WO2024021811A1 - Quantum chip and method for controlling superconducting quantum bits, and quantum computer - Google Patents
Quantum chip and method for controlling superconducting quantum bits, and quantum computer Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention belongs to the technical field of quantum computing, and relates to a quantum chip and method for controlling superconducting quantum bits, and a quantum computer. The quantum chip comprises a duplexer, a coupling capacitor, an inductor, and a quantum bit, one end of the duplexer being for access by an input signal, and the other end of the duplexer being separately connected to an input end of the coupling capacitor and an input end of the inductor; the duplexer being used for respectively inputting into the coupling capacitor and the inductor a high-frequency XY control signal and a low-frequency Z control signal of the input signal; an output end of the coupling capacitor being connected to a bit capacitor of the quantum bit; and an output end of the inductor being grounded and forming mutual inductance coupling with a superconducting quantum interference device. The present invention can solve the decoherence problem in the prior art, which is caused by quantum bits being driven by a mixture of a high-frequency XY control signal and a low-frequency Z control signal after control signals enter quantum chips.
Description
本发明涉及一种控制超导量子比特的量子芯片、方法及量子计算机，属于量子计算技术领域。The invention relates to a quantum chip, a method and a quantum computer for controlling superconducting qubits, and belongs to the field of quantum computing technology.
频率可调的超导量子比特需要两个控制通道，一个是高频控制通道，通过电容耦合控制超导量子比特的XY旋转；一个是低频控制通道，通过电感耦合快速偏置量子比特的超导量子干涉器(Superconducting Quantum Interference Device，SQUID)以改变其等效电感，从而改变量子比特的频率，实现比特的Z轴旋转。通常这两种控制信号是分两路，通过不同的同轴线从室温经过分布在稀释制冷机不同温区的一系列衰减器和滤波器，到达约10mK极低温处的量子芯片上。然而，随着量子芯片上集成比特数的快速增加，这种简单的方式需要占用越来越多的同轴线控制通道，使得对稀释制冷机内空间需求急剧增加。此外，随着比特数的增多，量子芯片的控制线扇出和封装也变得越来越困难。Frequency-adjustable superconducting qubits require two control channels. One is a high-frequency control channel, which controls the XY rotation of the superconducting qubit through capacitive coupling; the other is a low-frequency control channel, which quickly biases the superconducting qubit through inductive coupling. The quantum interferometer (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device, SQUID) changes its equivalent inductance, thereby changing the frequency of the qubit and achieving the Z-axis rotation of the bit. Usually these two control signals are divided into two paths, passing through different coaxial lines from room temperature through a series of attenuators and filters distributed in different temperature zones of the dilution refrigerator to the quantum chip at an extremely low temperature of about 10mK. However, with the rapid increase in the number of integrated bits on quantum chips, this simple method requires more and more coaxial line control channels, resulting in a sharp increase in the space requirements within the dilution refrigerator. In addition, as the number of bits increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to control line fan-out and packaging of quantum chips.
由于这两种控制信号的频率范围差别很大，其中高频XY控制通道一般在5GHz左右，而低频Z控制通道信号一般处于DC-1GHz范围，因此可以通过频率复用的方式来实现。然而通过频率复用生成的控制信号在进入到量子芯片之后，现有技术把高频XY控制信号和低频Z控制信号混合在一起驱动量子比特，其中高频XY控制信号通过电容耦合到量子比特的比特电容，低频Z控制信号通过电感耦合到量子比特的SQUID，然而二者相互之间还存在串扰。由于低频Z控制信号和比特的共振频率差距很大，因而不会引起量子比特的XY方向旋转。但是，高频XY控制信号会和低频Z控制信号一起耦合到SQUID，快速改变SQUID的磁通，从而快速调制超导量子比特的频率，引起额外的边带驱动效应，使得超导量子比特耦合到其他不同频率的体系，从而导致退相干。Since the frequency range of the two control signals is very different, the high-frequency XY control channel is generally around 5GHz, while the low-frequency Z control channel signal is generally in the DC-1GHz range, so it can be achieved through frequency reuse. However, after the control signal generated through frequency multiplexing enters the quantum chip, the existing technology mixes the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal together to drive the qubit, in which the high-frequency XY control signal is coupled to the qubit through capacitance. The bit capacitance and the low-frequency Z control signal are coupled to the SQUID of the qubit through the inductance. However, there is still crosstalk between the two. Since the low-frequency Z control signal is very different from the resonant frequency of the bit, it will not cause the XY direction rotation of the qubit. However, the high-frequency XY control signal will couple to the SQUID together with the low-frequency Z control signal, rapidly changing the magnetic flux of the SQUID, thereby quickly modulating the frequency of the superconducting qubit, causing additional sideband driving effects, causing the superconducting qubit to couple to Other systems of different frequencies, leading to decoherence.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对上述问题，本发明的目的是提供一种控制超导量子比特的量子芯片、方法及量子计算机，其能够解决现有技术中控制信号进入量子芯片后，因为高频XY控制信号和低频Z控制信号混合在一起驱动量子比特，而导致的退相干问题。In response to the above problems, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a quantum chip, method and quantum computer for controlling superconducting qubits, which can solve the problem of high-frequency XY control signals and low-frequency Z control after the control signal enters the quantum chip in the prior art. The signals are mixed together to drive the qubits, causing decoherence problems.
