WO2024012680A1 - Fehlerbehandlung bei einem terminal eines multiterminal-hochspannungs-gleichstrom-übertragungssystem - Google Patents
Fehlerbehandlung bei einem terminal eines multiterminal-hochspannungs-gleichstrom-übertragungssystem Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024012680A1 WO2024012680A1 PCT/EP2022/069724 EP2022069724W WO2024012680A1 WO 2024012680 A1 WO2024012680 A1 WO 2024012680A1 EP 2022069724 W EP2022069724 W EP 2022069724W WO 2024012680 A1 WO2024012680 A1 WO 2024012680A1
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- voltage
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- energy
- direct
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J3/001—Methods to deal with contingencies, e.g. abnormalities, faults or failures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between AC networks via a high-tension DC link
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for error handling in a terminal of a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system and such a terminal.
- multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission systems will be used to transmit energy.
- two or more alternating current networks can be connected to such a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system.
- the alternating current networks each represent an energy transmission network.
- the two or more alternating current networks are therefore coupled to one another via the multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system. If a fault occurs in one of the AC networks, this can lead to effects of the fault also occurring in another of the AC networks, for example in the form of voltage fluctuations, current intensity fluctuations and/or power fluctuations. These effects on the other AC network, in which no error has occurred, are undesirable.
- the invention is based on the object of specifying a method and a terminal with which, if an error occurs in an AC network that is connected to a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system, the effects of the error on another AC network can be kept to a minimum.
- the terminal has an AC voltage connection and a DC voltage connection
- the AC voltage connection is connected to an AC network and the DC voltage connection is connected to a DC network of the multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system
- the terminal has a power converter which is designed to convert direct current from the direct current network into alternating current from the alternating current network and/or vice versa, and
- the terminal has an energy converter for converting electrical energy into thermal energy (by means of at least one electrical resistance element), wherein in the method
- a DC voltage measurement value measured before the error occurred is used as a setpoint for a DC voltage regulator and the DC voltage occurring at the DC voltage connection is regulated to this setpoint by means of the DC voltage regulator.
- the DC voltage occurring at the DC voltage connection is regulated to the DC voltage that existed before the error occurred.
- Information about continuously measured DC voltage values is each buffered for a predetermined period of time.
- the DC voltage measurement value measured in each case can also be buffered for a predetermined period of time. This means that even after the error occurs, there is an error-free DC voltage value or DC voltage measurement value in order to regulate the DC voltage to this value.
- the DC voltage is regulated to the value that existed before the error occurred using the buffered information.
- the DC voltage measurement value measured before the error occurred can be reconstructed from the buffered information and used as a setpoint.
- the DC voltage measurement value can also be temporarily stored so that it is then immediately available and can be used as a setpoint.
- the procedure can proceed in such a way that
- the direct voltage occurring at the direct current connection is regulated to the setpoint by controlling the energy converter in such a way that the energy converter converts electrical energy transmitted from the direct current network to the terminal (which cannot be absorbed by the alternating current network due to the error) into heat in a controlled manner, if such electrical energy is transmitted to the terminal.
- the energy converter is therefore advantageously used to influence the direct voltage, in particular to regulate the direct voltage.
- electrical energy that cannot be absorbed by the AC network due to the error is converted into heat.
- Such electrical energy is also referred to below as “excess electrical energy”.
- excess electrical energy would lead to an (undesirable) increase in the direct voltage if it is not converted into heat.
- the procedure can proceed in such a way that
- the direct voltage occurring at the direct voltage connection is only regulated to the setpoint value by means of the direct voltage regulator if the alternating current network in which the error occurs is an alternating current network into which electrical energy is fed via the alternating voltage connection or from which electrical energy is taken via the alternating voltage connection .
- the DC voltage occurring at the DC voltage connection is only regulated to the desired value by means of the DC voltage regulator if the AC network in which the error occurs is electrically connected to the terminal for the purpose of feeding energy into the AC network or for the purpose of extracting energy from the AC network.
