time. Disadvantages of this method, however, exist in that fixed PV panels may introduce unnecessary shading.
  • PV photovoltaic
  • a mechanical photovoltaic shutter may be able to realize both dynamic solar shading and solar energy harvesting in one window system.
  • the mechanical components may increase costs, for example cost for maintenance, which limits its large area application.
  • Another integration approach is to add solar panels to an electrochromic (EC) window, involving integrating solar panels with EC panels in a parallel configuration with a passive (nonadjustable) solar energy harvesting. Due to the opaque nature of the solar panels, however, light transmission tends to be compromised and dynamic modulation range of the smart window may be reduced.
  • EC electrochromic
  • Various embodiments refer in a first aspect to a photovol tachromic device.
  • the photovol tachromic device may comprise a photovoltaic cell, and a transparent-reflective switchable device in light communication with the photovoltaic cell.
  • the transparent- reflective switchable device may be operable between a reflective mode in which light falling thereon is reflected to the photovoltaic cell, and a transmission mode in which light falling thereon is directed through the transparent-reflective switchable device.
  • Various embodiments refer in a second aspect to an apparatus comprising the photovol tachromic device according to the first aspect, wherein the apparatus is a window or a door.
  • Various embodiments refer in a third aspect to a method of modulating light into a building using the photo vol tachromic device according to the first aspect.
  • the method may comprise positioning the photovol tachromic device at a facade of the building which is adapted to allow light to pass through into the building, and operating the photovol tachromic device to modulate light into the building.
  • FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram depicting a two-dimensional front view of a photovol tachromic device 100 according to an embodiment, depicting a reversible electrodeposition mirror/photovoltaic cell (REM/PV) integrated structure for modulation of solar light transmission and energy harvesting.
  • the photovoltachromic device 100 comprises a photovoltaic cell 111 and transparent-reflective switchable device 112, arranged between a top transparent substrate 115 and a bottom transparent substrate 117.
  • the photovoltaic cell 111 may be arranged substantially vertical to a surface of the bottom transparent substrate 117.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable device 112 may be arranged to be in light communication with the photovoltaic cell 111.
  • PT refers to transmitted light 1511
  • PR refers to reflected light 1513 that is being redirected onto the photovoltaic cell 111.
  • PT refers to transmitted light 1511
  • PR refers to reflected light 1513 that is being redirected onto the photovoltaic cell 111.
  • Using the transparent-reflective switchable device 112 to modulate PT/PR values light transmission and solar energy harvesting of the photovol tachromic device 100 may be adjusted on demand according to requirements.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable device 112 when the transparent-reflective switchable device 112 is in its maximum clear (transparent) state, light transmission through the photovol tachromic device 100 may be maximized and power generation through the photovoltaic cell 111 may be minimized. Conversely, when the transparent-reflective switchable device 112 is in its most reflective state, light transmission through the photovol tachromic device 100 may be minimized and power generation through the photovoltaic cell 111 may be maximized.
  • varying portions of the incident light 151 may be transmitted through the transparent-reflective switchable device 112 and bottom transparent substrate 117 as transmitted light 1511, and/or be reflected by the transparent-reflective switchable device 112 as reflected light 1513, to the photovoltaic cell 111.
  • the reflected light 1513 may be harvested by the photovoltaic cell 111 and converted to electrical energy.
  • FIG. IB is schematic diagram depicting a two-dimensional front view of a photovol tachromic device according to an embodiment.
  • a reversible electrodeposition mirror/photovoltaic cell (REM/PV) integrated structure as depicted in FIG. 1A is shown, comprising the photovoltaic cell 111 and the transparent-reflective switchable device 112 in light communication with the photovoltaic cell 111.
  • a second electrodeposition mirror/photovoltaic cell (REM/PV) integrated structure comprising a second photovoltaic cell 113 and a second transparent-reflective switchable device 114 in light communication with the photovoltaic cell 113, is oriented opposite to and arranged as a mirror image to the first integrated structure about the photovoltaic cell 111.
  • FIG. 1C is schematic diagram depicting a two-dimensional front view of a photovol tachromic device according to an embodiment.
  • a reversible electrodeposition mirror/photovoltaic cell (REM/PV) integrated structure as depicted in FIG. 1A is shown, comprising the photovoltaic cell 111 and the transparent-reflective switchable device 112 in light communication with the photovoltaic cell 111.