为实现上述目的，本发明提出了以下技术方案：一种控制超导量子比特的量子芯片，包括：双工器、耦合电容、电感和量子比特；双工器的一端接入输入信号，双工器的另一端分别连接耦合电容的输入端和电感的输入端，用于将输入信号的高频XY
控制信号和低频Z控制信号分别输入耦合电容和电感，耦合电容的输出端与比特电容相连，电感的输出端接地，并与比特的超导量子干涉器形成互感耦合。In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention proposes the following technical solution: a quantum chip for controlling superconducting qubits, including: a duplexer, a coupling capacitor, an inductor and a qubit; one end of the duplexer is connected to an input signal, and the duplexer The other end of the device is connected to the input end of the coupling capacitor and the input end of the inductor respectively, which is used to convert the high frequency XY of the input signal The control signal and low-frequency Z control signal are input into the coupling capacitor and inductor respectively. The output end of the coupling capacitor is connected to the bit capacitor. The output end of the inductor is grounded and forms mutual inductance coupling with the bit's superconducting quantum interferometer.
进一步，比特电容一端与耦合电容的输出端连接，比特电容的另一端接地，低频Z控制信号处理模块包括超导量子干涉器，超导量子干涉器与电感的输出端连接，形成闭合回路。Further, one end of the bit capacitor is connected to the output end of the coupling capacitor, and the other end of the bit capacitor is connected to ground. The low-frequency Z control signal processing module includes a superconducting quantum interferometer, and the superconducting quantum interferometer is connected to the output end of the inductor to form a closed loop.
进一步，电感的输出端接地。Further, the output end of the inductor is connected to ground.
进一步，双工器包括：第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器；其中，第一阻抗转换器的一端用于接入高频XY控制信号，第一阻抗转换器的另一端与耦合电容的输入端连接；第二阻抗转换器的一端用于接入低频Z控制信号，第二阻抗转换器的另一端与电感的输入端连接。Further, the duplexer includes: a first impedance converter and a second impedance converter; wherein, one end of the first impedance converter is used to access the high-frequency XY control signal, and the other end of the first impedance converter is connected to the coupling capacitor. The input end is connected; one end of the second impedance converter is used to access the low-frequency Z control signal, and the other end of the second impedance converter is connected to the input end of the inductor.
进一步，第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器均为共面波导阻抗转换器；第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器的长度均为量子比特工作频率对应的波长的四分之一左右。Furthermore, the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are both coplanar waveguide impedance converters; the lengths of the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are both about one quarter of the wavelength corresponding to the qubit operating frequency. .
进一步，第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器的导线长度一致或接近一致，第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转化器的导线长度由超导量子比特的工作频率与衬底的介电常数决定。Further, the wire lengths of the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are the same or nearly the same, and the wire lengths of the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are determined by the operating frequency of the superconducting qubit and the dielectric constant of the substrate. Decide.
本发明还公开了一种量子计算机，包括操控系统、低温传输系统和上述任一项的量子芯片；操控系统与量子芯片通过低温传输系统信号连接。The invention also discloses a quantum computer, which includes a control system, a low-temperature transmission system and any of the above quantum chips; the control system and the quantum chip are signally connected through the low-temperature transmission system.
本发明还公开了一种控制超导量子比特的方法，采用上述任一项的量子芯片，包括以下步骤：输入XY和Z的混频信号进入量子芯片，然后通过上述双工器将输入混频信号分为高频XY控制信号与低频Z控制信号两路输出；将高频XY控制信号耦合至比特电容以实现量子比特的XY轴旋转控制；将低频Z控制信号耦合至超导量子干涉器以实现量子比特的Z轴旋转控制。The invention also discloses a method for controlling superconducting qubits, using any of the above quantum chips, including the following steps: input XY and Z mixing signals into the quantum chip, and then mix the input signals through the above duplexer The signal is divided into two outputs: high-frequency XY control signal and low-frequency Z control signal; the high-frequency XY control signal is coupled to the bit capacitor to realize the XY axis rotation control of the qubit; the low-frequency Z control signal is coupled to the superconducting quantum interferometer to Realize Z-axis rotation control of qubits.
进一步，在输入信号的频率处于低频段时，高频XY控制信号分路为开路，低频Z控制信号分路为短路，低频Z控制信号耦合至超导量子干涉器以偏置超导量子干涉器的磁通来改变超导量子比特的频率，从而实现Z轴旋转控制。Further, when the frequency of the input signal is in the low frequency band, the high-frequency XY control signal is branched into an open circuit, the low-frequency Z control signal is branched into a short circuit, and the low-frequency Z control signal is coupled to the superconducting quantum interferometer to bias the superconducting quantum interferometer. The magnetic flux is used to change the frequency of the superconducting qubit, thereby achieving Z-axis rotation control.
进一步，当输入信号的频率接近超导量子比特的工作频率时，Z轴旋转控制信号分路为高阻抗，输入信号进入高频XY控制信号分路，高频XY控制信号耦合至比特电容以实现超导量子比特的XY轴旋转控制。Furthermore, when the frequency of the input signal is close to the operating frequency of the superconducting qubit, the Z-axis rotation control signal branch is high impedance, the input signal enters the high-frequency XY control signal branch, and the high-frequency XY control signal is coupled to the bit capacitor to achieve XY axis rotation control of superconducting qubits.
本发明由于采取以上技术方案，其具有以下优点：Since the present invention adopts the above technical solutions, it has the following advantages:
1、本发明通过把高频XY控制信号和低频Z控制信号通过双工器分成两路输出，其后将高频XY控制信号耦合到量子比特的比特电容以实现XY轴旋转控制，并将低
频Z控制信号耦合到量子比特的超导量子干涉器以实现Z轴旋转控制，两者互不干扰，避免在进入量子芯片后高频XY控制信号和低频Z控制信号混合在一起耦合到超导量子干涉器而引起额外的边带驱动效应，从而避免了超导量子比特耦合到其他不同频率体系而引起的退相干问题。1. The present invention divides the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal into two outputs through a duplexer, and then couples the high-frequency XY control signal to the bit capacitance of the qubit to realize XY axis rotation control, and converts the low-frequency XY control signal into two output channels. The frequency Z control signal is coupled to the superconducting quantum interferometer of the qubit to achieve Z-axis rotation control. The two do not interfere with each other and avoid the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal being mixed together and coupled to the superconductor after entering the quantum chip. The quantum interferometer causes additional sideband driving effects, thereby avoiding the decoherence problem caused by superconducting qubits coupling to other different frequency systems.