- the level of the alternating voltage at the alternating voltage connection is monitored and the occurrence of the error in the alternating current network is detected when the level of the alternating voltage falls below a predetermined value.
- the occurrence of the error in the AC network can be detected in a simple manner.
- the procedure can proceed in such a way that
- the predetermined time period is between 0.5 s and 10 s, in particular between 1 s and 5 s. This ensures that when the error occurs, information is available about at least one DC voltage measurement value that existed before the error occurred.
- the predetermined time period can be, for example, 0, 5 s, 1 s, 2 s, 5 s or 10 s.
- the procedure can proceed in such a way that
- the information about the DC voltage measurement value is each buffered for the predetermined period of time by means of a delay element, in particular a first-order delay element.
- a delay element in particular a first-order delay element.
- Such a first-order delay element can also be referred to as a PTl element.
- the procedure can also be carried out in such a way that:
- the energy converter has a plurality of energy converter modules, each of the energy converter modules having an electronic switch and an electrical resistance element. This means that the amount of electrical energy converted into heat can be easily adjusted (scalable); The conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy is therefore adjustable/scalable.
- the procedure can proceed in such a way that
- the alternating current network is a land-based alternating current network.
- the method can be used particularly advantageously in the transmission of electrical energy from a wind farm arranged, for example, on the sea to an alternating current network arranged on land (land-side alternating current network).
- a unit for feeding in renewable energy can advantageously be connected to the multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system.
- a unit could be, for example, a wind farm or a solar farm.
- the amount of renewable energy generated depends on factors that cannot be influenced or can only be influenced with difficulty, such as wind strength or solar radiation. Therefore, the amount of renewable energy produced cannot be easily reduced in the short term. The process is therefore particularly advantageous for the transmission of renewable energy.
- a terminal of a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system is also disclosed, wherein
- the terminal has an AC voltage connection and a DC voltage connection
- the AC voltage connection is connected to an AC network and the DC voltage connection is connected to a DC network of the multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system, - the terminal has a power converter which is designed to convert direct current from the direct current network into alternating current from the alternating current network and/or vice versa,
- the terminal has an energy converter for converting electrical energy into thermal energy (by means of at least one electrical resistance element),
- the terminal has a measuring device for continuously measuring a DC voltage occurring at the DC voltage connection of the terminal to form a DC voltage measurement value and a storage device for temporarily storing information about this DC voltage measurement value for a predetermined period of time, and
- the terminal has a DC voltage regulator which is designed, when an error occurs in the AC network, to use a DC voltage measurement value measured before the error occurred as a setpoint and to regulate the DC voltage occurring at the DC voltage connection to this setpoint.
- the DC voltage regulator can be designed to regulate the DC voltage occurring at the DC voltage connection to the setpoint by the DC voltage regulator controlling the energy converter in such a way that the energy converter transfers electrical energy from the DC network to the terminal (which cannot be absorbed by the AC network due to the error). ) is converted into heat if such electrical energy is transmitted to the terminal.
- the DC voltage regulator can also be designed in such a way that it only regulates the DC voltage occurring at the DC voltage connection to the setpoint value if the AC network in which the error occurs is an AC network into which electrical energy is fed via the AC voltage connection or from which via the Electrical energy is taken from the AC voltage connection.
- the terminal can be designed in such a way that it only regulates the DC voltage occurring at the DC voltage connection to the setpoint value if the AC network in which the error occurs is an AC network into which electrical energy is fed via the AC voltage connection or from which via the Electrical energy is taken from the AC voltage connection.
- a monitoring device which is designed so that it monitors the level of the alternating voltage at the alternating voltage connection and detects when the level of the alternating voltage falls below a predetermined value. It is then recognized that the fault exists in the AC network.
- the terminal can be designed in such a way that
- the memory device has a delay element, in particular a first-order delay element.