  • a second electrodeposition mirror/photovoltaic cell (REM/PV) integrated structure, comprising a second photovoltaic cell 113 and a second transparent-reflective switchable device 114 in light communication with the photovoltaic cell 113, having the same orientation as the first integrated structure is arranged in series to the first integrated structure.
  • FIG. ID is a schematic diagram depicting a three-dimensional perspective view of a photovol tachromic device 100 according to an embodiment, such as a reversible electrodeposition mirror/photovoltaic cell (REM/PV) integrated structure (showing a plurality of units of the photovoltaic cell/transparent-reflective switchable device structure) for modulation of solar light transmission (PT) and energy harvesting (PR).
  • a photovol tachromic device 100 comprises a photovoltaic cell 111, which may be in the form of a double-sided photovoltaic module.
  • the photovoltaic cell 111 may be arranged between a top transparent substrate 115 and a bottom transparent substrate 117, and may be arranged substantially vertical to a surface of the bottom transparent substrate 117.
  • the photovoltachromic device 100 further comprises transparent-reflective switchable devices (112, 114) arranged on either side of the photovoltaic cell 111, and which are in light communication with the photovoltaic cell 111. Incident light 151 falls on the photovoltachromic device 100 through the top transparent substrate 115.
  • varying portions of the incident light 151 may be transmitted through the transparent-reflective switchable device (112, 114) and bottom transparent substrate 117 as transmitted light 1511, and/or be reflected by the transparent-reflective switchable device (112, 114) as reflected light 1513, to the photovoltaic cell 111.
  • the reflected light 1513 may be harvested by the photovoltaic cell 111 and converted to electrical energy.
  • FIG. 2A is a graph showing measured transmittance and reflectance spectra of a REM panel at its clear state according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2B is a graph showing measured transmittance and reflectance spectra of a REM panel at its half mirror (T @650nm about 25%) state, with settings of about 2.5 V, 30 s, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2C is a graph showing measured transmittance and reflectance spectra of a REM panel at its full mirror (T @650nm about 1.5%) state, with settings of about 2.5 V, 120 s, according to an embodiment.
  • REM/PV integrated smart window shown only 2 units of a photovoltaic cell/transparent-reflective switchable device structure
  • transparent-reflective switchable devices 512, 514
  • the photovol tachromic device 500 comprises a photovoltaic cell 511, which may be in the form of a double-sided photovoltaic module, and transparent-reflective switchable devices (512, 514), arranged between a top transparent substrate 515 and a bottom transparent substrate 517.
  • the photovoltaic cell 511 may be arranged substantially vertical to a surface of the bottom transparent substrate 517.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable devices (512, 514) may be arranged on either side of the photovoltaic cell 511, and in light communication with the photovoltaic cell 511. In the depicted clear state, incident light 551 falls on the photovol tachromic device 500 through the top transparent substrate 515.
  • At least substantially all of the incident light 551 may be transmitted through the transparent-reflective switchable device (512, 514) and bottom transparent substrate 517 as transmitted light 5511.
  • the top transparent substrate 515 and the bottom transparent substrate 517 may be spaced apart by distance x.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable devices (512, 514) may be of length y, and be arranged at an angle 0 to the photovoltaic cell 511.
  • the sides of the double-sided photovoltaic module of the photovoltaic cell 511 may be spaced apart by distance z.
  • the 2 units of the photovoltaic cell/transparent-reflective switchable device structure may be spaced apart by distance p.
  • x was 50 mm
  • y was 70 mm
  • z was 5 mm
  • p was 105 mm.
  • FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of the photovol tachromic device 500 according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 5A, with the transparent-reflective switchable devices (512, 514) (such as REM panels) in half mirror state.
  • incident light 551 falls on the photovol tachromic device 500 through the top transparent substrate 515.
  • a portion of the incident light 551 is transmitted through the transparent-reflective switchable device (512, 514) and bottom transparent substrate 517 as transmitted light 5511.
  • a portion of the incident light 551 is reflected by the transparent-reflective switchable device (512, 514) as reflected light 5513, to the photovoltaic cell 511, which may be harvested by the photovoltaic cell 511 and converted to electrical energy.
  • FIG. 5C is a schematic diagram of the photovol tachromic device 500 according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 5A, with the transparent-reflective switchable devices (512, 514) (such as REM panels) in full mirror (highly reflective) state.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable devices 512, 514
  • REM panels such as REM panels
  • FIG. 5C is a schematic diagram of the photovol tachromic device 500 according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 5A, with the transparent-reflective switchable devices (512, 514) (such as REM panels) in full mirror (highly reflective) state.