2、本发明采用两个四分之一波长(λ/4)阻抗转换器构成的双工器来控制超导量子比特，该双工器结构简单，与量子芯片的微纳加工工艺兼容，可直接集成在量子芯片上。2. The present invention uses a duplexer composed of two quarter-wavelength (λ/4) impedance converters to control superconducting qubits. The duplexer has a simple structure, is compatible with the micro-nano processing technology of quantum chips, and can Directly integrated on the quantum chip.
图1是本发明一实施例中量子芯片中双工器与量子比特的电路原理图；Figure 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of a duplexer and qubits in a quantum chip according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图2是本发明一实施例中双工器控制量子比特的工作原理图；Figure 2 is a working principle diagram of a duplexer controlling qubits in an embodiment of the present invention;
图3是本发明一实施例中控制超导量子比特方法的流程示意图。Figure 3 is a schematic flowchart of a method for controlling superconducting qubits in an embodiment of the present invention.
为了使本领域技术人员更好的理解本发明的技术方案，通过具体实施例对本发明进行详细的描绘。然而应当理解，具体实施方式的提供仅为了更好地理解本发明，它们不应该理解成对本发明的限制。在本发明的描述中，需要理解的是，所用到的术语仅仅是用于描述的目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性。In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the present invention is described in detail through specific embodiments. However, it should be understood that the specific embodiments are provided only for a better understanding of the present invention, and they should not be construed as limitations of the present invention. In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms used are for the purpose of description only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
超导量子比特是一种基于超导约瑟夫森结构建的可控人工原子系统。相比于其它量子计算系统，超导量子比特具有设计可控性强、可扩展性好、易耦合和易操控等优势。对量子比特的控制主要通过量子比特门来实现，量子比特门可分为单量子比特门、两量子比特门和多量子比特门。超导量子计算中单量子比特门可分为XY操控和Z操控。XY操控可通过微波信号以电容耦合的方式作用于超导量子比特来实现；Z操控可采用直流Z控制信号电感耦合至超导量子干涉器SQUID以偏置SQUID的磁通来调制超导量子比特的频率，也可以通过在所有后续的操控微波脉冲中添加相位偏移，以虚拟Z操控的方式实现。Superconducting qubit is a controllable artificial atomic system based on superconducting Josephson structure. Compared with other quantum computing systems, superconducting qubits have the advantages of strong design controllability, good scalability, easy coupling and easy manipulation. The control of qubits is mainly achieved through qubit gates, which can be divided into single qubit gates, two qubit gates and multi-qubit gates. Single qubit gates in superconducting quantum computing can be divided into XY control and Z control. XY control can be achieved by microwave signals acting on superconducting qubits in a capacitive coupling manner; Z control can be achieved by using a DC Z control signal to inductively couple to the superconducting quantum interferometer SQUID to bias the magnetic flux of SQUID to modulate the superconducting qubit. frequency can also be achieved in the form of virtual Z manipulation by adding a phase offset to all subsequent manipulated microwave pulses.
为了解决现有技术中存在的高频XY控制信号会和低频Z控制信号一起耦合到SQUID导致的退相干问题。本发明提出了一种控制超导量子比特的量子芯片、方法及量子计算机，其通过双工器将输入信号的高频XY控制信号与低频Z控制信号分两路输出；将高频XY控制信号耦合至比特电容以实现量子比特的XY轴旋转控制；将低频Z控制信号耦合至超导量子干涉器以实现量子比特的Z轴旋转控制。从而使得高频XY控制信号和低频Z控制信号互不干扰，从而避免了高低频信号串扰引起的退相干问题。下面结合附图，通过若干实施例对本发明的方案进行详细说明。
In order to solve the decoherence problem in the existing technology, the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal are coupled to the SQUID. The invention proposes a quantum chip, method and quantum computer for controlling superconducting qubits, which divide the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal of the input signal into two channels through a duplexer; Couple to the bit capacitor to achieve XY-axis rotation control of the qubit; couple the low-frequency Z control signal to the superconducting quantum interferometer to achieve Z-axis rotation control of the qubit. As a result, the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal do not interfere with each other, thereby avoiding the decoherence problem caused by crosstalk between high and low frequency signals. The solution of the present invention will be described in detail through several embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
实施例一Embodiment 1
本实施例中公开了一种控制超导量子比特的量子芯片，如图1所示，包括：双工器、耦合电容C1、电感L1、量子比特和衬底；双工器的一端接入输入信号，双工器的另一端分别连接耦合电容C1的输入端和电感的输入端，用于将输入信号的高频XY控制信号和低频Z控制信号分别输入耦合电容C1和电感，耦合电容C1的输出端与比特电容相连，用于将该高频XY控制信号耦合至量子比特，电感的输出端接地并与超导量子干涉器形成互感耦合，用于改变超导量子干涉器的磁通，从而实现量子比特的Z旋转。该双工器、耦合电容C1、电感L1和量子比特均设置在衬底上。该衬底材料可以是硅、蓝宝石等。在具体使用时，本领域技术人员可以根据需要选择适当材料，此处不做限制。This embodiment discloses a quantum chip for controlling superconducting qubits, as shown in Figure 1, including: a duplexer, a coupling capacitor C1, an inductor L1, a qubit and a substrate; one end of the duplexer is connected to the input signal, the other end of the duplexer is connected to the input end of the coupling capacitor C1 and the input end of the inductor respectively, which is used to input the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal of the input signal into the coupling capacitor C1 and the inductor respectively. The coupling capacitor C1 The output end is connected to the bit capacitor, which is used to couple the high-frequency XY control signal to the qubit. The output end of the inductor is grounded and forms a mutual inductance coupling with the superconducting quantum interferometer, which is used to change the magnetic flux of the superconducting quantum interferometer, thereby Achieve Z rotation of qubits. The duplexer, coupling capacitor C1, inductor L1 and qubit are all arranged on the substrate. The substrate material can be silicon, sapphire, etc. During specific use, those skilled in the art can select appropriate materials as needed, and there are no limitations here.