- the terminal can also be designed in such a way that
- the energy converter has a plurality of energy converter modules, each of the energy converter modules having an electronic switch and an electrical resistance element.
- Such a terminal may also be referred to as a high-voltage direct current transmission station.
- An exemplary application is the transmission of (in particular renewable) energy generated offshore (for example by means of a wind farm) to at least two land-based alternating current networks using a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system.
- the DC voltage regulator can in particular be implemented in a regulation of the energy converter.
- the method and the terminal have the same or similar advantages.
- FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system with four terminals, in
- Figure 2 shows the multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system with exemplary energy flows entered, in
- FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of an energy converter with several energy converter modules
- Figure 4 shows an exemplary control circuit for regulating the direct voltage occurring at the first terminal
- Figure 5 shows an exemplary process sequence using a flow chart.
- FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system 1 with four terminals.
- This multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system 1 has a first terminal 11, a second terminal 12, a third terminal 13 and a fourth terminal 14.
- a first AC network 21 is connected to an AC voltage connection 17 of the first terminal 11.
- a first alternating current source AC1 and a first network impedance Zgridl are shown as models.
- a direct current network 28 is connected to a direct voltage connection 25 of the first terminal 11 .
- the DC network 28 connects the DC voltage connections of all four terminals to one another.
- the direct current network 28 has a first direct current conductor 29 and a second direct current conductor 30.
- the first DC conductor 29 is a positive DC conductor in the exemplary embodiment
- the second DC conductor 30 is a negative DC conductor in the exemplary embodiment.
- the first terminal 11 has an energy converter 31.
- the energy converter 31 has a resistance element 34.
- the energy converter 31 is connected in parallel to the DC voltage connection 25. The energy converter 31 is therefore connected between the first direct current conductor 29 and the second direct current conductor 30.
- the first terminal 11 has a power converter 39.
- the power converter 39 connects the AC voltage connection 17 to the DC voltage connection 25.
- the power converter 39 is designed to convert alternating current present at the alternating voltage connection 17 into direct current present at the direct voltage connection 25 and/or vice versa.
- the power converter 39 can in particular be a modular multilevel power converter (MMC).
- the fourth terminal 14 is similar to the first terminal
- An AC voltage connection of the fourth terminal 14 is electrically connected to a second AC network 44 .
- a second alternating current source AC2 and a second network impedance Zgrid2 are shown as models.
- the direct current network 28 is connected to a direct voltage connection of the second terminal 14.
- the fourth terminal 14 has a further energy converter 48 and a further power converter 52.
- the second terminal is also connected to the direct current network 28
- the second terminal 12 has a power converter, but no energy converter.
- the third terminal 13 also has a power converter, but no energy converter.
- a first wind farm 58 is connected to an AC voltage connection of the second terminal 12;
- a second wind farm 60 is connected to an AC voltage connection of the third terminal 13.
- the second terminal 12 is therefore electrically connected to the first (offshore) wind farm 58;
- the third terminal 13 is electrically connected to the second (offshore) wind farm 60.
- the first alternating current network 21 and the second alternating current network 44 are each land-side alternating current networks, i.e. H .
- the first AC network 21 and the second AC network 44 are located on land (and not in a sea).
- the first AC network 21 and the second AC network 44 are operated by different network operators in the exemplary embodiment. If a fault occurs in the first AC network 21 (for example a short circuit between two AC voltage lines), then significant transient events can also occur in the second AC network 44, for example fluctuations in the active power and in the reactive power during and shortly after the error occurs. These fluctuations in the “healthy” (i.e. error-free) second AC network 44 are not welcomed by the network operator of this second AC network 44 and should be kept as low as possible.
- the energy converter 31 is arranged on the direct current side of the power converter 39. As in the exemplary embodiment, it can be connected between the two poles 29, 30; However, it can also be connected between one of the poles and a neutral conductor or between one of the poles and ground potential.
