WO2024020006A2 - Dispositif à gravité quantique - Google Patents

Dispositif à gravité quantique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024020006A2
WO2024020006A2 PCT/US2023/027991 US2023027991W WO2024020006A2 WO 2024020006 A2 WO2024020006 A2 WO 2024020006A2 US 2023027991 W US2023027991 W US 2023027991W WO 2024020006 A2 WO2024020006 A2 WO 2024020006A2
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quantum
superposed
collapse
superposition
state
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PCT/US2023/027991
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WO2024020006A3 (fr
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James Tagg
William Reid
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James Tagg
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Publication of WO2024020006A3 publication Critical patent/WO2024020006A3/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N10/00—Quantum computing, i.e. information processing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena
    • G06N10/40—Physical realisations or architectures of quantum processors or components for manipulating qubits, e.g. qubit coupling or qubit control
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N10/00—Quantum computing, i.e. information processing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena
    • G06N10/20—Models of quantum computing, e.g. quantum circuits or universal quantum computers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication

Definitions

  • a quantum gravity device is implemented with an electro-photonic logic gate configured to describe two incompatible space-times.
  • the time taken to collapse is specified by Penrose Objective Reduction (OR).
  • OR Penrose Objective Reduction
  • Eg is the gravitational self-energy
  • h is the reduced Plank constant
  • y is a constant originally estimated by Penrose to be l/(8jr).
  • G is the gravitational constant
  • A/ is the mass in superposition
  • R is the radius of that mass - assuming it is a sphere.
  • Quantum gates are used to manipulate quantum bits.
  • train track model of quantum computing a set of qubits are operated upon by gate primitives such as the controlled not (CNOT) and certain rotations allowing for universal quantum computing.
  • CNOT controlled not
  • Many different methods can be used to realize this form of quantum computing including superconducting rings, photonic gates and trapped ions.
  • the main difficulty with conventional quantum computers is noise. Noise - random vibrations of the environment - causes the phase information in the quantum system to decohere.
  • Calculations are performed by applying the gates to qubits while preserving the phase information of the qubit against environmental decoherence.
  • a measurement reads the information from the quantum system to give the result. This measurement collapses the wavefunction to a classical observable. It is commonly thought that decoherence also collapses the wavefunction, but this is not the case. Collapse and decoherence are two separate phenomena and this patent proposes a method to separate them. Such a method can be used to compute or calculate.
  • Antennas are used to radiate power and to receive signals. We model their behavior using classical laws governed by Maxwell’s equations. When modelling them we need to take account of the wave-particle duality of light. Some modelling packages use ray tracing assuming the photons are ballistic particles, while more sophisticated models use approximations of the maxwell equations to model the wave behavior, including diffraction and dispersion.
  • Wave behavior leads to constructive and destructive interference commonly used in today’s beamforming antennas.
  • One or more radiators is fed with a similar signal.
  • Similar signals combine constructively to form a strong signal or destructively to form a null.
  • Constructive interference improves the signal strength received by user equipment (HE) at the constructive interference peak and reduces it for others, thus reducing interference.
  • the main problem limiting the signal propagation range is a lack of power. This is usually stated as Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). It is the power the receiver detects if it had to be transmitted as an isotropic (all directions) signal.
  • the ratio of EIRP to power into the antenna gives the antenna gain and can be used to calculate the effective portion of a sphere that can see this signal strength. For example, a +28dB antenna gain comes with a corresponding 7.5-degree beam angle.
  • Sensors operate by transmitting a signal and detecting a reflection or lack thereof.
  • a novel method of sensing can be implemented with a quantum gravity gate where the detection of the signal by an observer causes accelerated collapse of the sensing waveform.
  • the device consists of: -
  • a method of implementing a quantum gravity gate using electro-optical devices and quantum erasers is presented.
  • Such a device has the advantage it can be implemented substantially at room temperature with the only exception being the single photon detectors which are optimally cooled to reduce dark count - erroneous firings due to thermal noise.