本实施例中，双工器包括：第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器；其中，第一阻抗转换器的一端，即双工器的输入端A，用于接入高频XY控制信号，第一阻抗转换器的另一端与耦合电容C1的输入端连接，用于将高频XY控制信号通过耦合电容C1耦合至比特电容C2。第二阻抗转换器的一端，即双工器的输入端A，用于接入低频Z控制信号，第二阻抗转换器的另一端与电感的输入端连接，用于将低频Z控制信号通过电感L1耦合至超导量子干涉器SQUID。In this embodiment, the duplexer includes: a first impedance converter and a second impedance converter; one end of the first impedance converter, that is, the input end A of the duplexer, is used to receive high-frequency XY control signals , the other end of the first impedance converter is connected to the input end of the coupling capacitor C1, and is used to couple the high-frequency XY control signal to the bit capacitor C2 through the coupling capacitor C1. One end of the second impedance converter, namely the input end A of the duplexer, is used to access the low-frequency Z control signal. The other end of the second impedance converter is connected to the input end of the inductor and is used to pass the low-frequency Z control signal through the inductor. L1 is coupled to the superconducting quantum interferometer SQUID.
在本实施例中，第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器均优选为共面波导阻抗转换器，但也可以采用现有的其他阻抗转换器，并不以此为限。第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器的长度均为量子比特工作频率对应的波长的四分之一左右。第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器的导线长度一致，此处的长度一致并不是说长度必须完全一样长，只要二者的长度差在可允许的范围内即可。第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转化器的导线长度由超导量子比特的工作频率与衬底的介电常数决定。In this embodiment, both the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are preferably coplanar waveguide impedance converters, but other existing impedance converters may also be used, without being limited thereto. The lengths of the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are both approximately one quarter of the wavelength corresponding to the qubit operating frequency. The wire lengths of the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are consistent. The same length here does not mean that the lengths must be exactly the same, as long as the length difference between the two is within an allowable range. The wire lengths of the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are determined by the operating frequency of the superconducting qubit and the dielectric constant of the substrate.
当将输入信号的高频XY控制信号与低频Z控制信号在输入端分两路输出后，高频XY控制信号支路的另一端为开路，高频XY控制信号通过耦合电容C1耦合到比特电容C2以实现XY轴旋转控制，低频Z控制信号分路的另一端短路，低频Z控制信号通过电感L1耦合至超导量子干涉器SQUID，以实现Z轴旋转控制。When the high-frequency XY control signal and low-frequency Z control signal of the input signal are output in two ways at the input end, the other end of the high-frequency XY control signal branch is open circuit, and the high-frequency XY control signal is coupled to the bit capacitor through the coupling capacitor C1 C2 is used to realize XY axis rotation control. The other end of the low-frequency Z control signal branch is short-circuited. The low-frequency Z control signal is coupled to the superconducting quantum interferometer SQUID through the inductor L1 to realize Z-axis rotation control.
其中，在输入信号的频率处于低频段时，高频XY控制信号分路为开路，低频Z控制信号分路为短路，低频Z控制信号耦合至超导量子干涉器以偏置超导量子干涉器的磁通来改变超导量子比特的频率，从而实现Z轴旋转控制。当输入信号接近超导量子比特的工作频率时，低频Z控制信号分路为高阻抗，输入信号进入高频XY控制信号分路，高频XY控制信号耦合至比特电容以实现超导量子比特的XY轴旋转控制。
Among them, when the frequency of the input signal is in the low frequency band, the high-frequency XY control signal is branched into an open circuit, the low-frequency Z control signal is branched into a short circuit, and the low-frequency Z control signal is coupled to the superconducting quantum interferometer to bias the superconducting quantum interferometer. The magnetic flux is used to change the frequency of the superconducting qubit, thereby achieving Z-axis rotation control. When the input signal is close to the operating frequency of the superconducting qubit, the low-frequency Z control signal branch is high impedance, and the input signal enters the high-frequency XY control signal branch. The high-frequency XY control signal is coupled to the bit capacitor to realize the superconducting qubit. XY axis rotation control.