  • incident light 551 falls on the photovol tachromic device 500 through the top transparent substrate 515.
  • At least substantially all of the incident light 551 is reflected by the transparent- reflective switchable device (512, 514) as reflected light 5513, to the photovoltaic cell 511, which may be harvested by the photovoltaic cell 511 and converted to electrical energy.
  • FIG. 5D is a photograph of a prototype of a photovol tachromic device 500 according to an embodiment, such as a REM/PV integrated smart window (showing only 2 units of the photovoltaic cell/transparent-reflective switchable device structure), with photovoltaic cell 511, and with transparent-reflective switchable devices (512, 514) (such as REM panels) in clear state.
  • a photovol tachromic device 500 such as a REM/PV integrated smart window (showing only 2 units of the photovoltaic cell/transparent-reflective switchable device structure), with photovoltaic cell 511, and with transparent-reflective switchable devices (512, 514) (such as REM panels) in clear state.
  • FIG. 5D is a photograph of a prototype of a photovol tachromic device 500 according to an embodiment, such as a REM/PV integrated smart window (showing only 2 units of the photovoltaic cell/transparent-reflective switchable device structure),
  • 5E is a photograph of a prototype of a photovol tachromic device 500 according to an embodiment, such as a REM/PV integrated smart window (showing only 2 units of the photovoltaic cell/transparent-reflective switchable device structure), with photovoltaic cell 511, and with transparent-reflective switchable devices (512, 514) (such as REM panels) mirror (dark) state.
  • a REM/PV integrated smart window shown only 2 units of the photovoltaic cell/transparent-reflective switchable device structure
  • photovoltaic cell 511 and with transparent-reflective switchable devices (512, 514) (such as REM panels) mirror (dark) state.
  • a photovol tachromic device may refer to a behaviour exhibited or a property conferred by combining photovoltaic and electrochromic behaviours or properties.
  • a photovoltachromic device may refer to a device which is capable of achieving adjustable light transparency and reflectivity through electrochromic behaviour, for use in modulating light and/or for harvesting of light as electrical energy using photovoltaic technology.
  • the photovoltachromic device may control light intensity by reducing or increasing light blockage so as to increase or decrease amount of light that reaches an underlying surface. This may be carried out by way of a transparent-reflective switchable device comprised in the photovoltachromic device.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable device may be operable between a reflective mode in which light falling thereon is reflected away from the underlying surface, and a transmission mode in which light falling thereon is directed through the transparent-reflective switchable device to the underlying surface.
  • amount of light that reaches the underlying surface may be varied. In situations whereby at least a portion of incident light is reflected away from the underlying surface, the reflected light may be directed to a photovoltaic cell, so that the light energy may be harvested as electrical energy.
  • photovol tachromic devices disclosed herein may be used for modulating light transmission (for both visible light and infrared radiation) and for energy harvesting. This may ensure that the light transmission range is not compromised due to photovoltaic cell integration, and only excess solar energy (for example, more than indoor illumination needs) may be harvested by the photovoltaic cell. Active solar radiance control through both intensity control and infrared control may be achieved, which is particularly important, and may even be essential, for providing optimal temperature and light for plant growth in greenhouse applications. The harvested energy may be used to power the photovol tachromic device. Accordingly, the photovol tachromic device may be a self-powered photovol tachromic device.
  • Photovol tachromic devices disclosed herein such as structures integrated with light-reflecting reversible electrodeposition mirrors and photovoltaic (REM/PV), may allow more efficient solar heat regulation, as compared to an integrated lightabsorbing photovoltaic-electrochromic structure.
  • REM/PV photovoltaic
  • the photovol tachromic device comprises a photovoltaic cell, and a transparent-reflective switchable device in light communication with the photovoltaic cell.
  • light communication this may mean that the photovoltaic cell and the transparent-reflective switchable device may be arranged, such that light that is received by the transparent-reflective switchable device may be transferred to the photovoltaic cell.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable device and the photovoltaic cell may be arranged such that light received by the transparent-reflective switchable device may be reflected directly to the photovoltaic cell.
  • the term “light” as used herein refers to electromagnetic radiation in any wavelength, such as wavelength in the range from about 350 nm to about 2000 nm, about 350 nm to about 1000 nm, or wavelength in the range from about 380 nm to about 750 nm. In various embodiments, the term “light” may refer to visible light and infrared radiation.