  • the gate will spontaneously collapse with a time constant set by the mass-energy displacement of the main mechanical components. Normally mass is used to form the collapse, but it is superposition of two incompatible metrics of spacetime that is at issue and therefore energy rather than mass may also be used.
  • Energy superpositions can be generated by firing two powerful lasers with a control signal in superposition or switching a powerful laser beam with a mirror. Sensing interference of the two superposed states allows measurement of the collapse time.
  • collapse time may be modulated by further mass-energy devices.
  • the presence of these devices can be inferred by measuring the collapse time of the first device without any signal from the second device.
  • Prior to collapse two electro- magnetic or gravitational wave signals may constructively and destructively interfere with beneficial effects in the transmission of information in the electro-magnetic or gravitational spectrum.
  • FIG. 1 Shows the setup for a complete single quantum gravity electro-photonic gate.
  • FIG. la. is an enlarged view of the mirror piezo assembly.
  • FIG. 2 Depicts the classical Schrodinger’s cat setup.
  • FIG. 3 Depicts a controlled Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
  • FIG. 3a Depicts the quantum computing treatment of a controlled Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
  • FIG. 4 Depicts detector signal processing for a single CNOT gate Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
  • FIG. 5 Depicts oscilloscope traces from the detectors.
  • FIG. 6. Depicts the bias circuit to control the SPADs.
  • FIG. 7 Depicts quantum gravity CNOT electro-photonic computer gate.
  • FIG. 8 A two-element quantum gravity antenna
  • FIG. 8a Quantum gravity catastrophe cell boundary
  • FIG. 8b Phased array quantum gravity transceiver
  • FIG. 9 Quantum Gravitational wave transceiver
  • FIG. 10 Counterfactual sensor DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • FIG. 1 Shows the setup for a quantum gravity gate device which implements a quantum controlled not (CNOT) gate whose collapse time is set by the mass of two small mirrors 115.
  • a laser 101 directs photons at a neutral density (ND) filter 102 which is connected to a nonpolarizing beam splitter 103.
  • ND filter neutral density
  • the ND filter is constructed with a stack of two or more filters to achieve the desired attenuation.
  • the beam splitter are placed two single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) 104.
  • This assembly is contained in a cold chamber 105 though the only elements that require cooling are the SPADs 104 - in order to lower their dark count.
  • the SPADs contain integral cooling mechanisms implemented with one or more Peltier device stages.
  • the SPADs are connected to a control circuit 106 - described in detail in Figure 6 - which is in turn controlled by a CPU 107.
  • the CPU controls three signals: quench 108, reset 109 and laser ON/OFF 110. Timing for these signals is given in Figure 5.
  • the laser ON/OFF control circuit is not illustrated but simply switches a higher current than most microcontrollers can safely provide using a Darlington pair. Quench and reset circuits switch the appropriate high voltages through relays. In a prototype setup workbench equipment is used, a high voltage power supply unit 112, low voltage power supply unit 111 and programmable storage oscilloscope 113. When in production these are replaced with appropriate solid state electronic circuits.
  • the storage oscilloscope is connected to a computer for data capture and analysis by a network interface, not shown. We describe later certain precautions against equipment performing a measurement.
  • the SPADs each switch a DC voltage in this setup. However, it is possible to add AC feeds in parallel with the DC bias, coupled in with a capacitor. This is further described in Figures 8 and 9.
  • the operation is as follows.
  • Single photons are generated by a solid-state laser mounted in a heatsink 101. Its output is attenuated by an anti-reflective coated 6.0 neutral density (ND) filter and an uncoated 6.0 ND filter placed in series 102. This drops the photon output from the laser to approximately 12,000 counts per second. Strictly speaking, this setup is not a true single-photon generator as each photon is entangled with other photons in the laser cavity. However, for our purposes, a simple attenuated laser is more than adequate.
  • Two single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) 104 are reverse biased in Geiger mode and placed at the outputs of a beam splitter 103.