如图2所示，以双工器的输入端接入的输入信号是一个电压为Vin、电流为Iin的信号为例，对双工器控制超导量子比特的工作原理进行说明。首先，计算在耦合电容C1处的电压Vxy与输入电压Vin的信号强度比值Vxy/Vin，以及在电感L1处的电流Iz与输入电流Iin的信号强度比值Iz/Iin。比值与输入信号频率的关系如图2所示，在输入信号频率较低时，高频XY控制信号分路相当于开路，低频Z控制信号分路相当于短路，因而Vxy极小，而Iz很大，可以有效偏置超导量子干涉器的磁通。由于全反射信号与输入信号的叠加，在低频端Iz约等于2倍Iin，即6dB(如图中虚线所示)。而在超导量子比特的工作频率(以5GHz为例)附近，由于四分之一共面波导阻抗转换器的特性，低频Z控制信号分支阻抗接近无穷大，因此Iz端可以看作是开路，输入信号主要进入Vxy端。在输入信号波长与第一阻抗转换器IT1完全匹配时，全反射信号与输入信号叠加，使得Vxy等于2倍Vin，即6dB，因而高频XY控制信号可以有效通过耦合电容C1来实现超导量子比特的XY轴旋转控制；与此同时，低频Z控制信号分路的电流Iz极小，因而可以避免高频XY信号对超导量子干涉器的快速调制。As shown in Figure 2, taking the input signal connected to the input end of the duplexer as a signal with voltage V in and current I in as an example, the working principle of the duplexer controlling superconducting qubits is explained. First, calculate the signal strength ratio V xy /V in between the voltage V xy at the coupling capacitor C1 and the input voltage V in , and the signal strength ratio I z /I in between the current I z at the inductor L1 and the input current I in . . The relationship between the ratio and the input signal frequency is shown in Figure 2. When the input signal frequency is low, the high-frequency XY control signal shunt is equivalent to an open circuit, and the low-frequency Z control signal shunt is equivalent to a short circuit, so V xy is extremely small, and I z is large and can effectively bias the magnetic flux of a superconducting quantum interferometer. Due to the superposition of the total reflection signal and the input signal, at the low-frequency end I z is approximately equal to 2 times I in , that is, 6dB (as shown by the dotted line in the figure). Near the operating frequency of superconducting qubits (taking 5GHz as an example), due to the characteristics of the quarter coplanar waveguide impedance converter, the impedance of the low-frequency Z control signal branch is close to infinity, so the I z end can be regarded as an open circuit. The input signal mainly enters the V xy terminal. When the wavelength of the input signal completely matches the first impedance converter IT1, the total reflection signal is superimposed on the input signal, making V The XY axis rotation control of the conductive qubit; at the same time, the current I z of the low-frequency Z control signal branch is extremely small, thus avoiding the rapid modulation of the superconducting quantum interferometer by the high-frequency XY signal.
因此，本发明在进入量子芯片之后，设置双工器将高频XY控制信号通过电容耦合到比特电容，并将低频Z控制信号通过电感耦合到超导量子干涉器，同时避免了两者之间的相互串扰，即避免了高频XY控制信号会和低频Z控制信号一起耦合到超导量子干涉器SQUID而快速偏置SQUID磁通，从而快速调制超导量子比特频率所引起的额外的边带驱动效应，亦即，避免了超导量子比特耦合到其他不同频率体系而引起的退相干问题。并且，本发明提供的双工器结构简单，与量子芯片的微纳加工工艺兼容，可以直接集成在量子芯片上。Therefore, after entering the quantum chip, the present invention sets up a duplexer to couple the high-frequency XY control signal to the bit capacitor through the capacitor, and couples the low-frequency Z control signal to the superconducting quantum interferometer through the inductor, while avoiding the need for communication between the two. Mutual crosstalk, that is, it avoids the additional sidebands caused by the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal coupling to the superconducting quantum interferometer SQUID to quickly bias the SQUID magnetic flux, thereby quickly modulating the superconducting qubit frequency. The driving effect, that is, avoids the decoherence problem caused by superconducting qubits coupling to other different frequency systems. Moreover, the duplexer provided by the present invention has a simple structure, is compatible with the micro-nano processing technology of the quantum chip, and can be directly integrated on the quantum chip.
实施例二Embodiment 2
基于相同的发明构思，本实施例公开了一种量子计算机，包括操控系统、低温传输系统和上述任一项的量子芯片；操控系统与量子芯片通过低温传输系统信号连接。低温传输系统中包含低温微波电路，操控系统与量子芯片之间通过低温微波电路进行连接。其中，操控系统一般放在室温区，在室温用一个双工器把高低频两个信号合并起来，然后经过一根同轴线把信号传递到量子芯片去控制量子比特，通过一根同轴线与放置在低温传输系统中的量子芯片，就可以实现对一个超导量子比特的包括XY轴旋转和Z轴旋转的完整操控。这种方法可以节省一半的控制线通道，对多比特量子芯片有显著的优势。其主要工作原理是：矢量信号发生器用于产生微波操控信号，任意波形发生器用于产生门控信号。上述的两种控制信号通过低温微波电路传输至量子芯片，以此对量子比特进行频率调谐、状态翻转和能级跃迁等操作。ADC(模/数转换器)用于
采集处理量子信号。量子比特的量子信号经低温微波电路传输至ADC，以实现对量子比特信息的读取。其中，低温传输系统中可以包含制冷组件(如制冷机)，制冷组件用于为低温微波电路、量子芯片提供低温环境，从而可以为低温微波电路和量子芯片创造出超导条件，以防止产生热噪声等不良影响。Based on the same inventive concept, this embodiment discloses a quantum computer, which includes a control system, a low-temperature transmission system and any of the above quantum chips; the control system and the quantum chip are signally connected through the low-temperature transmission system. The low-temperature transmission system contains a low-temperature microwave circuit, and the control system and the quantum chip are connected through the low-temperature microwave circuit. Among them, the control system is usually placed in the room temperature area. A duplexer is used at room temperature to combine the high and low frequency signals, and then the signal is transmitted to the quantum chip through a coaxial line to control the qubits. With a quantum chip placed in a low-temperature transmission system, complete control of a superconducting qubit, including XY-axis rotation and Z-axis rotation, can be achieved. This method can save half of the control line channels, which has significant advantages for multi-bit quantum chips. Its main working principle is: the vector signal generator is used to generate microwave control signals, and the arbitrary waveform generator is used to generate gate control signals. The above two control signals are transmitted to the quantum chip through low-temperature microwave circuits, thereby performing operations such as frequency tuning, state flipping, and energy level transitions on the qubits. ADC (Analog/Digital Converter) is used for Collect and process quantum signals. The quantum signal of the qubit is transmitted to the ADC through a low-temperature microwave circuit to realize the reading of the qubit information. Among them, the low-temperature transmission system can include refrigeration components (such as refrigerators). The refrigeration components are used to provide a low-temperature environment for low-temperature microwave circuits and quantum chips, thereby creating superconducting conditions for low-temperature microwave circuits and quantum chips to prevent the generation of heat. Noise and other adverse effects.