  • photovoltaic cell may refer to a light absorbing material which absorbs photons and generates electrons via a photoelectric effect.
  • the photovoltaic cell may absorb light in any wavelength, such as wavelength in the range from about 350 nm to about 2000 nm, about 350 nm to about 1000 nm, or wavelength in the range from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.
  • the photovoltaic cell may, for example, be a solar cell.
  • the photovoltaic cell may be in the form of a plurality of photovoltaic cells, which may be arranged into arrays or panels.
  • the photovoltaic cell is in the form of a photovoltaic panel, such as a double-sided photovoltaic module.
  • transparent-reflective switchable device may refer to an element, material or means that is able to toggle between an optically transparent state and optically reflective state by way of a stimulus or trigger.
  • the stimulus or trigger may be chemical and/or electrical in nature.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable device Upon application of the stimulus or trigger, the transparent-reflective switchable device is able to toggle between an optically transparent hence transmitting state, whereby at least substantially all of the light that is directed to the transparent-reflective switchable device is transmitted therethrough, and an optically reflective state, whereby at least substantially all of the light that is directed to the transparent- reflective switchable device is not transmitted therethrough but is directed or reflected away.
  • Examples of such transparent-reflective switchable devices may include, but are not limited to, reversible electrodeposition mirrors, metal hydrides, cholesteric liquid crystals and microshutters.
  • use of the transparent-reflective switchable device allows a photovol tachromic device disclosed herein to realize a wide modulation range for transmittance control and solar power generation, without using any mechanical moving parts nor a solar tracking system.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable device is a reversible electrodeposition device, such as a reversible electrodeposition mirror (REM).
  • a reversible electrodeposition device may refer to an element or a means which utilizes appearance and disappearance of a metal layer, such as one which is only a few tens of nanometers thick, via electrochromic behaviour to achieve light and/or heat modulation.
  • a metal layer such as one which is only a few tens of nanometers thick
  • electrochromic behaviour to achieve light and/or heat modulation.
  • the metal layer When the metal layer is present, both visible light and infrared radiation incident on the reversible electrodeposition device may be reflected away.
  • the metal layer is absent, both visible light and infrared radiation incident on the reversible electrodeposition device may be transmitted through the reversible electrodeposition device to an underlying surface.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable device may be operable between a reflective mode in which light falling thereon is reflected to the photovoltaic cell, and a transmission mode in which light falling thereon is directed through the transparent- reflective switchable device.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable device may function like a light-reflector and return a high percentage of light that is directed to it.
  • the transparent- reflective switchable device may function like reflective surfaces such as mirrors or highly polished metallic surfaces, which are able to return at least 50% of incident light, such as at least 60%, at least 70%, or at least 80% of incident light.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable device is operable between the reflective mode and the transmission mode by applying a voltage across the transparent-reflective switchable device.
  • the voltage may be 5V or less, such as less than 5V, less than 4V, less than 3V, or be in the range from 3V to 5V, 4V to 5V, 3V to 4V, or about 3V. In some embodiments, voltage is in the range from IV to 5V. Dynamic switching of transmittance with high contrast ratio, such as more than 65%, of the transparent-reflective switchable device may be achieved.
  • the photovoltaic cell and the transparent-reflective switchable device may be arranged on a transparent substrate or between a pair of opposing transparent substrates.
  • the photovoltaic cell and the transparent-reflective switchable device may be sandwiched between a pair of opposing transparent substrates.
  • Suitable transparent substrates may include an optically transparent substrate such as glass, or polymer, for example, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, an acrylic polymer, polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polypropylene (PP), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
  • the photovoltaic cell is arranged substantially vertical to a surface of the transparent substrate, and the transparent-reflective switchable device is arranged inclined at an angle to the photovoltaic cell.
  • substantially vertical this may include a range about a true vertical orientation of 90°, such as a range that is within 10° or ⁇ 10° of the true vertical orientation, of the surface.
  • the photovoltaic cell may be arranged at an angle of 80°, 82°, 84°, 86°, 88°, 90°, 92°, 94°, 96°, 98° or 100°, to a surface of the transparent substrate.
  • the photovoltaic cell is arranged vertical to a surface of the transparent substrate, for example, at an angle of 90°.
  • the transparent-reflective switchable device is arranged inclined at an angle to the photovoltaic cell.