  • the SPADs respond to a photon by generating an avalanche of charge carriers which makes them conduct electricity.
  • SPADs suffer from dark count - the random firing of the SPADs due to thermal noise.
  • the detectors are therefore cooled to -10°C, which provides a reduction in the dark count by a factor of 1000 to a rate of approximately 3,000 counts per second.
  • the reverse bias voltage for the SPADs is 143 volts and their bias is nominally 12 volts, which can be varied by the PSU 111 or an appropriate control circuit.
  • the bias voltage is impressed across the piezos both labelled 114 by way of two electrical contacts 117 and 118 connected to the positive and negative terminal of the piezo carried in two coaxial cables 128.
  • the voltage across the SPAD drops to zero and the SPADs reverts to open circuit. If both SPADs fire we have generated a dual rail quantum, superposed, electrical pulse to control two arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
  • the interferometer is implemented on an optical table 119 with a beam splitter 123 and beam combiner 124.
  • the arm lengths are controlled by piezo mirror assemblies which are themselves mounted on linear translators labelled 120 that forms one arm of an HP- Agilent High Stability Plane Mirror Interferometer (HSPMI) both labelled 121.
  • HSPMI High Stability Plane Mirror Interferometer
  • the only job of the HSPMI is to translate the beam sideways as only one polarization is being employed.
  • the overall system produces an interference pattern at the optical detectors DI 125 and D2 126 whose output electrical amplitude can be measured by the oscilloscope or other measurement apparatus to give the differential position of the mirrors.
  • HSPMI cubes 121 We are only using the differential mode and therefore the only function of the HSPMI cubes 121 is to translate the laser beam 12.5 mm to the side to allow us to pickoff the beam with ‘pick-off mirrors 122 and complete the Mach-Zehnder square.
  • the system is theoretically sensitive to changes in the arm lengths of 1/2000 of the 633nm wavelength of the polarized helium-neon (HeNe) laser 126, approx. 3 A.
  • a 2nm optical bandpass filter 127 is employed in front of the optical detectors to eliminate the HeNe laser sidebands and ambient noise, with the benefit that the apparatus will run in daylight. Only one detector is needed to operate the apparatus although two are installed and can be operated differentially to remove common mode noise.
  • the highest frequency piezo 114 readily available to control a 7mm diameter mirror has a self-resonant frequency of 5MHz. However, when coupled with the mass of the mirror 115, this drops to 3 MHz resulting in a mechanical rise time of around 100 nanoseconds, putting a lower limit on the times that can be explored without resorting to special materials and custom fabrication. The dominant delay in the system comes from the rise-time of the combined mirror/piezo assembly 114, 115.
  • An electronic control system 106 implemented with a microcontroller and relay switches provides the bias voltage (2-30 volts) to the SP D.
  • the apparatus can run every microsecond and the SPADs are quenched between each run - the limiting factor is the firing time of the SPADs - which is around 4 nano seconds, and the reset time - which is set by the impedance of the circuit (this can be adjusted to much better than 1 microsecond).
  • PSUs 111 and 112 are used to provide the bias and breakdown voltages, nominally 143 volts. The exact breakdown voltage is dependent on the batch of parts and can be determined with a little experimentation by watching the oscilloscope trace as you vary the breakdown and bias voltages on the PSUs.
  • Signals are recorded on a storage oscilloscope with 200MHz bandwidth and sample rate of IGS/s, giving an ultimate timing resolution of 1 nano-second.
  • SPAD 104 Hamamatsu S 12053-02 Avalanche photo diodes (APDs) with a minimum quantum efficiency of 85% for 633nm photons.
  • PSU 112 High Voltage power supply unit TTi PLH250-P 0-250V/0-0.375A
  • PSU 111 Sigi ent SPD3303X-E Bench supply
  • Scope 113 Siglent SDS1204X-E Microcontroller:
  • Interferometers 121 HP -Agilent High Stability Plane Mirror Interferometers (HSPMI) Only used as beam divertors in this configuration.