实施例三Embodiment 3
基于相同的发明构思，本实施例公开了一种控制超导量子比特的方法，如图3所示，采用上述任一项的量子芯片，包括以下步骤：Based on the same inventive concept, this embodiment discloses a method of controlling superconducting qubits. As shown in Figure 3, using any of the above quantum chips includes the following steps:
S1输入信号通过双工器分为高频XY控制信号与低频Z控制信号两路输出；The S1 input signal is divided into two outputs: high-frequency XY control signal and low-frequency Z control signal through a duplexer;
其中，量子芯片包括：双工器、耦合电容C1、电感L1、量子比特和衬底；双工器的一端接入输入信号，双工器的另一端分别连接耦合电容C1的输入端和电感的输入端，用于将输入信号的高频XY控制信号和低频Z控制信号分别输入耦合电容C1和电感，耦合电容C1的输出端与比特电容相连，用于将该高频XY控制信号耦合至量子比特，电感的输出端接地并和超导量子干涉器SQUID形成互感耦合，用于控制超导量子干涉器SQUID的磁通。该双工器、耦合电容C1、电感L1和量子比特均设置在衬底上。该衬底材料可以是硅、蓝宝石等。在具体使用时，本领域技术人员可以根据需要选择适当材料，此处不做限制。Among them, the quantum chip includes: a duplexer, coupling capacitor C1, inductor L1, qubits and substrate; one end of the duplexer is connected to the input signal, and the other end of the duplexer is connected to the input end of the coupling capacitor C1 and the inductor respectively. The input terminal is used to input the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal of the input signal into the coupling capacitor C1 and the inductor respectively. The output terminal of the coupling capacitor C1 is connected to the bit capacitor and is used to couple the high-frequency XY control signal to the quantum Bit, the output end of the inductor is grounded and forms mutual inductance coupling with the superconducting quantum interferometer SQUID, which is used to control the magnetic flux of the superconducting quantum interferometer SQUID. The duplexer, coupling capacitor C1, inductor L1 and qubit are all arranged on the substrate. The substrate material can be silicon, sapphire, etc. During specific use, those skilled in the art can select appropriate materials as needed, and there are no limitations here.
本实施例中，双工器包括：第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器；其中，第一阻抗转换器的一端，即双工器的输入端A，用于接入高频XY控制信号，第一阻抗转换器的另一端与耦合电容C1的输入端连接，用于将高频XY控制信号通过耦合电容C1耦合至比特电容C2。第二阻抗转换器的一端，即双工器的输入端A，用于接入低频Z控制信号，第二阻抗转换器的另一端与电感的输入端连接，用于将低频Z控制信号通过电感L1耦合至超导量子干涉器SQUID。In this embodiment, the duplexer includes: a first impedance converter and a second impedance converter; one end of the first impedance converter, that is, the input end A of the duplexer, is used to receive high-frequency XY control signals , the other end of the first impedance converter is connected to the input end of the coupling capacitor C1, and is used to couple the high-frequency XY control signal to the bit capacitor C2 through the coupling capacitor C1. One end of the second impedance converter, namely the input end A of the duplexer, is used to access the low-frequency Z control signal. The other end of the second impedance converter is connected to the input end of the inductor and is used to pass the low-frequency Z control signal through the inductor. L1 is coupled to the superconducting quantum interferometer SQUID.
在本实施例中，第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器均优选为共面波导阻抗转换器，但也可以是集总元器件构造的阻抗转换器。第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器的长度均为量子比特工作频率对应的波长的四分之一左右。第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器的导线长度一致。第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转化器的导线长度由超导量子比特的工作频率与衬底的介电常数决定。导线的长度应等于超导量子比特工作频率对应波长的四分之一，在硅衬底或蓝宝石衬底上一般为4-8mm。In this embodiment, both the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are preferably coplanar waveguide impedance converters, but they may also be impedance converters constructed with lumped components. The lengths of the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are both approximately one quarter of the wavelength corresponding to the qubit operating frequency. The wire lengths of the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are consistent. The wire lengths of the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are determined by the operating frequency of the superconducting qubit and the dielectric constant of the substrate. The length of the wire should be equal to one quarter of the wavelength corresponding to the working frequency of the superconducting qubit, which is generally 4-8mm on a silicon substrate or sapphire substrate.
S2将高频XY控制信号耦合至比特电容以实现量子比特的XY轴旋转控制；S2 couples the high-frequency XY control signal to the bit capacitor to realize the XY axis rotation control of the qubit;
S3将低频Z控制信号耦合至超导量子干涉器以实现量子比特的Z轴旋转控制。S3 couples the low-frequency Z control signal to the superconducting quantum interferometer to achieve Z-axis rotation control of the qubit.
当将输入信号的高频XY控制信号与低频Z控制信号在输入端分两路输出后，高
频XY控制信号支路的另一端为开路，高频XY控制信号通过耦合电容耦合到超导量子比特以实现XY轴旋转控制，低频Z控制信号分路的另一端是短路，低频Z控制信号通过电感耦合至超导量子干涉器，以实现Z轴旋转控制。When the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal of the input signal are divided into two outputs at the input end, the high-frequency The other end of the frequency XY control signal branch is an open circuit. The high frequency XY control signal is coupled to the superconducting qubit through a coupling capacitor to realize XY axis rotation control. The other end of the low frequency Z control signal branch is a short circuit, and the low frequency Z control signal passes through Inductively coupled to a superconducting quantum interferometer to achieve Z-axis rotation control.
在输入信号的频率处于低频段时，高频XY控制信号分路为开路，低频Z控制信号分路为短路，低频Z控制信号耦合至超导量子干涉器以偏置超导量子干涉器的磁通来改变超导量子比特的频率，从而实现Z轴旋转控制。When the frequency of the input signal is in the low frequency band, the high-frequency XY control signal is branched into an open circuit, the low-frequency Z control signal is branched into a short circuit, and the low-frequency Z control signal is coupled to the superconducting quantum interferometer to bias the magnetic field of the superconducting quantum interferometer. By changing the frequency of superconducting qubits, Z-axis rotation control is achieved.