  • the angle may be defined by a surface of the transparent-reflective switchable device and a surface of the photovoltaic cell, and may be in the range from 45° to 55°, such as from 48° to 55°, 50° to 55°, 52° to 55°, 45° to 52°, 45° to 50°, 45° to 47°, or 47° to
  • the photovoltaic cell is one of a double-sided photovoltaic panel or two photovoltaic panels arranged in a back-to-back configuration, and wherein two transparent-reflective switchable devices are present, with each transparent-reflective switchable device arranged on either side of the photovoltaic cell. Arrangement of the photovoltaic cell and the two transparent-reflective switchable devices may be repeated for one or more times in the photovol tachromic device, which may in turn depend on intended use of the photovol tachromic device according to requirements.
  • the photovoltaic cell is two photovoltaic panels arranged in a back-to-back configuration and defining a gap therebetween, the gap being operable as a channel for flow of a heat transfer medium.
  • flow of a heat transfer medium such as water, may be integrated into a photovol tachromic device disclosed herein to take away heat that is absorbed by the photovoltaic cell.
  • Various embodiments refer in a second aspect to an apparatus comprising the photovol tachromic device according to the first aspect, wherein the apparatus is a window or a door. Accordingly, the apparatus may be termed a photovol tachromic window or a photovol tachromic door.
  • a plurality of the photovol tachromic devices may be arranged. In so doing, control of light transmission to the underlying surface and/or light energy harvested by the photovol tachromic devices may be achieved.
  • power generated by a photovol tachromic device disclosed herein has been shown to be much higher than energy consumed by the photovol tachromic device, in the range of 100 times higher.
  • the apparatus comprising the photovol tachromic device may be self-sufficient as it is able to self-power, with any excess energy used for other purposes such as cooling or lighting. Efficient solar energy power conversion of near 10 % have also been demonstrated.
  • Various embodiments refer in a further aspect to a method of modulating light into a building using the photovoltachromic device according to the first aspect.
  • the method may comprise positioning the photovoltachromic device at a facade of the building which is adapted to allow light to pass through into the building, and operating the photovoltachromic device to modulate light into the building.
  • Such a facade may include, but not limited to, an opening, a window or a door.
  • the building is a greenhouse.
  • a plurality of the photovoltachromic devices may be arranged on a side of a greenhouse to modulate light into the greenhouse and/or to harvest light energy.
  • Other application areas may include modulating light and/or to harvest light energy for indoor farms, shelters, and residential and commercial buildings for indoor comfort.
  • Various embodiments disclosed here relate to a photovoltachromic approach, involving photovoltaics and electrochromic, in particular, use of reversible electrodeposition mirrors (REM) and photovoltaic (PV) panels.
  • REM reversible electrodeposition mirrors
  • PV photovoltaic
  • Present disclosure may relate to a smart window integrated with transparent-reflective switchable (TRS) panels and photovoltaic (PV) modules for dynamic optical modulation and solar power generation.
  • Reversible electrodeposition mirrors REMs
  • TRS panels transparent-reflective switchable (TRS) panels
  • PV photovoltaic
  • REMs Reversible electrodeposition mirrors
  • One or more PV modules may be placed in a vertical position next to a folded REM panel or between two folded REM panels, such as that shown in FIG. 1A to FIG. ID.
  • the incident sunlight (Pi) may be controlled by the REM transmi ssivity/reflectivity so that the light may either be transmitted indoor (PT) or reflected to the PV panels (PR) for energy harvesting.
  • the light transmission and power generation of the window may be adjusted by modulating the transmittance/reflectance of the REM panels.
  • the REM When the REM is in its maximum clear (transparent) state, light transmission indoors may be maximized and PV power generation may be minimized; while the REM is in most reflective state, light transmission indoors may be minimized and PV power generation may be maximized.
  • a smart window disclosed herein is able to realize a wide modulation range for transmittance control and solar power generation, without using any mechanical moving parts nor a solar tracking system.
  • a smart window may comprise arrays of REM/PV sets arranged on the plane of a transparent substrate (or between two transparent substrates).
  • Each set (unit) may comprise one double-sided PV panel positioned vertically (perpendicular to the substrate plane), and two REM panels folded with an angle 0 to the PV panel, as shown in FIG. IB.
  • the REM may be switchable between clear (transparent) state and mirror (reflective) state by applying suitable voltages (such as less than 5 V, or less than 4 V, or most preferably less than 3 V).
  • suitable voltages such as less than 5 V, or less than 4 V, or most preferably less than 3 V.