  • HSPMI High Stability Plane Mirror Interferometers
  • Laserl 101 Compact Laser Module, 635 nm, 0.9 mW (Typ.) Thorlabs PL202.
  • Laser2 126 Class IIIa/3R self-contained un-stabilized, polarized HeNe Laser from Thorlabs HNLS008L. or Pacific Lasertec, Frequency Stabilized polarized HeNe Laser.
  • Optical interferometer mounted in a Faraday cage on air table isolation. Cold chamber - commercial refrigerator - containing single photon generator. Control circuit to provide power, quench, reset and laser control and associated precision power supplies for all voltages needed. Because the mirror piezo assemblies are small, only one beam of the HSPMI is modulated the other being reflected off a fixed mirror. Control circuits are mounted in separate Faraday cage. All cabling is coaxial.
  • FIG. la provides a larger view of the mirror assembly.
  • a large mirror 116 has a smaller mirror 115 affixed to it with a piezo actuator 114 sandwiched between the two mirrors. Connections are made to the piezo using copper tape with electrically conductive glue 117, 118. This ensures the stack is parallel during operation.
  • FIG. 2 Superposition of massive quantum objects, for example Schrodinger’s alive and dead cat 201, 202, results in two different configurations of space-time shown by the illustrative curvature of space 203, 204, 205 due to a standing live cat versus 206, 207, 208 due to the lying dead cat.
  • the curvature is a little more complex than this illustration.
  • FIG. 3 Is a depiction of a controlled Mach-Zehnder interferometer that implements a quantum gravity gate shown alongside its quantum computing description in Figure 3a.
  • An input line 301 implemented in Fig 3 by a laser 307 represents the quantum state
  • a Hadamard gate H, 302 splits the quantum state into two spatially separate superposed photons 314, 315. The probabilities of the states must add to 1 in accordance with the following equation: -
  • a single connection 320 represents the quantum state. But in the physical world this connection is delocalized so that the
  • the position of the mirrors 309 and 310 can be varied and this will affect the path length around the square 317 and 318 and therefore the phase Q between the
  • the paths are recombined by a beam combiner 311, which in quantum computing terms is simply another Hadamard gate 304.
  • the phase can be measured in a measuring device M 305, 312 by observing the varying interference pattern 313 intensity at a given point 314.
  • the density matrix for the two mirror systems activated by a single photon split by a halfsilvered mirror is: -
  • phase information is in the off-diagonal terms. As air molecules buffet the mirrors the off-diagonal terms tend to zero.
  • the density matrix transitions to: -
  • FIG. 4 Shows schematically the apparatus and, in the center, the resulting interference pattern intensity for movement of each of the two mirrors in the CNOT quantum gravity gate implementation with the Mach-Zehnder interferometer of Figures 1 and 3.
  • a Mach-Zehnder laser 401 interferometer has its path lengths 415, 416 varied by two pi ezo-contr oiled mirrors 405.
  • Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) 411 connected to the output of a beam splitter 403 move these mirrors.
  • Comer cube reflectors 404 shift the beams 12.5mm to the side to close the square.
  • the interference pattern is generated by recombining the beams 413 and monitored by a detector D 406 with light intensity equal to the differential displacement of the mirrors.
  • the control laser 2 402 can be switched off and dark count - the random firing of the SPADs due to thermal noise - will still trigger the arms, but these are always non-superposed events.
  • the difference in the shape of the curves between the non-superposed control - laser-off - and superposed case - laser-on - allows us to witness Diosi-Penrose collapse.
  • Mach-Zehnder interferometers form the basic building blocks of modern optical quantum computers - and have the important advantage that they can operate at room temperature. The only exception is a benefit from cooling the single photon detectors to lower dark count. Because of this many optical quantum computers run at a few Kelvins. This is significantly easier to achieve than the millikelvins of superconducting quantum computers. We only cool at -10 °C but this still represents a reduction in dark count of three orders of magnitude.