- the energy converter 31 serves to absorb an excess of generated electrical energy ("excess electrical energy") and convert it into heat energy. Such excess electrical energy is in particular electrical energy that cannot be transferred to the AC network for a short time due to the error.
- the energy converter 31 can be designed so that it can absorb and convert the excess electrical energy for a few seconds.
- the first terminal 11 and the fourth terminal 14 can each have two different control methods operate . However, both terminals may not use the same control procedure at the same time.
- the first control method regulates the direct voltage Vd of the direct current network. This regulates the converter energy.
- a terminal that is operated with the first control method emits the electrical energy required by the remaining multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system or absorbs the electrical energy supplied by the remaining multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system.
- the second control method regulates the active power that is transmitted to the connected AC network. If the converter energy leaves the permissible range, an energy control becomes active, which adjusts the reference value for the active current and thus brings the converter energy back into the permissible range.
- FIG. 1 An exemplary operating state of the multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system 1 is shown in FIG.
- the first wind farm 58 generates an electrical output of 900 MW; the second wind farm 60 does not generate any electrical power (0 MW).
- the electrical power generated by the first wind farm 58 is divided into a first portion of 400 MW and a second portion of 500 MW.
- the first share (400 MW) is transmitted from the second terminal 12 to the first terminal 11 and from the first terminal 11 to the first AC network 21.
- the first AC network 21 further transmits this first share to consumers (not shown).
- the second portion (500 MW) is transmitted from the second terminal 12 to the fourth terminal 14 and from the fourth terminal 14 to the second AC grid 44.
- the second AC network 44 further transmits this second share to consumers (not shown).
- the energy converter 31 is shown in a detailed exemplary embodiment.
- the energy converter 31 is connected between the first positive direct current conductor 29 and the second negative direct current conductor 30.
- the energy converter 31 has two inductors in the form of choke coils 303, a first energy converter module 306, a second energy converter module 309, a third energy converter module 312 and a fourth energy converter module 316.
- Each of the energy converter modules 306, 309, 312 and 316 includes an electronic switch 322 and the resistance element 34.
- the electronic switch can be switched independently of one another so that the electrical current flows through the respective resistance element and the electrical energy in this resistance element is converted into thermal energy. Then the energy converter module is switched on or active. Depending on the number of switched on/active energy converter modules, a different amount of energy is converted into thermal energy. This means that the level of energy conversion is adjustable/scalable.
- the second energy converter 48 is constructed in the same way.
- the direct voltage Vd is the direct voltage of the direct current network 28 of the multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system 1.
- the first terminal 11 with the power converter 39 and the energy converter 31 is shown in the upper part of FIG.
- the energy converter 31 should be activated when an undesirably high direct voltage Vd occurs in the direct current network.
- the first AC network 21 is connected to the first terminal 11.
- a measuring transducer 404 By means of a measuring transducer 404, the alternating voltage Va of the first alternating current network 21 is measured, forming alternating voltage measured values Vac.
- the AC voltage measurements Vac are then transmitted to three different sections of the control loop 401. More precisely, The AC voltage measurement values Vac are transmitted to a first monitoring device 411, a second monitoring device 412 and a third monitoring device 413.
- the first monitoring device 411, the second monitoring device 412 and the third monitoring device 413 are constructed similarly and monitor the alternating voltage for the presence of an undervoltage.
- the monitoring devices therefore carry out undervoltage detection. The presence of an undervoltage is detected when the level of the alternating voltage falls below a predetermined value.
- the first monitoring device 411 is arranged in a first section 421 of the control loop; the second monitoring device 412 is arranged in a second section 422 of the control loop and the third monitoring device 413 is arranged in a third section 423 of the control loop.