在输入信号的频率接近超导量子比特的工作频率时，Z轴旋转控制信号分路为高阻抗，输入信号进入高频XY控制信号分路，高频XY控制信号耦合至比特电容以实现超导量子比特的XY轴旋转控制。When the frequency of the input signal is close to the operating frequency of the superconducting qubit, the Z-axis rotation control signal is branched into a high impedance, the input signal enters the high-frequency XY control signal branch, and the high-frequency XY control signal is coupled to the bit capacitor to achieve superconductivity Qubit XY axis rotation control.
可见，本实施例通过把高频XY控制信号和低频Z控制信号通过双工器分成两路输出，可以将高频XY控制信号耦合到超导量子比特的比特电容以实现XY轴旋转控制，并将低频Z轴控制信号耦合到超导量子比特的超导量子干涉器SQUID以实现Z轴旋转控制，两者互不干扰，避免了在进入量子芯片后高频XY控制信号和低频Z控制信号混合在一起耦合到超导量子干涉器SQUID引起额外的边带驱动效应，从而避免了超导量子比特耦合到其他不同频率体系而引起的退相干问题。It can be seen that in this embodiment, by dividing the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal into two outputs through a duplexer, the high-frequency XY control signal can be coupled to the bit capacitance of the superconducting qubit to achieve XY axis rotation control, and The low-frequency Z-axis control signal is coupled to the superconducting quantum interferometer SQUID of the superconducting qubit to achieve Z-axis rotation control. The two do not interfere with each other, avoiding the mixing of the high-frequency XY control signal and the low-frequency Z control signal after entering the quantum chip. Coupling together to the superconducting quantum interferometer SQUID causes additional sideband driving effects, thereby avoiding the decoherence problem caused by the coupling of superconducting qubits to other different frequency systems.
本领域内的技术人员应明白，本申请的实施例可提供为方法、系统、或计算机程序产品。因此，本申请可采用完全硬件实施例、完全软件实施例、或结合软件和硬件方面的实施例的形式。而且，本申请可采用在一个或多个其中包含有计算机可用程序代码的计算机可用存储介质(包括但不限于磁盘存储器、CD-ROM、光学存储器等)上实施的计算机程序产品的形式。Those skilled in the art will understand that embodiments of the present application may be provided as methods, systems, or computer program products. Accordingly, the present application may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment, or an embodiment that combines software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present application may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, etc.) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.
本申请是参照根据本申请实施例的方法、设备(系统)、和计算机程序产品的流程图和/或方框图来描述的。应理解可由计算机程序指令实现流程图和/或方框图中的每一流程和/或方框、以及流程图和/或方框图中的流程和/或方框的结合。可提供这些计算机程序指令到通用计算机、专用计算机、嵌入式处理机或其他可编程数据处理设备的处理器以产生一个机器，使得通过计算机或其他可编程数据处理设备的处理器执行的指令产生用于实现在流程图一个流程或多个流程和/或方框图一个方框或多个方框中指定的功能的装置。The present application is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the application. It will be understood that each process and/or block in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of processes and/or blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing device to produce a machine, such that the instructions executed by the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing device produce a use A device for realizing the functions specified in one process or multiple processes of the flowchart and/or one block or multiple blocks of the block diagram.
这些计算机程序指令也可存储在能引导计算机或其他可编程数据处理设备以特定方式工作的计算机可读存储器中，使得存储在该计算机可读存储器中的指令产生包括指令装置的制造品，该指令装置实现在流程图一个流程或多个流程和/或方框图一个方框或多个方框中指定的功能。
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that causes a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to operate in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including the instruction means, the instructions The device implements the functions specified in a process or processes of the flowchart and/or a block or blocks of the block diagram.
这些计算机程序指令也可装载到计算机或其他可编程数据处理设备上，使得在计算机或其他可编程设备上执行一系列操作步骤以产生计算机实现的处理，从而在计算机或其他可编程设备上执行的指令提供用于实现在流程图一个流程或多个流程和/或方框图一个方框或多个方框中指定的功能的步骤。These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing device, causing a series of operating steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable device to produce computer-implemented processing, thereby executing on the computer or other programmable device. Instructions provide steps for implementing the functions specified in a process or processes of a flowchart diagram and/or a block or blocks of a block diagram.
最后应当说明的是：以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对其限制，尽管参照上述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，所属领域的普通技术人员应当理解：依然可以对本发明的具体实施方式进行修改或者等同替换，而未脱离本发明精神和范围的任何修改或者等同替换，其均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求保护范围之内。上述内容仅为本申请的具体实施方式，但本申请的保护范围并不局限于此，任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本申请揭露的技术范围内，可轻易想到变化或替换，都应涵盖在本申请的保护范围之内。因此，本申请的保护范围应以权利要求的保护范围为准。
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention and not to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that the present invention can still be modified. Modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made to the specific embodiments, and any modifications or equivalent substitutions that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention shall be covered by the scope of the claims of the invention. The above content is only a specific implementation mode of the present application, but the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto. Any person familiar with the technical field can easily think of changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in the present application, and all of them should be covered. within the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this application should be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (9)
- 一种控制超导量子比特的量子芯片，其特征在于，包括：双工器、耦合电容、电感和量子比特；A quantum chip for controlling superconducting qubits, which is characterized by including: a duplexer, a coupling capacitor, an inductor and a qubit;所述双工器的一端接入输入信号，所述双工器的另一端分别连接所述耦合电容的输入端和所述电感的输入端，用于将输入信号的高频XY控制信号和低频Z控制信号分别输入所述耦合电容和所述电感，所述耦合电容的输出端与所述量子比特的比特电容相连，所述电感的输出端接地并与所述量子比特的超导量子干涉器SQUID形成互感耦合。One end of the duplexer is connected to the input signal, and the other end of the duplexer is connected to the input end of the coupling capacitor and the input end of the inductor, respectively, for converting the high-frequency XY control signal of the input signal to the low-frequency The Z control signal is input to the coupling capacitor and the inductor respectively. The output end of the coupling capacitor is connected to the bit capacitor of the qubit. The output end of the inductor is grounded and connected to the superconducting quantum interferometer of the qubit. SQUID forms mutual inductance coupling.