  • a qubit is encoded by splitting 412 a single photon emitted by the laser 401 into two physical paths. North 414 represents a ⁇ 1
  • CNOT controlled- NOT
  • Our apparatus tests whether the gate will self- measure and collapse - breaking the symmetry - in a time consistent with Diosi- Penrose. The phases are impossible to measure alone because they decohere almost immediately but decoherence is symmetrical - identical for both paths.
  • the main problems to overcome are the many noise sources and the potential for a stray gravitational coupling with the environment that could cause premature collapse. Take, for example, the power supply.
  • a desk power supply contains feedback circuits that attempt to hold the voltage stable in the presence of a current draw. If the apparatus draws appreciable current, these circuits may form a measuring device that must be factored into the mass contributing to collapse time. We take great pains in our apparatus to run everything symmetrically. By coupling the SPADs to a common power rail 408 current draw is identical regardless of which leg fires. Interferometer Operation and Control
  • a further eraser is implemented by using a summing junction to trigger the oscilloscope from the output of the two single photon detectors connected to the quench lines 407 and bias control 406.
  • FIG. 5 Prior to each run the phase of the detector illustrated in Figure 4, 406 is manually set to maximize signal by adjusting the linear translators illustrate in Figure 1, 120. This maximizes the positive excursion 505 for a movement of the mirror piezo assembly 405.
  • a run starts 501 with the microcontroller toggling laser-on / laser-off 502, for the diode laser 2 402. This modulates superposition in successive runs. With laser-on approximately 75% of photons are superposed - some dark count will be seen. With laser-off no superpositions are seen - but rare double firings might occur. Thus, runs alternate between laser on high 501 superposed and laser on low 501 non-superposed operation. The quench line is released 503. The microcontroller pulls Start-of-Experiment high 501. This switches the reverse bias current on - and puts the SPADs in a state where the next photon to arrive will cause them to avalanche and switch current.
  • the first photon is detected 504, the SPAD avalanches and goes low impedance.
  • the mirror position 505 moves. In a long time base measured in 100 milliseconds you will see the SPAD repeatedly fire and self-quench. If a much shorter time base is used only a single firing will be seen. Single firings are used for operation of the device.
  • the mirrors move in superposition 506 until time passes of between 1.1 ps and 1.5 ps when the effect collapses and the traces reverts to zero.
  • the trace represents the difference between the two path lengths in the interferometer.
  • the effect is larger in the superposition state - laser on - 506 than in the laser-off control state 507.
  • noise will be seen that has to be filtered out by standard digital signal processing techniques. Cooling the entire apparatus will help reduce thermal noise and pulling vacuum will reduce convection and audio noise effects. A faraday cage will reduce RF interference. All the above can be done with similar technologies to those used in modem conventional hard disk drives.
  • FIG. 6 Shows a control circuit for the SPADs.
  • An equivalence circuit 621 is given for one of the SPAD devices so they can be modelled using SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) or an equivalent.
  • SPICE Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis
  • a quantum ‘eraser’ in this circuit 612 reverses the motion of one of the mirrors by referencing it to 10 volts rather than ground. This erasure results in accelerated motion corresponding to super-position. It is also possible to make this circuit perfectly symmetrical but then an electronic quantum eraser is needed, such as an absolute value function.
  • a power supply unit 601 sets the circuit just under the breakdown voltage, nominally 143 volts for the SPADs under test. An additional voltage is switched to bias 602, 603 the SPADs, nominally 12volts. This power rail feeds both SPADs. SPADs are essentially reversed biased photodiodes which will breakdown and conduct if a single photon 605 is detected after Start-of-Experiment 604 is set high.