- the control circuit/regulation works as follows: Using a measuring device 407, the DC voltage Vd of the DC network 28 (which is present between the first DC conductor 29 and the second DC conductor 30) is measured to form a DC voltage measurement value Vdc. The DC voltage measurement value Vdc is compared with a DC voltage reference value Vdc*, the deviation (difference) between the DC voltage reference value Vdc* and the DC voltage measurement value Vdc is formed. This deviation (Vdc* - Vdc) is supplied to a DC voltage regulator 429.
- the DC voltage regulator 429 If the deviation (difference) between the DC voltage reference value Vdc* and the DC voltage measurement value Vdc is greater than a permitted tolerance value ("margin"), then the DC voltage regulator 429 outputs an energy converter reference current Ichop*, which is supplied to a modulator 431.
- the tole The margin value can correspond, for example, to a single-digit percentage value of a nominal direct voltage Vdc_nom.
- the direct voltage reference value Vdc* represents a setpoint for the direct voltage Vd (direct voltage setpoint Vdc*).
- the modulator 431 then controls the energy converter 31 so that a current corresponding to the energy converter reference current Ichop* flows through the energy converter 31 and a corresponding amount of electrical energy is converted into thermal energy.
- the modulator 431 controls the energy converter 31 in such a way that as many energy converter modules 306, 309, 312, 316 of the energy converter 31 are switched on by means of the electronic switch 322 that a current corresponding to the energy converter reference current Ichop* flows through the energy converter 31 .
- the three monitoring devices 411, 412 and 413 detect this error based on the voltage drop in the AC voltage of the first AC network and output an error signal 435.
- This error signal 435 is used in the first section 421, in the second section 422 and in the third section 423.
- the energy converter reference current Ichop* output by the DC voltage regulator 429 is only transmitted to the modulator 431 when the error signal 435 is present, i.e. H . if an error has occurred in the AC network 21.
- the energy converter of a terminal here: the first terminal 11
- the energy converter 31 is only activated and only carries out energy conversion if an error occurs in the first AC network 21 connected to the first terminal 11.
- the first portion of electrical energy (400 MW) is transferred from the second terminal 12 to the first terminal 11.
- the first portion of electrical energy cannot be further transmitted to the first AC network 21.
- This first portion would lead to an increase in the direct voltage Vd in the direct current network 28, which would also have undesirable effects on the second alternating current network 44.
- the first portion of electrical energy (400 MW) is converted into heat by means of the energy converter 31, so that the effects on the second AC network 44 are reduced.
- information about the respective measured DC voltage value Vdc is continuously stored in a memory device 410 for a predetermined period of time.
- the nominal DC voltage value Vdc_nom is forwarded to the DC voltage regulator 429 by means of a third signal selection device 445.
- the third signal selection device 445 forwards the stored DC voltage measurement value Vdc_filt to the DC voltage regulator 429 instead of the nominal DC voltage value Vdc_nom.
- the memory device 410 is designed as a delay element, in particular as a first-order delay element. This delay element represents a measurement filter.
- the filtered DC voltage measurement value Vdc_filt (i.e. the buffered DC voltage measurement value Vdc_filt) is used as the nominal DC voltage value for the DC voltage regulator 429.
- the time constant of the delay element (which corresponds to the predetermined duration of the buffer storage) can be, for example, between 0.5 s and 10 s, preferably between 1 s and 5 s. A possible value would be, for example, 2 s.
- the memory device 410 can also be designed differently, for example as a memory cell or as a shift register.
- the direct voltage Vd of the direct current network 28 (which is present between the first direct current conductor 29 and the second direct current conductor 30) is measured using a measuring device 407 to form direct voltage measurement values. th Vdc measured.
- the DC voltage measurement values Vdc are supplied to the storage device 410.
- the storage device 410 stores information about the DC voltage measurements Vdc for a predetermined period of time.
- the memory device 410 ensures that when the error occurs, information is available about at least one DC voltage measurement value Vdc that existed before the error occurred.
- a stored DC voltage measurement value Vdc_filt is used as the nominal DC voltage value for the DC voltage regulator 429.