- 如权利要求1所述的控制超导量子比特的量子芯片，其特征在于，所述比特电容一端与所述耦合电容的输出端连接，所述比特电容的另一端接地，所述电感的输出端接地，所述超导量子干涉器与所述电感形成互感耦合。The quantum chip for controlling superconducting qubits according to claim 1, wherein one end of the bit capacitor is connected to the output end of the coupling capacitor, the other end of the bit capacitor is grounded, and the output end of the inductor Grounded, the superconducting quantum interferer and the inductor form mutual inductance coupling.
- 如权利要求1或2所述的控制超导量子比特的量子芯片，其特征在于，所述双工器包括：第一阻抗转换器与第二阻抗转换器；其中，所述第一阻抗转换器的一端用于接入所述高频XY控制信号，所述第一阻抗转换器的另一端与所述耦合电容的输入端连接；所述第二阻抗转换器的一端用于接入所述低频Z控制信号，所述第二阻抗转换器的另一端与所述电感的输入端连接。The quantum chip for controlling superconducting qubits according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the duplexer includes: a first impedance converter and a second impedance converter; wherein the first impedance converter One end of the first impedance converter is used to access the high-frequency XY control signal, the other end of the first impedance converter is connected to the input end of the coupling capacitor; one end of the second impedance converter is used to access the low-frequency Z control signal, the other end of the second impedance converter is connected to the input end of the inductor.
- 如权利要求3所述的控制超导量子比特的量子芯片，其特征在于，所述第一阻抗转换器与所述第二阻抗转换器均为共面波导阻抗转换器；所述第一阻抗转换器与所述第二阻抗转换器的长度均为量子比特工作频率对应的波长的四分之一。The quantum chip for controlling superconducting qubits according to claim 3, wherein the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are both coplanar waveguide impedance converters; the first impedance converter The lengths of the impedance converter and the second impedance converter are both one quarter of the wavelength corresponding to the qubit operating frequency.
- 如权利要求4所述的控制超导量子比特的量子芯片，其特征在于，所述第一阻抗转换器与所述第二阻抗转换器的导线长度一致或接近一致，所述第一阻抗转换器与所述第二阻抗转化器的导线长度由超导量子比特的工作频率与衬底的介电常数决定。The quantum chip for controlling superconducting qubits according to claim 4, wherein the wire lengths of the first impedance converter and the second impedance converter are the same or nearly the same, and the first impedance converter The length of the wire to the second impedance converter is determined by the operating frequency of the superconducting qubit and the dielectric constant of the substrate.
- 一种量子计算机，其特征在于，包括操控系统、低温传输系统和如权利要求1至5中任一项所述的量子芯片；所述操控系统与所述量子芯片通过所述低温传输系统信号连接。A quantum computer, characterized by comprising a control system, a low-temperature transmission system and a quantum chip as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5; the control system and the quantum chip are signally connected through the low-temperature transmission system .
- 一种控制超导量子比特的方法，其特征在于，采用如权利要求1至5任一项所述的量子芯片，包括以下步骤：A method for controlling superconducting qubits, characterized by using the quantum chip according to any one of claims 1 to 5, including the following steps:输入XY和Z的混频信号，通过所述双工器将所述XY和Z的混频信号分为高频XY控制信号与低频Z控制信号两路输出；Input the mixed frequency signals of XY and Z, and divide the mixed frequency signals of XY and Z into two output channels: a high-frequency XY control signal and a low-frequency Z control signal through the duplexer;将所述高频XY控制信号耦合至比特电容以实现量子比特的XY轴旋转控制；Coupling the high-frequency XY control signal to the bit capacitor to realize XY axis rotation control of the qubit;将所述低频Z控制信号耦合至超导量子干涉器以实现量子比特的Z轴旋转控制。 The low-frequency Z control signal is coupled to a superconducting quantum interferometer to achieve Z-axis rotation control of qubits.
- 如权利要求7所述的控制超导量子比特的方法，其特征在于，在所述输入信号的频率处于低频段时，高频XY控制信号分路为开路，低频Z控制信号分路为短路，所述低频Z控制信号耦合至所述超导量子干涉器以偏置超导量子干涉器的磁通来改变超导量子比特的频率，从而实现Z轴旋转控制。The method of controlling superconducting qubits according to claim 7, characterized in that when the frequency of the input signal is in a low frequency band, the high-frequency XY control signal is branched into an open circuit, and the low-frequency Z control signal is branched into a short circuit, The low-frequency Z control signal is coupled to the superconducting quantum interference device to bias the magnetic flux of the superconducting quantum interference device to change the frequency of the superconducting qubit, thereby achieving Z-axis rotation control.
- 如权利要求7所述的控制超导量子比特的方法，其特征在于，当所述输入信号的频率接近超导量子比特的工作频率时，Z轴旋转控制信号分路为高阻抗，所述输入信号进入高频XY控制信号分路，所述高频XY控制信号耦合至比特电容以实现超导量子比特的XY轴旋转控制。 The method of controlling superconducting qubits according to claim 7, characterized in that when the frequency of the input signal is close to the operating frequency of the superconducting qubit, the Z-axis rotation control signal is branched to high impedance, and the input signal The signal enters the high-frequency XY control signal branch, and the high-frequency XY control signal is coupled to the bit capacitor to realize the XY axis rotation control of the superconducting qubit.
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