  • One SPAD is shown exploded as an equivalent circuit 621, 613-618 and can be modelled with SPICE using the PhotonSimulated input 622 which is illustrated with a one-shot timer control 618. Because this breakdown is very sudden and is typically switching 150+ volts a ring reducer 609 is placed in the circuit to avoid electrically ringing and absorb some energy. In this circuit there is no DC path to ground - 611, 607 and 608 are all capacitor equivalents - to allow the charge to flow away - quench - and so an active quench 619 is implemented using an microcontroller driven timing circuit to switch two relays to ground 620 that pulls the circuit to ground to reset it.
  • FIG. 7 Depicts an electronic implementation of dual rail electron CNOT gate that can be implemented in standard chip technology - for example CMOS.
  • Each of these dual rails forms a qubit which can be 10, 01 or any quantum combination of the two states. Commonly this will be constrained to an equal superposition %, A state.
  • the control lines 701, 702 are unmodified by the process and emerge unchanged at 706, 707.
  • the controlled qubit 703, 704 is flipped according to the control bit 701, 702 and emerges at 709, 709 in accordance with the truth table 710.
  • the flipping is controlled by switches SW1-4 711. Any quantum gate can be implemented in this dual rail manner.
  • Arbitrary rotations can be implemented by introducing phase delays to 701, 702, 703, 704 prior to control switching.
  • a radio signal is generated by a vector synthesizer 801 or radio chipset such as a cellular or Wi-Fi chip and is split in two 802, 803 and put in de-localized quantum superposition by two SPAD switches 104.
  • the output of the SPADs may also routed to the interferometer apparatus shown in Figures 1 and 3 to measure, or control collapse time - although this may not be required in operation Collapse time can be controlled by varying the mass of the two measuring mirrors or adding additional components that effect collapse time such as suggested by Garrelt Troiese.
  • the radio signals 802, 803 are switched by the two SPADs 104 and sent to two antenna 813, 814 by two wires 811, 812.
  • the radio signals can be identical as illustrated or two signal generators can be used so they carry different modulation or a phase delay can be introduced between the two signals. There is no need for the two signals to be identical. They must simply be sufficiently similar so that some constructive interference benefit arises.
  • the different modulation schemes provide different phases for the signals allowing the constructive interference point to be swept to create a constructive interference lobe at 817 or any other vertical location through the addition of the two radio frequency fields 815 and 816. This can be considered a phased array with only two elements. Higher numbers of elements and, concomitant additional beam splitter to drive them, can be used.
  • the apparatus for making superposed photons is taken from Figure 1.
  • FIG. 8a The graph shows signal strength vs. distance, and since these signals propagate at the speed of light, time. Once reception has occurred 817 the 6dB gain collapses rapidly 826. The time for collapse is around 2uS. If the symbol time is longer that 2uS as it is for Wi-Fi and 4G then the pattern of Figure 8a will be repeated rapidly. Each repeat will have a similar collapse pattern.
  • a multi element phased array is controlled by many superposed control signals.
  • the control signals are constructed with a cascade of beam splitters. This can produce any number of superposed control signals.
  • the signal to each element of the phased array is adjusted so that the beam is swept.
  • one or more beams can be formed using normal techniques found in cellular beam splitters. If the collapse time is longer than the symbol length multiple superposed, collapse events may occur during one symbol time and the modulation scheme will have to resolve any loss of signal using normal signal recovery techniques.
  • FIG. 8b Illustrates a phased array comprising multiple elements that can be put into multiple superposed scanning patterns.
  • a set of superposed states are created with cascades beam splitters 818.
  • the optical routing and SPADs are not shown but are similar to those shown in Figure 1 and 3.
  • the superposed control signals switch delay lines and switch the RF signal to each element through one of many optional delays. These two position switches as illustrated can, in practice, be multiple position.
  • every phase array element 821 has a plurality of superposed waveforms presented.
  • the phase array can be constructed from any normal array configuration that can be fed by individual feeds. This plurality of superposed delays results in a set of superposed radiation patterns 822, 823, 824 and 825.
  • FIG. 9 Quantum Gravity wave transceiver.