  • Incident light (Pi) impinging on the REM may be split into 2 modes: transmission mode (PT) and reflection mode (PR) (the absorbed light by REM is not considered here).
  • the PT refers to transmitted light
  • PR refers to reflected light that is being redirected onto PV panels.
  • the PV component can be a double-sided panel, or a device with two PV panels assembled back-to-back with a gap in between. The gap can serve as a channel for water flow for harvesting IR (heat) from the sunlight (PR) (the visible and near IR part may be harvested by the PV panels).
  • the PV panels may receive light mainly from the REM, thus it may be in a tandem configuration for solar energy harvesting.
  • By modulating the PT/PR values with the REM light transmission and solar energy harvesting of the window may be adjustable.
  • the REM is in its maximum clear (transparent) state, light transmission indoors may be maximized and PV power generation may be minimized; while the REM is in its most reflective state, light transmission indoors may be minimized and PV power generation may be maximized.
  • reflectivity r(X) 10% for the REM in the clear state
  • This ideal model allowed determination of the impact of structural dispersion on the performance of the device, as compared to the material dispersion.
  • downward transmission may be modulated from around 78% (clear state) to around 48% (dark state), and the lateral transmission to the PV changed from around 5% (clear state) to around 37% (dark state), for the case of ideal REM.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates two REM/PV sets in clear state, with the light transmission maximized and PV light harvesting minimized.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates the REM/PV sets in half mirror state, with partial light transmission and partial light harvesting by PV.
  • FIG. 5C illustrates the REM/PV sets in full mirror state, with the light transmission minimized and PV light harvesting maximized. Curved or flexible REM panels are also suitable to be used for this window structure.
  • the photo images of the prototype are shown here with the REM in clear and mirror states (FIG. 5D and FIG. 5E, respectively).
  • TABLE 1 shows the measured photovoltaic performance (short circuit current density Isc, open circuit voltage V oc , fill factor, maximum point power output Pmax and power conversion efficiency T] s ) of a single PV module used for the prototype.
  • the single PV module used here has an efficiency r
  • TABLE 2 shows the performance of a single REM panel developed in the lab.
  • TABLE 3 shows the measured photovoltaic performance of the integrated window with the simulated sunlight (one sun intensity) at an incident angle 0 of 90° (perpendicular to the window plane) and 45°.
  • the opening aperture ratio arises from the opaque PV modules and clear REM panels.
  • a method for collecting and harvesting solar energy in a self-powering smart window includes visible (for PV electrical power conversion) and IR light (for heat conversion).
  • a photovoltaic and self-powering switchable window which can modulate both light transmission and energy harvesting (for both visible and IR). The modulation may be realized by controlling the transmittance/reflectance ratio of the switchable REM panels, and the reflected solar energy being redirected for solar energy harvesting by photovoltaic devices.
  • Advantages of methods disclosed herein may include: Adjustable light intensity and heat control; dynamic switching of transmittance with high contrast ratio (more than 65%); efficient solar energy power conversion (near 10%).
  • Application areas may include: greenhouse for plant growth; indoor farms; commercial buildings for indoor comfort; shelters.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif photovoltachromique. Le dispositif photovoltachromique peut comprendre une cellule photovoltaïque, et un dispositif commutable transparent-réfléchissant en communication lumineuse avec la cellule photovoltaïque. Le dispositif commutable transparent-réfléchissant peut fonctionner dans un mode réfléchissant par lequel la lumière incidente est réfléchie vers la cellule photovoltaïque, ou dans un mode de transmission par lequel la lumière incidente traverse le dispositif commutable transparent-réfléchissant.
PCT/SG2023/050516 2022-08-05 2023-07-24 Dispositif photovoltachromique WO2024030076A1 (fr)

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SG10202250676M 2022-08-05

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105113967A (zh) * 2015-08-19 2015-12-02 天津市中环电子计算机有限公司 一种太阳能可调光百叶窗
CN109660199A (zh) * 2019-02-18 2019-04-19 丁楠 长方体形太阳能分光发电模块
US20190185423A1 (en) * 2013-07-01 2019-06-20 3M Innovative Properties Company Solar energy devices

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20190185423A1 (en) * 2013-07-01 2019-06-20 3M Innovative Properties Company Solar energy devices
CN105113967A (zh) * 2015-08-19 2015-12-02 天津市中环电子计算机有限公司 一种太阳能可调光百叶窗
CN109660199A (zh) * 2019-02-18 2019-04-19 丁楠 长方体形太阳能分光发电模块

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