- the DC voltage regulator 429 regulates the DC voltage Vd to the value that existed before the error occurred.
- the direct voltage Vd is an electrical quantity that couples the first alternating current network 21 to the second alternating current network 44, see FIG. 1. Because the DC voltage Vd is regulated again to the value that it had before the error occurred after the error has occurred, the effects of the error in the first AC network 21 on the second AC network 44 are comparatively small. The second AC network 44 is therefore decoupled from the first AC network 21 with regard to the effects of errors.
- control method described in connection with FIG. 4 is in particular independent of the above-mentioned first control process and the second control process.
- the control method described in connection with FIG. 4 can be implemented in particular as a control system for the energy converter.
- the energy converter 31 of this first terminal 11 and the control for this energy converter 31, which is also carried out in particular in the first terminal 11, are used.
- the further energy converter 48 of the fourth terminal 14 and the control for this further energy converter 48, which can in particular also be arranged in the fourth terminal 14, are not used for error treatment.
- the method described runs in the same way with the further energy converter 48 of the fourth terminal 14 and with the control for this further energy converter 48.
- the further energy converter 48 and the associated regulation this is the case fourth terminal 14 designed in the same way as the first terminal 11.
- a method and a terminal of a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system have been described with which, when a fault occurs in an AC network connected to the multi-terminal high-voltage direct current transmission system, the effects of the fault on another connected AC network are minimized can be. This is done by temporarily storing information about continuously measured DC voltage values for the time after the potential occurrence of an error. In the event of an error, the DC voltage is regulated to the value that existed before the error occurred using the buffered information.
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2022/069724 WO2024012680A1 (de) | 2022-07-14 | 2022-07-14 | Fehlerbehandlung bei einem terminal eines multiterminal-hochspannungs-gleichstrom-übertragungssystem |
EP22753610.9A EP4537436A1 (de) | 2022-07-14 | 2022-07-14 | Fehlerbehandlung bei einem terminal eines multiterminal-hochspannungs-gleichstrom-übertragungssystem |
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PCT/EP2022/069724 WO2024012680A1 (de) | 2022-07-14 | 2022-07-14 | Fehlerbehandlung bei einem terminal eines multiterminal-hochspannungs-gleichstrom-übertragungssystem |
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WO2024012680A1 true WO2024012680A1 (de) | 2024-01-18 |
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PCT/EP2022/069724 WO2024012680A1 (de) | 2022-07-14 | 2022-07-14 | Fehlerbehandlung bei einem terminal eines multiterminal-hochspannungs-gleichstrom-übertragungssystem |
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EP (1) | EP4537436A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2024012680A1 (de) |
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2022
- 2022-07-14 WO PCT/EP2022/069724 patent/WO2024012680A1/de active Application Filing
- 2022-07-14 EP EP22753610.9A patent/EP4537436A1/de active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
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STAMATIOU GEORGIOS ET AL: "Decentralized converter controller for multiterminal HVDC grids", 2013 15TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS (EPE), IEEE, 2 September 2013 (2013-09-02), pages 1 - 10, XP032505618, DOI: 10.1109/EPE.2013.6634680 * |
XU BIN ET AL: "A Novel DC Chopper Topology for VSC-Based Offshore Wind Farm Connection", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, USA, vol. 36, no. 3, 12 August 2020 (2020-08-12), pages 3017 - 3027, XP011817167, ISSN: 0885-8993, [retrieved on 20201026], DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2020.3015979 * |
ZAHRA SOLH JOUKHAH: "Operation of HVDC converters for transformer inrush current reduction", 27 October 2017 (2017-10-27), XP055588863, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.google.com/search?q=Operation+of+HVDC+converters+for+transformer+inrush+current+reduction&rlz=1C1GCEB_enDE890DE890&oq=Operation+of+HVDC+converters+for+transformer+inrush+current+reduction&aqs=chrome..69i57.1497j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8> [retrieved on 20230307] * |
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