  • the receive apparatus 817 may modulate its detection time by implicating more 905 or less mass 904 in the detection 903 the superposition of the mirrors 901, 902 will collapse in a shorter time if the mass is large and a longer one if the mass is small.
  • the modulated mass will be around +/- 0.1 grams.
  • a signal can propagate from the second detector 903 to the first detector 901, 902 based on the choice of which mass is made.
  • antennas can be added to form a phased array and the beam angle may be further modulated by introducing phase delays to individual phase patterns allowing the phased array to transmit multiple focused beams simultaneously.
  • Encrypted transmission may only be demodulated by a privileged observer who has the decryption method, and this collapse will mean that more distant observers are unable to receive the signal as the signal as its amplitude drops rapidly as it passes the first privileged observer.
  • Further correlated transmission of twin entangled radio photons with alternate polarisation, for example horizonal and vertical may be used with a privileged observer to further enhance signal to noise ratio.
  • the system may be operated in reverse with receive superposition permitting two receive channel to observe in superposition.
  • a control signal is de-localized by a beam splitter and SPADs 804, 805. Part of one of the de-localized beams 1001 is sent out to detect an object 1002. This beam is entangled in a cat state with the other portion of the super posed electrical signal 1003.
  • the amplified signals 1004, 1005 control a Mach-Zehnder interferometer as described in earlier and in Figures 1 & 4 and the decay time is monitored.
  • the sensing beam 1006 can be swept to form an image or detect an object where the location is unknown.
  • An object to be detected 1002 absorbs or detects the beam and will cause the collapse time to shorten. Detection is an amplification of the signal above the Diosi- Penrose limit.
  • the object 1002 may contain an active detector means such as a digital circuit capable of decoding the probe signal and moving appreciable mass-energy. Detection of the object is caused by abnormally shortened collapse time for the interferometer. This is not due to classical reflection but rather absorption/detection of the signal. For this reason, we call it a counter factual detector as no classical signal is detected. This counterfactual technique could be applied to all manner of measurements where absorption is the important measurement factor for example absorption or reaction to light in biological systems. This is particularly useful if the substance scatters and absorbs light but does not reflect light.
  • the embodiment can be at dramatically different scales, a scanning microscope or a scanning macroscopic radar using the same principle.
  • an electron beam could be scanned allowing for a counterfactual scanning electron microscope and in another embodiment a fine probe could be employed with a tunnelling current to provide a counter factual scanning tunneling microscope.
  • beam splitters exist such as gravitational lenses where collapse time might be modulated by absorption of entangled beam components a detector may modulate the detection times of other detectors viewing the same macroscopic quantum state.

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Abstract

Une porte logique électro-photonique à gravité quantique est mise en œuvre à l'aide de circuits d'effaceur quantique pour réduire au minimum l'énergie de masse en superposition. La porte décrit au moins deux temps d'espace incompatibles qui s'affaissent spontanément dans un temps spécifié par le modèle de Diósi-Penrose. Les portes peuvent être utilisées pour construire des systèmes de traitement d'informations, un système de signalisation et de capteur. Les antennes superposées commandées par les portes créent des diagrammes de rayonnement qui forment des frontières de cellules nettes au niveau du point d'effondrement du Diósi-Penrose. Les antennes superposées en mode réception sont plus sensibles que les systèmes classiques. Des systèmes de transmission par gravité quantique sont activés en faisant varier la masse impliquée dans deux détecteurs qui module le temps d'effondrement et permet à un signal d'être transmis. Des capteurs utilisent le temps d'effondrement pour sonder l'absorption de faisceau, ce qui permet une caractérisation d'objet sans avoir besoin d'une énergie réfléchie et d'une imagerie par l'intermédiaire de multiples faisceaux parallèles ou faisceaux balayés. L'ensemble des systèmes offrent une structure complète pour une investigation par gravité quantique.
PCT/US2023/027991 2022-07-19 2023-07-18 Dispositif à gravité quantique WO2024020006A2 (fr)

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